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Billeaud C, Brines J, Belcadi W, Castel B, Rigourd V. Nutrition of Pregnant and Lactating Women in the First 1000 Days of Infant. Healthcare (Basel) 2021; 10:65. [PMID: 35052229 PMCID: PMC8775626 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare10010065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nutrition for pregnant and breastfeeding women is fundamental to the development of the child in its first 1000 days and beyond. To evaluate the adequacy of this nutrition, we have relied on historical dietary surveys and on personal French studies (4 studies from 1997 to 2014) involving dietary surveys over 3 days (3D-Diet). Furthermore, our team specialized in lipids has measured the fatty acids of breast milk, which reflect the dietary intake of lipids, from breast milk (1997-2014) and from the lipids of cord blood and maternal fat tissue, in 1997. According to our results, pregnancy needs require an additional 300 Kcal, but surveys show a bad equilibrium of macronutrients: an excess of proteins of fetus [17% of total energy intake (TEI) vs. 15%], excess of fats (45% vs. 35%), excess of saturated fatty acids (SFA), not enough polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), particularly omega 3, and a deficit in carbohydrates (45% vs. 55%). There is also a deficiency in calcium, iron, magnesium, zinc, and vitamins D, B6, B5, and folates. Breast milk adequately provides all the macronutrients necessary for the growth of the child. Proteins and carbohydrates vary little according to the mother's diet; on the other hand, its composition in lipids, trace elements, and vitamins is highly variable with the mother's diet of breast milk. In our study in 2014, in 80 participants, the diet was low in calories (1996 Kcal vs. 2200 Kcal RDA), normoprotidic, normolipidic, but low in carbohydrate, especially polysaccharides. We note a very insufficient intake of fish and dairy products, and therefore calcium, but also magnesium, zinc, iron, and vitamins D, E, B6, and folate. Consequently, if the mother does not achieve a diet adequate to her needs during pregnancy and breastfeeding, it will be necessary to resort to medicinal supplements in minerals, trace elements, vitamins, and omega 3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claude Billeaud
- Neonatology & Nutrition, CIC Paediatrics INSERM 1401 CHU, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Juan Brines
- Department of Pediatric, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Valencia University, 46010 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Wafae Belcadi
- CIC Paediatrics INSERM 1401 CHU, 33076 Bordeaux, France; (W.B.); (B.C.)
| | - Bérénice Castel
- CIC Paediatrics INSERM 1401 CHU, 33076 Bordeaux, France; (W.B.); (B.C.)
| | - Virginie Rigourd
- Neonatology and Director of “Lactarium de l’ile de France” Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, 75015 Paris, France;
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EFSA Panel on Nutrition, Novel Foods and Food Allergens (NDA), Castenmiller J, de Henauw S, Hirsch‐Ernst K, Kearney J, Knutsen HK, Mangelsdorf I, McArdle HJ, Naska A, Pelaez C, Pentieva K, Siani A, Thies F, Tsabouri S, Vinceti M, Titz A, Turck D. Statement on additional scientific evidence in relation to the essential composition of total diet replacement for weight control. EFSA J 2021; 19:e06494. [PMID: 33889217 PMCID: PMC8048769 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Nutrition, Novel Foods and Food Allergens (NDA) was asked to revise the Opinion on the essential composition of total diet replacements for weight control (TDRs) regarding the minimum content of linoleic acid (LA) and alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) and the maximum content of magnesium (Mg). Through a comprehensive literature search, human studies were retrieved reporting on LA and ALA concentrations in adipose tissue (AT), on weight loss and gallstone formation following TDR consumption and on diarrhoea after supplemental Mg intake. The distribution of the amount of LA and ALA release from AT during weight loss when consuming TDRs was estimated using statistical simulations. Using the fifth percentile, the coverage of the adequate intake (AI) for both FA was estimated. For the risk of developing diarrhoea when consuming TDRs with an Mg content of 350 mg/day, four cross-over studies using 360-368 mg Mg/day were reviewed. The Panel concludes that (1) there is no need to add LA to TDRs, as the amount released from AT during weight loss when consuming TDRs is sufficient to cover the AI for LA; (2) a minimum of 0.8 g/day ALA is needed in TDRs in order to meet the AI for ALA; (3) the minimum fat content of TDRs of 20 g/day as derived in the Panel's previous opinion is proposed to be maintained until the availability of further evidence, given the considerable uncertainty as to the amount of fat required for reducing the risk of gallstone formation; and (4) the likelihood that Mg-induced diarrhoea occurs at a severity that may be considered of concern for overweight and obese individuals consuming TDRs is low when the total maximum Mg content in TDRs is 350 mg/day.
