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Cao R, Li H, Zhang H. Intergenerational Transmission of Violence Among Substance-Abusing Chinese Parents: Roles of Detachment and Social Support. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2022; 37:NP18713-NP18737. [PMID: 34372729 DOI: 10.1177/08862605211037419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Despite a large population of registered people with drug addiction, child protection in substance-abusing families is a neglected issue in China. The present study aims to investigate the association between parents' childhood abuse history and the risk of abusing their own children in substance-abusing Chinese families and also to examine the mediating role of detachment and moderating role of social support during the intergenerational transmission of abuse. A total of 173 men and 116 women were selected using cluster sampling from two compulsory drug rehabilitation centers in Jiangsu Province. Results indicated that one's childhood abuse history was positively associated with the current perpetration of child abuse for both fathers and mothers. Detachment mediated the linkage between a history of childhood maltreatment and perpetration of child abuse in all types of abuse for both men and women except for women's sexual abuse. Social support from family members buffered the intergenerational transmission of child abuse for fathers but not for mothers. Child maltreatment in substance-abusing families is an urgent issue that needs measures to prevent the intergenerational transmission of violence in China. Intervention programs could involve helping parents cope with their childhood abuse history through rebuilding secure attachment and facilitating social support for their parenting practices, especially for fathers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruixin Cao
- Renmin University of China, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Hechun Li
- Renmin University of China, Beijing, P.R. China
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Xuan Z, Choi J, Lobrutto L, Cunningham T, de Martell SC, Cance J, Silverstein M, Yule AM, Botticelli M, Steiker LH. Support Services for Young Adults With Substance Use Disorders. Pediatrics 2021; 147:S220-S228. [PMID: 33386325 PMCID: PMC9034746 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2020-023523e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In summarizing the proceedings of a longitudinal meeting of experts in substance use disorders (SUDs) among young adults, this special article reviews principles of care concerning recovery support services for this population. Young adults in recovery from SUDs can benefit from a variety of support services throughout the process of recovery. These services take place in both traditional clinical settings and settings outside the health system, and they can be delivered by a wide variety of nonprofessional and paraprofessional individuals. In this article, we communicate fundamental points related to guidance, evidence, and clinical considerations about 3 basic principles for recovery support services: (1) given their developmental needs, young adults affected by SUDs should have access to a wide variety of recovery support services regardless of the levels of care they need, which could range from early intervention services to medically managed intensive inpatient services; (2) the workforce for addiction services for young adults benefits from the inclusion of individuals with lived experience in addiction; and (3) recovery support services should be integrated to promote recovery most effectively and provide the strongest possible social support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziming Xuan
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts;
| | - Jasmin Choi
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Lara Lobrutto
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Tiffany Cunningham
- Steve Hicks School of Social Work, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | | | - Jessica Cance
- RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Michael Silverstein
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts.,Grayken Center for Addiction Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Amy M Yule
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston Medical Center and Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Michael Botticelli
- Grayken Center for Addiction Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
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Louie E, Giannopoulos V, Baillie A, Uribe G, Wood K, Teesson M, Childs S, Rogers D, Haber PS, Morley KC. Barriers and Facilitators to the Implementation of the Pathways to Comorbidity Care (PCC) Training Package for the Management of Comorbid Mental Disorders in Drug and Alcohol Settings. FRONTIERS IN HEALTH SERVICES 2021; 1:785391. [PMID: 36926478 PMCID: PMC10012778 DOI: 10.3389/frhs.2021.785391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Background: We have previously reported that the Pathways to Comorbidity Care (PCC) training program for alcohol and other drug (AOD) clinicians improved identification of comorbidity, self-efficacy, and attitudes toward screening and monitoring of comorbidity. We aimed to identify barriers and facilitators of implementation of the PCC training program