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Chemical Characterization and In Vivo Toxicological Safety Evaluation of Emu Oil. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14112238. [PMID: 35684037 PMCID: PMC9182831 DOI: 10.3390/nu14112238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, the physicochemical properties, fatty acid composition, antioxidant activities, and in vitro as well as in vivo toxicological safety of emu oil were investigated. Emu oil was shown to have a low acid and peroxide value, low amounts of carotenoid and phenolic compounds, and high doses of oleic acid and linoleic acid. Furthermore, in a bacterial reverse mutation assay, emu oil demonstrated no change in the amount of revertant colonies for all strains. In a chromosomal assay, no aberrations occurred in any of the emu oil treatment groups (1.25, 2.5, and 5 μg/mL). In the bone marrow micronucleus test, emu oil up to 20 mL/kg showed no significant increase in the incidence of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes. Moreover, emu oil up to 19.3 mg/kg body weight did not affect body weight in an acute oral toxicity study. These results are crucial for the adoption of emu oil as an alternative source of edible oil.
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Kim JE, Bennett DC, Wright K, Cheng KM. Seasonal and sexual variation in mRNA expression of selected adipokine genes affecting fat deposition and metabolism of the emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae). Sci Rep 2022; 12:6325. [PMID: 35428830 PMCID: PMC9012844 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-10232-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Emus are farmed for fat production. Oil rendered from their back and abdominal fat pads has good anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties and has ingredients that promote cell growth. Our objective is to examine the mRNA expression of 7 emu adipokine genes (eFABP4, eSCD1, eAdipoQ, eAdipoR1, eAdipoR2, eLEP and eLepR) to identify gene markers that may help improve emu fat production. Back and abdominal fat tissues from 11 adult emus were biopsied at four time points (April, June, August and November). Total RNA was isolated and cDNA was synthesized. Gene specific primers were designed for partial cloning fragments to amplify the open reading frame of the 7 genes. eLEP was not expressed in emu fat tissue. Nucleotides and amino acids sequences of the 6 expressed gene were compared with homologs from other species and phylogenetic relationships established. Seasonal mRNA expression of each gene was assessed by quantitative RT-PCR and differential expression analysed by the 2−ΔΔCT method. The 6 expressed genes showed seasonal variation in expression and showed association of expression level with back fat adiposity. More whole-genome scanning studies are needed to develop novel molecular markers that can be applied to improve fat production in emus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Eun Kim
- Faculty of Land and Food Systems, Avian Research Centre, University of British Columbia, 2357 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Darin C Bennett
- Faculty of Land and Food Systems, Avian Research Centre, University of British Columbia, 2357 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada.,Animal Science Department, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA, 93407, USA
| | - Kristina Wright
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Research Institute, 570 West 7th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4S6, Canada
| | - Kimberly M Cheng
- Faculty of Land and Food Systems, Avian Research Centre, University of British Columbia, 2357 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
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The Anti-Inflammatory Effect of a γ-Lactone Isolated from Ostrich Oil of Struthio camelus (Ratite) and Its Formulated Nano-Emulsion in Formalin-Induced Paw Edema. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26123701. [PMID: 34204472 PMCID: PMC8234909 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26123701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Revised: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The ostrich oil of Struthio camelus (Ratite) found uses in folk medicine as an anti-inflammatory in eczema and contact dermatitis. The anti-inflammatory effect of a γ-lactone (5-hexyl-3H-furan-2-one) isolated from ostrich oil and its formulated nano-emulsion in formalin-induced paw edema was investigated in this study. Ostrich oil was saponified using a standard procedure; the aqueous residue was fractionated, purified, and characterized as γ-lactone (5-hexyl-3H-furan-2-one) through the interpretation of IR, NMR, and MS analyses. The γ-lactone was formulated as nano-emulsion using methylcellulose (MC) for oral solubilized form. The γ-lactone methylcellulose nanoparticles (γ-lactone-MC-NPs) were characterized for their size, shape, and encapsulation efficiency with a uniform size of 300 nm and 59.9% drug content. The γ-lactone was applied topically, while the formulated nanoparticles (NPs) were administered orally to rats. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (diclofenac gel) was used as a reference drug for topical use and ibuprofen suspension for oral administration. Edema was measured using the plethysmograph method. Both γ-lactone and γ-lactone-MC-NPs showed reduction of formalin-induced paw edema in rats and proved to be better than the reference drugs; diclofenac gel and ibuprofen emulsion. Histological examination of the skin tissue revealed increased skin thickness with subepidermal edema and mixed inflammatory cellular infiltration, which were significantly reduced by the γ-lactone compared to the positive control (p-value = 0.00013). Diuretic and toxicity studies of oral γ-lactone-MC-NPs were performed. No diuretic activity was observed. However, lethargy, drowsiness, and refusal to feeding observed may limit its oral administration.
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Chartier LC, Fujino J, Howarth GS, Freysdottir J, Hardardottir I, Mashtoub S. Emu Oil and Saireito in combination reduce tumour development and clinical indicators of disease in a mouse model of colitis-associated colorectal cancer. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 138:111478. [PMID: 33756155 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emu Oil (EO) previously demonstrated therapeutic potential in a mouse model of colitis-associated CRC (CA-CRC). Saireito, a traditional Japanese medicine, has not been investigated in CA-CRC. AIM To determine whether EO and Saireito could be therapeutic in an azoxymethane (AOM)/dextran sulphate sodium (DSS) model of CA-CRC. METHODS Female C57BL/6 mice were assigned to groups (n = 10/group); 1) saline control, 2) saline+Saireito, 3) saline+EO, 4) saline+EO/Saireito, 5) AOM/DSS control, 6) AOM/DSS+Saireito, 7) AOM/DSS+EO and 8) AOM/DSS+EO/Saireito. Mice were intraperitoneally injected with saline or AOM (7.4 mg/kg) on day 0 and underwent three DSS/water cycles (2%w/v DSS for 7 days, 14 days water). Mice were orally-gavaged with either water (80 µL), Saireito (80 µL), EO (80 µL) or EO/Saireito (160 µL; 80 µL EO + 80 µL Saireito) thrice weekly. Daily bodyweight and disease activity index (DAI) were recorded and colonoscopies performed on days 20, 41 and 62. Mice were euthanized on day 63. p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS AOM/DSS induced significant bodyweight loss throughout the trial (max -36%), which was attenuated by Saireito (max +7%), EO (max +5%) and EO/Saireito (max +14%; p < 0.05). AOM/DSS increased DAI compared to saline controls (p < 0.05), which was reduced by Saireito, EO and EO/Saireito (p < 0.05). All treatments reduced colonoscopically-assessed colitis severity (days 20 and 41; p < 0.05). EO/Saireito further decreased colitis severity compared to Saireito and EO alone (day 20; p < 0.05). Finally, EO and EO/Saireito resulted in fewer colonic tumours compared to AOM/DSS controls (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION Combined EO and Saireito reduced disease and tumour development in AOM/DSS mice, suggesting therapeutic potential in CA-CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren C Chartier
- Discipline of Physiology, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; Gastroenterology Department, Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
| | - Junko Fujino
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, Saitama Medical Centre, Dokkyo Medical University, Saitama, Japan.
| | - Gordon S Howarth
- Discipline of Physiology, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; Gastroenterology Department, Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; School of Animal & Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, South Australia, Australia.
| | - Jona Freysdottir
- Faculty of Medicine, Biomedical Centre, University of Iceland and Landspitali-the National University Hospital of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland.
| | - Ingibjorg Hardardottir
- Faculty of Medicine, Biomedical Centre, University of Iceland and Landspitali-the National University Hospital of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland.
| | - Suzanne Mashtoub
- Discipline of Physiology, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; Gastroenterology Department, Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; School of Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia.
