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Wu L, Wang C, Wang Y, Yu Y, Zhang Z, Ma C, Rong X, Chen L, Liao M, Yang Y. Bactericidal Effect and Mechanism of Polyhexamethylene Biguanide (PHMB) on Pathogenic Bacteria in Marine Aquaculture. BIOLOGY 2025; 14:470. [PMID: 40427659 PMCID: PMC12109333 DOI: 10.3390/biology14050470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2025] [Revised: 04/19/2025] [Accepted: 04/20/2025] [Indexed: 05/29/2025]
Abstract
Guanidine disinfectants are cationic polymers recognized for their effective sterilization properties and their ability to prevent bacterial resistance. As a result, they are widely utilized in medical, healthcare, household, and animal husbandry settings. However, the bactericidal effects and mechanisms of guanidine in marine aquaculture systems remain unclear due to the polymeric nature of guanidine ions and the complexity of marine environments. The inhibitory effects and bactericidal mechanisms of polyhexamethylene biguanide (PHMB) on key pathogens and probiotics are examined in this study. It was shown that PHMB had inhibitory effects on Vibrio parahaemolyticus (VP), Photobacterium damselae subsp. damselae (PDD), Bacillus subtilis (BS), Escherichia coli (EPEC), and Staphylococcus aureus (SAU), with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) ranging from 3.91 to 125.0 µg/mL, and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) from 15.63 to 250.0 µg/mL. A stronger bactericidal effect of PHMB on marine bacteria compared to EPEC and SAU was exhibited. It was shown in ion interference experiments that the addition of calcium ions reduced the bactericidal effectiveness of PHMB against VP and PDD by 87.73% and 53.35%, respectively. At a PHMB concentration of 62.50 µg/mL, minor changes in cell surface potential energy (CSPE) were exhibited by Gram-positive bacteria (SAU and BS), while more significant alterations were shown by Gram-negative pathogens. It was revealed by propidium iodide staining and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis that the bacterial cell membrane was directly disrupted by PHMB. DNA and RNA release analysis further revealed that following PHMB treatment, changes in membrane permeability were exhibited by Gram-negative pathogens, with a significant increase in extracellular DNA content as PHMB concentration increased. No such effect was observed in Gram-positive bacteria. Additional evidence was provided by the findings that PHMB effectively inhibits bacterial pathogens in mariculture systems, with a significantly stronger inhibitory effect on Gram-negative pathogens than on Gram-positive bacteria. These results indicated that PHMB could serve as a new antimicrobial agent in mariculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanting Wu
- College of Biological Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China; (L.W.); (C.M.)
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Goods, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academic of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; (C.W.); (Y.Y.); (Z.Z.); (X.R.); (M.L.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Chunyuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Goods, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academic of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; (C.W.); (Y.Y.); (Z.Z.); (X.R.); (M.L.); (Y.Y.)
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Laoshan Laboratory, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Yingeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Goods, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academic of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; (C.W.); (Y.Y.); (Z.Z.); (X.R.); (M.L.); (Y.Y.)
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Laoshan Laboratory, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Yongxiang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Goods, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academic of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; (C.W.); (Y.Y.); (Z.Z.); (X.R.); (M.L.); (Y.Y.)
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Laoshan Laboratory, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Zheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Goods, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academic of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; (C.W.); (Y.Y.); (Z.Z.); (X.R.); (M.L.); (Y.Y.)
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Laoshan Laboratory, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Cuiping Ma
- College of Biological Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China; (L.W.); (C.M.)
| | - Xiaojun Rong
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Goods, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academic of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; (C.W.); (Y.Y.); (Z.Z.); (X.R.); (M.L.); (Y.Y.)
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Laoshan Laboratory, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Ling Chen
- Shandong Center for Quality Control of Feed and Veterinary Drugs, Jinan 250109, China;
| | - Meijie Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Goods, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academic of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; (C.W.); (Y.Y.); (Z.Z.); (X.R.); (M.L.); (Y.Y.)
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Laoshan Laboratory, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Yapeng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Goods, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academic of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; (C.W.); (Y.Y.); (Z.Z.); (X.R.); (M.L.); (Y.Y.)
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Guo L, Lin H, Qi Z, Pan J, Mao H, Huang C, Li G, Wang C. Study on Flame Retardancy of Cotton Fabric Modified by Sulfonic Groups Chelated with Ba 2. Molecules 2024; 29:5306. [PMID: 39598695 PMCID: PMC11596279 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29225306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2024] [Revised: 11/03/2024] [Accepted: 11/05/2024] [Indexed: 11/29/2024] Open
Abstract
A simple and innovative method was introduced for the production of green and recoverable flame-retardant cotton fabrics, where sulfonated cotton fabric (COT-SC) was synthesized by oxidizing cotton fabric with sodium periodate, followed by a sulfonation step with sodium bisulfite to provide active sites, which further chelated barium ions (Ba2+) to achieve flame retardancy. The morphological and structural characterizations of the fabricated cotton fabrics (COT-SC-Ba) demonstrated that the cleavage of C2-C3 free hydroxy groups within the cellulose macromolecule was chemically modified for grafting a considerable number of sulfonic acid groups, and Ba2+ ions were effectively immobilized on the macromolecule of the cotton fabric through a chelation effect. Results from cone calorimeter tests (CCTs) revealed that COT-SC-Ba became nonflammable, displayed a delayed ignition time, and decreased the values of the heat release rate (HRR), total smoke release (TSR), effective heat of combustion (EHC), and CO/CO2 ratio. TG/DTG analysis demonstrated that COT-SC-Ba possessed greater thermal stability, fewer flammable volatiles, and more of a char layer during burning than that of the original cotton fabric. Its residual mass was increased from 0.02% to 26.9% in air and from 8.05% to 26.76% in N2, respectively. The COT-SC-Ba not only possessed a limiting oxygen index (LOI) of up to 34.4% but could also undergo vertical burning tests evidenced by results such as the non-afterflame, non-afterglow, and a mere 75 mm char length. Those results demonstrated that the combination of SO3- and Ba2+ promoted the formation of a char layer. Moreover, cotton fabric regained its superior flame retardancy after being washed and re-chelated with Ba2+. Additional characteristics of the cotton fabric, such as the rupture strength, white degree, and hygroscopicity, were maintained at an acceptable level. In conclusion, this research can offer a fresh perspective on the design and development of straightforward, efficient, eco-friendly, and recoverable fire-retardant fabrics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Guo
- College of Textile and Clothing, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, China; (L.G.); (H.L.); (Z.Q.); (J.P.); (H.M.)
