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Lin SSH, McDougall GJ, Peramsetty RN, McDonough IM. Hope messages influence health behavior intentions more than fear messages: An experimental study during COVID-19. Nurs Outlook 2024; 72:102185. [PMID: 38781771 DOI: 10.1016/j.outlook.2024.102185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fear tactics were used in the pandemic of Coronavirus Disease 2019. PURPOSE We tested how messaging style, fear vs. hope, and differences in age and political affiliation related to intentions to engage in preventive behaviors during Coronavirus Disease 2019. METHODS Participants (N = 606) aged 18 to 94 were randomly assigned to receive health messages that emphasized the dangers of the virus (fear messages) or the ability of health behaviors to mitigate the impact of the virus (hope messages). The primary outcome was health behavior intentions. DISCUSSION Hope messaging rather than fear messaging promoted health behavior intentions with no moderation by age or political affiliation. Older and Democratic-identified adults had higher health behavior intentions. Health behaviors were mediated by death anxiety and perceived credibility of the messages. CONCLUSION Tailored hope messaging may improve health behaviors by increasing the credibility of messages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shayne S-H Lin
- Department of Psychology, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL; Alabama Research Institute on Aging, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL; Department of Health Psychology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO.
| | - Graham J McDougall
- Department of Psychology, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL; Affiliate Graduate Faculty, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa AL
| | - Rohan N Peramsetty
- Department of Psychology, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL; Department of Psychology, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH
| | - Ian M McDonough
- Department of Psychology, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL; Alabama Research Institute on Aging, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL; Department of Psychology, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY
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Mertens G, Engelhard IM, Novacek DM, McNally RJ. Managing Fear During Pandemics: Risks and Opportunities. PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2024; 19:652-659. [PMID: 37358917 PMCID: PMC10293863 DOI: 10.1177/17456916231178720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
Fear is an emotion triggered by the perception of danger and motivates safety behaviors. Within the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, there were ample danger cues (e.g., images of patients on ventilators) and a high need for people to use appropriate safety behaviors (e.g., social distancing). Given this central role of fear within the context of a pandemic, it is important to review some of the emerging findings and lessons learned during the COVID-19 pandemic and their implications for managing fear. We highlight factors that determine fear (i.e., proximity, predictability, and controllability) and review several adaptive and maladaptive consequences of fear of COVID-19 (e.g., following governmental health policies and panic buying). Finally, we provide directions for future research and make policy recommendations that can promote adequate health behaviors and limit the negative consequences of fear during pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaëtan Mertens
- Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Tilburg University
| | | | - Derek M. Novacek
- Desert Pacific Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles
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Hou X, Hu N, Hu T, Shen R, Chen M, Griffiths MD. The Fear of COVID-19 Scale: Psychometric properties and measurement invariance across 10 months. DEATH STUDIES 2024:1-8. [PMID: 38833272 DOI: 10.1080/07481187.2024.2360442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has led to various negative consequences including fear. The Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S) has been widely used in diverse cultures, but no study has ever investigated its longitudinal measurement invariance and predictive validity. Therefore, we examined its longitudinal measurement invariance and predictive validity over 10 months. A sample of Chinese undergraduates (N = 682; first wave 842; 682 second wave) completed the FCV-19S as well as measures assessing depression, anxiety, and stress. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were conducted along with measurement invariance testing. The results showed that the bifactor model fitted well, and significantly predicted stress and anxiety, but not depression. The FCV-19S demonstrated partial measurement invariance (i.e. configural and metric invariances) across time. These findings suggest that the Chinese version of FCV-19S is a reliable tool and could be used in evaluating the severity of fear of COVID-19 among Chinese young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangling Hou
- The Key Research Institute of Chongqing for Curriculum & Instruction, School of Education, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China
| | - Na Hu
- The Key Research Institute of Chongqing for Curriculum & Instruction, School of Education, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China
| | - Tianqiang Hu
- School of Education, China West Normal University, Nanchong, China
| | - Renhong Shen
- The Key Research Institute of Chongqing for Curriculum & Instruction, School of Education, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China
| | - Miaomiao Chen
- School of Teacher Development, Chongqing University of Education, China
| | - Mark D Griffiths
- International Gaming Research Unit, Psychology Department, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
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Salsman ML, Nordberg HO, Howell J, Berthet-Miron MM, Rosenfield D, Ritz T. Psychological distress and symptom-related burnout in asthma during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Behav Med 2023; 46:960-972. [PMID: 37227673 PMCID: PMC10211287 DOI: 10.1007/s10865-023-00412-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
People with asthma may be particularly vulnerable to pandemic-related psychological distress, and research is needed to understand the impact of the coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) pandemic on their health and well-being. We sought to study the well-being of people with asthma relative to non-asthmatic controls during the COVID-19 pandemic. We also investigated asthma symptoms and COVID-19-related anxiety as potential mediators of distress. Participants completed self-report measures of psychological functioning, including anxiety, depression, stress, and burnout. Controlling for potential confounds, multiple-regression analyses examined differences in psychological health between people with and without asthma. Mediator analyses investigated the role of asthma symptoms and COVID-19-related anxiety in this relationship. 234 adults (111 with asthma, 123 without) participated in an online survey from July to November 2020. During this time, people with asthma reported higher levels of anxiety, perceived stress, and burnout symptoms compared to controls. Elevations in burnout symptoms were found beyond general anxiety and depression (sr2 = .03, p < .001). Reported symptoms typical in both asthma and COVID-19 partially mediated this relationship (Pm = .42, p < .05). People with asthma reported unique psychological challenges during the COVID-19 pandemic including elevated burnout symptoms. Experience of asthma symptoms played a key role in vulnerability to emotional exhaustion. Clinical implications include increased attention to asthma symptom burden within the context of heightened environmental stress and restricted healthcare access.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margot L. Salsman
- Department of Psychology, Southern Methodist University, P.O. Box 750442, Dallas, TX 75275-0442 USA
| | - Hannah O. Nordberg
- Department of Psychology, Southern Methodist University, P.O. Box 750442, Dallas, TX 75275-0442 USA
| | - Jaxen Howell
- Department of Psychology, Southern Methodist University, P.O. Box 750442, Dallas, TX 75275-0442 USA
| | | | - David Rosenfield
- Department of Psychology, Southern Methodist University, P.O. Box 750442, Dallas, TX 75275-0442 USA
| | - Thomas Ritz
- Department of Psychology, Southern Methodist University, P.O. Box 750442, Dallas, TX 75275-0442 USA
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Barbalat G, Tanguy Melac A, Zante E, Haesebaert F, Franck N. Predictors of mental well-being over the first lockdown period due to the COVID-19 pandemic in France. A repeated cross-sectional study. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1234023. [PMID: 37701911 PMCID: PMC10493269 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1234023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Numerous studies have investigated the positive and negative effects of potential predictors of well-being during lockdowns due to COVID-19. Yet, little is known on whether these effects significantly changed with time spent in lockdown. In the current study, we described the association of mental well-being with a large number of background characteristics (e.g., socio-demographic or health-related factors), COVID-related factors, and coping strategies, over the duration of the first lockdown due to COVID-19 in France. Methods A nationwide online survey was conducted over 7 of the 8 weeks of the 1st lockdown in France, i.e., from 25 March 2020 to 10 May 2020. The level of mental well-being was reported using the Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-Being Scale (WEMWBS). We also measured various background characteristics (e.g., age, sex, education, health issues), COVID-related factors (e.g., health and economic risks, agreement with lockdown), and coping strategies. Our analytical strategy enabled us to disentangle effects aggregated over the study period from those that linearly vary with time spent in lockdown. Results Our final dataset included 18,957 participants. The level of mental well-being dropped gradually from the third to the eighth week of lockdown [49.7 (sd 7.9) to 45.5 (sd 10.6)]. Time in lockdown was associated with a decrease in well-being (for each additional 10 days of lockdown: B = -0.30, 95%CI: -0.62, -0.15). Factors that showed significantly negative and positive effects on well-being as time in lockdown progressed were (for each additional 10 days of lockdown): having current psychiatric problems (B = -0.37; 95%CI: -0.63, -0.04), worries about having access to personal protective equipment (B = -0.09; 95%CI: -0.18, -0.01), coping by having positive beliefs about the future of the pandemics (B = 0.29; 95%CI: 0.04, 0.62), being supported by neighbors (B = 0.24; 95%CI: 0.04, 0.44), and being involved in collective actions (B = 0.23; 95%CI: 0.04, 0.46). Discussion Participants from our sample saw a drop in their mental well-being throughout the first period of COVID-19 lockdown. Policymakers should be mindful of factors contributing to greater deterioration of mental well-being over time, such as having current psychiatric issues. Promoting collective actions and local support from neighbors may alleviate the deterioration of mental well-being over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Barbalat
- Centre Ressource de Réhabilitation Psychosociale, Centre hospitalier Le Vinatier, Bron, France
- UMR 5229, CNRS and Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Pôle Centre rive gauche, Centre hospitalier Le Vinatier, Bron, France
| | | | - Elodie Zante
- Centre Ressource de Réhabilitation Psychosociale, Centre hospitalier Le Vinatier, Bron, France
| | - Frédéric Haesebaert
- Centre Ressource de Réhabilitation Psychosociale, Centre hospitalier Le Vinatier, Bron, France
- PSYR2, INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR 5292, CRNL, Université de Lyon, UCBL, Lyon, France
| | - Nicolas Franck
- Centre Ressource de Réhabilitation Psychosociale, Centre hospitalier Le Vinatier, Bron, France
- UMR 5229, CNRS and Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Pôle Centre rive gauche, Centre hospitalier Le Vinatier, Bron, France
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Fear of COVID-19 Among Japanese Workers and Exacerbation of Chronic Pain: A Nationwide Cross-Sectional Study. J Occup Environ Med 2023; 65:e134-e140. [PMID: 36787581 PMCID: PMC9987647 DOI: 10.1097/jom.0000000000002772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the association between fear of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and exacerbated chronic pain among workers during the pandemic, as well as productivity loss. METHODS We collected data using Internet-based self-reported questionnaires, on fear of COVID-19, work productivity status, exacerbation of chronic pain during the pandemic, and several confounding factors. RESULTS The multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that a high level of fear of COVID-19 was associated with an increased exacerbation of chronic pain (adjusted odds ratio, 2.31; 95% confidence interval, 1.21-4.44). Meanwhile, the presence of fear of COVID-19 and exacerbated chronic pain were associated with productivity impairment (adjusted odds ratio, 2.03; 95% confidence interval, 1.44-2.85). CONCLUSIONS Our study shows that workers' fear of COVID-19 is correlated with exacerbated chronic pain and risk of presenteeism.