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Mitchell CJ, Howarth GS, Chartier LC, Trinder D, Lawrance IC, Huang LS, Mashtoub S. Orally administered emu oil attenuates disease in a mouse model of Crohn's-like colitis. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2020; 245:1697-1707. [PMID: 32903038 PMCID: PMC7802385 DOI: 10.1177/1535370220951105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Crohn's disease is a severe, incurable inflammatory bowel disease. Orally administered emu oil has demonstrated anti-inflammatory properties in previous models of gastrointestinal disease. We aimed to determine whether orally administered emu oil could attenuate disease in a mouse model of Crohn's-like colitis. Female ARC(s) mice (CD-1 equivalent, n = 10/group) were intra-rectally administered water (120 μL) or trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS; 3 mg in 50% ethanol; 120 μL bolus) on day 0. Mice were orally administered water (80 μL) or emu oil (80 μL or 160 μL) daily for five days and euthanized on day six. Bodyweight and disease activity were recorded daily. Colonoscopy, burrowing activity, facial grimace, histological parameters (damage severity, small intestinal villus height/crypt depth and colonic crypt depth), myeloperoxidase activity and intestinal permeability were assessed. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. TNBS decreased bodyweight (days 1, 2, 4; P < 0.05) and increased disease activity (days 1-6; P < 0.01), compared to normal controls. Emu oil (80 μL) attenuated disease activity on days 5-6 (P < 0.05), although bodyweight loss was not significantly impacted (P > 0.05). Facial grimace and colonoscopy scores were significantly increased in TNBS-control mice; effects attenuated by both volumes of emu oil (P < 0.001). TNBS increased histological damage severity compared to normal controls (P < 0.05); an effect attenuated by 80 μL emu oil (proximal and distal colon; P < 0.05) and 160 μL emu oil (distal colon; P < 0.01). In the ileum, villus height and crypt depth were unaffected by TNBS or emu oil treatment compared to normal (P > 0.05). TNBS-induced distal colonic crypt lengthening was unaffected following emu oil administration (P > 0.05). Remaining parameters, including burrowing, myeloperoxidase activity and intestinal permeability, were unchanged across all treatment groups (P > 0.05). In normal mice, emu oil treatment did not significantly impact any parameter compared to normal controls. In conclusion, emu oil reduced overall disease severity and facial grimace scores in TNBS mice. These results suggest therapeutic potential for orally administered emu oil in the management of Crohn's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe J Mitchell
- Gastroenterology Department, Women’s and Children’s Hospital, North Adelaide, South Australia 5006, Australia
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, South Australia 5371, Australia
| | - Gordon S Howarth
- Gastroenterology Department, Women’s and Children’s Hospital, North Adelaide, South Australia 5006, Australia
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, South Australia 5371, Australia
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Lauren C Chartier
- Gastroenterology Department, Women’s and Children’s Hospital, North Adelaide, South Australia 5006, Australia
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Debbie Trinder
- School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia
- Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia
| | - Ian C Lawrance
- School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia
- Saint John of God Hospital, Centre for Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Subiaco, Western Australia 6008, Australia
| | - Li San Huang
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, South Australia 5371, Australia
| | - Suzanne Mashtoub
- Gastroenterology Department, Women’s and Children’s Hospital, North Adelaide, South Australia 5006, Australia
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
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Nejati K, Mehdi D, Ghareghomi S, Mostafavi E, Ebrahimi-Kalan A, Biglari A, Alizadeh E, Mortazavi Y, Zarghami N. GDNF gene-engineered adipose-derived stem cells seeded Emu oil-loaded electrospun nanofibers for axonal regeneration following spinal cord injury. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2020.102095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Bucław M, Majewska D, Szczerbińska D, Ligocki M. The influence of age and gender on emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae) fat. Sci Rep 2020; 10:11082. [PMID: 32632331 PMCID: PMC7338381 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68103-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies were carried out to determine the influence of age and sex on two types of fat (back fat and abdominal fat) in the emu, as these are factors that influence the composition of animal tissues. The material involved 26 emus at the age 1 (6 males), 3 (6 males) and 15 years (8 females and 6 males), kept on the same farm and fed the feed of the same nutritional value. The basic chemical composition, cholesterol and mineral content, as well as fatty acid profile of back and abdominal fat of emu were determined. Abdominal fat was characterized by higher content of fat and ash, as well as Mn and Ba. Back fat, on the other hand, showed a higher level of protein, cholesterol, C16:1 and the elements K, P, Si, Na, Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, Se and Cu. With age, regardless of the type of fat tissue, fat content decreased and water content increased. The highest content of protein, ash, cholesterol, some fatty acids (C18:0, C18:1n9c, C18:2n6c), generally higher content of MUFA, PUFA and the elements K, P, Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, Pb, Se, Cr, Cd, were found in the fatty tissue of 15-year-old emus. Sex did influence the content of Si, Ca, Cu, Sr, which was higher in the fatty tissue of males. The composition of emu storage fat is determined by factors such as age, sex and the location of the fat tissue in the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Bucław
- Department of Monogastric Animal Sciences, Laboratory of Poultry Science, West Pomeranian University of Technology Szczecin, Janickiego Str. 29, 71-270, Szczecin, Poland.
| | - Danuta Majewska
- Department of Monogastric Animal Sciences, Laboratory of Poultry Science, West Pomeranian University of Technology Szczecin, Janickiego Str. 29, 71-270, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Danuta Szczerbińska
- Department of Monogastric Animal Sciences, Laboratory of Poultry Science, West Pomeranian University of Technology Szczecin, Janickiego Str. 29, 71-270, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Marek Ligocki
- Department of Monogastric Animal Sciences, Laboratory of Poultry Science, West Pomeranian University of Technology Szczecin, Janickiego Str. 29, 71-270, Szczecin, Poland
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Anti-wrinkle and anti-inflammatory effects of a combination of topically applied horse oil and dietary enzyme hydrolysates from horse bone. Process Biochem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2019.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Koshiishi Y, Murata-Okubo M, Fujisawa SI, Shimoi G, Hirayama H, Kameyama Y, Souma K, Wada K. Development and characterization of ten novel microsatellite loci for the emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae) and genetic diversity of Japanese farm populations. Mol Biol Rep 2020; 47:2521-2527. [PMID: 32086719 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-05335-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae) is a useful poultry animal farmed for fat, meat, and eggs. Genetic structure and relationships among farmed emu populations in Japan are unknown and the number of microsatellite markers for genetic analysis of the emu is insufficient. In this study, we isolated 16 microsatellites from the emu genome and developed ten new microsatellite markers. These microsatellite markers were used to characterize three farm emu populations in Japan. The number of alleles ranged from 3 to 13 and the expected (HE) and observed heterozygosity (HO) of these microsatellite loci was 0.187-0.802 and 0.179-0.647, respectively. The polymorphic information content ranged from 0.176 to 0.786. Positive inbreeding coefficient (FIS) values were detected in all tested populations, and they ranged from 0.027 to 0.540. These results suggest that farm populations of the emu in Japan resulted from inbreeding. The fixation index (FST) values ranged from 0.026 to 0.061, and phylogenetic trees and population structure analysis confirmed no definitive genetic differentiation among the three populations. Therefore, these populations are at a relatively low level of genetic differentiation at present. The microsatellite markers developed in our study can be utilized for genetic analysis and preservation of genetic resources in the emu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Koshiishi
- Graduate School of Bioindustry, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Abashiri, Hokkaido, 099-2493, Japan
| | - Michiko Murata-Okubo
- Faculty of Bioindustry, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Abashiri, Hokkaido, 099-2493, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichiro Fujisawa
- Graduate School of Bioindustry, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Abashiri, Hokkaido, 099-2493, Japan
| | - Gaku Shimoi
- Graduate School of Bioindustry, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Abashiri, Hokkaido, 099-2493, Japan
- Faculty of Bioindustry, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Abashiri, Hokkaido, 099-2493, Japan
| | - Hiroki Hirayama
- Graduate School of Bioindustry, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Abashiri, Hokkaido, 099-2493, Japan
- Faculty of Bioindustry, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Abashiri, Hokkaido, 099-2493, Japan
| | - Yuichi Kameyama
- Graduate School of Bioindustry, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Abashiri, Hokkaido, 099-2493, Japan
- Faculty of Bioindustry, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Abashiri, Hokkaido, 099-2493, Japan
| | - Kousaku Souma
- Graduate School of Bioindustry, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Abashiri, Hokkaido, 099-2493, Japan
- Faculty of Bioindustry, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Abashiri, Hokkaido, 099-2493, Japan
| | - Kenta Wada
- Graduate School of Bioindustry, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Abashiri, Hokkaido, 099-2493, Japan.
- Faculty of Bioindustry, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Abashiri, Hokkaido, 099-2493, Japan.