in drug and alcohol settings. Methods: The PCC training program was implemented across 6 matched sites in Australia as per (1), and 20 clinicians received training. PCC training included seminar presentations, workshops conducted by local "clinical champions," individual clinical supervision, and access to an online information portal. We examined barriers and facilitators of implementation according to the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research. Results: Barriers included inner setting (e.g., allocated time for learning) and characteristics of individuals (e.g., resistance). Facilitators included intervention characteristics (e.g., credible sources), inner setting (e.g., leadership), and outer setting domains (e.g., patient needs). Clinical champions were identified as an important component of the implementation process. Conclusions: Barriers included limited specific allocated time for learning. A credible clinical supervisor, strong leadership engagement and an active clinical champion were found to be facilitators of the PCC training program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Louie
- Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Vicki Giannopoulos
- Drug Health Services, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Andrew Baillie
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Gabriela Uribe
- The Matilda Centre for Research in Mental Health and Substance Use, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Katie Wood
- Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Maree Teesson
- The Matilda Centre for Research in Mental Health and Substance Use, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Steven Childs
- Central Coast Local Health District, Drug and Alcohol Clinical Services, Gosford, NSW, Australia
| | - David Rogers
- Drug and Alcohol Services, Mid North Coast Local Health District, Port Macquarie, NSW, Australia
| | - Paul S Haber
- Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Drug Health Services, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Kirsten C Morley
- Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Ramos-Vidal I, Palacio J, Villamil I, Uribe A. Examining the effect of the individual characteristics of implementers and the interaction of multiple relationships on the structure of psychosocial intervention teams. Implement Sci 2020; 15:69. [PMID: 32859225 PMCID: PMC7456066 DOI: 10.1186/s13012-020-01032-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Teams' structure may undergo modifications due to the individual attributes of actors and collective-level variables. This research aims to understand the effect of extensive experience working in the program and the simultaneous interaction among different relationships in the network structure of a team of implementers. The Psychosocial Care Program for Victims of Conflict is implemented by psychologists, social workers, and community advocates. METHODS A cross-sectional study was carried out. Multivariate analysis, quadratic assignment procedures, and graphic visualization are used to (a) determine how seniority affects the professionals' level of centrality in the program and (b) clarify how the interaction among professionals favors new relationships. RESULTS Longer-lasting professionals in the program report stronger network bonding, predisposition to work, and information exchange. The nonparametric permutation test indicates an intense association between the information requests submitted and received and between the predisposition to work network and the network of received information requests. The results are discussed to optimize the teams implementing the intervention programs. CONCLUSIONS Network analysis is a powerfull tool to evaluate program implementation processes. Analyzing the interactions among multiples relationships that emerge between members of multidisciplinary teams allows knowing how certain relationships (e.g., information exchange) triggering other kind of relationships (e.g., users referral). The implementers who have been collaborating in the program for a long time are key informants who can facilitate the process of adaptation of newly incorporated professionals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Ramos-Vidal
- Department of Social Psychology, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
- Research Group CAVIDA, Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Montería, Colombia
| | - Jorge Palacio
- Faculty of Psychology, Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - Ilse Villamil
- Research Group CAVIDA, Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Montería, Colombia
| | - Alicia Uribe
- Research Group CAVIDA, Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Montería, Colombia