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Padmanabhanunni A, Pretorius TB. Teacher Burnout in the Time of COVID-19: Antecedents and Psychological Consequences. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:4204. [PMID: 36901219 PMCID: PMC10002371 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20054204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The important, frontline role of teachers during the COVID-19 pandemic has often gone unrecognized, and attention to their mental health and well-being is often only the focus of scholarly research. The unprecedented challenges that teachers faced during the COVID-19 pandemic and the stresses and strains associated with it have severely impacted their psychological well-being. This study examined the predictors and the psychological consequences of burnout. Participants (N = 355) were schoolteachers in South Africa who completed the Perceived Vulnerability to Disease Questionnaire, the Fear of COVID-19 Scale, the Role Orientation Questionnaire, the Maslach Burnout Inventory, the Centre for Epidemiological Depression Scale, the Beck Hopelessness Scale, the Satisfaction with Life Scale, and the trait scale of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. The results of a multiple regression showed that fear of COVID-19, role ambiguity, and role conflict were significant predictors of emotional exhaustion and depersonalization, while perceived infectability and role ambiguity significantly predicted personal accomplishment. Gender and age also predicted emotional exhaustion and depersonalization, respectively, and age was also a significant predictor of personal accomplishment. Generally, the dimensions of burnout were significant predictors of indices of psychological well-being-namely, depression, hopelessness, anxiety, and life satisfaction-with the exception of the association between depersonalization and life satisfaction. Our results suggest that intervention efforts to reduce burnout need to provide teachers with adequate job resources to buffer against the demands and stressors associated with their work.
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Iosifyan M, Arina G, Nikolaeva V. Beliefs about COVID-19 as a threat to values are related to preventive behaviors and fear of COVID-19. J Health Psychol 2023:13591053221142348. [PMID: 36591645 PMCID: PMC9810504 DOI: 10.1177/13591053221142348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated factors related to preventive behaviors and fear of COVID-19: values and beliefs about threat to values because of COVID-19. In two studies, participants reported their own values and evaluated how COVID-19 may threaten values. They also reported their preventive behaviors (washing hands, wearing a facial mask, keeping social distance, and avoiding public places) and fear of COVID-19. COVID-19 is perceived as a threat to personal focused values (openness and self-enhancement values) rather than social focused values (conservation and self-transcendence values). Both value importance and perceived threats to values are related to preventive behaviors and fear of COVID-19. Greater importance of conservation values was related to engaging in preventive behaviors and increased fear of COVID-19. Perceived threats to personal focused values (self-enhancement and openness values) were also related to engaging in preventive behaviors and fear of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Iosifyan
- University of St Andrews,
Scotland,Marina Iosifyan, School of Divinity, St
Mary’s College, University of Queen’s Terrace, St Andrews KY16 9TS, Scotland.
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Pretorius TB, Padmanabhanunni A. Deriving Meaning from Chaos: The Mediating Role of the Sense of Coherence in the Serial Relationships among Fear of COVID-19, Indices of Psychological Distress, and Life Satisfaction. Healthcare (Basel) 2022; 10:2276. [PMID: 36421600 PMCID: PMC9690525 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare10112276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 09/08/2024] Open
Abstract
The current study focused on the role of the sense of coherence (SOC) in the serial relationships among the fear of COVID-19, indices of psychological distress, and life satisfaction. It examined the hypothesis that an SOC would mitigate the impact of the fear of COVID-19 on psychological distress, which in turn would positively impact life satisfaction. Participants were school teachers (N = 355) who completed the Fear of COVID-19 Scale, the trait scale of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, the Beck Hopelessness Scale, the short form of the Sense of Coherence Scale, and the Satisfaction with Life Scale. A path analysis confirmed the mediating role of the dimensions of the SOC in the relationships among the fear of COVID-19, indices of psychological distress, and life satisfaction. Specifically, comprehensibility, meaningfulness, and manageability were found to mediate the associations between the fear of COVID-19 and anxiety, and the fear of COVID-19 and hopelessness, which in turn were associated with higher levels of life satisfaction. The findings confirmed that an SOC is an important source of resilience. Interventions that facilitate the re-appraisal of stressors as challenges and enhance the awareness of practical coping strategies can build an SOC and promote mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyrone B. Pretorius
- Department of Psychology, University of the Western Cape, Bellville 7530, South Africa
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Medina-Fernández JA, Medina-Fernández IA, Torres-Soto NY, Cortez-González LC, Rascón-Arriaga FG, Cortes-Montelongo DB. Effect of Fear, Concern, and of Risk Factors for Complicated Covid-19 on Self-Care in People in Pre-elderly and Elderly Stages. INVESTIGACION Y EDUCACION EN ENFERMERIA 2022; 40:e10. [PMID: 36867783 PMCID: PMC10017133 DOI: 10.17533/udea.iee.v40n3e10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The work sought to determine the effect of the risk factors, fear, and concern on self-care regarding COVID-19 in people in pre-elderly and elderly stages. METHODS Correlational-predictive study, gathered through convenience sampling. The study applied the scale of fear of COVID-19 (Huarcaya et al.), the scale of concern about COVID-19 (Ruíz et al.,), and the scale of self-care during the COVID-19 confinement (Martínez et al.,). Descriptive and inferential statistics were applied as the mediation model based on regression. RESULTS The study had the participation of 333 people, with the majority being women (73.9%). Correlation was found between self-care with the scores from the scale of fear (r = -0.133, p <0.05) and of concern (r = -0.141, p<0.05) regarding COVID-19. The direct effect of the model was c= 0.16, [95% BCa CI = -0.28, -0.09]. The standardized value for the indirect effect was estimated as c = -0.14, [95% BCa CI= -0.23,-0.09]), which shows existence of a 14.0% effect of the mediating variable on self-care conducts in the prediction model. CONCLUSIONS A direct effect exists of risk factors for COVID-19 complication on self-care, mediated by concern and fear, besides explaining by 14% the self-care conducts for COVID-19. Recommendation is made to address other emotional variables to consider if these increase the prediction.
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Demel R, Grassi F, Rafiee Y, Waldmann MR, Schacht A. How German and Italian Laypeople Reason about Distributive Shortages during COVID-19. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:12067. [PMID: 36231370 PMCID: PMC9566015 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191912067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
(1) Background: The COVID-19 pandemic provided a unique opportunity to investigate how moral reasoning is influenced by individuals' exposure to a crisis and by personal, societal and temporal proximity. We examined how Italians and Germans judged different behaviors that arose because of the pandemic, which affected health and societal matters. (2) Methods: Over the course of four months and three assessment periods, we used an observational online survey to assess participants' judgments regarding seven scenarios that addressed distributive shortages during the pandemic. (3) Results: Overall, there was no clear answering pattern across all scenarios. For a variation of triage and pandemic restrictions, most participants selected a mean value, which can be interpreted as deferring the choice. For the other scenarios, most participants used the extremes of the scale, thereby reflecting a clear opinion of the public regarding the moral issue. In addition, moral reasoning varied across the two countries, assessment periods, fear, and age. (4) Conclusions: By using scenarios that were taken from real-life experiences, the current study addresses criticism that moral research mostly relies on unrealistic scenarios that lack in external validity, plausibility, and proximity to everyday situations. In addition, it shows how lay people regard measures of public health and societal decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronja Demel
- Institute of Psychology, Georg-August University, 37073 Goettingen, Germany
- Institute of Psychology, Humboldt University of Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
- Leibniz Science Campus “Primate Cognition”, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Francesco Grassi
- Institute of Psychology, Georg-August University, 37073 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Yasaman Rafiee
- Institute of Psychology, Georg-August University, 37073 Goettingen, Germany
- Leibniz Science Campus “Primate Cognition”, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Michael R. Waldmann
- Institute of Psychology, Georg-August University, 37073 Goettingen, Germany
- Leibniz Science Campus “Primate Cognition”, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Annekathrin Schacht
- Institute of Psychology, Georg-August University, 37073 Goettingen, Germany
- Leibniz Science Campus “Primate Cognition”, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
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Gao J, Guo Y, Ademu L. Associations between Public Fear of COVID-19 and Number of COVID-19 Vaccinations: A County-Level Longitudinal Analysis. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10091422. [PMID: 36146499 PMCID: PMC9506082 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10091422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose: A large number of COVID-19 infections and deaths and the ensuing socioeconomic problems created widespread public fear around COVID-19. Fear around COVID-19 greatly influences people’s attitudes towards receiving the COVID-19 vaccines. The purpose of this study is examining (a) the impact of the public fear of COVID-19 (PFC) on the number of COVID-19 vaccinations at the county level; (b) the interaction effect between the PFC and per capita income, unemployment rates, and COVID-19 vaccines incentive policies, on the number of COVID-19 vaccinations at the county level. Method: This is a longitudinal analysis across states in the U.S. by using county-level data of 2856 counties from 1 February to 1 July. Random-effects models were adopted to analyze the associations between the PFC and the number of COVID-19 vaccinations. Result: the PFC was positively associated with the number of COVID-19 vaccinations at county-level, as PFC increases from 0 to 300, the predicted vaccination number increases from 10,000 to 230,000. However, the associations were divergent when the PFC interacts with county-level per capita income, unemployment rates, and incentive policies. Conclusion: public fear is an important indicator for the county-level vaccination numbers of COVID-19. However, it is critical to consider public fear and socioeconomic factors when making policies that aim to increase COVID-19 vaccination rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Gao
- Texas A&M AgriLife Center in El Paso, Texas A&M University, El Paso, TX 79927, USA
| | - Yuqi Guo
- School of Social Work, College of Health and Human Services, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28262, USA
- School of Data Science, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28262, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Lilian Ademu
- Public Policy Program, College of Arts and Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28262, USA
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Balázs PG, Mitev A, Brodszky V. Parallel exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis of the Hungarian Fear of COVID-19 Scale in a large general population sample: a psychometric and dimensionality evaluation. BMC Public Health 2022; 22:1438. [PMID: 35902834 PMCID: PMC9333073 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-13789-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aims to confirm validity and reliability of the Hungarian version of Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S) and evaluate its dimensional structure. METHODS Cross-sectional survey was carried out in 2021 among Hungarian general population. In addition to classical test theory methods, construct dimensionality of FCV-19S was assessed using EFA with principal axis factoring method and CFA with diagonally-weighted least squares estimation. Fear score was compared in age, gender, educational level, vaccination and infection subgroups. RESULTS Significant differences in FCV-19S mean scores were observed between three subgroups (age, gender, vaccination). Items showed good internal consistency (Cronbach α = 0.88). EFA identified two latent factors (eig = 4.2 and 1.02), though parallel analysis supports the one-factor model. The two-dimensional structure was confirmed by CFA, items 3,4,6,7 correlated with Factor 1 (physiological fear), items 1,2,5 with Factor 2 (emotional fear). CONCLUSION The Hungarian version of FCV-19S seems valid and reliable. The EFA identified two-latent factors (emotional and physiological fear), that was confirmed by CFA. The two-factor structure had better model fit, though its' acceptance is limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Péter György Balázs