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Chartier LC, Howarth GS, Mashtoub S. Combined Nutraceuticals: A Novel Approach to Colitis-Associated Colorectal Cancer? Nutr Cancer 2019; 71:199-206. [PMID: 30862196 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2019.1578391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis is an unremitting and lifelong inflammatory bowel disease that is increasing in prevalence worldwide. Patients display various clinical symptoms such as abdominal pain, diarrhea and fatigue. The etiology of ulcerative colitis remains unknown and the current pharmaceutical treatments are variably effective and not curative, highlighting the need for improved therapeutic approaches. Furthermore, patients with ulcerative colitis are at an increased risk of developing colorectal cancer. Some naturally sourced agents, named nutraceuticals, have been identified to possess anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Of particular interest is Emu Oil, grape seed extract and Japanese Kampo medicine. Previously, Emu Oil has protected and repaired intestinal damage in models of gastrointestinal diseases including colitis and colitis-associated colorectal cancer. Additionally, grape seed extract possesses anticancer properties in vitro. Moreover, Kampo medicine, composed of herbal ingredients, is widely used in Japan for the treatment of various medical conditions and has demonstrated efficacy in targeting cancer cells in vitro. Nutraceuticals in combination have not yet been widely investigated in a setting of colitis-associated colorectal cancer. Investigation into the efficacy of Emu Oil combined with other nutraceuticals, including grape seed extract and Kampo medicine, is warranted as they may provide a novel approach to conventional colitis and colorectal cancer management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren C Chartier
- a Discipline of Physiology, Adelaide Medical School , The University of Adelaide , Adelaide , South Australia.,b Department of Gastroenterology , Women's and Children's Hospital , North Adelaide , South Australia
| | - Gordon S Howarth
- a Discipline of Physiology, Adelaide Medical School , The University of Adelaide , Adelaide , South Australia.,b Department of Gastroenterology , Women's and Children's Hospital , North Adelaide , South Australia.,c School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences , The University of Adelaide , Roseworthy , South Australia
| | - Suzanne Mashtoub
- a Discipline of Physiology, Adelaide Medical School , The University of Adelaide , Adelaide , South Australia.,b Department of Gastroenterology , Women's and Children's Hospital , North Adelaide , South Australia
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Wu YC, Wu GX, Huang HH, Kuo SM. Liposome-encapsulated farnesol accelerated tissue repair in third-degree burns on a rat model. Burns 2019; 45:1139-1151. [PMID: 30833099 DOI: 10.1016/j.burns.2019.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 12/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Third-degree or full-thickness burns refer to lesions that extend to the epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous tissue. The pathophysiology of burn wounds is characterized by tissue inflammation, edema, and hypertrophic scarring. Farnesol is a natural 15-carbon organic compound that possesses many biological effects. We have previously demonstrated that farnesol gel exerts restorative actions on ultraviolet B (UVB)-caused sunburn in vivo. The in vitro results revealed that liposomal farnesol from 0.04mM to 0.8mM significantly enhanced collagen production by murine skin fibroblasts, whereas liposomal farnesol at high (0.8mM) and low concentration (0.04mM) did not show any suppressions on skin fibroblast proliferation. We treated third-degree burns on a rat model with a formulated gel composed of various ratios of 2% hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) and 4mM liposomal farnesol for 7 and 14 days. On days 7 and 14 post wounding, histopathological observations revealed that the HPMC:farnesol gel ratios of 1:2 and 2:1 exerted the greatest tissue-repairing effects on the skin after third-degree burns compared with skin untreated or treated with a commercial burn gel and HPMC alone. These findings were consistent with the in vivo quantitative collagen-producing assay, wound healing scoring, and IL-6 Western blot results. These findings demonstrated that the fabricated liposomal farnesol gel is potentially able to promote wound healing after third-degree burns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Chiuan Wu
- Hualien Armed Forces General Hospital, Hualien County, Taiwan; National Kaohsiung University of Hospitality and Tourism, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Guan Xuan Wu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Han Hsiang Huang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, Taiwan.
| | - Shyh Ming Kuo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
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Safaeian R, Howarth GS, Lawrance IC, Trinder D, Mashtoub S. Emu Oil reduces disease severity in a mouse model of chronic ulcerative colitis. Scand J Gastroenterol 2019; 54:273-280. [PMID: 30907169 DOI: 10.1080/00365521.2019.1581253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Objective: Ulcerative colitis (UC) is characterized by mucosal inflammation and ulceration of the large intestine. Emu Oil (EO) has been reported to protect the intestine against mucositis, NSAID-enteropathy, UC-associated colorectal cancer and acute UC. We aimed to determine whether EO could reduce the severity chronic UC in mice. Methods: Female C57BL/6 mice (n = 10/group) were orally administered (gavage) water (Groups 1-2) or EO (Groups 3: low dose-80 µl and 4: high dose-160 µl), thrice weekly. Group 1 mice consumed plain drinking water throughout the trial. Groups 2-4 mice underwent two cycles [each consisting of seven days dextran sulfate sodium (DSS; 2% w/v) and 14 days water], followed by a third DSS week. All mice were euthanized two days later (day 51). Bodyweight, disease activity index (DAI), burrowing activity, myeloperoxidase activity, crypt depth and histologically assessed damage severity were assessed. p < .05 was considered significant. Results: DSS decreased bodyweight and increased DAI compared to normal controls (p < .05), which was partially attenuated by both EO doses (p < .05). Burrowing activity was impaired in DSS-controls compared to normal controls (days 27 and 40); an effect prevented by both EO doses (p < .05). DSS increased colonic myeloperoxidase activity and crypt depth compared to controls (p < .05), with no significant EO effect. Moreover, DSS increased colonic damage severity compared to normal controls (p < .001). Importantly, both EO doses decreased distal colonic damage severity compared to DSS-controls (p < .001). Conclusions: Emu Oil attenuated clinically- and histologically-assessed disease severity in a mouse model of chronic UC. Emu Oil demonstrates promise as an adjunct to conventional treatment options for UC management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romina Safaeian
- a Discipline of Physiology, Adelaide Medical School , The University of Adelaide , Adelaide , South Australia.,b Gastroenterology Department , Women's and Children's Hospital , North Adelaide , South Australia
| | - Gordon S Howarth
- a Discipline of Physiology, Adelaide Medical School , The University of Adelaide , Adelaide , South Australia.,b Gastroenterology Department , Women's and Children's Hospital , North Adelaide , South Australia.,c School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences , The University of Adelaide , Roseworthy , South Australia
| | - Ian C Lawrance
- d School of Medicine , The University of Western Australia , Fiona Stanley Hospital, Murdoch , Western Australia.,e Centre for Inflammatory Bowel Diseases , Saint John of God Hospital , Subiaco , Western Australia
| | - Debbie Trinder
- d School of Medicine , The University of Western Australia , Fiona Stanley Hospital, Murdoch , Western Australia.,f Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research , Murdoch , Western Australia
| | - Suzanne Mashtoub
- a Discipline of Physiology, Adelaide Medical School , The University of Adelaide , Adelaide , South Australia.,b Gastroenterology Department , Women's and Children's Hospital , North Adelaide , South Australia.,d School of Medicine , The University of Western Australia , Fiona Stanley Hospital, Murdoch , Western Australia
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Randhawa K, Shukla CJ. Non-invasive treatment in the management of Peyronie's disease. Ther Adv Urol 2019; 11:1756287218823671. [PMID: 30792820 PMCID: PMC6376494 DOI: 10.1177/1756287218823671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Peyronies disease (PD) is estimated to affect approximately 3-9% of men worldwide and maybe associated with pain, erectile dysfunction and penile deformity including shortening. The condition has significant debilitating effects on quality of life, self-esteem and psychological wellbeing in addition to sexual function. Surgical results add further to this by patients having dissatisfaction with various aspects of outcomes. Non-surgical management may allow patients to avoid the morbidities associated with surgery and still achieve improved functional and aesthetic outcomes. Several non-surgical options are currently being employed in the treatment of PD that may reduce or stabilize both objective measures (e.g. penile length and deformity) and subjective measures (including sexual function, pain and partner satisfaction). Nonsurgical management can allow patients to avoid the morbidities associated with surgery and still achieve improved functional and aesthetic outcomes. In this article we explore the current non-surgical management options for PD including oral, mechanical therapies, intralesional and topical treatments. We also briefly discuss future treatment options in the form of stem cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - C. J. Shukla
- Western General Hospital, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
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14
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Miyashita T, Minami K, Ito M, Koizumi R, Sagane Y, Watanabe T, Niwa K. Emu Oil Reduces LPS-Induced Production of Nitric Oxide and TNF-α but not Phagocytosis in RAW 264 Macrophages. J Oleo Sci 2018. [PMID: 29526880 DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess17228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Emu is the second-largest extant bird native to Australia. Emu oil, obtained from the emu's fat deposits, is used as an ingredient in cosmetic skincare products. Emu oil has been reported to improve several inflammatory symptoms; however, the mechanisms of these anti-inflammatory effects are largely unknown. This study investigated the effects of emu oil on the inflammatory macrophage response in vitro. A murine macrophage cell line, RAW 264, was incubated in culture media supplemented with or without emu oil and stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). We determined phagocytic activity by measuring the number of fluorescent microspheres taken up by the cells. The phagocytic activity of RAW 264 cells in the presence of LPS was unaffected by emu oil. We also determined production of nitric oxide (NO) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α in the culture medium using the Griess reaction and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, respectively, and the protein expression of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) using western blotting. The results indicated that emu oil reduced the LPS-induced production of NO, TNF-α, and iNOS expression in a dose-dependent manner. The results suggested that emu oil does not reduce the phagocytic clearance rate of inflammatory matter; however, it does reduce the production of NO and TNF-α in macrophages. These latter products enhance the inflammatory response and emu oil thereby demonstrated anti-inflammatory properties.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kazuhiro Minami
- Department of Food and Cosmetic Science, Faculty of Bioindustry, Tokyo University of Agriculture
| | - Minoru Ito
- Department of Food and Cosmetic Science, Faculty of Bioindustry, Tokyo University of Agriculture
| | - Ryosuke Koizumi
- Department of Food and Cosmetic Science, Faculty of Bioindustry, Tokyo University of Agriculture
| | - Yoshimasa Sagane
- Department of Food and Cosmetic Science, Faculty of Bioindustry, Tokyo University of Agriculture
| | - Toshihiro Watanabe
- Department of Food and Cosmetic Science, Faculty of Bioindustry, Tokyo University of Agriculture
| | - Koichi Niwa
- Department of Food and Cosmetic Science, Faculty of Bioindustry, Tokyo University of Agriculture
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15
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Arezoumand KS, Alizadeh E, Esmaeillou M, Ghasemi M, Alipour S, Pilehvar-Soltanahmadi Y, Zarghami N. The emu oil emulsified in egg lecithin and butylated hydroxytoluene enhanced the proliferation, stemness gene expression, and in vitro wound healing of adipose-derived stem cells. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2018; 54:205-216. [DOI: 10.1007/s11626-018-0228-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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16