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Emami N, Alizadeh A, Moini A, Yaghmaei P, Shahhoseini M. Differences in fatty acid profiles and desaturation indices of abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue between pregnant women with and without PCOS. Adipocyte 2020; 9:16-23. [PMID: 31906758 PMCID: PMC6959300 DOI: 10.1080/21623945.2019.1710021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective was to determine the differences in fatty acid (FA) profiles in subcutaneous adipose tissue (AT) between pregnant women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and those without PCOS. FA profiles of AT samples from 13 PCOS and 32 non-PCOS, all of whom underwent caesarean section were compared using gas chromatography. Age and BMI in the two groups were similar. Twenty-one FAs were detected and the total saturated FA percentage of experimental groups was similar. While the total monounsaturated FA (MUFA) (p < 0.0004) and desaturase index (18:1 cis-9/18:0; p < 0.03) were higher in PCOS women than non-PCOS women, total polyunsaturated FA (PUFA) was lower in PCOS than non-PCOS women (p < 0.004). Docosahexaenoic acid level of the two groups was similar while α-linolenic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid levels were significantly (p < 0.05) lower in PCOS. Total trans-FA, C18:1 t9 and C18:2t were lower in PCOS women (p < 0.05). These results indicate differences in desaturase index, MUFA and PUFA, especially n-3 FA in AT between age and BMI-matched pregnant PCOS and non-PCOS pregnant subjects. Further studies are warranted to replicate these findings and to investigate potential changes in these profiles in non-pregnant PCOS women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neda Emami
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - AliReza Alizadeh
- Department of Embryology, Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ashraf Moini
- Department of Endocrinology and Female Infertility, Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
- Breast Disease Research Center (BDRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Arash Women’s Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parichehreh Yaghmaei
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Shahhoseini
- Reproductive Epidemiology Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Genetics, Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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Guillocheau E, Legrand P, Rioux V. Trans-palmitoleic acid (trans-9-C16:1, or trans-C16:1 n-7): Nutritional impacts, metabolism, origin, compositional data, analytical methods and chemical synthesis. A review. Biochimie 2019; 169:144-160. [PMID: 31837411 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2019.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Since the early 2010s, dietary trans-palmitoleic acid (trans-9-hexadecenoic acid, trans-9-C16:1 in the Δ-nomenclature, trans-C16:1 n-7 in the Ω-nomenclature, TPA) has been epidemiologically associated with a lower risk of type 2 diabetes in humans. Thanks to these findings, TPA has become a nutrient of interest. However, there is a lot of unresolved crucial questions about this dietary fatty acid. Is TPA a natural trans fatty acid? What kind of foods ensures intakes in TPA? What about its metabolism? How does dietary TPA act to prevent type 2 diabetes? What are the biological mechanisms involved in this physiological effect? Clearly, it is high time to answer all these questions with the very first review specifically dedicated to this intriguing fatty acid. Aiming at getting an overview, we shall try to give an answer to all these questions, relying on appropriate and accurate scientific results. Briefly, this review underlines that TPA is indeed a natural trans fatty acid which is metabolically linked to other well-known natural trans fatty acids. Knowledge on physiological impacts of dietary TPA is limited so far to epidemiological data, awaiting for supplementation studies. In this multidisciplinary review, we also emphasize on methodological topics related to TPA, particularly when it comes to the quantification of TPA in foods and human plasma. As a conclusion, we highlight promising health benefits of dietary TPA; however, there is a strong lack in well-designed studies in both the nutritional and the analytical area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etienne Guillocheau
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Human Nutrition, Agrocampus-Ouest - Rennes, France; French Dairy Interbranch Organization (CNIEL), Technical and Scientific Department - Paris, France
| | - Philippe Legrand
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Human Nutrition, Agrocampus-Ouest - Rennes, France
| | - Vincent Rioux
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Human Nutrition, Agrocampus-Ouest - Rennes, France.