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Urbanoski K, Joordens C, Kolla G, Milligan K. Community networks of services for pregnant and parenting women with problematic substance use. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0206671. [PMID: 30452454 PMCID: PMC6242306 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0206671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Integrated treatment programs for pregnant and parenting women who use substances operate at the intersection of multiple service systems, including specialized substance use services, the broader health system, child protection, and social services. Our objectives were to describe the composition and structure of community care networks surrounding integrated treatment programs in selected communities in Ontario, Canada. We used a two-stage snowball method to collect network data from 5 purposively selected integrated treatment programs in communities in Ontario. Front-line staff with integrated treatment programs identified their top 5 service partners, who were then contacted and asked to provide the same information (n = 30). We used social network analysis to measure the cohesiveness, reciprocity, and betweenness centrality in the integrated treatment program’s ego network. We described network composition in terms of representation of different service types. Across communities, common service partners were child protection, substance use or mental health services, parenting and child support, and other social services. Primary and pre-natal care, opioid agonist therapy, and legal services were rarely named as partners. Networks varied in network cohesiveness, as indicated by connectivity between the service partners and reciprocal ties to the integrated treatment programs. Integrated treatment programs commonly brokered the connections between other service partners. Findings suggest that these integrated treatment programs have achieved a level of success in developing cross-sectoral partnerships, with child protection services, parenting and child support, and social services featuring prominently in the networks. In contrast, there was a lack of close connections with physician-based services, highlighting a potential target for future quality improvement initiatives in this sector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Urbanoski
- Canadian Institute for Substance Use Research, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | - Chantele Joordens
- Canadian Institute for Substance Use Research, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Gillian Kolla
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Karen Milligan
- Department of Psychology, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Savic M, Best D, Manning V, Lubman DI. Strategies to facilitate integrated care for people with alcohol and other drug problems: a systematic review. SUBSTANCE ABUSE TREATMENT PREVENTION AND POLICY 2017; 12:19. [PMID: 28388954 PMCID: PMC5384147 DOI: 10.1186/s13011-017-0104-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Background There is a growing body of research highlighting the potential benefits of integrated care as a way of addressing the needs of people with alcohol and other drug (AOD) problems, given the broad range of other issues clients often experience. However, there has been little academic attention on the strategies that treatment systems, agencies and clinicians could implement to facilitate integrated care. Methods We synthesised the existing evidence on strategies to improve integrated care in an AOD treatment context by conducting a systematic review of the literature. We searched major academic databases for peer-reviewed articles that evaluated strategies that contribute to integrated care in an AOD context between 1990 and 2014. Over 2600 articles were identified, of which 14 met the study inclusion criteria of reporting on an empirical study to evaluate the implementation of integrated care strategies. The types of strategies utilised in included articles were then synthesised. Results We identified a number of interconnected strategies at the funding, organisational, service delivery and clinical levels. Ensuring that integrated care is included within service specifications of commissioning bodies and is adequately funded was found to be critical in effective integration. Cultivating positive inter-agency relationships underpinned and enabled the implementation of most strategies identified. Staff training in identifying and responding to needs beyond clinicians’ primary area of expertise was considered important at a service level. However, some studies highlight the need to move beyond discrete training events and towards longer term coaching-type activities focussed on implementation and capacity building. Sharing of client information (subject to informed consent) was critical for most integrated care strategies. Case-management was found to be a particularly good approach to responding to the needs of clients with multiple and complex needs. At the clinical level, screening in areas beyond a clinician's primary area of practice was a common strategy for facilitating referral and integrated care, as was joint care planning. Conclusion Despite considerable limitations and gaps in the literature in terms of the evaluation of integrated care strategies, particularly between AOD services, our review highlights several strategies that could be useful at multiple levels. Given the interconnectedness of integrated care strategies identified, implementation of multi-level strategies rather than single strategies is likely to be preferable. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13011-017-0104-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Savic
- Turning Point, Eastern Health, 54-62 Gertrude St, Fitzroy, VIC, 3065, Australia. .,Eastern Health Clinical School, Monash University, Level 2, 5 Arnold Street, Box Hill, VIC, 3128, Australia.