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Chartier LC, Howarth GS, Lawrance IC, Trinder D, Barker SJ, Mashtoub S. Emu Oil Improves Clinical Indicators of Disease in a Mouse Model of Colitis-Associated Colorectal Cancer. Dig Dis Sci 2018; 63:135-145. [PMID: 29214422 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-017-4876-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Ulcerative colitis is a remitting and relapsing inflammatory bowel disorder. Current treatments are limited, and if poorly controlled, colitis may progress to colorectal cancer. Previously, Emu Oil protected the intestine in experimental models of gut damage. We aimed to determine whether Emu Oil could reduce the severity of chronic colitis and prevent the onset of neoplasia in a mouse model of colitis-associated colorectal cancer. METHODS Female C57BL/6 mice were injected (day 0) with azoxymethane, followed by ad libitum access to three dextran sulfate sodium/water cycles (7 days of dextran sulfate sodium and 14 days of water). Mice (n = 9/group) were orally administered either water or Emu Oil (low dose 80 µL or high dose 160 µL), thrice weekly for 9 weeks. Bodyweight and disease activity index were measured daily. Colitis progression was monitored by colonoscopy on days 20, 41 and 62. At killing, tumor number and size were recorded. RESULTS Azoxymethane/dextran sulfate sodium induced significant bodyweight loss (maximum 24%) which was attenuated by Emu Oil treatment (low dose days 9, 10, 14: maximum 7%; high dose days 7-15, 30-36: maximum 11%; p < 0.05). Emu Oil reduced disease activity index of azoxymethane/dextran sulfate sodium mice at most time points (maximum 20%; p < 0.05). Additionally, Emu Oil reduced colonoscopically assessed colitis severity (days 20 and 62) compared to disease controls (p < 0.05). Finally, in azoxymethane/dextran sulfate sodium mice, low-dose Emu Oil resulted in fewer small colonic tumors (p < 0.05) compared to controls. CONCLUSIONS Emu Oil improved clinical indicators and reduced severity of colitis-associated colorectal cancer, suggesting therapeutic potential in colitis management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren C Chartier
- Discipline of Physiology, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Gastroenterology Department, Women's and Children's Hospital, 72 King William Road, North Adelaide, SA, 5006, Australia
| | - Gordon S Howarth
- Discipline of Physiology, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Gastroenterology Department, Women's and Children's Hospital, 72 King William Road, North Adelaide, SA, 5006, Australia.,School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, SA, Australia
| | - Ian C Lawrance
- School of Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Murdoch, WA, Australia.,Centre for Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, Saint John of God Hospital, Subiaco, WA, Australia
| | - Debbie Trinder
- School of Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Murdoch, WA, Australia.,Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Scott J Barker
- Discipline of Physiology, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Gastroenterology Department, Women's and Children's Hospital, 72 King William Road, North Adelaide, SA, 5006, Australia
| | - Suzanne Mashtoub
- Discipline of Physiology, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia. .,Gastroenterology Department, Women's and Children's Hospital, 72 King William Road, North Adelaide, SA, 5006, Australia. .,School of Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Murdoch, WA, Australia.
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17
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Almeida AJD, Leite LDS, Eckhardt LA, Albernaz AP, Teixeira AB, Torres KAA. Serum biochemical profile of emus (Dromaius novaehollandiae) reared in captivity. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2017.1367686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Jardim de Almeida
- Laboratory of Clinical and Surgery, University Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes/RJ, Brazil
| | - Letícia da Silva Leite
- Laboratory of Clinical and Surgery, University Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes/RJ, Brazil
| | - Luiz Antônio Eckhardt
- Laboratory of Clinical and Surgery, University Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes/RJ, Brazil
| | - Antônio Peixoto Albernaz
- Laboratory of Clinical and Surgery, University Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes/RJ, Brazil
| | - Anderson Barros Teixeira
- Laboratory of Clinical and Surgery, University Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes/RJ, Brazil
| | - Karoll Andrea Alfonso Torres
- Laboratory of Animal Science, University Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes/RJ, Brazil
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18
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Zamani R, Pilehvar-Soltanahmadi Y, Alizadeh E, Zarghami N. Macrophage repolarization using emu oil-based electrospun nanofibers: possible application in regenerative medicine. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 46:1258-1265. [PMID: 28830252 DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2017.1367689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In the regenerative medicine therapies, the availability of engineered scaffolds that modulate inflammatory states is highly required. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of electrospun nanofibrous scaffolds containing natural substances with anti-inflammatory properties such as Emu oil (EO) to control inflammation and re-polarization of macrophages toward M2 anti-inflammatory phonotype. For this purpose, bead free and smooth EO-blended PCL/PEG electrospun nanofibrous mats were successfully fabricated and characterized using FE-SEM, FTIR, and Universal Testing Machine. GC/MS findings of pure EO revealed the fatty acids composition. MTT results showed that macrophage viability on EO-PCL/PEG nanofibres was higher than on PCL/PEG nanofibres and control (p ≤ .05). Additionally, the presence of EO into nanofibres was found to influence on macrophage morphologies, using FE-SEM. qPCR results showed a reduction in iNOS-2 and an increase in Arg-1 levels of macrophages seeded on EO-PCL/PEG nanofibres, indicating the successfully polarization of the macrophages to M2 phenotype. The change in macrophage phenotype on EO-based nanofibres could suppress the inflammation in LPS/IFN-γ stimulated macrophages as evidenced by a major reduction in pro-inflammatory cytokine levels TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6. Conclusively, the results demonstrated that EO-based nanofibres efficiently modulated RAW264.7 macrophage polarity toward an anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Zamani
- a Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences , Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran.,b Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center , Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran
| | - Younes Pilehvar-Soltanahmadi
- a Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences , Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran.,b Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center , Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran
| | - Effat Alizadeh
- a Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences , Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran
| | - Nosratollah Zarghami
- a Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences , Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran.,b Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center , Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran
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19
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Nejati-Koshki K, Pilehvar-Soltanahmadi Y, Alizadeh E, Ebrahimi-Kalan A, Mortazavi Y, Zarghami N. Development of Emu oil-loaded PCL/collagen bioactive nanofibers for proliferation and stemness preservation of human adipose-derived stem cells: possible application in regenerative medicine. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2017; 43:1978-1988. [PMID: 28718680 DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2017.1357731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Adipose tissue-derived stem cells (ASCs) are promising candidate in stem cell therapies, and maintaining their stemness potential is vital to achieve effective treatment. Natural-based scaffolds have been recently attracted increasing attention in nanomedicine and drug delivery. In the present study, a polymeric nanofibrous scaffold was developed based on the polycaprolactone/Collagen (PCL/Coll) containing Emu oil as a bioactive material to induce the proliferation of ASCs, while simultaneously preserving the stemness property of those cells. Fabrication of the electrospun Emu oil-loaded PCL/Coll nanofibers was confirmed by using FE-SEM, FTIR, and tensile test. ASCs were seeded on two types of nanofibers (PCL/Coll and Emu oil-loaded PCL/Coll) and their proliferation, cell cycle progression, and stemness gene expressions were evaluated using MTT, propidium iodide staining, and qPCR during 14 days, respectively. The results indicated that ASCs displayed improved adhesion capacity with the higher rates of bioactivity and proliferation on the Emu oil-loaded nanofibers than the other groups. The proliferation capacity of ASCs on Emu oil-loaded PCL/Coll nanofibers was further confirmed by the cell cycle progression analysis. It was also found that Emu oil-loaded nanofibers significantly up-regulated the expression of stemness markers including sox-2, nanog, oct4, klf4, and c-Myc. The results demonstrated that the nanofibers containing Emu oil can reinforce the cell adhesion and enhance ASCs proliferation while preserving their stemness; therefore, using scaffolds containing natural products may have a great potential to enhance the in vitro expansion capacity of ASCs in the field of stem cell therapy and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazem Nejati-Koshki
- a Department of Medical Biotechnology and Nanotechnology, Faculty of Medicine , Zanjan University of Medical Sciences , Zanjan , Iran
| | | | - Effat Alizadeh
- c Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences , Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran
| | - Abbas Ebrahimi-Kalan
- d Neurosciences Research Center , Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran
| | - Yousef Mortazavi
- a Department of Medical Biotechnology and Nanotechnology, Faculty of Medicine , Zanjan University of Medical Sciences , Zanjan , Iran.,e Cancer Gene Therapy Research Center , Zanjan University of Medical Sciences , Zanjan , Iran
| | - Nosratollah Zarghami
- b Stem Cell Research Center , Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran.,c Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences , Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran.,f National Institute for Medical Research Development , Tehran , Iran
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20
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Chan A, De Boer R, Gan A, Willsher P, Martin R, Zissiadis Y, Miller K, Bauwens A, Hastrich D. Randomized phase II placebo-controlled study to evaluate the efficacy of topical pure emu oil for joint pain related to adjuvant aromatase inhibitor use in postmenopausal women with early breast cancer: JUST (Joints Under Study). Support Care Cancer 2017; 25:3785-3791. [PMID: 28691132 DOI: 10.1007/s00520-017-3810-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Aromatase inhibitors are standard of care in women with hormone receptor-positive early breast cancer. Published evidence demonstrates that adverse effects may have an impact on drug compliance, with arthralgias being one of the most commonly reported adverse effects. METHODS Eligible patients were postmenopausal women who had experienced arthralgia following initiation of an aromatase inhibitor. Patients who experienced arthralgias following a minimum of a 3-month treatment on the aromatase inhibitor were randomized to emu oil or placebo oil. The primary endpoint was to assess for a reduction in pain as measured by a visual analogue score after 8 weeks of treatment. RESULTS Seventy-three patients comprised the intent-to-treat population, and there was no statistically significant benefit with use of EO. However, there was a statistically significant improvement in pain (visual analogue score was -1.28; p < 0.001) and Brief Pain Inventory severity score -0.88 (p < 0.001), as well as functional interference (Brief Pain Inventory interference -1.10 (p < 0.001) for the entire population following an 8-week administration of EO or placebo oil. CONCLUSIONS Arthralgias, as a result of aromatase inhibitor use, may be ameliorated by the use of topical oil massaged onto the joint. Further research into interventions for this common side effect is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arlene Chan
- Breast Cancer Research Centre-WA, Perth, Western Australia, 6000, Australia.
