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Zhang J, Yang X, Qiu J, Zhang W, Yang J, Han J, Ni L. The Characterization, Biological Activities, and Potential Applications of the Antimicrobial Peptides Derived from Bacillus spp.: A Comprehensive Review. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2025; 17:1624-1647. [PMID: 39739161 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-024-10447-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/20/2024] [Indexed: 01/02/2025]
Abstract
This paper provides a comprehensive review of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) derived from Bacillus spp. The classification and structure of Bacillus-derived AMPs encompass a diverse range. There are 89 documented Bacillus-derived AMPs, which exhibit varied sources, amino acid sequences, and molecular structures. These AMPs can be categorized into classes I, Ia, IIa, IIb, IIc, and IId. The synthesis pathway of the AMPs primarily involves either ribosomally synthesized or non-ribosomally synthesized approaches. Additionally, the antimicrobial activity of these AMPs is versatile, targeting bacteria, fungi, and viruses, through disrupting intracellular DNA and the cell wall and membrane, as well as modulating immune responses. Moreover, the Bacillus-derived AMPs demonstrate promising application in the pharmaceutical industry, environmental protection, food preservation, and bio-control in agriculture. The commonly employed strategies for enhancing the production of Bacillus-derived AMPs involve optimizing cultivation conditions, implementing systems metabolic engineering, employing genome shuffling techniques, optimizing promoters, and improving expression host optimization. This review can provide a valuable reference for comprehending the current research status on advancements and sustainable production of Bacillus-derived AMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Zhang
- Food Nutrition and Health Research Center, School of Advanced Manufacturing, Fuzhou University, Jinjiang, 362200, Fujian, China
| | - Xinmiao Yang
- Food Nutrition and Health Research Center, School of Advanced Manufacturing, Fuzhou University, Jinjiang, 362200, Fujian, China
| | - Jiajia Qiu
- Food Nutrition and Health Research Center, School of Advanced Manufacturing, Fuzhou University, Jinjiang, 362200, Fujian, China
| | - Wen Zhang
- Food Nutrition and Health Research Center, School of Advanced Manufacturing, Fuzhou University, Jinjiang, 362200, Fujian, China
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, Fujian, China
| | - Jie Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jinzhi Han
- Food Nutrition and Health Research Center, School of Advanced Manufacturing, Fuzhou University, Jinjiang, 362200, Fujian, China.
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, Fujian, China.
| | - Li Ni
- Food Nutrition and Health Research Center, School of Advanced Manufacturing, Fuzhou University, Jinjiang, 362200, Fujian, China.
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, Fujian, China.
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2
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Santos INDS, Lilenbaum W, Moreno DSA, Bastos MDCDF. Production of bacteriocin-like inhibitory substance (BLIS) by Staphylococcus spp. isolates from dogs. Braz J Microbiol 2024; 55:3885-3897. [PMID: 39467939 PMCID: PMC11711726 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-024-01532-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 09/24/2024] [Indexed: 10/30/2024] Open
Abstract
In the present study, 39 canine isolates of Staphylococcus spp. were tested for antimicrobial substance (AMS) production. Seven AMS producers were identified, whose products exhibited a non-acidic character and a proteinaceous nature, therefore being considered bacteriocin-like inhibitory substances (BLIS). The producer strains of BLIS P1, P16 and I3 showed a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity. Human, veterinary and plant pathogens, such as Listeria monocytogenes, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus spp. and Clavibacter michiganensis, were among the inhibited micro-organisms, suggesting the potential biotechnological application of these peptides. MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry and 16 S rDNA sequencing identified the producer strains of BLIS P1, P16 and I3 as Staphylococcus pseudintermedius P1, Staphylococcus schleiferi P16 and Staphylococcus pseudintermedius I3. The plasmid profile of these strains suggests that the BLIS production is linked to biosynthetic genes located on plasmids. PCR analyses revealed that BLIS P1, P16 and I3 are different from 11 staphylococcins already described in the literature and that their genomic DNAs do not carry the most prevalent staphylococcal enterotoxin genes. The highest levels of BLIS production were achieved after 18-24 h of growth of the producer strains in TSB medium. Moreover, BLIS P1 and I3 exhibited high resistance to temperature and pH variations, and BLIS P16 maintained 100% of its activity in almost all conditions tested. The characteristics associated with BLIS P1, P16 and I3 described in this work encourage further investigation of these substances, in addition to this study being the first report of BLIS production by a strain of S. schleiferi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilana Nascimento de Sousa Santos
- Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes - UFRJ, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373 CCS - Bloco I - Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Walter Lilenbaum
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia 2, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Daniela Sales Alviano Moreno
- Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes - UFRJ, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373 CCS - Bloco I - Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Maria do Carmo de Freire Bastos
- Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes - UFRJ, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373 CCS - Bloco I - Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil.