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Kuiper HC, Wei N, McGunigale SL, Vesper HW. Quantitation of trans-fatty acids in human blood via isotope dilution-gas chromatography-negative chemical ionization-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2018; 1076:35-43. [PMID: 29396366 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2017.12.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Trans-fatty acids (TFA) are geometric isomers of naturally occurring cis-fatty acids. High dietary TFA intake has been associated with risk factors for cardiovascular disease. However, little is known about TFA levels in humans. To address this data need, we developed and validated a new isotope dilution-gas chromatography-negative chemical ionization-mass spectrometry (ID-GC-NCI-MS) method for quantitation of 27 fatty acids (FA) including 4 major TFA in human plasma, serum, and red blood cells (RBC) from 66 donors. Quantitation was performed with 18 isotope labeled internal standards and results are presented in μM and % of total FA. This method has high sensitivity and specificity due to use of pentafluorobenzyl-bromide derivatization combined with NCI-MS and a 200m column to optimize positional and geometric FA isomer separation. The four major TFA, palmitelaidic acid, elaidic acid, trans-vaccenic acid, and linoelaidic acid, were detected in all samples, with median total TFA concentrations of 17.7μM in plasma, 19.6μM in serum, and 21.5μM in RBC. The % of total FA for the TFA was 0.20% in plasma, 0.20% in serum, and 0.30% in RBC. Patterns for % FA are similar to those reported in other studies. We developed a highly specific, ID-GC-NCI-MS method to quantitate TFA and other FA in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather C Kuiper
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Na Wei
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Samantha L McGunigale
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Battelle Memorial Institute, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Hubert W Vesper
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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Mazurier E, Rigourd V, Perez P, Buffin R, Couedelo L, Vaysse C, Belcadi W, Sitta R, Nacka F, Lamireau D, Cambonie G, Picaud JC, Billeaud C. Effects of Maternal Supplementation With Omega-3 Precursors on Human Milk Composition. J Hum Lact 2017; 33:319-328. [PMID: 28418808 DOI: 10.1177/0890334417691946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs) are important for newborn neurosensory development. Supplementation of breastfeeding mothers' diets with omega-3 PUFAs, such as alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), may increase their concentration in human milk. Research aim: This study aimed to assess human milk composition after 15-day supplementation regimens containing either omega-3 PUFAs or olive oil, which does not provide ALA. METHODS A multicenter factorial randomized trial was conducted with four groups of breastfeeding women, with each group containing 19 to 22 women. After a 15-day ALA washout period, three groups received supplementation with omega-3 precursors for 15 days: an enriched margarine (M), a rapeseed oil (R), and a margarine and rapeseed oil (MR). The fourth was unexposed to omega-3 precursors (olive oil control diet, O). After 15 days, blind determination of human milk fatty acid (FA) composition was assessed by gas chromatography, and the FA composition was compared among groups using variance analyses. RESULTS Alpha-linolenic acid content, expressed as the mean (standard deviation) total human milk FA percentage, was significantly higher after diet supplementation with omega-3 PUFAs, with values of 2.2% (0.7%) (MR), 1.3% (0.5%) (R), 1.1% (0.4%) (M), and 0.8% (0.3%) (O at D30) ( p < .003 for each comparison). The lowest LA-ALA ratio (5.5) was found in the MR group ( p < .001). Docosahexaenoic acid and trans FA concentrations did not differ among groups. CONCLUSION In lactating women, omega-3 supplementation via the combination of enriched margarine and rapeseed oil increased the ALA content of human milk and generated the most favorable LA-ALA ratio for LC-PUFA synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Paul Perez
- 3 CHU de Bordeaux, Unité de Soutien Méthodologique à la Recherche Clinique et Épidémiologique, Bordeaux, France
| | | | | | | | - Wafae Belcadi
- 6 CIC Pédiatrique Inserm 1401, CHU Pellegrin, Bordeaux, France
| | - Rémi Sitta