- Corvinus University of Budapest, Budapest, Hungary
- Corvinus University of Budapest, Doctoral School of Business and Management, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ariel Mitev
- Corvinus University of Budapest, Budapest, Hungary
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14
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Sattler S, Taflinger S, Ernst A, Hasselhorn F. A Moderated Mediation Model Explaining the Relationship Between Risk-Group Membership, Threat Perception, Knowledge, and Adherence to COVID-19 Behavioral Measures. Front Public Health 2022; 10:842368. [PMID: 35664099 PMCID: PMC9160797 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.842368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background COVID-19 is a threat to individual and global health, thus, reducing the disease's spread is of significant importance. However, adherence to behavioral measures against the spread of COVID-19 is not universal, even within vulnerable populations who are at higher risk of exposure to the virus or severe COVID-19 infection. Therefore, this study investigates how risk-group membership relates to adherence to COVID-19 behavioral measures, whether perceived threat of COVID-19 is a mechanism explaining this relationship, and whether knowledge about COVID-19 moderates these effects. Methods We conducted a web-based survey (N = 4,096) representative of the adult population in Germany with regard to gender, age (18 to 74), and province. Therein, we assessed risk group membership with two indicators (risk of exposure to COVID-19 and risk of severe COVID-19 infection), perceived COVID-19 threat with the Perceived Coronavirus Threat Questionnaire, knowledge about COVID-19 with a knowledge test; and adherence to six behavioral measures to protect against the spread of COVID-19 (e.g., keeping distance, using mouth-nose protection, and following contact restrictions). We used moderated mediation models to test whether perceived threat mediates the relationship between risk-group membership and adherence and whether knowledge about COVID-19 moderates this relationship. Results We found that risk group members had more perceived COVID-19 threat and that knowledge about COVID-19 increased perceived threat. Moreover, risk group membership had a positive direct effect on adherence to most behavioral measures and risk group members with less knowledge about COVID-19 violated measures more frequently. Risk-group membership also had positive indirect effects on adherence via perceived COVID-19 threat. The moderated indirect effects of threat indicate that threat led to more adherence when knowledge was low, but lost relevance as knowledge increased. Conclusion The results may help to evaluate disease-regulation measures and to combat the pandemic more effectively. For example, increasing COVID-19 knowledge in the general population could increase adherence to COVID-19 behavioral measures. However, policy makers should be mindful that this could also have negative mental health implications as knowledge increases perceived COVID-19 threat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Sattler
- Faculty of Sociology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
- Institute of Sociology and Social Psychology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Pragmatic Health Ethics Research Unit, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- *Correspondence: Sebastian Sattler
| | - Shannon Taflinger
- Institute of Sociology and Social Psychology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - André Ernst
- Institute of Sociology and Social Psychology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- GESIS – Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences, Cologne, Germany
| | - Fabian Hasselhorn
- Institute of Sociology and Social Psychology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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15
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Murad O, Al-Dassean KA, Al Neweiri AM, Murad HO, Murad BO. The Arabic version of the fear of covid-19 scale: psychometric properties and relationship to future anxiety in Jordanians. COGENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/23311908.2022.2064730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Odeh Murad
- Associate. Prof. of Educational Psychology, Al-Balqa Applied University, Al-Shoubak University College Jordan
| | - Khaled A. Al-Dassean
- Assis. Prof. of Educational Psychology, Al-Balqa Applied University, Al-Shoubak University College Jordan
| | - Anwar M. Al Neweiri
- Consultant General and Laparoscopic Surgeon, Jordanian Center for Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Health, Jordan
| | - Hasan O. Murad
- Teacher of Educational Technology, Ministry of Education, Al-Shoubak Education Directorate, Jordan
| | - Batool O. Murad
- Higher Diploma in Education, Al-Balqa Applied University, Al-Shoubak University College, Jordan
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16
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Analysis of the Predictive Role of Self-Compassion on Emotional Distress during COVID-19 Lockdown. SOCIAL SCIENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/socsci11040151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Research has shown that the COVID-19 pandemic has caused a mental health burden worldwide. Most studies have focused on the factors associated with a higher risk of mental health problems, and only a few studies have looked at the potential protective factors. The general objective of this study was to determine whether self-compassion has a protective effect against the risk of mental health problems and especially on perceived infectability. If so, we intended to determine which of the three specific facets of self-compassion (i.e., mindfulness vs. over-identification; self-kindness vs. self-judgment; common humanity vs. isolation;) has the greatest weight in predicting emotional distress. We conducted a cross-sectional study through an online survey completed by 855 participants in Spain. Results confirmed that the three facets of self-compassion reduce the negative correlation between perceived infectability and emotional distress, diminishing its role in predicting emotional distress. These results are discussed in relation to the protective role of self-compassion and the need to further explore the variables associated with a lower risk of mental problems derived from the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic.
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17
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Alimoradi Z, Lin CY, Ullah I, Griffiths MD, Pakpour AH. Item Response Theory Analysis of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S): A Systematic Review. Psychol Res Behav Manag 2022; 15:581-596. [PMID: 35300204 PMCID: PMC8922366 DOI: 10.2147/prbm.s350660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The COVID-19 pandemic is still ongoing and is not yet under control. Evidence regarding the impacts of COVID-19 on psychological distress has been widely reported worldwide, and one of the primary concerns regarding psychological distress is fear (ie, fear of COVID-19). Therefore, having a robust instrument for assessing fear of COVID-19 is important. The present systematic review aimed to synthesize the psychometric evidence evaluated using item response theory (IRT) on the Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S). Methods Utilizing the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, four academic databases (Scopus, PubMed Central, ProQuest, and ISI Web of Knowledge) were used to search target papers. Keywords used for search were "Fear of COVID-19 Scale" and its abbreviation (ie, "FCV-19S") and IRT-related terms. The COnsensus-based Standards for the selection of health status Measurement INstruments (COSMIN) checklist was then applied to evaluate the methodological quality of the reviewed papers. Moreover, psychometric properties using IRT methods were synthesized using a qualitative method. Results The initial search resulted in 552 papers (73 duplicates) and 479 were screened based on their titles and abstracts. Finally, 16 papers were included for review regarding their methodological quality (via COSMIN) to synthesize the psychometric evidence for FCV-19S. The 16 papers included 21 countries with 16 language versions of FCV-19S. Conclusion All the psychometric evidence indicated that the seven items in the FCV-19S fit with the concept of fear. The FCV-19S is a strong and valid instrument for assessing fear across different languages. The seven items in the FCV-19S appear to be unidimensional in assessing fear, which indicates that all items are necessary in the FCV-19S.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zainab Alimoradi
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Research Institute for Prevention of Non-Communicable Diseases, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Chung-Ying Lin
- Institute of Allied Health Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Biostatistics Consulting Center, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Public Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Occupational Therapy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Irfan Ullah
- Kabir Medical College, Gandhara University, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Mark D Griffiths
- International Gaming Research Unit, Psychology Department, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Amir H Pakpour
- Department of Nursing, School of Health and Welfare, Jönköping University, Jönköping, Sweden
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18
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Yao H, Liu W, Wu CH, Yuan YH. The imprinting effect of SARS experience on the fear of COVID-19: The role of AI and big data. SOCIO-ECONOMIC PLANNING SCIENCES 2022; 80:101086. [PMID: 34079148 PMCID: PMC8154185 DOI: 10.1016/j.seps.2021.101086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The worldwide outbreak of the COVID-19 has significantly increased the fear of individuals, which brings severe psychosocial stress and adverse psychological consequences, and become a serious public health problem. Based on the imprinting theory, this study investigates whether childhood experiences of SARS have an imprinting effect that significantly influences the fear of COVID-19. Furthermore, we propose that this effect is contingent on the applications of AI and big data. We test our framework with a sample of 1871 questionnaires that covered students in universities across all provincial regions in China, and the results suggest that the imprinting of SARS increases the individuals' fear of COVID-19, and this effect is reduced with the applications of AI and big data. Overall, this study provides a novel insight of the fear caused by the childhood experience of the similar health crisis and the unique role of AI and big data applications into fighting against COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitang Yao
- Business School Qingdao University, Qingdao 266110, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Business School Qingdao University, Qingdao 266110, China
| | - Chia-Huei Wu
- Department of Hotel Management and Culinary Creativity, Minghsin University of Science and Technology, Hsinchu 304, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsi Yuan
- Department of Labor & Human Resources, Chinese Culture University, Taipei 11114, Taiwan
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19
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Giolo SR, Giordani RCF, Zanoni da Silva M, Dias PCA, Estavela A, Ismael Mabuie J. Cross-cultural measurement invariance of the fear of COVID-19 scale in three Portuguese-speaking countries. J Health Psychol 2022; 27:2997-3012. [DOI: 10.1177/13591053221076578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the measurement invariance of the Portuguese version of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S) across three countries: Brazil (South America), Mozambique (East Africa), and Portugal (Southwest Europe). A total of 8694 participants were recruited through convenience sampling (7430 Brazilians, 387 Mozambicans, and 877 Portuguese adults). The unidimensional structure of the FCV-19S fitted well with each country’s data. Multigroup confirmatory factor analysis showed that the FCV-19S was partially invariant across countries and fully invariant across gender and age groups, thus providing a solid basis for cross-group comparisons. Structural invariance tests revealed different levels of fear across countries and genders but not across age groups.