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3
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Shi H, Liu G, Chen Q. Comparative Genomics and In Vitro Experiments Provide Insight into the Adaptation and Probiotic Properties of Shouchella clausii. Microorganisms 2024; 12:2143. [PMID: 39597532 PMCID: PMC11596458 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12112143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2024] [Revised: 10/22/2024] [Accepted: 10/23/2024] [Indexed: 11/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Shouchella clausii (S. clausii) has been marketed as an important commercial probiotic, displaying significant therapeutic effects on antibiotic-associated diarrhea and providing benefits to humans. This study aimed to explore the distribution, adaptation, and probiotic properties of S. clausii. Based on 16S rRNA gene analysis, 43 strains of S. clausii were isolated from 317 soil samples in China. Based on the genomic index of Average Nucleotide Identity (ANI) results, 41 strains were confirmed as S. clausii, while two strains, FJAT-45399 and FJAT-45335, were identified as potential novel species distinct from S. clausii. Combined phenotypic and genomic predictions indicated that S. clausii could survive under harsh conditions. Comparative genomics revealed that these isolates possess antibiotic resistance genes, as well as capabilities for bacteriocin and folate production, while lacking toxins and hemolytic activity. Hemolysis tests indicated that strain FJAT-41761 exhibited non-pathogenic γ-hemolytic activity, while also demonstrating resistance to multiple antibiotics, consistent with probiotic characteristics. These findings suggest that strain FJAT-41761 is safe and holds potential as a future probiotic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Guohong Liu
- Institute of Resources, Environment and Soil Fertilizer, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350003, China; (H.S.)
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Smaoui S, Echegaray N, Kumar M, Chaari M, D'Amore T, Shariati MA, Rebezov M, Lorenzo JM. Beyond Conventional Meat Preservation: Saddling the Control of Bacteriocin and Lactic Acid Bacteria for Clean Label and Functional Meat Products. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2024; 196:3604-3635. [PMID: 37615854 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-023-04680-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Advancements in food science and technology have paved the way for the development of natural antimicrobial compounds to ensure the safety and quality of meat and meat products. Among these compounds, bacteriocin produced by lactic acid bacteria has gained considerable scientific attention for its ability to preserve the healthy properties of meat while preventing spoilage. This natural preservative is seen as a pioneering tool and a potent alternative to chemical preservatives and heat treatment, which can have harmful effects on the nutritional and sensory qualities of meat. Bacteriocin produced by lactic acid bacteria can be used in various forms, including as starter/protective cultures for fermented meats, purified or partially purified forms, loaded in active films/coatings, or established in encapsulate systems. This review delves into the downstream purification schemes of LAB bacteriocin, the elucidation of their characteristics, and their modes of action. Additionally, the application of LAB bacteriocins in meat and meat products is examined in detail. Overall, the use of LAB bacteriocins holds immense potential to inspire innovation in the meat industry, reducing the dependence on harmful chemical additives and minimizing the adverse effects of heat treatment on nutritional and sensory qualities. This review provides a comprehensive understanding of the potential of bacteriocin produced by lactic acid bacteria as a natural and effective meat preservative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Slim Smaoui
- Laboratory of Microbial, Enzymatic Biotechnology and Biomolecules (LBMEB), Center of Biotechnology of Sfax, University of Sfax, Road of Sidi Mansour Km 6, P.O. Box 1177, Sfax, 3018, Tunisia.
| | - Noemí Echegaray
- Centro Tecnológico de la Carne de Galicia, Avd. Galicia nº 4, Parque Tecnológico de Galicia, Ourense, San Cibrao das Viñas, 32900, Spain
| | - Manoj Kumar
- Chemical and Biochemical Processing Division, Central Institute for Research on Cotton Technology, Mumbai, 400019, India
| | - Moufida Chaari
- Laboratory of Microbial, Enzymatic Biotechnology and Biomolecules (LBMEB), Center of Biotechnology of Sfax, University of Sfax, Road of Sidi Mansour Km 6, P.O. Box 1177, Sfax, 3018, Tunisia
| | - Teresa D'Amore
- Deparment of Chemistry, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Puglia e della Basilicata, Via Manfredonia, 20, 71121, Foggia, Italy
| | - Mohammad Ali Shariati
- Semey Branch of the Institute, Kazakh Research Institute of Processing and Food Industry, 238«G» Gagarin Ave, Almaty, 050060, Republic of Kazakhstan.