| | - David Best
- Department of Law and Criminology, Sheffield Hallam University, Heart of the Campus Building, Collegiate Crescent, Collegiate Campus, Sheffield, S10 2BQ, UK
| | - Victoria Manning
- Turning Point, Eastern Health, 54-62 Gertrude St, Fitzroy, VIC, 3065, Australia.,Eastern Health Clinical School, Monash University, Level 2, 5 Arnold Street, Box Hill, VIC, 3128, Australia
| | - Dan I Lubman
- Turning Point, Eastern Health, 54-62 Gertrude St, Fitzroy, VIC, 3065, Australia.,Eastern Health Clinical School, Monash University, Level 2, 5 Arnold Street, Box Hill, VIC, 3128, Australia
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Lubman DI, Garfield JBB, Manning V, Berends L, Best D, Mugavin JM, Lam T, Buykx P, Larner A, Lloyd B, Room R, Allsop S. Characteristics of individuals presenting to treatment for primary alcohol problems versus other drug problems in the Australian patient pathways study. BMC Psychiatry 2016; 16:250. [PMID: 27435013 PMCID: PMC4950603 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-016-0956-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND People seeking treatment for substance use disorders often have additional health and social issues. Although individuals presenting with alcohol as the primary drug of concern (PDOC) account for nearly half of all treatment episodes to the Australian alcohol and other drug (AOD) service system, previous treatment cohort studies have focused only on the profile of Australian heroin or methamphetamine users. While studies overseas indicate that clients seeking treatment primarily for their drinking are less likely to experience social and economic marginalisation than those seeking treatment primarily for illicit or pharmaceutical drug use, very little research has directly compared individuals presenting with alcohol as the PDOC to those primarily presenting with other drugs as their PDOC. METHODS Seven hundred and ninety-six participants were recruited at entry to specialist AOD treatment in Victoria and Western Australia, and completed measures of demographic and social factors, substance use, quality of life, service use, and criminal justice involvement. We compared those with alcohol as their PDOC to those with other drugs as their PDOC using Pearson chi-square and Mann-Whitney U tests. RESULTS Rates of social disadvantage, poor quality of life, high severity of substance dependence, and past-year AOD, mental health, acute health, and social service use were high in all groups. However, participants with alcohol as the PDOC were older; more likely to have an educational qualification; less likely to report criminal justice involvement, housing/homelessness service use, tobacco smoking, or problems with multiple substances; and reported better environmental quality of life; but were more likely to have used ambulance services, than those with other drugs as their PDOC. CONCLUSIONS While those seeking treatment primarily for alcohol problems appear less likely to suffer some forms of social and economic disadvantage or to use multiple substances than those with a primary drug problem, they experience similarly high levels of substance dependence severity and mental health and AOD service use. These findings reinforce the need for AOD services to integrate or coordinate care with programs that address the many complexities clients frequently present with, while also acknowledging differences between those seeking treatment for alcohol versus other drug problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan I. Lubman
- Turning Point and Monash University, 54-62 Gertrude Street, Fitzroy, VIC 3065 Australia
| | - Joshua B. B. Garfield
- Turning Point and Monash University, 54-62 Gertrude Street, Fitzroy, VIC 3065 Australia
| | - Victoria Manning
- Turning Point and Monash University, 54-62 Gertrude Street, Fitzroy, VIC 3065 Australia
| | - Lynda Berends
- Centre for Health and Social Research, Australian Catholic University, Level 5, 215 Spring Street, Melbourne, VIC 3000 Australia
| | - David Best
- Room HC.2.14, Heart of the Campus Building, Collegiate Crescent, Collegiate Campus, Sheffield, S10 2BQ UK
| | - Janette M. Mugavin
- Centre for Alcohol Policy Research, La Trobe University, 215 Franklin St., Melbourne, 3000 VIC Australia
| | - Tina Lam
- National Drug Research Institute, 10 Selby Street, Shenton Park, WA 6008 Australia
| | - Penny Buykx
- University of Sheffield School of Health and Related Research (ScHARR), Regent Court, 30 Regent Street, Sheffield, S1 4DA UK
| | - Andrew Larner
- Turning Point and Monash University, 54-62 Gertrude Street, Fitzroy, VIC 3065 Australia
| | - Belinda Lloyd
- Turning Point and Monash University, 54-62 Gertrude Street, Fitzroy, VIC 3065 Australia
| | - Robin Room
- Centre for Alcohol Policy Research, La Trobe University, 215 Franklin St., Melbourne, 3000 VIC Australia
| | - Steve Allsop
- National Drug Research Institute, 10 Selby Street, Shenton Park, WA 6008 Australia