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20
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Scarf D, Lim A, Riordan BC, Winter T, Mason A, Rapsey CM, Graham S. A Longitudinal Study of Depression Before, During, and Following the COVID-19 Nation-Wide Lockdown in Aotearoa New Zealand. Asia Pac J Public Health 2022; 34:420-422. [PMID: 35086354 DOI: 10.1177/10105395221074536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Damian Scarf
- Department of Psychology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Amber Lim
- Department of Psychology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Benjamin C Riordan
- Centre for Alcohol Policy Research, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Taylor Winter
- Department of Psychology, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Andre Mason
- Department of Psychology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Charlene M Rapsey
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Sarah Graham
- Department of Psychology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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21
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Scoppetta O, Cassiani-Miranda CA, Arismendy-López YA, Tirado-Otálvaro AF. Psychometric Properties of an Instrument to Assess the Fear of COVID-19 in a Sample in Argentina: a Mixed Approach. Int J Ment Health Addict 2022; 21:1-14. [PMID: 35069043 PMCID: PMC8759603 DOI: 10.1007/s11469-021-00742-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The FCV-19S was the first instrument designed to assess the severity of fear related to COVID-19 and has already been validated in many languages. The objective of this study was to evaluate the homogeneity and construct validity of the 5-item version of the FCV19S, using an online questionnaire in 599 people. The participants' age ranged from 18 to 65 years. Age, gender, marital status, educational level, employment status, and socioeconomic status were analyzed. In the evaluation process we assessed interitem correlation, item rest-correlation, confirmatory factor analysis: Root Mean Square Error of Approximation, Comparative Fix Index, Tucker-Lewis Index; internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha, McDonald's omega), and the Rasch model was assessed for learning more about the psychometric properties of the scale, which allows a detailed knowledge of the strengths and weaknesses of a scale. The FCV-5S has adequate psychometric indicators from the perspective of the Classical Theory of Items. The major limitations were using a self-reported measure and having a convenience sample not necessarily representative of the general population of Argentina.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carlos Arturo Cassiani-Miranda
- Medicine Programme, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad de Santander (UDES), Calle 70 N° 55-210, Bucaramanga, Colombia
| | - Yinneth Andrea Arismendy-López
- Medicine Programme, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad de Santander (UDES), Calle 70 N° 55-210, Bucaramanga, Colombia
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22
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Chen IH, Chen CY, Zhao KY, Gamble JH, Lin CY, Griffiths MD, Pakpour AH. Psychometric evaluation of fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S) among Chinese primary and middle schoolteachers, and their students. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022; 42:1-17. [PMID: 35002189 PMCID: PMC8727075 DOI: 10.1007/s12144-021-02471-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Utilizing a large-scale cross-sectional survey, the present study tested the advanced psychometric properties of Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S) in specific populations (i.e., primary and middle schoolteachers, and their students). The present study also examined the association between perceived fear of COVID-19 and psychological distress among home-room teachers (i.e., teachers who teach all their students in one classroom all day) and their students. The results among participants (11,134 teachers and 4,335 students) indicated good internal reliability of FCV-19S and excellent factorial validity with a two-factor structure utilizing these specific populations. Furthermore, the multilevel analysis showed that home-room teachers' psychological distress, but not fear of COVID-19, was positively associated with their students. In sum, the FCV-19S is a useful tool to assess the fear of COVID-19 on potentially vulnerable populations (i.e., primary/middle schoolteachers and their students). Future studies are encouraged to use the present study's findings to investigate possible underlying mechanisms for developing effective coping strategies and interventions. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12144-021-02471-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Hua Chen
- Chinese Academy of Education Big Data, Qufu Normal University, Qufu City, Shandong China
| | - Chao-Ying Chen
- School of Physical Therapy and Graduate Institute of Rehabilitation Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, No. 259, Wenhua 1st Road, Guishan District, Taoyuan City, 333 Taiwan
| | - Ke-Yun Zhao
- School of Communication, Qufu Normal University, Rizhao City, Shandong China
| | - Jeffrey H. Gamble
- Department of Foreign Languages, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Ying Lin
- Institute of Allied Health Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 1 University Rd, Tainan, 701 Taiwan
- Department of Occupational Therapy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 1 University Rd, Tainan, 701 Taiwan
- Biostatistics Consulting Center, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 1 University Rd, 701 Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Mark D. Griffiths
- International Gaming Research Unit, Psychology Department, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Amir H. Pakpour
- Department of Nursing, School of Health and Welfare, Jönköping University, Jönköping, Sweden
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23
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Belen H. Fear of COVID-19 and Mental Health: The Role of Mindfulness in During Times of Crisis. Int J Ment Health Addict 2022; 20:607-618. [PMID: 33935608 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-40529/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has had a significant impact on all aspects of individuals' lives, particularly their mental health due to the fear associated with the pandemic. Thus, the current study explored the relationship between the fear of COVID-19 and aspects of mental health, namely anxiety and depression, and will consider whether this relationship can be mediated by mindfulness. Data were collected from a student sample of 355 participants (71.5% female and 28.5% male) ranging between 18 and 41 years of age (M = 22.41 ± 3.27), with participants completing a fear of COVID-19 scale (FCV-19S), Mindfulness Attention and Awareness Scale (MAAS), and the anxiety and depression subscale of the Symptom Checklist-90-Revised (SCL-90-R). In terms of the results, correlational analyses indicated that fear of COVID-19 is inversely associated with mindfulness, while positive correlations were found with anxiety and depression. Structural equation modeling analyses demonstrated that mindfulness mediated the relationship between fear of COVID-19 and depression and anxiety. Associated implications are further discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hacer Belen
- Educational Sciences, Psychological Counseling and Guidance, Bursa Uludag University, Ozluce, Gorukle Campus, 16059 Nilüfer, Bursa Turkey
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24
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Iversen MM, Norekvål TM, Oterhals K, Fadnes LT, Mæland S, Pakpour AH, Breivik K. Psychometric Properties of the Norwegian Version of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale. Int J Ment Health Addict 2022; 20:1446-1464. [PMID: 33495690 PMCID: PMC7816751 DOI: 10.1007/s11469-020-00454-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
To examine the psychometric properties of the Norwegian version of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S), randomly selected individuals from a larger registry study were invited. We assessed the reliability and validity of the instrument in a sample of 1089 adults in Norway (response rate 73%). Internal consistency measured by Cronbach's alpha (0.88) was acceptable. Omega alphaHierarchical (ωt = 0.69) was lower indicating that the general factor is less reliable, explaining 69% of the total variance. Confirmatory factor analysis indicated that the FCV-19S is not strictly unidimensional. Exploratory graph analysis and confirmatory factor analysis supported a two-factor model (cognitive and somatic fear), which were highly correlated (r = 0.84). The Norwegian version of the FCV-19S showed an underlying two-factor structure. However, the high correlation means the two latent factors (cognitive and somatic fear) act as indicators for a second-order general factor and support use of the FCV-19S sum score. The FCV-19S appears to be a valid instrument to assess fear of COVID-19 with good psychometric properties. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11469-020-00454-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. M. Iversen
- Centre on Patient-Reported Outcomes, Department of Research and Development, Haukeland University Hospital, Postboks 1400, N-5021 Bergen, Norway ,Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, Department of Health and Caring Sciences, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Bergen, Norway
| | - T. M. Norekvål
- Centre on Patient-Reported Outcomes, Department of Research and Development, Haukeland University Hospital, Postboks 1400, N-5021 Bergen, Norway ,Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, Department of Health and Caring Sciences, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Bergen, Norway ,Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - K. Oterhals
- Centre on Patient-Reported Outcomes, Department of Research and Development, Haukeland University Hospital, Postboks 1400, N-5021 Bergen, Norway ,Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, Department of Health and Caring Sciences, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Bergen, Norway
| | - L. T. Fadnes
- Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway ,Department of Addiction Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - S. Mæland
- Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway ,Research Unit for General Practice in Bergen, NORCE Norwegian Research Centre, Bergen, Norway
| | - A. H. Pakpour
- Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran ,Department of Nursing, School of Health and Welfare, Jönköping University, Jönköping, Sweden
| | - K. Breivik
- Centre on Patient-Reported Outcomes, Department of Research and Development, Haukeland University Hospital, Postboks 1400, N-5021 Bergen, Norway ,Regional Centre for Child and Youth Mental Health and Child Welfare, NORCE Norwegian Research Centre, Bergen, Norway
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25
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Padmanabhanunni A, Pretorius TB, Stiegler N, Bouchard JP. A serial model of the interrelationship between perceived vulnerability to disease, fear of COVID-19, and psychological distress among teachers in South Africa. ANNALES MEDICO-PSYCHOLOGIQUES 2022; 180:23-28. [PMID: 34866639 PMCID: PMC8629722 DOI: 10.1016/j.amp.2021.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The current study examined the serial relationship between perceived vulnerability to disease, fear of COVID-19, anxiety, and psychological distress among school teachers. Participants were South African school teachers (n = 355) who completed the Perceived Vulnerability to Disease Questionnaire, Fear of COVID-19 Scale, trait scale of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, Beck Hopelessness Scale, and the Centre for Epidemiological Depression Scale. A path analysis confirmed that teachers who appraised themselves as more susceptible to disease, experienced heightened levels of fear of COVID-19, which led to heightened levels of anxiety, depression, and hopelessness. Specifically, germ aversion and perceived infectability were separately associated with heightened fear of COVID-19, which in turn was associated with heightened anxiety. This serial relationship was associated with heightened levels of hopelessness and depression. The current study extends research on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic among a distinct subgroup of the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Padmanabhanunni
- Department of Psychology, University of the Western Cape, Robert-Sobukwe road, Bellville, 7535 Cape-Town, South Africa,Auteur correspondant. University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville, 7535 Cape-Town, South Africa
| | - Tyrone B. Pretorius
- Department of Psychology, University of the Western Cape, Robert-Sobukwe road, Bellville, 7535 Cape-Town, South Africa
| | - Nancy Stiegler
- Department of Statistics and Population Studies, University of the Western Cape, Robert-Sobukwe road, Bellville, 7535 Cape-Town, South Africa
| | - Jean-Pierre Bouchard
- Department of Statistics and Population Studies, University of the Western Cape, Robert-Sobukwe road, Bellville, 7535 Cape-Town, South Africa,Institut psycho-judiciaire et de psychopathologie (IPJP), Institute of Forensic Psychology and Psychopathology, centre hospitalier de Cadillac, 89, rue Cazeaux Cazalet, 33410 Cadillac, France,Unité pour malades difficiles (UMD), pôle de psychiatrie médico-légale (PPML), centre hospitalier de Cadillac, 10, avenue Joseph-Caussil, 33410 Cadillac, France
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26
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Gül İ, Yeşiltaş A. Mental wellbeing and perception of health in the era of COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-sectional study in the general population. Perspect Psychiatr Care 2022; 58:97-107. [PMID: 33931871 PMCID: PMC8242898 DOI: 10.1111/ppc.12818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This study was aimed at evaluating mental wellbeing and health perception in the general population during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and at highlighting the correlation between them and selected variables. DESIGN AND METHODS This descriptive and cross-sectional study was carried out in 374 individuals, who were remotely administered two scales ("Perception of Health Scale [PHS]" and "Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Wellbeing Scale [WEMWBS]") and a demographic and clinical questionnaire. FINDINGS PHS mean score was 53.24 ± 7.69 and the total WEMWBS score was 52.95 ± 10.75. A positive statistically significant correlation was found between PHS and WEMWBS (p < 0.05). Gender, marital status, and education levels conditioned mental well-being in a statistically significant. Suffering from a chronic disorder, COVID-19 symptoms, or having a family member affected by COVID-19 infection influenced the health perception. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS Exposing the factors affecting the health and mental wellbeing perceptions of individuals, especially during the pandemic period, can guide policymakers.