| | - Maksim Rebezov
- Department of Scientific Research, V. M. Gorbatov Federal Research Center for Food Systems of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 109316, Russian Federation
| | - Jose Manuel Lorenzo
- Centro Tecnológico de la Carne de Galicia, Avd. Galicia nº 4, Parque Tecnológico de Galicia, Ourense, San Cibrao das Viñas, 32900, Spain
- Área de Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Ciencias de Ourense, Universidade de Vigo, Ourense, 32004, Spain
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5
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Gao Y, Li D. Antibacterial mode of action of garviecin LG34 against Gram-negative bacterium Salmonella typhimurium. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2024; 371:fnae066. [PMID: 39138064 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnae066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 07/30/2024] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Garviecin LG34 produced by Lactococcus garvieae LG34 exhibits wide-spectrum antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. This work aimed at clarifying the antibacterial mode of action of garviecin LG34 against Gram-negative bacterium Salmonella typhimurium. To determine the concentration for the bacteriocin antimicrobial mode experiments, the minimum inhibitory concentration of garviecin LG34 against S. typhimurium CICC21484 was determined as 0.25 mg/ml. Garviecin LG34 decreased the viable count of S. typhimurium CICC21484 and its antibacterial activity was the dose and time dependant. Garviecin LG34 led to the dissipation of transmembrane potential, the rise in the extracellular conductivity, UV-absorbing material at 260 nm, and LDH level of S. typhimurium CICC21484. Scanning electron micrographs results shown that garviecin LG34 cause dramatic deformation and fragmentation including the flagellum shedding, pores formation in surface, and even completely breakage of S. typhimurium cell. Moreover, garviecin LG34 decreased the intracellular ATP level. The results of this study demonstrated that garviecin LG34 can destroy cell structure, increase membrane permeability of S. typhimurium, thereby might be used as biopreservative for treating food borne and salmonellosis resulting from Gram-negative bacterium S. typhimurium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yurong Gao
- School of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Chaohu University, Bantang Road No.1, Chaohu Economic Development Zone, Hefei 238024, China
- Chaohu Regional Collaborative Technology Service Center for Rural Revitalization, Bantang Road No.1, Chaohu Economic Development Zone, Hefei 238024, China
| | - Dapeng Li
- School of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Chaohu University, Bantang Road No.1, Chaohu Economic Development Zone, Hefei 238024, China
- Chaohu Regional Collaborative Technology Service Center for Rural Revitalization, Bantang Road No.1, Chaohu Economic Development Zone, Hefei 238024, China
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6
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Guleria J, Khan MA. Mechanistic Insight into the Role of Peptides Secreted from Bacillus clausii and Future Opportunities. Curr Rev Clin Exp Pharmacol 2024; 19:379-386. [PMID: 38375835 DOI: 10.2174/0127724328273252240201071756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
Bacillus clausii is a commercial spore probiotic known to treat multiple diseases. An increased interest in exploring the nutraceutical and probiotic properties of various microorganisms has made researchers explore more about these bacteria. The current trends in the healthcare industry are majorly focused on devising new therapies to avoid drug and pathogen resistance in patients. Antimicrobial peptides have been considered a source of antibiotics for a long time. Still, getting new therapies into the market is a big challenge. Members of the genus Bacillus have been reported to have a broad spectrum of antimicrobial peptides. One of the least explored species under this genus is Bacillus clausii, concerning peptide drug therapy. The applications of Bacillus clausii in treating or preventing gut dysbiosis and respiratory infections have been largely supported in the past two decades. Yet research is lacking in explaining the pathways at molecular levels in targeting pathogens. In this mini-review, we are going to summarise the research that has been reported so far about peptide extraction from Bacillus clausii, their mode of action and advantages to mankind, and the challenges lying in the isolation of peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Guleria
- School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, 144411, India
| | - Minhaj Ahmad Khan
- School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, 144411, India
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7
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Ramos ETDA, Olivares FL, da Rocha LO, da Silva RF, do Carmo MGF, Lopes MTG, Meneses CHSG, Vidal MS, Baldani JI. The Effects of Gluconacin on Bacterial Tomato Pathogens and Protection against Xanthomonas perforans, the Causal Agent of Bacterial Spot Disease. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3208. [PMID: 37765372 PMCID: PMC10535834 DOI: 10.3390/plants12183208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
As agricultural practices become more sustainable, adopting more sustainable practices will become even more relevant. Searching for alternatives to chemical compounds has been the focus of numerous studies, and bacteriocins are tools with intrinsic biotechnological potential for controlling plant diseases. We continued to explore the biotechnological activity of the bacteriocin Gluconacin from Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus, PAL5 strain, by investigating this protein's antagonism against important tomato phytopathogens and demonstrating its effectiveness in reducing bacterial spots caused by Xanthomonas perforans. In addition to this pathogen, the bacteriocin Gluconacin demonstrated bactericidal activity in vitro against Ralstonia solanacearum and Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato, agents that cause bacterial wilt and bacterial spots, respectively. Bacterial spot control tests showed that Gluconacin reduced disease severity by more than 66%, highlighting the biotechnological value of this peptide in ecologically correct formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Teixeira de Almeida Ramos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Fitotecnia (PPGF), Departamento de Fitotecnia, Instituto de Agronomia, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Rodovia BR 465, km 07, Seropédica 23890-000, RJ, Brazil; (E.T.d.A.R.); (M.G.F.d.C.)