| | - R De Boer
- Breast Cancer Research Centre-WA, Perth, Western Australia, 6000, Australia
| | - A Gan
- Breast Cancer Research Centre-WA, Perth, Western Australia, 6000, Australia
| | - P Willsher
- Breast Cancer Research Centre-WA, Perth, Western Australia, 6000, Australia
| | - R Martin
- Breast Cancer Research Centre-WA, Perth, Western Australia, 6000, Australia
| | - Y Zissiadis
- Breast Cancer Research Centre-WA, Perth, Western Australia, 6000, Australia
| | - K Miller
- Breast Cancer Research Centre-WA, Perth, Western Australia, 6000, Australia
| | - A Bauwens
- Breast Cancer Research Centre-WA, Perth, Western Australia, 6000, Australia
| | - D Hastrich
- Breast Cancer Research Centre-WA, Perth, Western Australia, 6000, Australia
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21
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Ames FQ, Sato F, de Castro LV, de Arruda LLM, da Rocha BA, Cuman RKN, Baesso ML, Bersani-Amado CA. Evidence of anti-inflammatory effect and percutaneous penetration of a topically applied fish oil preparation: a photoacoustic spectroscopy study. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2017; 22:55003. [PMID: 28492854 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.22.5.055003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
This paper investigates the topical anti-inflammatory effect of a fish oil preparation (FOP) in a croton oil (CO) model of skin inflammation. The photoacoustic spectroscopy (PAS) was applied to estimate the percutaneous penetration of the FOP and as a model to evaluate the topical inflammatory response. After applying CO, the groups of mice received a topical application of a FOP on the left ear. The right ear received the vehicle that was used to dilute the CO. After 6 h, ear tissue was collected to determine the percent inhibition of edema, myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, and cytokine levels and to perform PAS measurements. Treatment with FOP reduced edema and MPO activity, which was at least partially attributed to a decrease in the levels of tumor necrosis factor, interleukin- 1 ? , interleukin-6, keratinocyte-derived chemokine, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1. The topically applied FOP penetrated into the tissue and decreased the area of the bands that characterize inflamed tissue. The present results demonstrated the topical anti-inflammatory effect of the FOP. PAS suggests that FOP anti-inflammatory activity is linked with its ability to penetrate through the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franciele Q Ames
- State University of Maringá, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Francielle Sato
- State University of Maringá, Department of Physics, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | - Laura L M de Arruda
- State University of Maringá, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Bruno A da Rocha
- State University of Maringá, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Roberto K N Cuman
- State University of Maringá, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Mauro L Baesso
- State University of Maringá, Department of Physics, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Ciomar A Bersani-Amado
- State University of Maringá, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
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22
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23
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Vemu B, Selvasubramanian S, Pandiyan V. Emu oil offers protection in Crohn's disease model in rats. Altern Ther Health Med 2016; 16:55. [PMID: 26852336 PMCID: PMC4744428 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-016-1035-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Background Emu oil is a product of animal origin used for the treatment of inflammation, burns etc. as a part of aboriginal medicine in Australia. Crohn’s disease is a common inflammatory manifestation in humans and other animal species relating to the ulceration and digestive disturbances in upper gastro-intestinal tract. Aloe vera is commonly used substance from plant sources for inflammation, wound healing and various other properties. Given the difference in the source of the substances all the while playing a similar therapeutic role in different parts of the world, the present investigation was undertaken to evaluate the protective effect of aloe vera and emu oil alone and in combination; in comparison to sulfasalazine (Allopathic drug) as an alternative for the treatment of Crohn’s disease. Methods Wistar albino rats were divided into six groups with two sub-groups of six animals each. After pre-treating the animals with sulfasalazine, aloe vera, emu oil and their combination for five consecutive days, the animals were sub-cutaneously administered indomethacin on 4th and 5th day and each sub-group was sacrificed on day 6 and 9. After sacrifice, serum and intestine of these animals was collected. Intestine length from duodenum till caecum was measured for estimating relative organ weight and disease activity index. Part of intestine was preserved in formalin for histopathology while the rest was used for analysis of oxidative parameters and myeloperoxidase. Serum collected was used for measuring alkaline phosphatase and cholesterol. Results Assessment of the parameters in treatment groups indicated that the combination of aloe vera and emu oil resulted in better protection by suppressing the oxidative (P < 0.05) and histomorphological changes indicating a enhanced effect of these two agents which was found to be better than sulfasalazine. Conclusion The combination of emu oil and aloe vera exhibited enhanced effect resulting in significant protection from indomethacin induced ulceration. This might be due to the different mechanism of anti-inflammatory effects (Salicylic acid in aloe vera and n3, n6 fatty acids acting as pseudosubstrates to cyclooxygenase enzyme) of components of the animal and plant products tested.
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Choi HS, Im S, Park JW, Suh HJ. Protective Effect of Deer Bone Oil on Cartilage Destruction in Rats with Monosodium Iodoacetate (MIA)-Induced Osteoarthritis. Biol Pharm Bull 2016; 39:2042-2051. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b16-00565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hyeon-Son Choi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Seoul Women’s University
| | | | - Je Won Park
- School of Biosystems and Biomedical Science, Korea University
| | - Hyung Joo Suh
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Graduate School,
Korea University
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25
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Twidwell J, Levine L. Topical treatment for acute phase Peyronie’s disease utilizing a new gel, H-100: a randomized, prospective, placebo-controlled pilot study. Int J Impot Res 2015; 28:41-5. [DOI: 10.1038/ijir.2015.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2015] [Revised: 06/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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26
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Akanbi TO, Barrow CJ. Lipase-catalysed incorporation of EPA into emu oil: Formation and characterisation of new structured lipids. J Funct Foods 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2014.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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Topical Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Oil from Tropidurus hispidus (Spix, 1825). EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2015; 2015:140247. [PMID: 26664448 PMCID: PMC4667054 DOI: 10.1155/2015/140247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Revised: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Tropidurus hispidus has been used in traditional medicine in several regions of Northeastern Region of Brazil. Its medicinal use involves the treatment of diseases such as warts, sore throat, tonsillitis, chicken pox, varicella, measles, asthma, alcoholism, and dermatomycosis. The present study evaluated the topical anti-inflammatory activity of Tropidurus hispidus fat in treating ear edema in an animal model. Oil from T. hispidus (OTH) was evaluated on its effect against experimental inflammation in mice. OTH was extracted from body fat located in the ventral region of Tropidurus hispidus using hexane as a solvent. We used the model of mouse ear edema induced by phlogistic agents, croton oil (single and multiple applications), arachidonic acid, phenol, capsaicin, and histamine, applied into the right ears of animals pretreated with acetone (control), dexamethasone, or OTH. OTH inhibited the dermatitis induced by all noxious agents, except capsaicin. This effect may be related to the fatty acids present in OTH.