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Affiliation(s)
- İsa Gül
- Department of Health Management, Faculty of Health Sciences, Afyonkarahisar Health Sciences University, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey
| | - Aysun Yeşiltaş
- Department of Health Management, Faculty of Health Sciences, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey
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27
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Soares FR, Afonso RM, Martins AP, Pakpour AH, Rosa CP. The fear of the COVID-19 Scale: validation in the Portuguese general population. DEATH STUDIES 2022; 46:2093-2099. [PMID: 33630728 DOI: 10.1080/07481187.2021.1889722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic is having a profound effect on mental health and it is therefore fundamental to evaluate individual psychological responses to COVID-19. The 7-item Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S) assesses different aspects of the fear of coronavirus and has been applied worldwide. This study aimed to translate and validate the FCV-19S in the Portuguese population. The scale was administered to a convenience sample of 1203 Portuguese adults. Exploratory factor analysis was carried out on the initial model proposed by the authors of the FCV-19S. Further analysis revealed that the Portuguese version has good psychometric properties.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rosa Marina Afonso
- Departamento de Psicologia e Educação, Faculdade de Ciências Sociais e Humanas, Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
- Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS, FM-UP), Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Paula Martins
- Departamento de Matemática, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
- CMA-UBI Centro de Matemática e Aplicações da Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Amir H Pakpour
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Research Institute for Prevention of Non-Communicable Diseases, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
- Department of Nursing, School of Health and Welfare, Jönköping University, Jönköping, Sweden
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Stankovic M, Papp L, Nyúl B, Ivánkovits L, Pető Z, Töreki A. Adaptation and psychometric evaluation of Hungarian version of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0261745. [PMID: 34965255 PMCID: PMC8716026 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0261745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background COVID-19 pandemic has had a global major healthcare, social and economic impact. In present study we aim to adapt the Fear of COVID-19 Scale to Hungarian. Materials and methods Forward-backward translation method was used to translate the English version of the scale to Hungarian. Participants were a convenience sample of 2175 university students and employees. The study was conducted between January 18th and February 12th 2021. The test battery included Hungarian versions of Fear of COVID-19 scale, short Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-H) and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). Results The scale showed one-factor structure, the loadings on the factor were significant and strong (from .47 to .84). Internal consistency was very good (α = .84). Construct validity for the Fear of COVID-19 Scale was supported by significant and positive correlations with STAI (r = 0.402; p < 0.001) and BDI-H (r = 0.270; p < 0.001). Conclusion The Hungarian version of Fear of COVID-19 Scale is a reliable and valid tool in assessing fear of coronavirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Stankovic
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Health Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
- * E-mail:
| | - László Papp
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Health Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Boglárka Nyúl
- Department of Social Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - László Ivánkovits
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Health Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Pető
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Health Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Annamária Töreki
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Health Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
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Gvozden TV, Baucal A, Krstic K, Filipović S. Intolerance of Uncertainty and Tendency to Worry as Mediators Between Trust in Institutions and Social Support and Fear of Coronavirus and Consequences of the Pandemic. Front Psychol 2021; 12:737188. [PMID: 34858272 PMCID: PMC8631188 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.737188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this article is to formulate and test a model integrating cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) findings regarding the importance of intolerance of uncertainty (IU) and tendency to worry with findings regarding the importance of trust in institutions, other people, and social support. We assumed that trust in institutions, other people, and social support reduce fear of the coronavirus and of the consequences of the pandemic in a direct way, but also indirectly by enhancing one’s sense of control and diminishing the tendency to worry which, further, attenuates fear of the coronavirus and fear of the consequences of the pandemic. An online survey was conducted among the Serbian general population (N = 1409, 78.1% female, M = 38.82, SD = 9.24) at the end of April 2020, which included questionnaires on fear of SARS-CoV-2, fear of consequences of the pandemic, social support, trust in other people and trust in political and health institutions. The model has been validated by data from our study suggesting that it represents one possible pattern of interrelationships between social and intrapsychic variables in the pandemic situation. Results also showed that the COVID-19 related fears are related more strongly to intrapsychic variables – IU and tendency to worry – than to variables operationalizing social context relevant for coping with pandemic at the social and individual level.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aleksandar Baucal
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Philosophy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ksenija Krstic
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Philosophy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Severina Filipović
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Philosophy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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Sugawara D, Masuyama A, Kubo T. Socioeconomic Impacts of the COVID-19 Lockdown on the Mental Health and Life Satisfaction of the Japanese Population. Int J Ment Health Addict 2021; 20:1560-1574. [PMID: 34876889 PMCID: PMC8638648 DOI: 10.1007/s11469-020-00461-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 has been a global challenge ever since its emergence, with reports suggesting negative effects on the mental health and well-being of people. We investigated the associations of the socioeconomic changes driven by the pandemic, illness, well-being, and fear of COVID-19 in Japan. Totally, 565 Japanese individuals completed an online survey, including questions on their self-restraint and changing incomes, and the Fear of COVID-19 Scale; Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scale; and present, past, and future life satisfaction scale. Analysis using structural equation models revealed that refraining from going out was a predictor of illness due to the fear of COVID-19. Decreased income predicted increased illness, but was not due to fear of COVID-19. These results suggested that the interaction between decreased time outside and increased fear of COVID-19 could affect illness. Our study suggests the role of fear of COVID-19 during pandemic and the socioeconomic impacts on mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daichi Sugawara
- Faculty of Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba City, Tennodai 305-8752 Japan
| | | | - Takahiro Kubo
- Faculty of Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 112-0012 Bunkyo-ku, Japan
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31
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Ullah I, Tahir MJ, Ali S, Waseem R, Griffiths MD, Mamun MA, Lin CY, Pakpour AH. COVID-19 Fear Among Pakistanis: Psychometric Evaluation of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale Using Item Response Theory and Confirmatory Factor Analysis. Int J Ment Health Addict 2021; 21:1240-1255. [PMID: 34867122 PMCID: PMC8628831 DOI: 10.1007/s11469-021-00656-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S) assesses the fear of the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and has been translated and validated into over 20 languages. The present study conducted confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and item response theory (IRT) analyses on the FCV-19S among a sample of 937 Pakistani adults (mean [SD] age of 25.83 [11.80] years; 537 [57.3%] females). The CFA and IRT confirmed the unidimensionality of the FCV-19S. The Likert-type scale used in the FCV-19S was supported by the proper threshold orderings. Additionally, no DIF contrast had an absolute value larger than 0.5 regarding the participants' characteristics of gender, age, living status, and education in the IRT findings. The FCV-19S was found to be valid and reliable with strong psychometric properties among the Pakistani adult population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irfan Ullah
- Kabir Medical College, Gandhara University, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | | | | | - Rabia Waseem
- Karachi Medical and Dental College, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Mark D. Griffiths
- International Gaming Research Unit, Psychology Department, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Mohammed A. Mamun
- CHINTA Research Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Department of Public Health and Informatics, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Chung-Ying Lin
- Institute of Allied Health Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Amir H. Pakpour
- Department of Nursing, School of Health and Welfare, Jönköping University, Jönköping, Sweden
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Personality Traits That Affect Travel Intentions during Pandemic COVID-19: The Case Study of Serbia. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su132212845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The pandemic caused by COVID-19 has enormous effects on peoples’ lives and on the global economy. The outbreak and effects of COVID-19 have resulted in fears, concerns, and anxiety among people all around the world. The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between the fear of COVID-19, travel anxiety, and travel intention among residents in Serbia. In addition to the above, the aim of the study was to examine the impact of personality traits on the fear of COVID-19, travel anxiety, and travel intentions. To enhance the understanding of the relationship between the mentioned variables, this study proposes a research model based on the use of measurement scales from the existing studies to develop the questionnaire. The standard paper-and-pen survey was used for data collection from the respondents from Serbia. The total sample include 987 respondents. It was determined that Travel intention was negatively influenced by Neuroticism and Conscientiousness, but positively by Extroversion and Openness. The supposed Agreeableness did not have a significant effect on Travel intention. This study contributes to understanding the respondents’ behavior during pandemic of COVID-19, and their responses to the crisis according to their personality traits might have practical implications in the travel sector.
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Borhany H, Golbabaei S, Jameie M, Borhani K. Moral Decision-Making in Healthcare and Medical Professions During the COVID-19 Pandemic. TRENDS IN PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [PMCID: PMC8598100 DOI: 10.1007/s43076-021-00118-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
With the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak, healthcare and medical professions face challenging situations. The high number of COVID-19 infected patients, scarce resources, and being vulnerable to the infection are among the reasons that may influence clinicians’ moral decision-making. Furthermore, healthcare workers may be carriers of coronavirus, resulting in their social interactions to involve moral decision-making. This study aimed to investigate the effect of working in the frontline on psychological and cognitive factors and how these factors influence moral decision-making in clinicians during the pandemic. Further, we evaluated the impact of these factors on compliance with social distancing. Clinicians who worked in hospitals allocated to coronavirus disease patients participated in our study. We designed an online survey containing eight dilemmas to test moral decision-making in clinicians. Information on clinicians’ behavior and psychological state during the COVID-19 pandemic including the degree of respect to social distancing, sources of stress, and dead cases of COVID-19 they confronted with were collected. First, the relation between these measures and moral decision-making was assessed. Next, we used multiple regression analysis to evaluate the degree to which these factors can predict variances in morality. Based on our results, clinicians’ most important source of stress was the infection of their families. Stress, estimated chance of self-infection, job satisfaction, and age predicted utilitarian behavior among them. Moreover, age, number of death cases of COVID-19 they confronted, perceived risk of infection, and stress were positively correlated to compliance with social distancing. Our results have critical implications in implementing policies for healthcare principals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Borhany
- Department of Internal Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Soroosh Golbabaei
- Institute for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mana Jameie
- Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Khatereh Borhani
- Institute for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