| | - Fábio Lopes Olivares
- Núcleo de Desenvolvimento de Insumos Biológicos para a Agricultura, Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Tecidual, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes 28013-602, RJ, Brazil; (F.L.O.); (L.O.d.R.)
| | - Letícia Oliveira da Rocha
- Núcleo de Desenvolvimento de Insumos Biológicos para a Agricultura, Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Tecidual, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes 28013-602, RJ, Brazil; (F.L.O.); (L.O.d.R.)
| | - Rogério Freire da Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Agrárias, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Estadual da Paraíba, Universitário, Campina Grande 58429-500, PB, Brazil; (R.F.d.S.); (C.H.S.G.M.)
| | - Margarida Goréte Ferreira do Carmo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Fitotecnia (PPGF), Departamento de Fitotecnia, Instituto de Agronomia, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Rodovia BR 465, km 07, Seropédica 23890-000, RJ, Brazil; (E.T.d.A.R.); (M.G.F.d.C.)
| | - Maria Teresa Gomes Lopes
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Avenida Rodrigo Otávio Ramos, 3.000, Bairro Coroado, Manaus 69077-000, AM, Brazil;
| | - Carlos Henrique Salvino Gadelha Meneses
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Agrárias, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Estadual da Paraíba, Universitário, Campina Grande 58429-500, PB, Brazil; (R.F.d.S.); (C.H.S.G.M.)
| | - Marcia Soares Vidal
- Embrapa Agrobiologia, Rodovia BR 465, km 07, Seropédica 23891-000, RJ, Brazil;
| | - José Ivo Baldani
- Embrapa Agrobiologia, Rodovia BR 465, km 07, Seropédica 23891-000, RJ, Brazil;
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Abstract
Plant disease control requires novel approaches to mitigate the spread of and losses caused by current, emerging, and re-emerging diseases and to adapt plant protection to global climate change and the restrictions on the use of conventional pesticides. Currently, disease management relies mainly on biopesticides, which are required for the sustainable use of plant-protection products. Functional peptides are candidate biopesticides because they originate from living organisms or are synthetic analogs and provide novel mechanisms of action against plant pathogens. Hundreds of compounds exist that cover an extensive range of activities against viruses, bacteria and phytoplasmas, fungi and oomycetes, and nematodes. Natural sources, chemical synthesis, and biotechnological platforms may provide peptides at large scale for the industry and growers. The main challenges for their use in plant disease protection are (a) the requirement of stability in the plant environment and counteracting resistance in pathogen populations, (b) the need to develop suitable formulations to increase their shelf life and methods of application, (c) the selection of compounds with acceptable toxicological profiles, and (d) the high cost of production for agricultural purposes. In the near future, it is expected that several functional peptides will be commercially available for plant disease control, but more effort is needed to validate their efficacy at the field level and fulfill the requirements of the regulatory framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilio Montesinos
- Institute of Food and Agricultural Technology, Plant Pathology-CIDSAV, University of Girona, Girona, Spain;
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Bonaterra A, Badosa E, Daranas N, Francés J, Roselló G, Montesinos E. Bacteria as Biological Control Agents of Plant Diseases. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10091759. [PMID: 36144361 PMCID: PMC9502092 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10091759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Biological control is an effective and sustainable alternative or complement to conventional pesticides for fungal and bacterial plant disease management. Some of the most intensively studied biological control agents are bacteria that can use multiple mechanisms implicated in the limitation of plant disease development, and several bacterial-based products have been already registered and marketed as biopesticides. However, efforts are still required to increase the commercially available microbial biopesticides. The inconsistency in the performance of bacterial biocontrol agents in the biological control has limited their extensive use in commercial agriculture. Pathosystem factors and environmental conditions have been shown to be key factors involved in the final levels of disease control achieved by bacteria. Several biotic and abiotic factors can influence the performance of the biocontrol agents, affecting their mechanisms of action or the multitrophic interaction between the plant, the pathogen, and the bacteria. This review shows some relevant examples of known bacterial biocontrol agents, with especial emphasis on research carried out by Spanish groups. In addition, the importance of the screening process and of the key steps in the development of bacterial biocontrol agents is highlighted. Besides, some improvement approaches and future trends are considered.