- 3 CHU de Bordeaux, Unité de Soutien Méthodologique à la Recherche Clinique et Épidémiologique, Bordeaux, France
| | - Fabienne Nacka
- 6 CIC Pédiatrique Inserm 1401, CHU Pellegrin, Bordeaux, France
| | | | | | | | - Claude Billeaud
- 6 CIC Pédiatrique Inserm 1401, CHU Pellegrin, Bordeaux, France
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Hodson L, Neville M, Chong MFF, Rogers I, Huda SS, Freeman DJ, Frayn KN, Fielding BA. Micro-techniques for analysis of human adipose tissue fatty acid composition in dietary studies. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2013; 23:1128-1133. [PMID: 23228218 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2012.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2012] [Revised: 10/29/2012] [Accepted: 11/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Adipose tissue (AT) fatty acid (FA) composition is considered to be the gold standard long-term biomarker of dietary fatty acid intake. Typically this measurement is made directly from samples collected via large-needle-biopsy or incision. However, with growing interest in the role of AT in relation to health, ideally the fatty acid composition would be analysed along with other measurements, such as gene expression or histology, on a single AT sample. Here we assess alternative ways of obtaining AT for measuring FA composition, in some cases in conjunction with other measurements. METHODS AND RESULTS The FA composition of tissue obtained via different methods was compared to that of tissue collected via large-needle or surgical biopsy. Fatty acid composition was not significantly different in AT collected by small-needle mini-biopsy (n = 10), from an RNA 'lipid layer' (obtained during RNA extraction, 2 sites, n = 6 for each), or from cryosectioned tissue prepared for histology (n = 10). We also assessed the usefulness of the composition of plasma NEFA as a surrogate marker of subcutaneous AT (n = 58-80). Most FAs in plasma NEFA correlated strongly with those in AT (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION It is feasible to measure the FA composition of AT on very small amounts of tissue. Additionally, it is possible to measure FA composition on the lipid rich 'by-product' of AT samples undergoing RNA extraction for gene expression. Samples sectioned for histology are also suitable. This provides further opportunities for multidisciplinary collaborations that may lead to a better application of dietary biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Hodson
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (OCDEM), Churchill Hospital, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK.
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Menaa F, Menaa A, Menaa B, Tréton J. Trans-fatty acids, dangerous bonds for health? A background review paper of their use, consumption, health implications and regulation in France. Eur J Nutr 2012; 52:1289-302. [PMID: 23269652 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-012-0484-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2012] [Accepted: 12/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Trans-fatty acids (TFAs) can be produced either from bio-hydrogenation in the rumen of ruminants or by industrial hydrogenation. While most of TFAs' effects from ruminants are poorly established, there is increasing evidence that high content of industrial TFAs may cause deleterious effects on human health and life span. MATERIAL AND METHODS Indeed, several epidemiological and experimental studies strongly suggest that high content of most TFA isomers could represent a higher risk of developing cardiovascular diseases by a mechanism that lowers the "good HDL cholesterol" and raises the "bad LDL cholesterol." RESULTS With respect to the general precautionary principle and considering the existence of an international policy consensus regarding the need for public health action, some industrialized countries, such as France, are still not sufficiently involved in preventive strategies that aim to efficiently reduce TFAs content and TFAs consumption and produce alternative healthier fat sources. CONCLUSION In this manuscript, we provide an overview about TFAs origins, their use and consumption among French population. We also discuss their potential human health implications as well as the preventive and regulatory measures undertaken in France.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farid Menaa
- Department of Food Sciences and Technology, Fluorotronics Inc., 2453 Cades Way, San Diego, CA 92081, USA.