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Ai X, Yang J, Lin Z, Wan X. Mental Health and the Role of Physical Activity During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Front Psychol 2021; 12:759987. [PMID: 34744938 PMCID: PMC8565623 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.759987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic and its related public health restrictions are having an increasingly serious impact on mental health, and measures need to be taken to curb this trend. The positive relationship between physical exercise and mental health has been well-established, but during the COVID-19 pandemic, with various restrictions, the space and facilities for physical exercise are limited. This article explores the relationship between physical exercise and mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic based on the latest research findings published in 2019-2021. We offer a novel model that consists of three central arguments. First, physical exercises during COVID-19, especially supervised exercises, are conducive to enhancing happiness and improving mental health. Second, physical exercise reduces people's anxiety, sadness and depression during the COVID-19 pandemic. Third, the maintenance and improvement of mental health are related to the intensity and frequency of physical exercise. Intensive and frequent physical exercise are conducive to maintaining mental health. Finally, this article proposes important directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianfeng Ai
- School of International Education, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jingjing Yang
- Macao Institute for Tourism Studies, Macao SAR, China
| | - Zhibin Lin
- Durham University Business School, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom
| | - Xiaohong Wan
- School of Journalism and Communication, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan, China
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35
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Krägeloh CU, Alyami M, Alyami H, Alwaily M, Alhuwaydi AM, Henning MA. Physical Distancing and Hand Washing During the COVID-19 Pandemic Among Saudi Adults: the Role of Fear, Perceived Seriousness, and Health Knowledge. Int J Ment Health Addict 2021; 21:1-14. [PMID: 34658682 PMCID: PMC8513565 DOI: 10.1007/s11469-021-00674-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Christian U. Krägeloh
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Mohsen Alyami
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Hussain Alyami
- College of Medicine, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Ahmed M. Alhuwaydi
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Jouf University, Sakakah, Al Jouf Saudi Arabia
| | - Marcus A. Henning
- Centre of Medical and Health Sciences Education, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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36
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Wong VK, Bhojani N, Bird V, Streeper N, Nakada SY, Penniston KL, Chew BH. Quality of Life of Urolithiasis Patients During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Multi-Institutional Cross-Sectional Study. J Endourol 2021; 36:798-806. [PMID: 34569279 DOI: 10.1089/end.2021.0298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The COVID-19 pandemic is an unprecedented global event that has caused significant fear and anxiety across all populations. To date, there have been no studies on how major health crises have affected the stone-related quality-of-life (QOL) of urolithiasis patients. In this multi-institutional study, we investigated whether the fear of COVID-19 affects the QOL of urolithiasis patients during the COVID-19 pandemic using the Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S) and the Wisconsin Stone Quality of Life (WISQOL) questionnaires. Materials and Methods Patient-reported data collection occurred between April-October 2020 during the COVID-19 pandemic where many procedures (radiological or surgical) and visits were either delayed or cancelled. The scores generated from patient-reported responses to questionnaires were correlated and then further sub-analyzed dependent on categorical responses related to procedural delays or care and were analyzed via the Student's T-test. A single factor analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed to analyze varying QOL scores across the FCV-19S quartiles. Results 400 respondents participated in this study. Overall mean total standardized FCV-19S and WISQOL scores (both transformed to min-max 0-100) were 34.3 and 70.3 respectively. A significant inverse correlation (r=-0.265, p<0.0001) was demonstrated suggesting greater COVID-19 fear may result in lower stone-related quality-of-life. A significant difference in fear and QOL scores was observed between the sexes, with women having more COVID-19 fear (35.8 vs. 28.6, p<0.01) and lower stone-related QOL (64.2 vs. 75.2, p<0.01). Quartile ANOVA analysis revealed significant mean difference in WISQOL scores across all FCV-19S score quartiles (p<0.05). Conclusions Using two validated questionnaires (FCV-19S and WISQOL) and correlating patient-reported responses, we found that greater fear for COVID-19 was associated lower stone-related QOL in urolithiasis patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Kf Wong
- UBC, 8166, Urologic Sciences, 2775 Laurel Street, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, V5Z1M9;
| | - Naeem Bhojani
- Centre Hospitalier de L'Universite de Montreal, 25443, Urology, 900 St. Denis street, Pavillon R, R08.474, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H2X 0A9;
| | - Vincent Bird
- University of Florida, Urology, 1600 SW Archer Road, Box 100247, Gainesville, Florida, United States, 32610;
| | - Nicole Streeper
- Penn State Health Milton S Hershey Medical Center Department of Medicine, 545605, Department of Urology, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States;
| | | | - Kristina L Penniston
- University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Urology, 1685 Highland Avenue, 3258 MFCB, Madison, Wisconsin, United States, 53705-2281;
| | - Ben H Chew
- University of British Columbia, Urologic Sciences, Level 6, 2775 Laurel st., Level 6 - 2775 Laurel St, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, V5Z 1M9.,University of British Columbia, 8166, Urologic Sciences, 2775 Laurel St, Level 6, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, V5Z 1M9;
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37
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Troisi A, Nanni RC, Riconi A, Carola V, Di Cave D. Fear of COVID-19 among Healthcare Workers: The Role of Neuroticism and Fearful Attachment. J Clin Med 2021; 10:4358. [PMID: 34640375 PMCID: PMC8509269 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10194358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Fear of becoming infected is an important factor of the complex suite of emotional reactions triggered by the COVID-19 pandemic. Among healthcare workers (HWs), fear of infection can put at risk their psychological well-being and occupational efficiency. The aim of this study was to analyze the role of personality (i.e., the big five traits) and adult attachment in predicting levels of fear (as measured by the FCV-19S) in 101 HWs employed in a COVID-19 university hospital. The three significant predictors retained by the stepwise regression model were age (beta = 0.26, t = 2.89, p < 0.01), emotional stability (i.e., the inverse of neuroticism) (beta = -0.26, t = -2.89, p < 0.01), and fearful attachment (beta = 0.25, t = 2.75, p < 0.01). Older HWs with higher levels of neuroticism and fearful attachment reported more intense fear of COVID-19. Our results can be useful to identify vulnerable subgroups of HWs and to implement selective programs of prevention based on counseling and psychological support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Troisi
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | | | - Alessandra Riconi
- Psychiatry Residency Program, Medical School, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy;
| | - Valeria Carola
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, University of Rome La Sapienza, 00143 Rome, Italy;
| | - David Di Cave
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy;
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38
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Monteiro RP, Coelho GLDH, Hanel PHP, Vilar R, Gouveia VV, Medeiros EDD. The dark side of Brazil: Effects of dark traits on general COVID-19 worry and responses against the pandemic. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2021; 185:111247. [PMID: 34538997 PMCID: PMC8435378 DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2021.111247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Brazil is one of the epicenters of the COVID-19 pandemic (i.e., 563,470 deaths until August 9th, 2021). Since the Brazilian government is partly struggling and partly unwilling to control the pandemic, staying healthy falls almost exclusively to the population. Therefore, it is crucial to understand the predictive role of personality traits to explain the willingness to combat the COVID-19 virus. In the present study (N = 496), we investigated the Dark Pentad traits: Machiavellianism, narcissism, psychopathy, sadism, and spitefulness. Our findings revealed that the first four traits were consistently negatively associated with various measures that indicate whether the pandemic is taken seriously, such as the perceived severity of COVID-19 and intentions to act against COVID-19. Structural equation modeling further showed that general COVID-19 worry mediated the link between the Dark Pentad and adaptive and maladaptive responses. Our results indicate that all dark traits are associated with unsocial behaviors, but their relative importance varies depending on the outcome variable.
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Nightingale TE, Heneghan NR, Fenton SAM, Veldhuijzen van Zanten JJCS, Jutzeler CR. Physical Activity and Health-Related Quality of Life in Adults With a Neurologically-Related Mobility Disability During the COVID-19 Pandemic: An Exploratory Analysis. Front Neurol 2021; 12:699884. [PMID: 34512516 PMCID: PMC8429606 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.699884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: During the coronavirus-19 (COVID-19) pandemic various containment strategies were employed. Their impact on individuals with neurological conditions, considered vulnerable to COVID-19 complications, remains to be determined. Objective: To investigate associations between physical activity and health-related quality of life outcomes in individuals with a neurological condition during government mandated COVID-19 restrictions. Methods: An e-survey assessing fear of COVID-19, physical activity level and health-related quality of life outcomes (functional disability and pain, anxiety and depression, loneliness, fatigue, and vitality) was distributed to individuals with a neurologically-related mobility disability living in the United Kingdom. Open-ended questions were also included to contextualize barriers and facilitators to engage in physical activity during the COVID-19 pandemic. Gamma-weighted generalized linear models and tree-structured regression models were employed to determine the associations between physical activity and health-related quality of life. Results: Of 199 responses, 69% reported performing less physical activity compared to pre-pandemic. Tree-structured regression models revealed that lower leisure-time physical activity was significantly associated (p ≤ 0.009) with higher depression and fatigue, but lower vitality. The closure of leisure facilities and organized sport (27%) was the most commonly cited barrier to engage in physical activity, while 31% of participants mentioned concerns around their physical and mental health as a facilitator. Conclusion: Our analysis identified homogenous subgroups for depression, fatigue, and vitality based specifically on leisure-time physical activity cut points, irrespective of additional demographic or situational characteristics. Findings highlight the importance of and need to safely promote leisure-time physical activity during the COVID-19 pandemic in this at-risk population to help support health-related quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom E Nightingale
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.,International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Nicola R Heneghan
- Centre of Precision Rehabilitation for Spinal Pain (CPR Spine), School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Sally A M Fenton
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.,Medical Research Council-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Jet J C S Veldhuijzen van Zanten
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.,Medical Research Council-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine R Jutzeler
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Ecublens, Switzerland
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40
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Burro R, Vicentini G, Rocca E, Barnaba V, Hall R, Raccanello D. Development and Validation of the Robust - Pandemic Coping Scale (R-PCS). Front Psychol 2021; 12:725344. [PMID: 34566809 PMCID: PMC8458653 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.725344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The psychological consequences of epidemics/pandemics, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, include an increase in psychopathological symptoms, such as depression, anxiety, and stress, and negative emotions, such as fear. However, relatively little attention has been paid to how people cope with the pandemic. Coping is a multi-component process, helping to diminish the traumatic impact of stressful events in a variety of ways. We studied how university students coped with the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic, by developing the Robust - Pandemic Coping Scale (R-PCS), a new scale for measuring coping strategies related to epidemics/pandemics. The scale is based on a classification of coping strategies referred to the needs of competence, relatedness, and autonomy. To create a robust scale, such that the item values would be independent of the sample used for developing it, we employed Rasch modeling. We used a sample of 2,987 Italian university students who participated in an online survey including the R-PCS and the Power to Live with Disasters Questionnaire (PLDQ), during March 2020. First, we applied a dual approach combining exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses, which supported the goodness of a 4-factor model (i.e., Despair, Adjustment, Proactivity, and Aversion) for the R-PCS, invariant across gender and age of respondents (younger or as old as 23 years, older than 23 years). We then transformed the raw scores of the R-PCS into interval logit scale scores applying the Rasch model. Second, our findings supported the discriminant validity and the criterion validity of the R-PCS, examining the correlations with the PLDQ. They also confirmed its predictive validity: the R-PCS scores were related to 2-month-later enjoyment and anger, indicating that Adjustment and Proactivity were adaptive while Despair and Aversion were maladaptive. Third, our study revealed gender and age differences: the scores were higher for Despair, Adjustment, and Proactivity for females; for Aversion for males; and for Proactivity for students older than 23 years. The study suffers from limitations related to social desirability, gender imbalance, and self-selection effects in the recruitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Burro