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Wang Y, Tian S, Wu N, Liu W, Li L, Wang X. Differential Microbial Communities in Paddy Soils Between Guiyang Plateaus and Chengdu Basins Drive the Incidence of Rice Bacterial Diseases. PLANT DISEASE 2022; 106:1882-1889. [PMID: 35021874 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-09-21-1974-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Southwest China has the most complex rice-growing regions in China. With great differences in topography, consisting mainly of basins and plateaus, ecological factors differ greatly between regions. In this study, bulk paddy soils collected from long-term rice fields in Chengdu (basins) and Guiyang (plateaus) were used to study the correlation between microbial diversity and the incidence of rice bacterial diseases. Results showed that the microbial community composition in paddy soils and the microbial functional categories differed significantly between basins and plateaus. They shared >70% of the dominant genera (abundance >1%), but the abundance of the dominant genera differed significantly. Functional analysis found that bulk paddy soils from Chengdu were significantly enriched in virulence factor-related genes; soils from Guiyang were enriched in biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, especially antibiotics. Correspondingly, Chengdu was significantly enriched in leaf bacterial pathogens Acidovorax, Xanthomonas, and Pseudomonas. Greenhouse experiments and correlation analysis showed that soil chemical properties had a greater effect on microbial community composition and positively correlated with the higher incidence of rice bacterial foot rot in Guiyang, whereas temperature had a greater effect on soil microbial functions and positively correlated with the higher severity index of leaf bacterial diseases in Chengdu. Our results provide a new perspective on how differences in microbial communities in paddy soils can influence the incidence of rice bacterial diseases in areas with different topographies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajiao Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- Institute of Plant Protection, Hebei Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Shuping Tian
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Nan Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Wenwen Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Li Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xifeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
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11
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Maan H, Itkin M, Malitsky S, Friedman J, Kolodkin-Gal I. Resolving the conflict between antibiotic production and rapid growth by recognition of peptidoglycan of susceptible competitors. Nat Commun 2022; 13:431. [PMID: 35058430 PMCID: PMC8776889 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27904-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial communities employ a variety of complex strategies to compete successfully against competitors sharing their niche, with antibiotic production being a common strategy of aggression. Here, by systematic evaluation of four non-ribosomal peptides/polyketide (NRPs/PKS) antibiotics produced by Bacillus subtilis clade, we revealed that they acted synergistically to effectively eliminate phylogenetically distinct competitors. The production of these antibiotics came with a fitness cost manifested in growth inhibition, rendering their synthesis uneconomical when growing in proximity to a phylogenetically close species, carrying resistance against the same antibiotics. To resolve this conflict and ease the fitness cost, antibiotic production was only induced by the presence of a peptidoglycan cue from a sensitive competitor, a response mediated by the global regulator of cellular competence, ComA. These results experimentally demonstrate a general ecological concept - closely related communities are favoured during competition, due to compatibility in attack and defence mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harsh Maan
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, 234 Herzl Street, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Maxim Itkin
- Life Science Core Facilities Weizmann Institute of Science, 234 Herzl Street, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Sergey Malitsky
- Life Science Core Facilities Weizmann Institute of Science, 234 Herzl Street, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Jonathan Friedman
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food & Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ilana Kolodkin-Gal
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food & Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel.
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12
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Vazquez-Munoz R, Dongari-Bagtzoglou A. Anticandidal Activities by Lactobacillus Species: An Update on Mechanisms of Action. FRONTIERS IN ORAL HEALTH 2021; 2:689382. [PMID: 35048033 PMCID: PMC8757823 DOI: 10.3389/froh.2021.689382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactobacilli are among the most studied bacteria in the microbiome of the orodigestive and genitourinary tracts. As probiotics, lactobacilli may provide various benefits to the host. These benefits include regulating the composition of the resident microbiota, preventing - or even potentially reverting- a dysbiotic state. Candida albicans is an opportunistic pathogen that can influence and be influenced by other members of the mucosal microbiota and, under immune-compromising conditions, can cause disease. Lactobacillus and Candida species can colonize the same mucosal sites; however, certain Lactobacillus species display antifungal activities that can contribute to low Candida burdens and prevent fungal infection. Lactobacilli can produce metabolites with direct anticandidal function or enhance the host defense mechanisms against fungi. Most of the Lactobacillus spp. anticandidal mechanisms of action remain underexplored. This work aims to comprehensively review and provide an update on the current knowledge regarding these anticandidal mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Vazquez-Munoz
- Department of Oral Health and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, United States
| | - Anna Dongari-Bagtzoglou