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Booker CS, Mann JI. Trans fatty acids and cardiovascular health: translation of the evidence base. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2008; 18:448-456. [PMID: 18468872 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2008.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2007] [Revised: 02/17/2008] [Accepted: 02/20/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM The recent interest in the development of evidence-based nutrition recommendations has resulted in the development of frameworks which enable a more structured evaluation of the link between diet and chronic disease. This paper examines the application of the frameworks produced by the Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN) and the World Cancer Research Fund (WCRF), by using as a case study the association between trans unsaturated fatty acids (TFAs) and coronary heart disease. TFAs arise during industrial hydrogenation of vegetable or fish fats and oils and the natural digestion process in ruminant animals. DATA SYNTHESIS Numerous studies have examined the effects of TFA intake on serum lipids and lipoproteins and the association between TFA consumption and cardiovascular disease. Metabolic studies and meta-analyses show a clear and consistent association between increasing TFA intakes and an adverse lipid profile. Evidence from case-control and prospective cohort studies examining the association between TFA intakes and coronary heart disease is more heterogeneous and there are limitations in several of the studies. CONCLUSION While the evidence is sufficient to suggest a probable positive association between TFAs and coronary heart disease, and thus to justify a firm recommendation for a reduction in dietary TFA intake, the evaluation of the data underlines the difficulties in extrapolating the principles of evidence-based medicine to evidence-based nutrition. Furthermore, there is a paucity of research into the effects of animal-derived TFAs in amounts typically consumed in a western diet and their association with adverse lipid profiles or cardiovascular outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Booker
- Edgar National Centre for Diabetes Research, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand.
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Haugaard SB, Vaag A, Høy CE, Madsbad S. Sex and muscle structural lipids in obese subjects - an impact on insulin action? Eur J Clin Invest 2008; 38:494-501. [PMID: 18578691 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2362.2008.01969.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LCPUFA) especially the n-3-FA of skeletal muscle phospholipids may facilitate insulin action, whereas saturated and trans-FA act oppositely. Community studies show that non-diabetic weight matched obese men and women display similar insulin resistance, despite the fact that an android fat distribution is detrimental to insulin action. The increased extramyocellular fat mass of obese women may act in a paracrine manner such that its release of free FA and cytokines may hamper in situ desaturation and elongation of FA in skeletal muscle phospholipids. MATERIAL AND METHODS To test the hypothesis that obese women may display an inferior FA composition compared to obese men, the FA composition of skeletal muscle phospholipids was determined in vastus lateralis biopsies obtained from 12 non-diabetic obese women with a typical gynoid fat distribution, nine non-diabetic obese men with a typical android fat distribution and 12 (seven females) lean age matched healthy controls (body mass index 34.6 +/- 1.0 kg m(-2), 36.5 +/- 1.2 and 22.5 +/- 0.5; age 47 +/- 2 years, 51 +/- 3 and 49 +/- 2). RESULTS Obese women displayed decreased LCPUFA n-3 and ratio of n-3/n-6 PUFA, whereas trans-FA and palmitic-FA (C16 : 0) were increased compared to obese men and controls (all Ps < 0.05). Plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), triglycerides and a marker of insulin sensitivity were similar between obese women and men but impaired compared to controls (Ps < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The data support the hypothesis that insulin resistant non-diabetic obese men display a more optimal skeletal muscle phospholipid FA composition than their female counterparts, which may be a mechanism to compensate the detrimental effect on insulin action of an android fat distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- S B Haugaard
- Copenhagen University Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark.
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Hodson L, Skeaff CM, Fielding BA. Fatty acid composition of adipose tissue and blood in humans and its use as a biomarker of dietary intake. Prog Lipid Res 2008; 47:348-80. [PMID: 18435934 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2008.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1010] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2008] [Revised: 03/18/2008] [Accepted: 03/26/2008] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Accurate assessment of fat intake is essential to examine the relationships between diet and disease risk but the process of estimating individual intakes of fat quality by dietary assessment is difficult. Tissue and blood fatty acids, because they are mainly derived from the diet, have been used as biomarkers of dietary intake for a number of years. We review evidence from a wide variety of cross-sectional and intervention studies and summarise typical values for fatty acid composition in adipose tissue and blood lipids and changes that can be expected in response to varying dietary intake. Studies in which dietary intake was strictly controlled confirm that fatty acid biomarkers can complement dietary assessment methodologies and have the potential to be used more quantitatively. Factors affecting adipose tissue and blood lipid composition are discussed, such as the physical properties of triacylglycerol, total dietary fat intake and endogenous fatty acid synthesis. The relationship between plasma lipoprotein concentrations and total plasma fatty acid composition, and the use of fatty acid ratios as indices of enzyme activity are also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leanne Hodson
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Churchill Hospital, Oxford OX3 7LJ, UK.
