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Rusu ME, Bigman G, Ryan AS, Popa DS. Investigating the Effects and Mechanisms of Combined Vitamin D and K Supplementation in Postmenopausal Women: An Up-to-Date Comprehensive Review of Clinical Studies. Nutrients 2024; 16:2356. [PMID: 39064799 PMCID: PMC11279569 DOI: 10.3390/nu16142356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2024] [Revised: 07/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Aging is a complex process and a significant risk factor for chronic diseases. Menopause, a component of aging in women, is associated with several important cardiometabolic conditions including metabolic syndrome, osteoporosis, and cardiovascular diseases. Menopausal women could benefit from preventative strategies that may decrease morbidity and mortality and improve their quality of life. Vitamins D and K are essential nutrients required for bone health, immune function, and reducing cardiovascular risks, yet their synergistic effect is less understood in aging women. This is the first comprehensive review to summarize the evidence found in randomized clinical trials of the beneficial effects of vitamin D and K co-treatment in postmenopausal women. In our literature search across key electronic databases such as Cochrane, PubMed, and Ovid, we identified 31 pertinent studies. Overall, significant findings indicate that the combined intake of vitamins D and K may positively affect cardiovascular and bone health in postmenopausal women, emphasizing the importance of maintaining a healthy diet rich in vegetables and fermented dairy products. Given the challenges in obtaining all necessary nutrients solely through the diet, vitamin D and K supplements are recommended for postmenopausal women to promote healthy aging and well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marius Emil Rusu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Galya Bigman
- Division of Gerontology, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Alice S. Ryan
- Baltimore Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Division of Gerontology, Geriatrics and Palliative Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA;
- Baltimore Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Daniela-Saveta Popa
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
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Liu Q, Yao Q, Li C, Yang H, Liang Y, Yang H, Meng M, Xiao Q, Qin J. Bone protective effects of the polysaccharides from Grifola frondosa on ovariectomy-induced osteoporosis in mice via inhibiting PINK1/Parkin signaling, oxidative stress and inflammation. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 270:132370. [PMID: 38763253 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polysaccharides from Grifola frondosa(GFP) have gained worldwide attention owing to their promising biological activities and potential health benefits. PURPOSE This study aimed to investigate the effects of GFP on alleviation of osteoporosis in ovariectomized (OVX) mice and examine the underlying mechanism. METHOD A mouse model of postmenopausal osteoporosis was established by OVX method, Forty eight C57BL/6 female mice were randomly divided into Normal group, OVX alone (Model group, n = 8), OVX + 10 mg/kg GFP (GFP-L group, n = 8), OVX + 20 mg/kg GFP (GFP-M group, n = 8), OVX + 40 mg/kg GFP (GFP-H group, n = 8), OVX + 10 mg/kg Estradiol valerate (Positive group, n = 8). RESULTS The results showed that compared with Model group, the concentrations of interleukin (IL)-1β, interleukin (IL)-6 and Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were significantly reduced, the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione (GSH) were significantly increased, the content of myeloperoxidase (MPO) and malondialdehyde (MDA) were significantly reduced, and the proteins levels of PINK1, Parkin, Beclin-1 and LC3-II were significantly decreased in the GFP groups. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that GFP alleviates ovariectomy-induced osteoporosis via reduced secretion of inflammatory cytokines, improvement in the oxidative stress status in the body, and inhibition of the PINK1/Parkin signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghua Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, No.366 Taishan Street, Tai'an 271000, China
| | - Qianqian Yao
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, No.366 Taishan Street, Tai'an 271000, China
| | - Changqin Li
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, No.366 Taishan Street, Tai'an 271000, China
| | - Hui Yang
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, No.366 Taishan Street, Tai'an 271000, China
| | - Yanbo Liang
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, No.366 Taishan Street, Tai'an 271000, China
| | - Heqi Yang
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, No.366 Taishan Street, Tai'an 271000, China
| | - Meng Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, No. 29, 13th Avenue, Tianjin Economy Technological Development Area, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Qiang Xiao
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, No.366 Taishan Street, Tai'an 271000, China
| | - Jian Qin
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, No.366 Taishan Street, Tai'an 271000, China.