- Department of Oral Health and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, United States
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13
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Twomey E, Hill C, Field D, Begley M. Recipe for Success: Suggestions and Recommendations for the Isolation and Characterisation of Bacteriocins. Int J Microbiol 2021; 2021:9990635. [PMID: 34257667 PMCID: PMC8249226 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9990635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteriocins are bacterially produced antimicrobial peptides. Although only two peptides have been approved for use as natural preservatives foods, current research is focusing on expanding their application as potential therapeutics against clinical pathogens. Our laboratory group has been working on bacteriocins for over 25 years, and during that time, we have isolated bacteriocin-producing microorganisms from a variety of sources including human skin, human faeces, and various foods. These bacteriocins were purified and characterised, and their potential applications were examined. We have also identified bioengineered derivatives of the prototype lantibiotic nisin which possess more desirable properties than the wild-type, such as enhanced antimicrobial activity. In the current communication, we discuss the main methods that were employed to identify such peptides. Furthermore, we provide a step-by-step guide to carrying out these methods that include accompanying diagrams. We hope that our recommendations and advice will be of use to others in their search for, and subsequent analysis of, novel bacteriocins, and derivatives thereof.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Twomey
- Department of Biological Sciences, Munster Technological University, Cork T12 P928, Ireland
| | - Colin Hill
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork T12YT20, Ireland
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork T12YT20, Ireland
| | - Des Field
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork T12YT20, Ireland
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork T12YT20, Ireland
| | - Máire Begley
- Department of Biological Sciences, Munster Technological University, Cork T12 P928, Ireland
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Vaca J, Ortiz A, Sansinenea E. Bacillus sp. Bacteriocins: Natural Weapons against Bacterial Enemies. Curr Med Chem 2021; 29:2093-2108. [PMID: 34047258 DOI: 10.2174/0929867328666210527093041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Currently, antibiotic-resistant pathogenic bacteria are emerging as an important health problem worldwide. The search for new compounds with antibiotic characteristics is the most promising alternative. Bacteriocins are natural compounds that are inhibitory against pathogens, and Bacillus species are the major producers of these compounds, which have shown antimicrobial activity against clinically important bacteria. These peptides not only have potential in the pharmaceutical industry but also in food and agricultural sectors. OBJECTIVE We provide an overview of the recent bacteriocins isolated from different species of Bacillus including their applications and the older bacteriocins. RESULTS In this review, we have revised some works about the improvements carried out in the production of bacteriocins. CONCLUSION These applications make bacteriocins very promising compounds that need to study for industrial production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Vaca
- Facultad De Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma De Puebla, 72590 Puebla; Pue, Mexico
| | - Aurelio Ortiz
- Facultad De Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma De Puebla, 72590 Puebla; Pue, Mexico
| | - Estibaliz Sansinenea
- Facultad De Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma De Puebla, 72590 Puebla; Pue, Mexico
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15
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Ramírez K, Quintero-Soto MF, Rochín-Medina JJ. Enhancement of the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of maize wastewater by an eco-friendly process. JOURNAL OF FOOD MEASUREMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11694-020-00416-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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16
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Nazari M, Smith DL. A PGPR-Produced Bacteriocin for Sustainable Agriculture: A Review of Thuricin 17 Characteristics and Applications. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:916. [PMID: 32733506 PMCID: PMC7358586 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
A wide range of prokaryotes produce and excrete bacteriocins (proteins with antimicrobial activity) to reduce competition from closely related strains. Application of bacteriocins is of great importance in food industries, while little research has been focused on the agricultural potential of bacteriocins. A number of bacteriocin producing bacteria are members of the phytomicrobiome, and some strains are plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR). Thuricin 17 is a single small peptide with a molecular weight of 3.162 kDa, a subclass IId bacteriocin produced by Bacillus thuringiensis NEB17, isolated from soybean nodules. It is either cidal or static to a wide range of prokaryotes. In this way, it removes key competition from the niche space of the producer organism. B. thuringiensis NEB17 was isolated from soybean root nodules, and thus is a member of the phytomicrobiome. Interestingly, thuricin 17 is not active against a wide range of rhizobial strains involved in symbiotic nitrogen fixation with legumes or against other PGPR. In addition, it stimulates plant growth, particularly in the presence of abiotic stresses. The stresses it assists with include key ones associated with climate change (drought, high temperature, and soil salinity). Hence, in the presence of stress, it increases the size of the overall niche space, within plant roots, for B. thuringiensis NEB17. Through its anti-microbial activity, it could also enhance plant growth via control of specific plant pathogens. None of the isolated bacteriocins have been examined as broadly as thuricin 17 on plant growth promotion. Thus, this review focuses on the effect of thuricin 17 as a microbe to plant signal that assists crop plants in managing stress and making agricultural systems more climate change resilient.