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Chardigny JM, Clouet P, Combe N, Quignard-Boulangé A, Schmitt B, Lagarde M, Léger CL. Metabolism oftrans and conjugated fatty acids. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.200600279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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13
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Laloux L, du Chaffaut L, Razanamahefa L, Lafay L. Trans fatty acid content of foods and intake levels in France. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.200600278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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14
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Morise A, Mourot J, Boué C, Combe N, Amsler G, Gripois D, Quignard-Boulangé A, Yvan-Charvet L, Fénart E, Weill P, Hermier D. Gender-related response of lipid metabolism to dietary fatty acids in the hamster. Br J Nutr 2007; 95:709-20. [PMID: 16571150 DOI: 10.1079/bjn20051721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Gender and dietary fatty acids are involved in the regulation of lipid metabolism, disturbances of which can lead to pathologies such as metabolic syndrome or CVD. Possible interactions between these factors were investigated in male and female hamsters fed diets rich in either saturated fatty acids (‘butter’ diet) or in α-linolenic acid (‘linseed oil’ diet). Gender effect predominated over the diet effect on cholesterol (CH) metabolism; compared to males, females exhibited lower concentrations of plasma total CH (−20%,P<0·001), LDL-CH (−40%,P<0·001) and HDL-CH (−16%,P<0·001), together with higher LDL receptor (+40%) and lower HDL receptor (−60%) hepatic content. Triacylglycerol (TG) metabolism was affected by diet above all: compared to animals fed the ‘butter’ diet, those fed the ‘linseed oil’ diet exhibited lower plasma (−23%,P=0·046) and liver TG (−20%,P=0·026) concentration which may result from both an increased β-oxidation (P<0·001), without any change in PPARα mRNA, and a decreased hepatic lipogenesis (P=0·023), without increased sterol response element binding protein 1c (SREBP1c) mRNA. The response to diet was much more pronounced in males than in females, without gender effect on the transcription level of PPARα and SREBP1c. Finally, the ‘linseed oil’ diet decreased the insulin resistance index (−80%,P<0·001) with a more marked effect in males, in relation to their higher hepatic PPARγ expression (+90%,P=0·012). In conclusion, in our model, the response of either TG or CH to dietary fatty acids is modulated differently by gender. The possible relevance of these interactions to dietary practice should be taken into account in man.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Morise
- Laboratoire d'Endocrinologie de la Nutrition, Université Paris Sud, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
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Morise A, Combe N, Boué C, Legrand P, Catheline D, Delplanque B, Fénart E, Weill P, Hermier D. Dose effect of α-linolenic acid on PUFA conversion, bioavailability, and storage in the hamster. Lipids 2004; 39:325-34. [PMID: 15357020 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-004-1236-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
If an increased consumption of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) is to be promoted in parallel with that of n-3 long-chain-rich food, it is necessary to consider to what extent dietary ALA can be absorbed, transported, stored, and converted into long-chain derivatives. We investigated these processes in male hamsters, over a broad range of supply as linseed oil (0.37, 3.5, 6.9, and 14.6% energy). Linoleic acid (LA) was kept constant (8.5% energy), and the LA/ALA ratio was varied from 22.5 to 0.6. The apparent absorption of individual FA was very high (>96%), and that of ALA remained almost maximum even at the largest supply (99.5%). The capacity for ALA transport and storage had no limitation over the chosen range of dietary intake. Indeed, ALA intake was significantly correlated with ALA level not only in cholesteryl esters (from 0.3 to 9.7% of total FA) but also in plasma phospholipids and red blood cells (RBC), which makes blood components extremely reliable as biomarkers of ALA consumption. Similarly, ALA storage in adipose tissue increased from 0.85 to 14% of total FA and was highly correlated with ALA intake. As for bioconversion, dietary ALA failed to increase 22:6n-3, decreased 20:4n-6, and efficiently increased 20:5n-3 (EPA) in RBC and cardiomyocytes. EPA accumulation did not tend to plateau, in accordance with identical activities of delta5- and delta6-desaturases in all groups. Dietary supply of ALA was therefore a very efficient means of improving the 20:4n-6 to 20:5n-3 balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Morise
- Laboratoire de Physiologie de la Nutrition, Université Paris Sud, 91405 Orsay cedex.
