High Concentration of Fluoride Can Be Increased Risk of Abortion

Fluoride exposure and pediatric kidney health in dry, wet and intermediate climatic zone communities in Sri Lanka: Implications from urinary Cystatin-C, and albumin-creatinine ratio

BACKGROUND

High fluoride exposure is increasingly discussed attributing to kidney injury as a causative factor. Depending on geochemistry, differential fluoride levels in drinking water are identified in different regions in Sri Lanka. However, the levels of fluoride exposure, and associations with kidney health has not been adequately studied in Sri Lanka, particularly in pediatric communities. Hence, the present study aimed to assess fluoride exposure in selected pediatric communities in the dry, wet and intermediate climatic zones in Sri Lanka, along with an assessment of renal health using urinary Cystatin-C (uCys-C), and albumin-creatinine ratio (uACR).

METHODS

We conducted a cross-sectional study with school students in selected education zones representing dry (N = 331), wet (N = 152), and intermediate (N = 292) climatic zones in Sri Lanka. Fluoride contents in urine and drinking water were assessed as measures of fluoride exposure.

RESULTS

The median (interquartile distance) urinary fluoride levels of participants in the dry, wet and intermediate zones were 1.63(1.04-2.85), 1.29(0.85-2.21), and 1.07(0.61-1.98) mg/gCr while the fluoride contents of drinking water samples were 1.76(1.36-2.30), 0.25(0.18-0.37), and 0.43(0.26-0.63) ppm respectively with significant differences among the three groups. Median uCys-C level (ng/mgCr) of the participants in intermediate zone [30.26(8.49-71.44)] was significantly low (p < 0.05) compared to that of the participants in dry zone [56.19(7.08-211.8)], and wet zone [66.29(30.43-125.20)]. The incidences of elevated uCys-C levels above reference intervals in participants of dry zone (47.7%), and wet zone (50.0%) were significantly high (p < 0.001) compared to the intermediate zone (26.4%).

CONCLUSION

Relatively high fluoride exposure is likely in dry and wet zone communities compared to the intermediate zone along with significantly higher incidence of uCys-C levels above reference intervals in study groups with higher fluoride exposure. However, to conclude a clear link between fluoride exposure and kidney health we need in-depth studies.

Association between fluoride exposure and blood pressure in children and adolescents aged 6 to19 years in the United States: NHANES, 2013-2016

To examine the association between fluoride exposure and childhood blood pressure (BP), we used data involving 3260 subjects participating in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from 2013 to 2016. Both plasma and water fluoride concentrations were measured using the ion-specific electrode. Outcome variables were systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP). For a 1-mg/L increase in water fluoride concentration, the participants' SBP decreased by 0.473 mm Hg (95% CI: -0.860, -0.087). Specifically, inverse associations were found between water fluoride and SBP in girls (β= -0.423, 95% CI: -0.886, -0.021), adolescents (β= -0.623, 95% CI: -0.975, -0.272), and non-Hispanic whites (β= -0.694, 95% CI: -1.237, -0.151). Also, every 1-μmol/L increase in plasma fluoride concentration was associated with a 1.183 mm Hg decrease in SBP among other races (95% CI: -2.258, -0.108). This study suggested that fluoride exposure may affect childhood blood pressure.

Accumulation of high concentration fluoride in the Ulungur Lake water through weathering of fluoride containing rocks in Xinjiang, China

Fluoride is a potential contaminant at high concentrations when used for drinking due to its adverse human health effects. The Ulungur Lake in Xinjiang, China has a long history of high fluoride concentration in lake water, but the mechanism leading to such high concentrations of fluoride is still unclear. In this study we evaluate the fluoride concentration in different water bodies and upstream rock formations in the Ulungur watershed. The result show that fluoride concentration in the Ulungur Lake water fluctuates around 3.0 mg L^-1, although the fluoride concentrations in the feeding rivers and groundwater are all lower than 0.5 mg L^-1. A mass balance model is developed for water, fluoride, and total dissolved solid in the lake, and the model explains why the concentration of fluoride in the lake water is higher than those in river and ground water. Bedrock compositions are measured from nearby formations which confirm the potential of these rocks to release fluoride into water bodies through water-rock interactions. The whole-rock concentrations of fluoride are in the range of 0.4-2.4 g kg^-1 and the water-soluble concentrations of fluoride in the upstream rocks are 0.26-3.13 mg L^-1. Biotite and hornblende are identified as the fluorine containing minerals in the Ulungur watershed. The concentration of fluoride in the Ulungur has been declining slowly in recent years due to increased water inflow fluxes, and our mass balance model predicts that the fluoride concentration will eventually reach 1.70 mg L^-1 under a new steady state, but it requires about 25-50 years to reach the new steady state. The yearly fluctuation of fluoride concentration in the Ulungur Lake is likely due to changes in water-sediment interactions reflected in changes in lake water pH.

Determination of fluoride content in teas and herbal products popular in Poland

PURPOSE

Fluoride level, due to its narrow therapeutical range, must be constantly monitored in beverages, especially in daily-consumed plant infusions. Fluoride is important for prevention of tooth decay and osteoporosis, but its excess leads to fluorosis. Since tea can selectively absorb fluorides from soils, the question arises if a long-term consumption can pose an adverse effect on human health.