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28
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Bennett DC, Leung G, Wang E, Ma S, Lo BKK, McElwee KJ, Cheng KM. Ratite oils promote keratinocyte cell growth and inhibit leukocyte activation. Poult Sci 2015. [PMID: 26217022 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pev204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Traditionally, native Australian aborigines have used emu oil for the treatment of inflammation and to accelerate wound healing. Studies on mice suggest that topically applied emu oil may have anti-inflammatory properties and may promote wound healing. We investigated the effects of ratite oils (6 emu, 3 ostrich, 1 rhea) on immortalized human keratinocytes (HaCaT cells) in vitro by culturing the cells in media with oil concentrations of 0%, 0.5%, and 1.0%. Peking duck, tea tree, and olive oils were used as comparative controls. The same oils at 0.5% concentration were evaluated for their influence on peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) survival over 48 hr and their ability to inhibit IFNγ production in PBMCs activated by phytohemagglutinin (PHA) in ELISpot assays. Compared to no oil control, significantly shorter population doubling time durations were observed for HaCaT cells cultured in emu oil (1.51×faster), ostrich oil (1.46×faster), and rhea oil (1.64×faster). Tea tree oil demonstrated significant antiproliferative activity and olive oil significantly prolonged (1.35×slower) cell population doubling time. In contrast, almost all oils, particularly tea tree oil, significantly reduced PBMC viability. Different oils had different levels of inhibitory effect on IFNγ production with individual emu, ostrich, rhea, and duck oil samples conferring full inhibition. This preliminary investigation suggests that emu oil might promote wound healing by accelerating the growth rate of keratinocytes. Combined with anti-inflammatory properties, ratite oil may serve as a useful component in bandages and ointments for the treatment of wounds and inflammatory skin conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gigi Leung
- Department of Dermatology and Skin Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1M9, Canada
| | - Eddy Wang
- Department of Dermatology and Skin Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1M9, Canada
| | - Sam Ma
- Department of Dermatology and Skin Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Blanche K K Lo
- Department of Dermatology and Skin Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1M9, Canada
| | - Kevin J McElwee
- Department of Dermatology and Skin Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1M9, Canada
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Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Pilot Study of Processed Ultra Emu Oil Versus Placebo in the Prevention of Radiation Dermatitis. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2015; 92:650-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2015.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Revised: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Pilehvar-Soltanahmadi Y, Akbarzadeh A, Moazzez-Lalaklo N, Zarghami N. An update on clinical applications of electrospun nanofibers for skin bioengineering. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2015; 44:1350-64. [PMID: 25939744 DOI: 10.3109/21691401.2015.1036999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Mimicking morphological similarities of the natural extra cellular matrix (ECM), described by ultrafine continuous fibers, high surface to volume ratio, and high porosity is valuable for effective regeneration of injured skin tissue. Electrospun nanofibers, being one of the most favorable and fast developing products of technology today, display a tremendous potential in wound healing and skin tissue engineering. Under the remarkable attention being given to electrospun nanofibrous scaffolds in promoting wound healing and skin regeneration, this review focuses on the potential of the electrospinning technique as a promising tool for constructing polymeric nanofibrous scaffolds with the favorable physicochemical properties needed for skin bioengineering. In addition, current applications of electrospun nanofibrous matrices for skin bioengineering are detailed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yones Pilehvar-Soltanahmadi
- a Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran.,b Hematology and Oncology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran
| | - Abolfazl Akbarzadeh
- a Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran.,d Department of Medical Biotechnology , and Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran
| | - Nasim Moazzez-Lalaklo
- d Department of Medical Biotechnology , and Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran
| | - Nosratollah Zarghami
- a Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran.,b Hematology and Oncology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran.,c Tuberculosis and Lung Disease Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran
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Review on emu products for use as complementary and alternative medicine. Nutrition 2015; 31:21-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2014.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Revised: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Ferreira FS, Brito SV, Sales DL, Menezes IRA, Coutinho HDM, Souza EP, Almeida WO, Alves RRN. Anti-inflammatory potential of zootherapeutics derived from animals used in Brazilian traditional medicine. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2014; 52:1403-1410. [PMID: 25026349 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2014.894091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Animals are used for the treatment of diseases caused by inflammatory processes, although few studies evaluate their potential for these purposes. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the anti-inflammatory potential of zootherapeutic products derived from vertebrates used in Brazilian traditional medicine. MATERIAL AND METHODS The species analyzed were Tupinambis merianae, Iguana iguana, Crotalus durissus, Boa constrictor, and Euphractus sexcinctus. The methods used in anti-inflammatory assays were ear edema (topical) and paw (systemic). RESULTS With regard to topical anti-inflammatory activity, the fat from T. merianae, C. durissus, I. iguana, B. constrictor, and E. sexcinctus reduced inflammation, while for systemic anti-inflammatory activity, only the fat and the skin of C. durissus, the skin of I. iguana and the fat from B. constrictor reduced inflammation. CONCLUSIONS Studies should be conducted to evaluate the mechanisms of action for each product that demonstrated anti-inflammatory activity as well as against other inflammatory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe S Ferreira
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Universidade Regional do Cariri , Pimenta, Crato, CE , Brazil
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Schmeda-Hirschmann G, Delporte C, Valenzuela-Barra G, Silva X, Vargas-Arana G, Lima B, Feresin GE. Anti-inflammatory activity of animal oils from the Peruvian Amazon. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2014; 156:9-15. [PMID: 25150527 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Revised: 08/10/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Animal oils and fats from the fishes Electrophorus electricus and Potamotrygon motoro, the reptiles Boa constrictor, Chelonoidis denticulata (Geochelone denticulata) and Melanosuchus niger and the riverine dolphin Inia geoffrensis are used as anti-inflammatory agents in the Peruvian Amazon. The aim of the study was to assess the topic anti-inflammatory effect of the oils/fats as well as to evaluate its antimicrobial activity and fatty acid composition. MATERIALS AND METHODS The oils/fats were purchased from a traditional store at the Iquitos market of Belen, Peru. The topic anti-inflammatory effect was evaluated by the mice ear edema induced by arachidonic acid (AA) and 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) at the dose of 3mg oil/ear. Indomethacine and nimesulide were used as reference anti-inflammatory drugs. The application resembles the traditional topical use of the oils. The antimicrobial effect of the oils/fats was assessed by the microdilution test against reference strains of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella enteritidis. The fatty acid composition of the oils/fats (as methyl esters) was determined by GC and GC-MS analysis after saponification. RESULTS All oils/fats showed topic anti-inflammatory activity, with better effect in the TPA-induced mice ear edema assay. The most active drugs were Potamotrygon motoro, Melanosuchus niger and Geochelone denticulata. In the AA-induced assay, the best activity was found for Potamotrygon motoro and Electrophorus electricus oil. The oil of Electrophorus electricus also showed a weak antimicrobial effect with MIC values of 250 µg/mL against Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 and Salmonella enteritidis-MI. The main fatty acids in the oils were oleic, palmitic and linoleic acids. CONCLUSIONS Topical application of all the oils/fats investigated showed anti-inflammatory activity in the mice ear edema assay. The effect can be related with the identity and composition of the fatty acids in the samples. This study gives support to the traditional use of animal oils/fats as ant-inflammatory agents in the Peruvian Amazon. However, new alternative should be encouraged due to the conservation status of several of the animal sources of the crude drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Schmeda-Hirschmann
- Laboratorio de Química de Productos Naturales, Instituto de Química de Recursos Naturales, Universidad de Talca, Casilla 747, 3460000 Talca, Chile.
| | - Carla Delporte
- Laboratorio de Productos Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Casilla 233, Santiago 1, Chile
| | - Gabriela Valenzuela-Barra
- Laboratorio de Productos Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Casilla 233, Santiago 1, Chile
| | - Ximena Silva
- Unidad de Pruebas Biológicas, Instituto de Salud Pública de Chile, Marathon 1000, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Beatriz Lima
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional de San Juan, Av. Libertador General San Martin 1109 (oeste), CP 5400, San Juan, Argentina
| | - Gabriela E Feresin
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional de San Juan, Av. Libertador General San Martin 1109 (oeste), CP 5400, San Juan, Argentina
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Improvement of Bioavailability and Anti-Inflammatory Potential of Curcumin in Combination with Emu Oil. Inflammation 2014; 37:2139-55. [DOI: 10.1007/s10753-014-9948-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Rapid separation and characterisation of triacylglycerols in ostrich oil by ultra performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Food Chem 2013; 141:2098-102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.05.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2011] [Revised: 11/08/2012] [Accepted: 05/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Mashtoub S, Tran CD, Howarth GS. Emu oil expedites small intestinal repair following 5-fluorouracil-induced mucositis in rats. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2013; 238:1305-17. [PMID: 24047797 DOI: 10.1177/1535370213493718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucositis resulting from cancer chemotherapy is characterized by intestinal inflammation and ulceration. Previously, emu oil (EO) improved intestinal architecture (Br J Nutr, 2010) in a rat model of chemotherapy-induced mucositis. We investigated EO for its further potential to promote intestinal repair in this mucositis model. Female Dark Agouti rats (n = 8/group) were gavaged with water, olive oil (OO) or EO once daily (1 mL), injected with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) or saline on day 5 and euthanized on day 8, 9, 10 or 11. Intestinal villus height (VH) and crypt depth (CD), neutral mucin-secreting goblet cell (GC) count, myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity and selected cytokines were quantified; P < 0.05 was considered significant. In 5-FU-injected rats, only EO administration significantly increased VH in the ileum (day 8), jejunum and jejunum-ileum junction (days 8 and 9) compared to 5-FU controls (P < 0.05). GC count was significantly reduced by 5-FU (jejunum: days 8 and 9; ileum: day 8; P < 0.05) and EO increased ileal GC on days 10 and 11 compared to 5-FU controls. MPO activity was significantly increased in jejunum (days 8 and 9) and ileum (day 8) following 5-FU injection, compared to normal controls (P < 0.05). Both EO and OO significantly reduced jejunal MPO on days 8 and 9; however, only EO decreased ileal MPO on day 8. Cytokine levels were not significantly affected by either oil or 5-FU administration at the day 8 time point. Promotion of repair from injury could represent a new mechanism of action for EO, suggesting potential as an adjunct to conventional treatment approaches for cancer management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne Mashtoub
- Department of Gastroenterology, Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide 5006, Australia