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King KM, Morris D, Jones L, Lucas-Wright A, Jones F, del Pino HE, Porter C, Vargas R, Kahn K, Brown AF, Norris KC. The Los Angeles Healthy Community Neighborhood Initiative: A Ten Year Experience in Building and Sustaining a Successful Community-Academic Partnership. HSOA JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY MEDICINE & PUBLIC HEALTH CARE 2015; 2:007. [PMID: 27747314 PMCID: PMC5061128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Developing effective Community-Academic Partnerships (CAPs) is challenging, and the steps to build and sustain them have not been well documented. This paper describes efforts to form and sustain the Healthy Community Neighborhood Initiative (HCNI), a CAP to improve health in a low-income community in South Los Angeles. METHODS Moderated, semi-structured discussions with HCNI community and academic partners were used to develop a framework for CAP formation. RESULTS We identified two key features, shared values and respect, as critical to the decision to form the HCNI. Five elements were identified as necessary for building and sustaining the HCNI: trust, transparency, equity and fairness, adequate resources and developing protocols to provide structure. We also identified several challenges and barriers and the strategies used in the HCNI to mitigate these challenges. CONCLUSION We developed a framework to incorporate and reinforce the key elements identified as crucial in building and sustaining a CAP in a low-income community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keyonna M King
- Division of General Internal Medicine and Health Services Research, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - D’Ann Morris
- Division of General Internal Medicine and Health Services Research, Los Angeles Urban League, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Loretta Jones
- Healthy African American Families, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Aziza Lucas-Wright
- Healthy African American Families, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Felica Jones
- Healthy African American Families, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Homero E del Pino
- Division of General Internal Medicine and Health Services Research, University of California, Los Angeles
- Department of Aging, Charles R Drew University, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Courtney Porter
- Division of General Internal Medicine and Health Services Research, Los Angeles Urban League, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Aging, Charles R Drew University, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Roberto Vargas
- Division of General Internal Medicine and Health Services Research, University of California, Los Angeles
- Department of Aging, Charles R Drew University, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Katherine Kahn
- Division of General Internal Medicine and Health Services Research, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Arleen F Brown
- Division of General Internal Medicine and Health Services Research, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Keith C Norris
- Division of General Internal Medicine and Health Services Research, University of California, Los Angeles
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Kelley ML, Lawrence HR, Milletich RJ, Hollis BF, Henson JM. Modeling risk for child abuse and harsh parenting in families with depressed and substance-abusing parents. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2015; 43:42-52. [PMID: 25724658 PMCID: PMC4437808 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2015.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Revised: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Children with substance abusing parents are at considerable risk for child maltreatment. The current study applied an actor-partner interdependence model to examine how father only (n=52) and dual couple (n=33) substance use disorder, as well as their depressive symptomology influenced parents' own (actor effects) and the partner's (partner effects) overreactivity in disciplinary interactions with their children, as well as their risk for child maltreatment. Parents completed the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D; Radloff, 1977), the overreactivity subscale from the Parenting Scale (Arnold, O'Leary, Wolff, & Acker, 1993), and the Brief Child Abuse Potential Inventory (Ondersma, Chaffin, Mullins, & LeBreton, 2005). Results of multigroup structural equation models revealed that a parent's own report of depressive symptoms predicted their risk for child maltreatment in both father SUD and dual SUD couples. Similarly, a parent's report of their own depressive symptoms predicted their overreactivity in disciplinary encounters both in father SUD and dual SUD couples. In all models, partners' depressive symptoms did not predict their partner's risk for child maltreatment or overreactivity. Findings underscore the importance of a parent's own level of depressive symptoms in their risk for child maltreatment and for engaging in overreactivity during disciplinary episodes.
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