| | - Hongqin Lin
- College of Textile and Clothing, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, China; (L.G.); (H.L.); (Z.Q.); (J.P.); (H.M.)
| | - Zhenming Qi
- College of Textile and Clothing, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, China; (L.G.); (H.L.); (Z.Q.); (J.P.); (H.M.)
| | - Jiang Pan
- College of Textile and Clothing, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, China; (L.G.); (H.L.); (Z.Q.); (J.P.); (H.M.)
| | - Haiyan Mao
- College of Textile and Clothing, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, China; (L.G.); (H.L.); (Z.Q.); (J.P.); (H.M.)
| | - Chunmei Huang
- College of Textile and Clothing, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, China; (L.G.); (H.L.); (Z.Q.); (J.P.); (H.M.)
| | - Guoqiang Li
- Jiangsu Yueda Home Textile Co., Ltd., 699 Century Avenue Road, Yancheng 224005, China;
| | - Chunxia Wang
- College of Textile and Clothing, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, China; (L.G.); (H.L.); (Z.Q.); (J.P.); (H.M.)
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Kim HS, Choi HJ. Design of a Novel Sericite-Phosphoric Acid Framework for Enhancement of Pb(II) Adsorption. Molecules 2023; 28:7395. [PMID: 37959815 PMCID: PMC10649698 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28217395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, phosphoric acid was used to attach anions to the weak interlayer structure of sericite, one of the clay minerals composed of a tetrahedral structure of silicate, to increase the adsorption capacity of cations. Natural sericite beads (NSB) and activated sericite beads with phosphoric acid (PSB) were prepared as beads in order to increase reusability and facilitate the separation of adsorbates and adsorbents. Using this, lead (Pb(II)) removal efficiency from an aqueous solution was comparatively analyzed. The pHpzc was 6.43 in NSB but lowered to 3.96 in PSB, confirming that more acidic functional groups were attached to the PSB surface. According to FT-IR analysis, P=O, P-O-C, P=OOH and P-O-P bonds appeared on the surface of the PSB adsorbent, and the peaks of carboxyl groups and OH-groups were large and broad. The maximum adsorption capacity of Langmuir was 52.08 mg/g for NSB and 163.93 mg/g for PSB. The adsorption process was close to physical adsorption for NSB and chemical adsorption for PSB, and both adsorbents were endothermic reactions in nature in that the higher the temperature, the higher the adsorption efficiency. The adsorption mechanism of Pb(II) to PSB was achieved by ion exchange, electrostatic interaction, hydrogen bonding, and complexation. The adsorption of Pb(II) using PSB was not significantly affected by the adsorption of competing ions and showed a high adsorption efficiency of 94% in reuse up to 6 times. This confirms the favorable feasibility of removing Pb(II) from industrial wastewater using PSB.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hee-Jeong Choi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Catholic Kwandong University, Beomil-ro 579 beon-gil, Gangneung-si 25601, Republic of Korea;
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Akindolie MS, Choi HJ. Surface modification of spent coffee grounds using phosphoric acid for enhancement of methylene blue adsorption from aqueous solution. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2022; 85:1218-1234. [PMID: 35228365 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2022.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the surface of the spent coffee grounds (SCG) was activated using phosphoric acid to increase the removal efficiency of methylene blue (MB) in aqueous solution, which is one of the harmful substances emitted in industrial processes. According to Fourier transform infra-red analysis, after phosphorylation of the SCG (PSCG), P = O group, P-O-C (aromatic) bond, P = OOH and P-O-P were newly introduced on the surface of the adsorbent, and the peaks of carboxyl groups and OH-group were large and broad. In addition, the surface area and mesopore range of the PSCG adsorbent were increased, and the structure changed, which enabled easy adsorption of MB. The process of adsorbing MB from aqueous solution using PSCG was more suitable for the pseudo-second order and Langmuir models, and the adsorption process was closer to chemisorption than physical adsorption. The maximum adsorption capacity of PSCG was 188.68 mg/g. As a result of the reuse test, PSCG showed excellent performance with a high removal efficiency of 90% up to four consecutive uses. PSCG modified with phosphoric acid, an abundant lignocellulose-based biosorbent that is readily available everywhere, is a promising adsorbent capable of adsorbing MB in aqueous solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Akindolie
- Research Center for Marine Bio-Food and Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Beomil-ro 579 Beon-gil, 25601 Gangneung-si, Republic of Korea
| | - H J Choi
- Department of Biomedical Science, Catholic Kwandong University, Beomil-ro 579 beon-gil, 25601 Gangneung-si, Republic of Korea E-mail:
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