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Azarakhshi M, Larijani B, Fahimfar N, Tehrani MRM, Khalagi K, Mansourzadeh MJ, Khadembashiri MA, Sanjari M, Nabipour I, Ostovar A. The association of osteoporosis and cardiovascular disease risk score based on the Framingham and ACC/AHA risk prediction models: a cross-sectional analysis of Bushehr Elderly Health Program. J Diabetes Metab Disord 2024; 23:555-562. [PMID: 38932842 PMCID: PMC11196446 DOI: 10.1007/s40200-023-01313-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Background The association between osteoporosis and cardiovascular disease, two major health problems, has been reported in some studies. In this study was aimed to investigate the relationship between osteoporosis and the CVD risk score based on Framingham and American College of Cardiology and the American Heart Association (ACC/AHA) prediction models in the population over 60 years old. Methods A cross-sectional analysis was conducted on data from 2389 men and women participating in the Bushehr Elderly Health (BEH) program. Osteoporosis was defended as T-score ≤ - 2.5 at any site (total hip, femoral neck and lumbar spine (L1-L4). Based on Framingham and ACC/AHA risk scores, participants were categorized as non-high risk (< 20%) or high-risk (≥ 20%). Logistic regression model, was applied to investigate the relationship between osteoporosis and cardiovascular disease risk scores. All comparisons were stratified by sex. Results Considering the cut point of ≥ 20% for CVD risk, 36.7% of women and 66.2% of men were categorized as having high risk of CVD in ACC/AHA model. These values in women and men based on the Framingham model were 30% and 35.7%, respectively. In general, there was a negative significant correlation between BMD in the femoral neck, total hip and TBS except for the spine with the CVD risk score in both models. After adjusting for confounding variables, a significant positive association was observed between osteoporosis only at femoral neck with CVD risk score ≥ 20% based on ACC/AHA in both genders. Conclusion The ACC/AHA model is effective in identifying the CVD risk difference between individuals with and without osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Azarakhshi
- Osteoporosis Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bagher Larijani
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Noushin Fahimfar
- Osteoporosis Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Mohajeri Tehrani
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kazem Khalagi
- Osteoporosis Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Obesity and Eating Habits Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Javad Mansourzadeh
- Osteoporosis Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Amin Khadembashiri
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahnaz Sanjari
- Osteoporosis Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Iraj Nabipour
- The Persian Gulf Marine Biotechnology Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Afshin Ostovar
- Osteoporosis Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Zhao X, Tan N, Zhang Y, Xiao M, Li L, Ning Z, Liu M, Jin H. Associations between apolipoprotein B and bone mineral density: a population-based study. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2023; 24:861. [PMID: 37919727 PMCID: PMC10621203 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-023-06990-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lipids are critical in bone metabolism, and several studies have highlighted their importance. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between apolipoprotein B (apo B) and bone mineral density (BMD) at different skeletal sites (lumbar spine, femoral neck, and total femur) and to compare the influence of apo B with other traditional lipid markers. METHODS The study included participants from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) between 2011 and 2016 who had complete data for apo B and BMD at the three skeletal sites. We used weighted multivariate regression analysis, subgroup analysis, and interaction tests to examine associations. Restricted cubic spline (RCS) was used to examine the non-linear relationship. RESULTS A total of 4,258 adults were included in the study. Multivariate linear regression analysis showed that the relationship between apo B and BMD varied by skeletal site: a negative association was found with lumbar spine BMD [β = -0.054, 95%CI: (-0.073, -0.035)]. In contrast, a positive association was found with femoral neck BMD [β = 0.031, 95%CI: (0.011, 0.051)] and no significant association between apo B and total femur BMD. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that apo B is associated with BMD in a site-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefei Zhao
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Affiliated Second Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421009, China
| | - Ning Tan
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Second Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421009, China
| | - Ya Zhang
- Department of Gland Surgery, The Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421002, China
| | - Mengde Xiao
- Department of Gland Surgery, The Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421002, China
| | - Lihong Li
- Department of Gland Surgery, The Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421002, China
| | - Zhongxing Ning
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region & Research Center of Intensive Care Unit, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Mingjiang Liu
- Department of Hand & Microsurgery, The Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421002, China
| | - Haimin Jin
- Department of Neurology, Wenzhou Central Hospital, Dingli Clinical Institute of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China.