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Menon D, Bennett D, Schaefer A, Cheng K. Hematological and serum biochemical profile of farm emus (Dromaius novaehollandiae) at the onset of their breeding season. Poult Sci 2013; 92:935-44. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.2012-02870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Abimosleh SM, Tran CD, Howarth GS. Emu oil reduces small intestinal inflammation in the absence of clinical improvement in a rat model of indomethacin-induced enteropathy. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2013; 2013:429706. [PMID: 23573127 PMCID: PMC3612469 DOI: 10.1155/2013/429706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Revised: 02/04/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Nonsteroidal-anti-inflammatory-drug (NSAID) enteropathy is characterized by small intestinal damage and ulceration. Emu Oil (EO) has previously been reported to reduce intestinal inflammation. Aim. We investigated EO for its potential to attenuate NSAID-enteropathy in rats. Methods. Male Sprague Dawley rats (n = 10/group) were gavaged with Water, Olive Oil (OO), or EO (0.5 mL; days 0-12) and with 0.5 mL Water or the NSAID, Indomethacin (8 mg/kg; days 5-12) daily. Disease activity index (DAI), 13C-sucrose breath test (SBT), organ weights, intestinal damage severity (IDS), and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity were assessed. P < 0.05 was considered significant. Results. In Indomethacin-treated rats, DAI was elevated (days 10-12) and SBT values (56%) and thymus weight (55%) were decreased, relative to normal controls. Indomethacin increased duodenum (68%), colon (24%), SI (48%), caecum (48%), liver (51%) and spleen (88%) weights, IDS scores, and MPO levels (jejunum: 195%, ileum: 104%) compared to normal controls. Jejunal MPO levels were decreased (64%) by both EO and OO, although only EO decreased ileal MPO (50%), compared to Indomethacin controls. Conclusions. EO reduced acute intestinal inflammation, whereas other parameters of Indomethacin-induced intestinal injury were not affected significantly. Increased EO dose and/or frequency of administration could potentially improve clinical efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne M. Abimosleh
- Department of Gastroenterology, Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, SA 5006, Australia
- Discipline of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Cuong D. Tran
- Department of Gastroenterology, Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, SA 5006, Australia
- Discipline of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Gordon S. Howarth
- Department of Gastroenterology, Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, SA 5006, Australia
- Discipline of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy Campus, Roseworthy, SA 5371, Australia
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Bezerra DMM, de Araujo HFP, Alves ÂGC, Alves RRN. Birds and people in semiarid northeastern Brazil: symbolic and medicinal relationships. JOURNAL OF ETHNOBIOLOGY AND ETHNOMEDICINE 2013; 9:3. [PMID: 23295130 PMCID: PMC3599870 DOI: 10.1186/1746-4269-9-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2012] [Accepted: 12/28/2012] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND At least 511 species of birds occur in the semiarid region of northeastern Brazil and many of them interact with human populations in a number of different ways, including their use in zootherapeutics and their links with local beliefs. OBJECTIVE The present work examined these types of birds/human interactions (use in zootherapeutics and their links with local beliefs) in the semiarid region of Rio Grande do Norte State in northeastern Brazil. METHODS Information was obtained through semi-structured interviews with 120 local residents. RESULTS A total of 16 wild bird species distributed among 11 families were found to interact directly with humans, with Columbidae being the best represented family. Seven species were identified in the medicinal category, five were related to symbolic aspects, while four species were identified as being related to both categories (medicinal and symbolic). CONCLUSION The accumulated folk knowledge, beliefs, and practices involving the avifauna in the semiarid region of Brazil, whether symbolic or medicinal, demonstrated the cultural importance of this vertebrate group to local human populations and revealed a belief system intrinsically related to cynegetic practices in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ângelo Giuseppe Chaves Alves
- Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Rua Manoel de Medeiros, S/N, Dois Irmãos, 52171-900, Recife, Pernambuco
| | - Rômulo Romeu Nóbrega Alves
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúda, Universidade Estadual da Paraíba, 58109-753, Paraíba, Brasil
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Kim JE, Leung FC, Jiang J, Kwok AHY, Bennett DC, Cheng KM. Expressed sequence tag analysis of the emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae) pituitary by 454 GS Junior pyrosequencing. Poult Sci 2012; 92:90-6. [PMID: 23243234 DOI: 10.3382/ps.2012-02594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Emus (Dromaius novaehollandiae) are farmed for their oil for pharmaceutical and cosmetic uses. This emu pituitary expressed sequence tag study was undertaken to identify novel transcripts in the emu pituitary to propel their identification and functional studies. By mapping reads derived from the Roche 454 GS Junior pyrosequencer to 8 reference species (human, mouse, chicken, zebra finch, fruit fly, turkey, round worm, and Carolina anole lizard) from the UniGene database, a total of 81,788 reads (53,312 mapped reads) were obtained and assembled with Reference Sequence (RefSeq). We annotated 6,676 potential emu genes by referencing 7 species (excluding lizard) and identified 1,232 potential genes common among 3 species (human, mouse, and chicken) with complete available reference genomes. Gene Ontology analysis revealed 376 Gene Ontology terms showing, with the highest counts, their involvements in biological processes, metabolism, and cellular components. These potential genes were detected to associate with 20 pathways including mitogen-activated protein kinase, insulin, neurotrophin signaling pathways, and carbohydrate digestion and absorption pathway. We also revealed a panel of tissue-specific genes including regulator of G-protein signaling protein (RGS), glucagon-like peptide receptor (GLPR), and growth hormone-inducible transmembrane protein (GHITM). Additionally, fatty acid binding protein (FABP), fatty acid desaturase (FAS), and stearoyl-coenzyme A desaturase (SCD), key enzyme genes in fat metabolism, were found to be also expressed in emu pituitary. This expressed sequence tag study represents the first step in functional characterization of emu pituitary gene expression and SNP identification for the improvement of fat production in the emu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Eun Kim
- Avian Research Centre, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4 Canada
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Emu oil-based electrospun nanofibrous scaffolds for wound skin tissue engineering. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2012.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Raghu Nadhanan R, Abimosleh SM, Su YW, Scherer MA, Howarth GS, Xian CJ. Dietary emu oil supplementation suppresses 5-fluorouracil chemotherapy-induced inflammation, osteoclast formation, and bone loss. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2012; 302:E1440-9. [PMID: 22436700 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00587.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cancer chemotherapy can cause osteopenia or osteoporosis, and yet the underlying mechanisms remain unclear, and currently, no preventative treatments are available. This study investigated damaging effects of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) on histological, cellular, and molecular changes in the tibial metaphysis and potential protective benefits of emu oil (EO), which is known to possess a potent anti-inflammatory property. Female dark agouti rats were gavaged orally with EO or water (1 ml·day(-1)·rat(-1)) for 1 wk before a single ip injection of 5-FU (150 mg/kg) or saline (Sal) was given. The treatment groups were H(2)O + Sal, H(2)O + 5-FU, EO + 5-FU, and EO + Sal. Oral gavage was given throughout the whole period up to 1 day before euthanasia (days 3, 4, and 5 post-5-FU). Histological analysis showed that H(2)O + 5-FU significantly reduced heights of primary spongiosa on days 3 and 5 and trabecular bone volume of secondary spongiosa on days 3 and 4. It reduced density of osteoblasts slightly and caused an increase in the density of osteoclasts on trabecular bone surface on day 4. EO supplementation prevented reduction of osteoblasts and induction of osteoclasts and bone loss caused by 5-FU. Gene expression studies confirmed an inhibitory effect of EO on osteoclasts since it suppressed 5-FU-induced expression of proinflammatory and osteoclastogenic cytokine TNFα, osteoclast marker receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB, and osteoclast-associated receptor. Therefore, this study demonstrated that EO can counter 5-FU chemotherapy-induced inflammation in bone, preserve osteoblasts, suppress osteoclast formation, and potentially be useful in preventing 5-FU chemotherapy-induced bone loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rethi Raghu Nadhanan
- Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
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Abimosleh SM, Tran CD, Howarth GS. Emu Oil: a novel therapeutic for disorders of the gastrointestinal tract? J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2012; 27:857-61. [PMID: 22369065 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2012.07098.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal diseases characterized by inflammation, including the inflammatory bowel diseases, chemotherapy-induced mucositis and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced enteropathy, currently have variably effective treatment options, highlighting the need for novel therapeutic approaches. Recently, naturally-sourced agents including prebiotics, probiotics, plant-extracts and marine-derived oils known to possess anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant properties have been investigated in vitro and in vivo. However, animal-derived oils are yet to be extensively tested. Emu Oil is extracted from the subcutaneous and retroperitoneal fat of the Emu, a flightless bird native to Australia, and predominantly comprises fatty acids. Despite the limited rigorous scientific studies conducted to date, with largely anecdotal claims, Emu Oil, when administered topically and orally, has been shown to possess significant anti-inflammatory properties in vivo. These include a CD-1 mouse model of croton oil-induced auricular inflammation, experimentally-induced polyarthritis and dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis. Recently, Emu Oil has been demonstrated to endow partial protection against chemotherapy-induced mucositis, with early indications of improved intestinal repair. Emu Oil could therefore form the basis of an adjunct to conventional treatment approaches for inflammatory disorders affecting the gastrointestinal system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne M Abimosleh
- Department of Gastroenterology, Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Emu oil increases colonic crypt depth in a rat model of ulcerative colitis. Dig Dis Sci 2012; 57:887-96. [PMID: 22147247 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-011-1979-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2011] [Accepted: 11/09/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current treatments for the inflammatory bowel diseases, encompassing Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, are variably effective. Emu oil, extracted from emu fat, predominantly comprises fatty acids, with purported claims of anti-inflammatory properties. AIM We evaluated emu oil for its potential to ameliorate dextran sulphate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis in rats. METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley Rats were allocated to treatment groups (n = 8). Groups 1 and 2 consumed water and were gavaged (1 ml) daily with water (group 1) or emu oil (group 2) from days 0 to 10. Groups 3-6 ingested 2% DSS in the drinking water from days 5 to 10 and were gavaged from days 0 to 10 with water (group 3), 0.5 ml emu oil (group 4) or 1 ml emu oil (group 5). Group 6 received 1 ml emu oil after commencing DSS treatment (days 6-10). Disease activity index, metabolic parameters, (13)C-sucrose breath test, and histological colonic damage severity and crypt depth were assessed. RESULTS Emu oil in DSS-treated rats reduced colonic damage severity compared to DSS-controls (up to threefold; P < 0.001). In DSS-treated rats, crypts in the proximal colon were lengthened by 0.5 ml emu oil (373 ± 18 μm), compared with DSS-controls (302 ± 8 μm); whilst in the distal colon (DSS control: 271 ± 17 μm), crypt depth was greater following 0.5 ml emu oil (352 ± 22 μm) and 1 ml emu oil (341 ± 9 μm) and also when emu oil was administered post-DSS commencement (Group 6: 409 ± 16 μm; P < 0.05). Emu oil did not significantly affect other parameters of colonic architecture. CONCLUSIONS Emu oil improved tissue damage associated with colitis, suggesting its potential as a unique formulation to augment conventional treatment approaches for IBD.