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Wolff RL. Trans-18∶1 isomers in rat milk fat as effective biomarkers for the determination of individual isomeric trans-18∶1 acids in the dams' diet. Lipids 2003; 38:1143-8. [PMID: 14733359 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-003-1172-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Female rats were fed a diet containing by weight 10% partially hydrogenated sunflower oil, 2% sunflower oil, and 1% rapeseed oil during gestation and lactation. The trans-18:1 isomer profile of the fat supplement was (in % of total trans 18:1 acids in the fat supplement): delta4, 0.5; delta5, 1.0; delta6-delta8, 18.0; delta9 (elaidic), 13.5; delta10, 22.2; delta11 (vaccenic), 16.0; delta12, 11.3; delta13-delta14, 12.8; delta15, 2.5; and delta16, 2.2 (total trans 18:1 acids in the fat supplement: 40.6%). The cis 18:1 isomer profile was (in % of total cis-18:1 isomers): delta6-delta8, 2.1; delta9 (oleic), 70.9; delta10, 6.1; delta11, 8.3; delta12, 4.0; delta13, 2.8; delta14, 4.6, and delta15, 1.2 (total cis-18:1 acids in the fat supplement: 32.6%). Suckling rats from four litters were sacrificed at day 17 or 18 after birth, and their stomach content (milk) was analyzed. The trans-18:1 isomer profile of milk was (relative proportions, in % of total): delta4, 0.3; delta5, 1.1; delta6-delta8, 16.8; delta9, 15.3; delta10, 22.0; delta11, 16.7; delta12, 11.8; delta13-14, 11.8; delta15, 2.5, and delta16, 1.9 (total trans 18:1 acids in milk: %). That of cis-18:1 isomers was (proportions in % relative to total cis-18:1 isomers): delta6-delta8, 4.7; delta9, 72.5; delta10, 4.0; delta11, 8.0; delta12, 7.1; delta13, 1.9; delta14, 1.0, and delta15, 0.7 (total cis-18:1 acids in milk: %). These results demonstrate that all isomeric acids, independent of the geometry and the position of the ethylenic bond, are incorporated into milk lipids. With regard to trans-18:1 isomers, the distribution profile in milk is identical to that in the dams' diet, i.e., there is no discrimination against any positional isomer between their ingestion and their deposition into milk lipids. As a consequence, this study indicates that the trans-18:1 isomer profile of milk reflects that in the dams' diet and supports our earlier hypothesis that the profile of trans-18:1 isomers in milk can be used to deduce the relative contribution of ruminant fats and partially hydrogenated oils in the diet to the total intake of trans-18:1 isomers. On the other hand, the cis-18:1 isomer profile in milk shows significant differences when compared to that in the dams' diet. Surprisingly, there are no major differences for the cis-delta9 (oleic) and the cis-delta11 (asclepic) isomers, which can be synthesized by the mother. However, there seems to be a significant positive selectivity for the group cis-delta6-delta8, and for the cis-delta12 isomer, whereas a negative selectivity occurs for the delta10 and delta13 to delta15 cis isomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert L Wolff
- INRA, Unité de Nutrition Lipidique, 21065 Dijon cedex, France.