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17
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The Ecological Role of Volatile and Soluble Secondary Metabolites Produced by Soil Bacteria. Trends Microbiol 2017; 25:280-292. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Revised: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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18
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Current state of purification, isolation and analysis of bacteriocins produced by lactic acid bacteria. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 101:1323-1335. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-017-8088-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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19
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Woraprayote W, Malila Y, Sorapukdee S, Swetwiwathana A, Benjakul S, Visessanguan W. Bacteriocins from lactic acid bacteria and their applications in meat and meat products. Meat Sci 2016; 120:118-132. [PMID: 27118166 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2016.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Meat and meat products have always been an important part of human diet, and contain valuable nutrients for growth and health. Nevertheless, they are perishable and susceptible to microbial contamination, leading to an increased health risk for consumers as well as to the economic loss in meat industry. The utilization of bacteriocins produced by lactic acid bacteria (LAB) as a natural preservative has received a considerable attention. Inoculation of bacteriocin-producing LAB cell as starter or protective cultures is suitable for fermented meats, whilst the direct addition of bacteriocin as food additive is more preferable when live cells of LAB could not produce bacteriocin in the real meat system. The incorporation of bacteriocins in packaging is another way to improve meat safety to avoid direct addition of bacteriocin to meat. Utilization of bacteriocins can effectively contribute to food safety, especially when integrated into hurdle concepts. In this review, LAB bacteriocins and their applications in meat and meat products are revisited. The molecular structure and characteristics of bacteriocins recently discovered, as well as exemplary properties are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weerapong Woraprayote
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), 113 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Road, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Yuwares Malila
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), 113 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Road, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Supaluk Sorapukdee
- Faculty of Agricultural Technology, King Mongkut's Institiute of Technology Ladkrabang (KMITL), Chalong-krung Road, Ladkrabang, Bangkok 10520, Thailand
| | - Adisorn Swetwiwathana
- Faculty of Agro-industry, King Mongkut's Institiute of Technology Ladkrabang (KMITL), Chalong-krung Road, Ladkrabang, Bangkok 10520, Thailand
| | - Soottawat Benjakul
- Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand
| | - Wonnop Visessanguan
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), 113 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Road, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand.
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20
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Laid B, Kamel K, Mouloud G, Manel S, Walid S, Amar B, Hamenna B, Faiçal B. Effects of Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) on <i>In Vitro</i> Bread Wheat (<i>Triticum aestivum</i> L.) Growth Parameters and Biological Control Mechanisms. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.4236/aim.2016.69067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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21
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Characteristics of the cultivable bacteria from sediments associated with two deep-sea hydrothermal vents in Okinawa Trough. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 31:2025-37. [PMID: 26410427 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-015-1953-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In this study, different culture-dependent methods were used to examine the cultivable heterotrophic bacteria in the sediments associated with two deep-sea hydrothermal vents (named HV1 and HV2) located at Iheya Ridge and Iheya North in Okinawa Trough. The two vents differed in morphology, with HV1 exhibiting diffuse flows while HV2 being a black smoker with a chimney-like structure. A total of 213 isolates were identified by near full-length 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. Of these isolates, 128 were from HV1 and 85 were from HV2. The bacterial community structures were, in large parts, similar between HV1 and HV2. Nevertheless, differences between HV1 and HV2 were observed in one phylum, one class, 4 orders, 10 families, and 20 genera. Bioactivity analysis revealed that 25 isolates belonging to 9 different genera exhibited extracellular protease activities, 21 isolates from 11 genera exhibited extracellular lipase activities, and 13 isolates of 8 genera displayed antimicrobial activities. This is the first observation of a large population of bacteria with extracellular bioactivities existing in deep-sea hydrothermal vents. Taken together, the results of this study provide new insights into the characteristics of the cultivable heterotrophic bacteria in deep-sea hydrothermal ecosystems.
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Cavera VL, Arthur TD, Kashtanov D, Chikindas ML. Bacteriocins and their position in the next wave of conventional antibiotics. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2015; 46:494-501. [PMID: 26341839 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2015.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Revised: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Micro-organisms are capable of producing a range of defence mechanisms, including antibiotics, bacteriocins, lytic agents, protein exotoxins, etc. Such mechanisms have been identified in nearly 99% of studied bacteria. The multiplicity and diversity of bacteriocins and the resultant effects of their interactions with targeted bacteria on microbial ecology has been thoroughly studied and remains an area of investigation attracting many researchers. However, the incorporation of bacteriocins into drug delivery systems used in conjunction with, or as potential alternatives to, conventional antibiotics is only a recent, although rapidly expanding, field. The extensive array of bacteriocins positions them as one of the most promising options in the next wave of antibiotics. The goal of this review was to explore bacteriocins as novel antimicrobials, alone and in combination with established antibiotics, and thus position them as a potential tool for addressing the current antibiotic crisis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica L Cavera
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rutgers State University, 76 Lipman Drive, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Timothy D Arthur
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rutgers State University, 76 Lipman Drive, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Dimitri Kashtanov
- School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers State University, 65 Dudley Road, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Michael L Chikindas
- School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers State University, 65 Dudley Road, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA.