- Department of Human Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Giada Vicentini
- Department of Human Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Emmanuela Rocca
- Department of Human Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Veronica Barnaba
- Department of Human Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Rob Hall
- Environmetrics Pty Ltd., Killara, NSW, Australia
- Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Ullah I, Jaguga F, Ransing R, Pereira-Sanchez V, Orsolini L, Ori D, de Filippis R, Pakpour AH, Adiukwu F, Kilic O, Hayatudeen N, Shoib S, Ojeahere MI, Nagendrappa S, Handuleh JI, Dashi E, Musami UB, Vahdani B, Ashrafi A, Jatchavala C, Abbass Z, El Halabi S, OGUNNUBI OP, Pinto da Costa M, Ramalho R. Fear During COVID-19 pandemic: Fear of COVID-19 Scale Measurement Properties. Int J Ment Health Addict 2021; 20:2493-2502. [PMID: 34512215 PMCID: PMC8415186 DOI: 10.1007/s11469-021-00528-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Irfan Ullah
- Kabir Medical College, Gandhara University, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | | | - Ramdas Ransing
- Department of Psychiatry, BKL Walawalkar Rural Medical College, Ratnagiri, Maharashtra 415606 India
| | - Victor Pereira-Sanchez
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Laura Orsolini
- Unit of Clinical Psychiatry, Department of Neurosciences/DIMSC, School of Medicine, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy
| | - Dorottya Ori
- Department of Mental Health, Heim Pal National Pediatric Institute, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Renato de Filippis
- Psychiatric Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Amir H Pakpour
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Research Institute for Prevention of Non-Communicable Diseases, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Shahid Bahounar BLV, Qazvin, 3419759811 Iran
- Department of Nursing, School of Health and Welfare, Jönköping University, Jönköping, Sweden
| | - Frances Adiukwu
- Department of Mental Health, University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Rivers state Nigeria
| | - Ozge Kilic
- Department of Psychiatry, Bezmialem Vakif University, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Sheikh Shoib
- Independent Public Health and Clinical Researcher, Mind Wellness Center, Nawab bazar, Srinagar, Kashmir India
| | | | | | | | - Elona Dashi
- Department of Neuroscience, University Hospital Center “Mother Theresa”, Tirana, Albania
| | - Umar Baba Musami
- University of Maiduguri /Federal Neuropsychiatric Hospital Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria
| | - Bita Vahdani
- Clinical Research Development Unit, 22 Bahman Hospital, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Agaah Ashrafi
- Psychiatry Department, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Roozbeh Hospital, Tehran, Iran
| | - Chonnakarn Jatchavala
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand
| | | | - Sarah El Halabi
- Psychiatry Department, Westchester Medical Center, Valhalla, New York, USA
| | | | - Mariana Pinto da Costa
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Rodrigo Ramalho
- Department of Social and Community Health, School of Population Health, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Matsushima M, Tsuno K, Okawa S, Hori A, Tabuchi T. Trust and well-being of postpartum women during the COVID-19 crisis: Depression and fear of COVID-19. SSM Popul Health 2021; 15:100903. [PMID: 34485675 PMCID: PMC8403755 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2021.100903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
During crisis, trust has been found to have a buffering effect in the prevention of the deterioration of mental well-being, as trust is considered to reflect the individual's capability to gain social resources including both formal and informal support. Additionally, during the COVID-19 pandemic, political trust has been found to reduce anxiety. Taking these findings into account, this study explores the association of generalised and political trust with mental well-being on current postpartum women who were particularly at risk due to a decline in social support leaving them an increased burden of caring newborns during the pandemic. We conducted a crosssectional survey in October 2020 in Japan (n=558). Depressive symptoms (above the cutoff of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS)) and Fear of Coronavirus-19 Scale (FCV-19S) scores were used as mental well-being indicators. Generalised and political trust were captured by binary variables. Results of regression analyses, in which covariates were fully adjusted, showed that higher generalised trust had a statistically significant association with lower possibility of depressive symptoms and a lower FCV-19S score, while political trust was not significantly associated with either indicator. For further understanding, we divided respondents into two groups; women living in cities where higher COVID-19 cases were reported and women living in areas with lower COVID-19 cases, to test whether the role of trust differs depending on the infection spread status. It was found that a higher generalised trust was significantly associated with a lower probability of having depressive symptoms in the areas with lower COVID-19 cases. However, statistical significance was not observed in the areas with high COVID-19 cases. This highlighted that even postpartum women who were normally capable of receiving formal and informal social support need to be taken care of in the current situation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Midori Matsushima
- Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences/R&D Center for Smart Wellness City Policies, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kanami Tsuno
- School of Health Innovation, Kanagawa University of Human Services, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Sumiyo Okawa
- Institute for Global Health Policy Research, Bureau of International Health Cooperation, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Japan
| | - Ai Hori
- Department of Global Public Health, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Takahiro Tabuchi
- Cancer Control Center, Osaka International Cancer Institute, Osaka, Japan
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Nazari N, Safitri S, Usak M, Arabmarkadeh A, Griffiths MD. Psychometric Validation of the Indonesian Version of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale: Personality Traits Predict the Fear of COVID-19. Int J Ment Health Addict 2021; 21:1-17. [PMID: 34456653 PMCID: PMC8382103 DOI: 10.1007/s11469-021-00593-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is a global health crisis that has generated fear and negative psychological consequences. The present study evaluated the validity and factor structure of Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S) among a sample from the general Indonesian population. The English version of the FCV-19S was translated and back-translated into Indonesian language, followed by a pilot study. Using convenience sampling method, a total of 728 participants completed an online survey distributed on various social media platforms. The survey included the FCV-19S, personality traits (neuroticism and extraversion), Positive and Negative Affect Scale (PANAS), Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale (GAD-7), and the nine-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9). The Indonesian FCV-19S had very good internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha and McDonald's omega) and composite reliability (alpha = 0.88, omega = .86, composite reliability = .87). Maximum likelihood confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was conducted to test construct validity (χ 2/df = 2.51, CFI = .984, SRMR = .028, PCLOSE = .15 > .05, RMSEA = .06, 90% CI [.03, .09]). As for criterion-related validity, the FCV-19S score positively correlated with the score on PHQ-9, GAD-7, negative affect, and neuroticism and negatively correlated with extraversion. Negative affect was identified as the most important predictor of the fear of COVID-19. Personality traits also predicted the fear of COVID-19. The findings provide evidence that the FCV-19S is a reliable and valid instrument for assessing fear generated by COVID-19 among a healthy Indonesian-speaking population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabi Nazari
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Human Sciences, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Shahnaz Safitri
- Department of Educational Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Universitas Indonesia, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Muhammet Usak
- Kazan (Volga region) Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Arman Arabmarkadeh
- Faculty of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mark D. Griffiths
- International Gaming Research Unit, Psychology Division, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
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Beaudoin CE, Hong T. Predictors of COVID-19 Preventive Perceptions and Behaviors Among Millennials: Two Cross-sectional Survey Studies. J Med Internet Res 2021; 23:e30612. [PMID: 34182460 PMCID: PMC8362805 DOI: 10.2196/30612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND COVID-19 preventive perceptions and behaviors, especially among US millennials, are an important means by which the pandemic can be slowed and negative health outcomes can be averted. OBJECTIVE This manuscript aims to advance knowledge on COVID-19 preventive perceptions and behaviors and their main predictors, including digital health information-seeking behavior (HISB), political party identification, and COVID-19 testing status. METHODS Two cross-sectional online surveys of US millennials were conducted from April 10 to 14, 2020 (N=274) (ie, Study 1), and from April 27 to May 7, 2020 (N=1037) (ie, Study 2). In the regression models, dependent variables included preventive behaviors (eg, wearing a face mask and social distancing) as well as four preventive perceptions: severity (ie, a person's conception of the seriousness of COVID-19), susceptibility (ie, a person's conception of the likelihood of being infected with COVID-19), self-efficacy (ie, a person's perception that he or she can wear a face mask and perform social distancing to prevent COVID-19 infection), and response efficacy (ie, a person's perception of whether wearing a face mask and social distancing can prevent COVID-19 infection). Key independent variables included digital HISB for self, digital HISB for another person, political party identification, and COVID-19 testing status. RESULTS Millennials reported lower levels of perceived susceptibility than the other three preventive perceptions (ie, severity, self-efficacy, and response efficacy), as well as fairly high levels of preventive behaviors. Unlike HISB for another person, digital HISB for self was positively associated with preventive perceptions and behaviors. In Study 1, respondents with higher levels of digital HISB for self had significantly higher perceptions of severity (β=.22, P<.001), self-efficacy (β=.15, P=.02), and response efficacy (β=.25, P<.001) as well as, at nearing significance, higher perceptions of susceptibility (β=.11, P=.07). In Study 2, respondents with higher levels of digital HISB for self had significantly higher perceptions of severity (β=.25, P<.001), susceptibility (β=.14, P<.001), and preventive behaviors (β=.24, P<.001). Preventive behaviors did not vary significantly according to political party identification, but preventive perceptions did. In Study 1, respondents who identified as being more Republican had significantly lower perceptions of self-efficacy (β=-.14, P=.02) and response efficacy (β=-.13, P=.03) and, at nearing significance, lower perceptions of severity (β=-.10, P=.08) and susceptibility (β=-.12, P=.06). In Study 2, respondents who identified as being more Republican had significantly lower perceptions of severity (β=-.08, P=.009). There were mixed effects of COVID-19 testing status on preventive perceptions, with respondents who had tested positive for COVID-19 having significantly higher perceptions of susceptibility in Study 1 (β=.17, P=.006) and significantly lower perceptions of severity in Study 2 (β=-.012, P<.001). CONCLUSIONS As the largest and most digitally savvy generation, US millennials saw COVID-19 as a severe threat, but one that they were less susceptible to. For millennials, digital HISB for self, but not for another person, was critical to the development of preventive perceptions and behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Traci Hong
- College of Communication, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
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45
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Makhubela M, Mashegoane S. Psychometric properties of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale amongst black South African university students. AFRICAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT 2021. [PMCID: PMC8335795 DOI: 10.4102/ajopa.v3i0.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has spread widely leading to a global public health crisis of a pandemic proportion. Whilst infection rates tend to fluctuate in South Africa, COVID-19 remains a life-threatening disease with the capacity to wreak fear and concern. The present study evaluated the psychometric qualities of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S) amongst black South African university students (N = 433; Female: 58%; Mage = 23.51 [SD = 4.18]). The FCV-19S demonstrated a unidimensional factor structure and acceptable internal consistency (α = 0.87), Omega (ω = 0.88) and the greatest lower bound (GLB = 0.90) reliabilities. In addition, discriminant validity was demonstrated when FCV-19S items loaded separately from ordinary fear. The FCV-19S can be used as a measure of COVID-19-related fear amongst black South African university students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malose Makhubela
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities, University of Limpopo, Polokwane, South Africa
| | - Solomon Mashegoane
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities, University of Limpopo, Polokwane, South Africa