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Ferreira FS, Brito SV, Saraiva RA, Araruna MKA, Menezes IRA, Costa JGM, Coutinho HDM, Almeida WO, Alves RRN. Topical anti-inflammatory activity of body fat from the lizard Tupinambis merianae. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2010; 130:514-20. [PMID: 20669366 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2010.05.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY Tupinambis merianae is one of the most frequently used animals in traditional medicine in Brazil as its body fat has many different therapeutic indications as a folk remedy. The present study evaluated the topical anti-inflammatory activity of Tupinambis merianae fat in treating ear edema in an animal model. MATERIALS AND METHODS Oil (OTM) was extracted from body fat located in the ventral region of Tupinambis merianae using hexane as a solvent. Ear edema provoked by the application of croton oil (single and multiple application), arachidonic acid, phenol and capsaicin to Swiss mice was used to evaluate the potential anti-inflammatory value of the topical use of OTM. Topical applications of these irritants were made to the right ears of animals that were pre-treated with a acetone (control), dexamethasone, or OTM. RESULTS Our results indicate that Tupinambis merianae fat demonstrates significant topical antiinflammatory activity that reduces inflammation related to ear edema caused by croton oil (single and multiple application), arachidonic acid, phenol. While the inflammation caused by capsaicin, OTM did not significantly reduce the edema. CONCLUSION This represents the first evidence of anti-inflammatory activity of Tupinambis merianae fat in in vivo models, confirming its usefulness in traditional medicine as a remedy for skin diseases (dermatitis). The fatty acids present in OTM most likely inhibit the response pathway of arachidonic acid and its metabolites, thus reducing the production of pro-inflammatory mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe S Ferreira
- Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Departamento de Sistemática e Ecologia, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil.
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Orally administered emu oil decreases acute inflammation and alters selected small intestinal parameters in a rat model of mucositis. Br J Nutr 2010; 104:513-9. [DOI: 10.1017/s000711451000084x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mucositis resulting from cancer chemotherapy is a serious disorder of the alimentary tract. Emu oil has demonstrated anti-inflammatory properties in animal models of arthritis and wound healing; however, its effects on the intestine remain unknown. We investigated emu oil for its potential to decrease the severity of mucositis in a rat model. Female Dark Agouti rats (110–150 g) were orogastrically gavaged with emu oil (0·5 or 1 ml) or water (1 ml) for 5 d before intraperitoneal injection of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU, 150 mg/kg) or saline (control), and this was continued up to the day of sacrifice (48, 72 and 96 h post 5-FU administration). Histological (villus height, crypt depth (CD) and disease severity score) and biochemical (myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity) parameters were determined in intestinal tissues collected at sacrifice. Sucrase activity in vivo was quantified by the sucrose breath test. Activated neutrophil activity (MPO) in the ileum was significantly decreased by emu oil (0·5 ml, 451 (sem 168) U/g and 1 ml, 503 (sem 213) U/g) compared with 5-FU-treated controls (1724 (sem 431) U/g) 96 h post 5-FU administration. There were also significant increases in CD (152 (sem 8) μm) in the ileum of rats that receivied 1 ml emu oil at 96 h compared with 5-FU-treated controls (CD (106 (sem 12) μm)). Emu oil did not affect sucrase activity. Emu oil decreased acute ileal inflammation, and improved mucosal architecture in the intestine during recovery from chemotherapy in rats. Further studies investigating the potential benefits of emu oil as a nutritional supplement for the treatment of intestinal disorders are indicated.
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Kitatani K, Sheldon K, Anelli V, Jenkins RW, Sun Y, Grabowski GA, Obeid LM, Hannun YA. Acid beta-glucosidase 1 counteracts p38delta-dependent induction of interleukin-6: possible role for ceramide as an anti-inflammatory lipid. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:12979-88. [PMID: 19279008 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m809500200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Activation of protein kinase C (PKC) by the phorbol ester (phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate) induces ceramide formation through the salvage pathway involving, in part, acid beta-glucosidase 1 (GBA1), which cleaves glucosylceramide to ceramide. Here, we examine the role of the GBA1-ceramide pathway, in regulating a pro-inflammatory pathway initiated by PKC and leading to activation of p38 and induction of interleukin 6 (IL-6). Inhibition of ceramide formation by fumonisin B1 or down-regulation of PKCdelta potentiated PMA-induced activation of p38 in human breast cancer MCF-7 cells. Similarly, knockdown of GBA1 by small interfering RNAs or pharmacological inhibition of GBA1 promoted further activation of p38 after PMA treatment, implicating the GBA1-ceramide pathway in the termination of p38 activation. Knockdown of GBA1 also evoked the hyperproduction of IL-6 in response to 4beta phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate. On the other hand, increasing cellular ceramide with cell-permeable ceramide treatment resulted in attenuation of the IL-6 response. Importantly, silencing the delta isoform of the p38 family significantly attenuated the hyperproduction of IL-6. Reciprocally, p38delta overexpression induced IL-6 biosynthesis. Thus, the GBA1-ceramide pathway is suggested to play an important role in terminating p38delta activation responsible for IL-6 biosynthesis. Furthermore, the p38delta isoform was identified as a novel and predominant target of ceramide signaling as well as a regulator of IL-6 biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuyuki Kitatani
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
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Kuo F, Subramanian B, Kotyla T, Wilson TA, Yoganathan S, Nicolosi RJ. Nanoemulsions of an anti-oxidant synergy formulation containing gamma tocopherol have enhanced bioavailability and anti-inflammatory properties. Int J Pharm 2008; 363:206-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2008.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2008] [Revised: 07/09/2008] [Accepted: 07/21/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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49
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Hoffman L. The yield and nutritional value of meat from African ungulates, camelidae, rodents, ratites and reptiles. Meat Sci 2008; 80:94-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2008.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2008] [Revised: 05/15/2008] [Accepted: 05/17/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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50
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Subramanian B, Kuo F, Ada E, Kotyla T, Wilson T, Yoganathan S, Nicolosi R. Enhancement of anti-inflammatory property of aspirin in mice by a nano-emulsion preparation. Int Immunopharmacol 2008; 8:1533-9. [PMID: 18625344 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2008.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2008] [Revised: 05/22/2008] [Accepted: 06/17/2008] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Aspirin, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, widely used for its anti-inflammatory properties is associated with several systemic side effects including gastro-intestinal discomfort. Inflammation can be mediated by pro-inflammatory cytokines and, along with various other host factors eventually give rise to edema at the inflamed site. Because of the adverse side effects oftentimes associated with systemic exposure to aspirin, the aim of the present study was to investigate whether the anti-inflammatory property of aspirin would enhance if delivered as nano-emulsion preparation. Nano-emulsion preparations of aspirin prepared with a Microfluidizer Processor were evaluated in the croton-oil-induced ear edema CD-1 mouse model using ear lobe thickness and the accumulation of specific in situ cytokines as biomarkers of inflammation. The results showed that particle size (90 nm) populations of nano-emulsion preparations of aspirin compared to an aspirin suspension (363 nm), significantly decreased (p<0. 05) ear lobe thickness approximately 2 fold greater than the aspirin suspension. In addition, the aspirin nano-emulsion further reduced the auricular levels of IL-1alpha (-37%) and TNFalpha (-69%) compared to the aspirin suspension preparation (p<0.05). The reductions in ear lobe thickness were also significantly associated with accumulated tissue levels of IL-1alpha (r=0.5, p<0.009) and TNFalpha (r=0.7, p<0.0004), respectively. In conclusion, these studies indicate that a nano-emulsion preparation of aspirin significantly improved the anti-inflammatory properties of an aspirin suspension in a CD-1 mouse model of induced inflammation.
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