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23
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Hazra C, Kundu D, Chaudhari A. Lipopeptide biosurfactant from Bacillus clausii BS02 using sunflower oil soapstock: evaluation of high throughput screening methods, production, purification, characterization and its insecticidal activity. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra13261k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Production, purification and characterization of a lipopeptide biosurfactant (surfactin) fromBacillus clausiiBS02 for biocontrol activity against pulse beetles and mealybugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinmay Hazra
- School of Life Sciences
- North Maharashtra University
- Jalgaon 425 001
- India
| | - Debasree Kundu
- School of Life Sciences
- North Maharashtra University
- Jalgaon 425 001
- India
| | - Ambalal Chaudhari
- School of Life Sciences
- North Maharashtra University
- Jalgaon 425 001
- India
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Subramanian S, Smith DL. Bacteriocins from the rhizosphere microbiome - from an agriculture perspective. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:909. [PMID: 26579159 PMCID: PMC4626563 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Bacteria produce and excrete a versatile and dynamic suit of compounds to defend against microbial competitors and mediate local population dynamics. These include a wide range of broad-spectrum non-ribosomally synthesized antibiotics, lytic enzymes, metabolic by-products, proteinaceous exotoxins, and ribosomally produced antimicrobial peptides (bacteriocins). Most bacteria produce at least one bacteriocin. Bacteriocins are of interest in the food industry as natural preservatives and in the probiotics industry, leading to extensive studies on lactic acid bacteria (colicin produced by Escherichia coli is a model bacteriocin). Recent studies have projected use of bacteriocins in veterinary medicine and in agriculture, as biostimulants of plant growth and development and as biocontrol agents. For example, bacteriocins such as Cerein 8A, Bac-GM17, putidacin, Bac 14B, amylocyclicin have been studied for their mechanisms of anti-microbial activity. Bac IH7 promotes tomato and musk melon plant growth. Thuricin 17 (Th17) is the only bacteriocin studied extensively for plant growth promotion, including at the molecular level. Th17 functions as a bacterial signal compound, promoting plant growth in legumes and non-legumes. In Arabidopsis thaliana and Glycine max Th17 increased phytohormones IAA and SA at 24 h post treatment. At the proteome level Th17 treatment of 3-week-old A. thaliana rosettes led to >2-fold changes in activation of the carbon and energy metabolism pathway proteins, 24 h post treatment. At 250 mM NaCl stress, the control plants under osmotic-shock shut down most of carbon-metabolism and activated energy-metabolism and antioxidant pathways. Th17 treated plants, at 250 mM NaCl, retained meaningful levels of the light harvesting complex, photosystems I and II proteins and energy and antioxidant pathways were activated, so that rosettes could better withstand the salt stress. In Glycine max, Th17 helped seeds germinate in the presence of NaCl stress, and was most effective at 100 mM NaCl. The 48 h post germination proteome suggested efficient and speedier partitioning of storage proteins, activation of carbon, nitrogen and energy metabolisms in Th17 treated seeds both under optimal and 100 mM NaCl. This review focuses on the bacteriocins produced by plant-rhizosphere colonizers and plant-pathogenic bacteria, that might have uses in agriculture, veterinary, and human medicine.
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25
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Li MF, Zhang BC, Li J, Sun L. Sil: a Streptococcus iniae bacteriocin with dual role as an antimicrobial and an immunomodulator that inhibits innate immune response and promotes S. iniae infection. PLoS One 2014; 9:e96222. [PMID: 24781647 PMCID: PMC4004548 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0096222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus iniae is a Gram-positive bacterium and a severe pathogen to a wide range of economically important fish species. In addition, S. iniae is also a zoonotic pathogen and can cause serious infections in humans. In this study, we identified from a pathogenic S. iniae strain a putative bacteriocin, Sil, and examined its biological activity. Sil is composed of 101 amino acid residues and shares 35.6% overall sequence identity with the lactococcin 972 of Lactococcus lactis. Immunoblot analysis showed that Sil was secreted by S. iniae into the extracellular milieu. Purified recombinant Sil (rSil) exhibited a dose-dependent inhibitory effect on the growth of Bacillus subtilis but had no impact on the growths of other 16 Gram-positive bacteria and 10 Gram-negative bacteria representing 23 different bacterial species. Treatment of rSil by heating at 50°C abolished the activity of rSil. rSil bound to the surface of B. subtilis but induced no killing of the target cells. Cellular study revealed that rSil interacted with turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) head kidney monocytes and inhibited the innate immune response of the cells, which led to enhanced cellular infection of S. iniae. Antibody blocking of the extracellular Sil produced by S. iniae significantly attenuated the infectivity of S. iniae. Consistent with these in vitro observations, in vivo study showed that administration of turbot with rSil prior to S. iniae infection significantly increased bacterial dissemination and colonization in fish tissues. Taken together, these results indicate that Sil is a novel virulence-associated bacteriostatic and an immunoregulator that promotes S. iniae infection by impairing the immune defense of host fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mo-fei Li
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bao-cun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Li
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- School of Biological Sciences, Lake Superior State University, Sault Ste Marie, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Li Sun
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Deep Sea Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- * E-mail:
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