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Kolchina MA, Skripnikova IA, Meshkov AN, Kosmatova OV, Novikov VE, Isaykina OY, Kiseleva AV, Sotnikova EA, Vigodin VA, Pokrovskaya MS, Drapkina OM. Associations of bone mass and polygenic risk of osteoporosis with indicators of arterial wall condition. OSTEOPOROSIS AND BONE DISEASES 2022. [DOI: 10.14341/osteo12951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Background: The identification of genetic factors that are simultaneously responsible for the predisposition to the development of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and osteoporosis (OP) is important for the prevention of both conditions.Aim: The aim of this study is to evaluate three genetic risk scales (GRS) that previously showed an association with bone mineral density (BMD) and fracture risk, as well as to study the associations of these GRS with vascular wall pathology.Materials and methods: 250 female outpatients (aged 45 to 69) were enrolled into a cross-sectional study. The intima-media thickness (IMT), the presence and number of atherosclerotic plaques (AP) were studied using duplex scanning. Pulse wave velocity (PWV), augmentation index (AI) were measured by applanation tonometry. Coronary vessels calcium deposits were registered by multispiral computed tomography (MSCT) using the Agatston calcium index (CI). The BMD of the spine, hip neck (HN) and proximal hip (PH) was measured using double energy x-ray absorptiometry. Bone resorption marker type-1 collagen C-terminal telopeptide (CTx) was assessed solid-phase enzyme immunoassay. The genetic study included DNA extraction from whole blood samples. Targeted sequencing was performed on the Nextseq550 sequencer (Illumina, USA). Statistical analysis was carried out using the SAS software package for Windows, version 9.0 (SAS Institute Inc., USA).Results: The chance of detecting low bone mass increased more than 4 times at values of IMT ≥0.9 mm (OR=4.17; 95%CI [1.2–14.4], p<0.02), 2.4 times in the presence of AP in the carotid arteries (OR=2.45; 95%CI [1.12–4.88], p><0.05), by 6.7 times with an Agatstone CI ≥ 100 units (OR=6.68; 95%CI [1.56–28.7], p><0.001), 1.4 times (OR=1.43; 95%CI [0.56–3.68], p><0.438) with a PWV ≥10 m/s, 1.2 times (OR=1.2; 95%CI [0.601–2.43], p><0.60) with increased AI ≥ 27%. According to multivariate linear regression analysis (adjusted for age, duration of postmenopause, marker of bone resorption CTx), a significant association of all GRS with BMD in all parts of the skeleton was revealed. Both univariate and multivariate regression models adjusted for several covariants (age, total cholesterol, systolic blood pressure) showed a reliable association of GRS62 with the presence of plaques and GRS63 — with coronary artery CI. Conclusion: The results of the study demonstrated the association of polygenic genetic risk of GRS-based OP with BMD and vascular wall status indicators in women in the peri and postmenopausal periods.>< 0.02), 2.4 times in the presence of AP in the carotid arteries (OR=2.45; 95%CI [1.12–4.88], p< 0.05), by 6.7 times with an Agatstone CI ≥ 100 units (OR=6.68; 95%CI [1.56–28.7], p< 0.001), 1.4 times (OR=1.43; 95%CI [0.56–3.68], p< 0.438) with a PWV ≥10 m/s, 1.2 times (OR=1.2; 95%CI [0.601–2.43], p<0.60) with increased AI ≥ 27%. According to multivariate linear regression analysis (adjusted for age, duration of postmenopause, marker of bone resorption CTx), a significant association of all GRS with BMD in all parts of the skeleton was revealed. Both univariate and multivariate regression models adjusted for several covariants (age, total cholesterol, systolic blood pressure) showed a reliable association of GRS62 with the presence of plaques and GRS63 — with coronary artery CI.>< 0.60) with increased AI ≥ 27%. According to multivariate linear regression analysis (adjusted for age, duration of postmenopause, marker of bone resorption CTx), a significant association of all GRS with BMD in all parts of the skeleton was revealed. Both univariate and multivariate regression models adjusted for several covariants (age, total cholesterol, systolic blood pressure) showed a reliable association of GRS62 with the presence of plaques and GRS63 — with coronary artery CI.Conclusion: The results of the study demonstrated the association of polygenic genetic risk of GRS-based OP with BMD and vascular wall status indicators in women in the peri and postmenopausal periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. A. Kolchina
- National Medical Research Center for Therapy and Preventive Medicine
| | - I. A. Skripnikova
- National Medical Research Center for Therapy and Preventive Medicine
| | - A. N. Meshkov
- National Medical Research Center for Therapy and Preventive Medicine
| | - O. V. Kosmatova
- National Medical Research Center for Therapy and Preventive Medicine
| | - V. E. Novikov
- National Medical Research Center for Therapy and Preventive Medicine
| | - O. Yu. Isaykina
- National Medical Research Center for Therapy and Preventive Medicine
| | - A. V. Kiseleva
- National Medical Research Center for Therapy and Preventive Medicine
| | - E. A. Sotnikova
- National Medical Research Center for Therapy and Preventive Medicine
| | - V. A. Vigodin
- National Medical Research Center for Therapy and Preventive Medicine
| | - M. S. Pokrovskaya
- National Medical Research Center for Therapy and Preventive Medicine
| | - O. M. Drapkina
- National Medical Research Center for Therapy and Preventive Medicine