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Feng P, Chen Z, Becker B, Liu X, Zhou F, He Q, Qiu J, Lei X, Chen H, Feng T. Predisposing Variations in Fear-Related Brain Networks Prospectively Predict Fearful Feelings during the 2019 Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic. Cereb Cortex 2021; 32:540-553. [PMID: 34297795 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhab232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic has led to a surge in mental distress and fear-related disorders, including posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Fear-related disorders are characterized by dysregulations in fear and the associated neural pathways. In the present study, we examined whether individual variations in the fear neural connectome can predict fear-related symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic. Using machine learning algorithms and back-propagation artificial neural network (BP-ANN) deep learning algorithms, we demonstrated that the intrinsic neural connectome before the COVID-19 pandemic could predict who would develop high fear-related symptoms at the peak of the COVID-19 pandemic in China (Accuracy rate = 75.00%, Sensitivity rate = 65.83%, Specificity rate = 84.17%). More importantly, prediction models could accurately predict the level of fear-related symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic by using the prepandemic connectome state, in which the functional connectivity of lvmPFC (left ventromedial prefrontal cortex)-rdlPFC (right dorsolateral), rdACC (right dorsal anterior cingulate cortex)-left insula, lAMY (left amygdala)-lHip (left hippocampus) and lAMY-lsgACC (left subgenual cingulate cortex) was contributed to the robust prediction. The current study capitalized on prepandemic data of the neural connectome of fear to predict participants who would develop high fear-related symptoms in COVID-19 pandemic, suggesting that individual variations in the intrinsic organization of the fear circuits represent a neurofunctional marker that renders subjects vulnerable to experience high levels of fear during the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Feng
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.,Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Zhiyi Chen
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.,Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Benjamin Becker
- Center for Information in Medicine, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China.,The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Xiqin Liu
- Center for Information in Medicine, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China.,The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Feng Zhou
- Center for Information in Medicine, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China.,The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Qinghua He
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.,Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Jiang Qiu
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.,Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Xu Lei
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.,Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.,Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Tingyong Feng
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.,Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, China
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Mailliez M, Griffiths MD, Carre A. Validation of the French Version of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale and Its Associations with Depression, Anxiety, and Differential Emotions. Int J Ment Health Addict 2021; 20:2057-2071. [PMID: 34335119 PMCID: PMC8300066 DOI: 10.1007/s11469-021-00499-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 crisis represents a global health concern, including mental health. Regarding the necessity to assess anxiety related to COVID-19, a scale was developed (Ahorsu et al., 2020). The goal of the present study was to validate the Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S) in French (official language in 29 countries), and investigate its relationship with indicators of affective disturbances. The sample comprised 316 participants (271 females) recruited online during the French lockdown. They were from several regions of France. The FCV-19S underwent a forward-backward translation procedure. Its psychometric properties were evaluated with the confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). The French FCV-19S demonstrated a stable unidimensional structure with robust psychometric properties (strong internal consistency, good convergent and divergent validity, and good test-retest validity). With its robust psychometric properties in assessing the unidimensional construct of the fear of COVID-19, this scale will help to provide a better understanding of the relationship between emotions and psychological or psychiatric disorders during the pandemics in French-speaking countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélody Mailliez
- ISAE-SUPAERO (Institut supérieur de l’aéronautique et de l’espace), University Toulouse (Université Fédérale de Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées), F-31000 Toulouse, France
| | - Mark D. Griffiths
- International Gaming Research Unit, Psychology Department, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, NGI 4FQ UK
| | - Arnaud Carre
- Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, LIP/PC2S, Rue Jean-Baptiste Richard, BP1104, F-73000 Chambéry, France
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48
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Zeng Y, Ye B, Zhang Y, Yang Q. Family Cohesion and Stress Consequences Among Chinese College Students During COVID-19 Pandemic: A Moderated Mediation Model. Front Public Health 2021; 9:703899. [PMID: 34336777 PMCID: PMC8319383 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.703899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Family plays a pivotal role in individuals' mental health. During the COVID-19 epidemic, people were being quarantined at home to prevent the further spread of the virus. Therefore, the influence of family on individuals is more significant than usual. It is reasonable to assume that family cohesion can effectively alleviate the stress consequences during the COVID-19 epidemic. In the present study, a moderated mediation model was constructed to examine the mechanisms underlying the association between family cohesion and stress consequences among Chinese college students. A large sample of Chinese college students (N = 1,254, Mage = 19.85, SDage = 1.29) participated in the study. Results indicated that family cohesion was negatively related to stress consequences. Fear of COVID-19 partially mediated the link between family cohesion and stress consequences. Excessive affective empathy reported by participants served to aggravate the relation between fear of COVID-19 and stress consequences. The study helps us understand how internal and external factors affect individual mental health that provides meaningful implications for promoting mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yadi Zeng
- Center of Preschool Education, Center of Mental Health Education and Research, School of Psychology, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, China
| | - Baojuan Ye
- Center of Preschool Education, Center of Mental Health Education and Research, School of Psychology, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yanzhen Zhang
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Qiang Yang
- Center of Preschool Education, School of Education, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, China
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49
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Kantor BN, Kantor J. Development and validation of the Oxford Pandemic Attitude Scale-COVID-19 (OPAS-C): an internet-based cross-sectional study in the UK and USA. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e043758. [PMID: 34261678 PMCID: PMC8282421 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-043758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To develop and validate the Oxford Pandemic Attitude Scale-COVID-19 (OPAS-C), a multidimensional scale that addresses seven domains over 20 items including stress, fear, loneliness, sense of community, belief that the pandemic is a hoax or exaggerated, the use of and attitude to non-pharmaceutical interventions and vaccine hesitancy, in a single measure. DESIGN Cross-sectional validation study. SETTING Internet based with respondents in the USA and UK. PARTICIPANTS General community respondents using the Prolific Academic platform. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Exploratory factor analyses with promax oblique rotation and confirmatory factor analysis including goodness of fit indices: root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA), standardised root mean square residual (SRMR) and comparative fit index (CFI). Reliability as internal consistency using Cronbach's alpha. Convergent and discriminant validity using Pearson correlation coefficients. RESULTS The sample included 351 respondents in the USA and the factorial structure was confirmed using a separate set of 348 respondents in the UK. The OPAS-C had excellent goodness of fit characteristics, with an RMSEA of 0.047 (90% CI 0.037 to 0.056), SRMR of 0.043 and CFI of 0.962. Reliability was excellent, demonstrating Cronbach's alpha of 0.87 in both the US and UK samples. Convergent validity showed correlation coefficients of 0.54 and 0.49 in the US and UK samples, respectively. Discriminant validity demonstrated correlations of 0.21 and 0.26 in the US and UK samples, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The OPAS-C represents the first validated scale that addresses mental health measures and public health-relevant responses to COVID-19, and may be a useful measure for use in future longitudinal and cross-sectional studies. Further international validation beyond the USA and UK may be helpful.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jonathan Kantor
- Center for Global Health, Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, and Department of Dermatology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine and Florida Center for Dermatology, PA, St Augustine, Florida, USA
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50
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Lin C, Hou W, Mamun MA, Aparecido da Silva J, Broche‐Pérez Y, Ullah I, Masuyama A, Wakashima K, Mailliez M, Carre A, Chen Y, Chang K, Kuo Y, Soraci P, Scarf D, Broström A, Griffiths MD, Pakpour AH. Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S) across countries: Measurement invariance issues. Nurs Open 2021; 8:1892-1908. [PMID: 33745219 PMCID: PMC8186712 DOI: 10.1002/nop2.855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM The threats of novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) have caused fears worldwide. The Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S) was recently developed to assess the fear of COVID-19. Although many studies found that the FCV-19S is psychometrically sound, it is unclear whether the FCV-19S is invariant across countries. The present study aimed to examine the measurement invariance of the FCV-19S across eleven countries. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. METHODS Using data collected from prior research on Bangladesh (N = 8,550), United Kingdom (N = 344), Brazil (N = 1,843), Taiwan (N = 539), Italy (N = 249), New Zealand (N = 317), Iran (N = 717), Cuba (N = 772), Pakistan (N = 937), Japan (N = 1,079) and France (N = 316), comprising a total 15,663 participants, the present study used the multigroup confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and Rasch differential item functioning (DIF) to examine the measurement invariance of the FCV-19S across country, gender and age (children aged below 18 years, young to middle-aged adults aged between 18 and 60 years, and older people aged above 60 years). RESULTS The unidimensional structure of the FCV-19S was confirmed. Multigroup CFA showed that FCV-19S was partially invariant across country and fully invariant across gender and age. DIF findings were consistent with the findings from multigroup CFA. Many DIF items were displayed for country, few DIF items were displayed for age, and no DIF items were displayed for gender. CONCLUSION Based on the results of the present study, the FCV-19S is a good psychometric instrument to assess fear of COVID-19 during the pandemic period. Moreover, the use of FCV-19S is supported in at least ten countries with satisfactory psychometric properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung‐Ying Lin
- Institute of Allied Health SciencesCollege of MedicineNational Cheng Kung University HospitalNational Cheng Kung UniversityTainanTaiwan
| | - Wen‐Li Hou
- College of NursingKaohsiung Medical UniversityKaohsiungTaiwan
- Department of Medical ResearchKaohsiung Medical University HospitalKaohsiungTaiwan
| | - Mohammed A. Mamun
- CHINTA Research Bangladesh (Centre for Health Innovation, Networking, Training, Action and Research ‐ Bangladesh)Savar, DhakaBangladesh
| | | | - Yunier Broche‐Pérez
- Psychology DepartmentUniversidad Central “Marta Abreu” de Las Villas Km 5 ½Santa ClaraCuba
| | - Irfan Ullah
- Kabir Medical CollegeGandhara UniversityPeshawarPakistan
| | | | | | - Mélody Mailliez
- ISAE‐SUPAERO (Institut Supérieur de l'aéronautique et de l'espace)University of ToulouseUniversité Fédérale de Toulouse Midi‐Pyrénées)ToulouseFrance
| | - Arnaud Carre
- LIP/PC2SUniversity of Savoie Mont BlancUniversity of Grenoble AlpesChambéryFrance
| | - Yu‐Pin Chen
- Department of Orthopedic SurgeryWan Fang HospitalTaipei Medical UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
- Department of Orthopedic SurgerySchool of MedicineCollege of MedicineTaipei Medical UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Kun‐Chia Chang
- Jianan Psychiatric CenterMinistry of Health and WelfareTainanTaiwan
- Department of Natural BiotechnologyNanHua UniversityChiayiTaiwan
| | - Yi‐Jie Kuo
- Department of Orthopedic SurgeryWan Fang HospitalTaipei Medical UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
- Department of Orthopedic SurgerySchool of MedicineCollege of MedicineTaipei Medical UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Paolo Soraci
- Group Cognitive Behavioral Psychology AssociationRomeItaly
| | - Damian Scarf
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of OtagoDunedinNew Zealand
| | - Anders Broström
- Department of NursingSchool of Health and WelfareJönköping UniversityJönköpingSweden
- Department of Clinical NeurophysiologyUniversity Hospital LinköpingLinköpingSweden
| | - Mark D. Griffiths
- International Gaming Research UnitPsychology DepartmentNottingham Trent UniversityNottinghamUK
| | - Amir H. Pakpour
- Department of NursingSchool of Health and WelfareJönköping UniversityJönköpingSweden
- Social Determinants of Health Research CenterResearch Institute for Prevention of Non‐Communicable DiseasesQazvin University of Medical SciencesQazvinIran
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