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Wolff RL. Are trans isomers of alpha-linolenic acid of nutritional significance for certain populations? Lipids 2002; 37:1147-8. [PMID: 12617467 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-002-1012-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Biomarkers can provide a more accurate measure of long-term intake than can dietary questionnaires. OBJECTIVE The objective was to identify which adipose tissue fatty acids are suitable biomarkers of intake as assessed with a validated food-frequency questionnaire. DESIGN Costa Rican men with a mean (+/- SD) age of 56 +/- 11 y (n = 367) and women aged 60 +/- 10 y (n = 136) completed a 135-item food-frequency questionnaire and provided an adipose tissue sample. Fifty fatty acids were identified by capillary gas chromatography. Correlation coefficients were calculated after adjustment for age, sex, body mass index, and smoking status. RESULTS The best adipose tissue marker for total intake of saturated fatty acids was 15:0 + 17:0 (r = 0.18). Both 15:0 and 17:0 were also the best correlates of dairy product intake (r = 0.31 for each). The diet-adipose tissue correlations for n-3 fatty acids were r = 0.34 for 18:3, r = 0.15 for 20:5, and r = 0.18 for 22:6. Fish intake correlated significantly with these adipose tissue n-3 fatty acids. Dietary and adipose tissue n-6 fatty acids were highly correlated: 18:2 (r = 0.58) and 18:3 (r = 0.24). The best indicators of total trans fatty acid intake were ct18:2n-6 and tc18:2n-6 (r = 0.58 for each); total 18:1 trans fatty acid (r = 0.45) and 16:1 trans fatty acid (r = 0.16) were the next best indicators. CONCLUSIONS Adipose tissue is a suitable biomarker of dietary fatty acid intake, particularly for n-3 and n-6 cis polyunsaturated fatty acids and trans fatty acids. Ideally, adipose tissue and dietary questionnaires should complement, rather than substitute for, each other in epidemiologic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Baylin
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Ackman RG. The gas chromatograph in practical analyses of common and uncommon fatty acids for the 21st century. Anal Chim Acta 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(02)00098-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Wolff RL, Precht D. A critique of 50-m CP-Sil 88 capillary columns used alone to assess trans-unsaturated FA in foods: the case of the TRANSFAIR study. Lipids 2002; 37:627-9. [PMID: 12120963 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-002-0942-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Niestroj A, Pyka A, Śliwiok J. The use of topological indexes to predict theRMvalues of higher fatty acids, hydroxy fatty acids, and their esters in RPTLC. JPC-J PLANAR CHROMAT 2002. [DOI: 10.1556/jpc.15.2002.3.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Semma
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mukogawa WomenÕs University
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Wolff RL, Combe NA, Destaillats F, Boué C, Precht D, Molkentin J, Entressangles B. Follow-up of the delta4 to delta16 trans-18:1 isomer profile and content in French processed foods containing partially hydrogenated vegetable oils during the period 1995-1999. Analytical and nutritional implications. Lipids 2000; 35:815-25. [PMID: 10984104 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-000-0590-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A survey of the total content of trans-18:1 acids and their detailed profile in French food lipids was conducted in 1995-1996, and 1999. For this purpose, 37 food items were chosen from their label indicating the presence of partially hydrogenated vegetable oils (PHVO) in their ingredients. The content as well as the detailed profile of these isomers was established by a combination of argentation thin-layer chromatography and gas liquid chromatography (GLC) on long polar capillary columns. With regard to the mean trans-18:1 acid contents of extracted PHVO, a significant decrease was observed between the two periods, i.e., from 26.9 to 11.8% of total fatty acids. However, only minor differences were noted in the mean relative distribution profiles of individual trans-18:1 isomers with ethylenic bonds between positions delta4 and delta16 for the two periods. The predominant isomer was delta9-18:1 (elaidic) acid, in the wide range 15.2-46.1% (mean, 27.9+/-7.2%) of total trans-18:1 acids, with the delta10 isomer ranked second, with a mean of 21.3% (range, 11.6 to 27.4%). The content of the unresolved delta6 to delta8 isomer group was higher than the delta11 isomer (vaccenic acid), representing on average 17.5 and 13.3%, respectively. Other isomers delta4, delta5, delta12, delta13/delta14, delta15, and delta16, were less than 10% each: 1.0, 1.6, 7.4, 7.1, 1.8, and 1.0%, respectively. However, considering individual food items, it was noted that none of the extracted PHVO were identical to one another, indicating a considerable diversity of such fats available to the food industry. A comparison of data for French foods with similar data recently established for Germany indicates that no gross differences occur in PHVO used by food industries in both countries. Estimates for the absolute mean consumption of individual isomers from ruminant fats and PHVO are made for the French population and compared to similarly reconstructed hypothetical profiles for Germany and North America. Differences occur in the total intake of trans-18:1 acids, but most important, in individual trans-18:1 isomer intake, with a particular increase of the delta6-delta8 to delta10 isomers with increasing consumption of PHVO. It is inferred from the present and earlier data that direct GLC of fatty acids is a faulty procedure that results (i) in variable underestimates of total trans-18:1 acids, (ii) in a loss of information as regards the assessment of individual isomeric trans-18:1 acids, and (iii) in the impossibility of comparing data obtained from human tissues if the relative contribution of dietary PHVO and ruminant fats is not known.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Wolff
- ISTAB, Université Bordeaux 1, Talence, France.
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