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Zeng ZL, Yuan Q, Zu X, Liu J. Insights Into the Role of Mitochondria in Vascular Calcification. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:879752. [PMID: 35571215 PMCID: PMC9099050 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.879752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular calcification (VC) is a growing burden in aging societies worldwide, and with a significant increase in all-cause mortality and atherosclerotic plaque rupture, it is frequently found in patients with aging, diabetes, atherosclerosis, or chronic kidney disease. However, the mechanism of VC is still not yet fully understood, and there are still no effective therapies for VC. Regarding energy metabolism factories, mitochondria play a crucial role in maintaining vascular physiology. Discoveries in past decades signifying the role of mitochondrial homeostasis in normal physiology and pathological conditions led to tremendous advances in the field of VC. Therapies targeting basic mitochondrial processes, such as energy metabolism, damage in mitochondrial DNA, or free-radical generation, hold great promise. The remarkably unexplored field of the mitochondrial process has the potential to shed light on several VC-related diseases. This review focuses on current knowledge of mitochondrial dysfunction, dynamics anomalies, oxidative stress, and how it may relate to VC onset and progression and discusses the main challenges and prerequisites for their therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- ZL Zeng
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
- Department of Clinical Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
- Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Department of Cardiovascular Disease, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Qing Yuan
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
- Department of Clinical Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Xuyu Zu
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
- Department of Clinical Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
- *Correspondence: Xuyu Zu
| | - Jianghua Liu
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
- Department of Clinical Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
- Jianghua Liu
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Batsi C, Gkika E, Astrakas L, Papadopoulos A, Iakovou I, Dogoritis A, Fotopoulos A, Sioka C. Vitamin D Deficiency as a Risk Factor for Myocardial Ischemia. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2021; 57:medicina57080774. [PMID: 34440979 PMCID: PMC8400168 DOI: 10.3390/medicina57080774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Vitamin D (Vit D) deficiency has been implicated in various conditions, including cardiovascular disease. The purpose of this retrospective study was to investigate the incidence of patients with myocardial ischemia in relation to their serum levels of vitamin D. Materials and Methods: A 64-month search (January 2016 to April 2021) in our database of the Nuclear Medicine Laboratory revealed 113 patients who had both myocardial perfusion imaging with single photon emission computed tomography (MPI SPECT) and Vit D measurements. MPI SPECT obtained myocardial images during both stress (summed stress score, SSS) and rest (summed rest score, SRS). Abnormal MPI SPECT was when the SSS was ≥4. Vit D was determined by radioimmunoassay (RIA). Patients with Vit D values <10 ng/mL, 10-29 ng/mL and ≥30 ng/mL were defined as having a deficiency, insufficiency and sufficiency, respectively. Results: Among patients, 46/113 (40.7%) were male and 67/113 (59.3%) were female. Abnormal MPI was found in 58/113 (51.3%) patients. Vit D deficiency was noted in 20/113 (17.7%) patients, insufficiency in 86/113 (76.1%) patients, and normal Vit D was noted in only 7/113 (6.2%) patients. Sixteen of the 20 patients (80%) with Vit D deficiency, and 38/86 (44.2%) with insufficiency had an abnormal MPI SPECT. In contrast, only 1/7 (14.3%) patients with sufficient Vit D levels had an abnormal MPI SPECT. The Mann-Whitney U-test showed that ischemia reduced the values of Vit D. Correlation analysis showed a negative association of Vit D levels with SSS (rho = -0.232, p = 0.014) and SRS (rho = -0.250, p = 0.008). Further evaluation with a Vit D cut off 20 ng/mL retrieved no statistical significance. Finally, Vit D and gender were independently associated with myocardial ischemia. Conclusions: Low Vit D levels may represent a risk factor for myocardial ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Batsi
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Ioannina, 45500 Ioannina, Greece; (C.B.); (E.G.); (A.F.)
| | - Evangelia Gkika
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Ioannina, 45500 Ioannina, Greece; (C.B.); (E.G.); (A.F.)
| | - Loukas Astrakas
- Department of Medical Physics, University Hospital of Ioannina, 45500 Ioannina, Greece; (L.A.); (A.P.)
| | - Athanassios Papadopoulos
- Department of Medical Physics, University Hospital of Ioannina, 45500 Ioannina, Greece; (L.A.); (A.P.)
| | - Ioannis Iakovou
- 2nd Nuclear Medicine Laboratory, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Alexandros Dogoritis
- Neurosurgical Institute of Ioannina, University of Ioannina, 45500 Ioannina, Greece;
| | - Andreas Fotopoulos
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Ioannina, 45500 Ioannina, Greece; (C.B.); (E.G.); (A.F.)
| | - Chrissa Sioka
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Ioannina, 45500 Ioannina, Greece; (C.B.); (E.G.); (A.F.)
- Neurosurgical Institute of Ioannina, University of Ioannina, 45500 Ioannina, Greece;
- Correspondence:
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