METHODS

Infusions of 33 popular teas (black, green, white, earl grey, pu-erh), tea-like products (rooibos, yerba mate) and herbs (chamomile, mint, nettle, purges, yarrow) available in the Polish market were analyzed with respect to a fluoride level by means of a validated ion-selective electrode method, which is proven to be fast and reliable.

RESULTS

Significantly different fluoride concentrations in infusions were observed, with black tea on top, where extraction of fluoride is the highest (average 2.65 mg F^-/L, range 0.718-6.029 mg/L). Two-fold higher fluoride contents were measured in infusions made from black tea bags than from leaves (average 3.398 mg/L and 1.529 mg/L, respectively). Green teas released comparable amounts of fluoride as black teas, while in herbal extracts the fluoride content was negligible.

CONCLUSIONS

The rank with respect to the fluoride concentration in an infusion is as follows: black tea > green tea > earl grey > pu-erh > white tea>>>rooibos, yerba mate, herbal products. Increasing of brewing time results in an increased fluoride content, but the overall content of fluoride in the analyzed infusions of teas and herbs was not high enough to cause a risk of fluorosis, even if left to brew up to 15 min.

DNA Methylation Profiles of Ovarian Granular Cells from Fluorosis Female Patients Suffering Reproductive Dysfunctions

Fluorosis often causes female reproductive dysfunction. A rapid turnover of DNA methylation is a pathological change in many human diseases, including female reproductive dysfunction. The role of DNA methylation in fluorosis was unknown and investigated in this experiment. Fifty fluorosis women patients were selected as High F group and forty-six healthy women were recruited as Control group were enrolled. In addition, ovarian granulosa cells were obtained from five women in High F group and five women in Control group. All ten women went through in vitro fertilization (IVF) process with DNA methylation sequencing. KGN cells (human granulosa cell line) were cultured with different concentrations of sodium fluoride (0-8 mM NaF) for 24 h for the in vitro study. The level of DNA methylation in blood samples was significantly higher in High F group than that in Control group. The level of serum estradiol (E₂) was significantly lower in women from High F group, while the levels of serum luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) in High F group were significantly higher than that in Control group. The methylation sequences of KGN cells relating to autophagy were significantly changed by NaF treatment dose-dependently. Based on these results, it is concluded that DNA methylation and autophagy may play a significant role in the pathophysiology of reproductive dysfunction caused by fluorosis.

Fluoride removal from aqueous solution via environmentally friendly adsorbent derived from seashell

Nowadays, the presence of excessive ions in water resources is of utmost concern and has attracted increasing attention; therefore, excessive amounts of these ions such as fluoride should be removed from drinking water. Conventional water treatment processes are shown to be incapable of the complete removal of redundant fluoride from aqueous water bodies, whereas adsorption is a promising, effective, cost-benefit, and simple method for this purpose. This study aimed to synthesize effective adsorbents from bivalve shells and evaluate the adsorption function of bivalve shells in removing fluoride from aqueous solutions. In this study, the oyster shell was collected from the Persian Gulf's seaside and were crushed by manual mortar and blender, and graded with standard sieves with 70 mesh size. The prepared bivalve shell was characterized by SEM and FTIR. To investigate and optimize various variables on fluoride removal percentage a response surface methodology based on central composite design (RSM-CCD) was used. Under optimal conditions (pH: 5.5, adsorbent dose: 0.3 g/L, contact time: 85 min and fluoride concentration: 3 mg/L) the maximum removal efficiency was 97.26%. Results showed that the adsorption equilibrium and kinetic data were matched with the isotherm Langmuir Model (R2 = 0.98) with qmax = 27.31 mg/g and pseudo-second-order reaction (R2 = 0.99). Also, a thermodynamic study exhibited that the adsorption process of fluoride into bivalve shells was an exothermic reaction and could not be a spontaneous adsorption process. Based on the results, the bivalve shell was found as an appropriate adsorbent to remove fluoride from aqueous solutions.

Health risk assessment of nitrate and fluoride in bottled water: a case study of Iran

Bottled water use has become widespread in recent years. Many Iranian cities are located in regions with a hot and semi-hot climate, and the quality of drinking water is low in most of these areas. Nitrate and fluoride are chemical constituents of drinking water with significant health concerns since they can be harmful in concentrations higher than drinking water standards. This study aims to determine nitrate and fluoride concentrations in different bottled water brands in the study region; evaluate the non-carcinogenic health risks posed by nitrate and fluoride exposure via the ingestion of bottled water; and compare the measured nitrate and fluoride concentrations with the amounts reported on the bottle labels. Twenty bottled water brands were sampled, and their nitrate and fluoride amounts were determined using the spectrophotometry method. The results revealed that 100% of nitrate and 70% of fluoride in samples had concentrations greater than the levels reported on bottle labels. Minimum, maximum, and mean concentrations for nitrate were, respectively, 1.1, 28, and 8.37 mg/L, and for fluoride were 0.014, 2.36, and 0.63 mg/L. The hazard quotient (HQ) values due to nitrate intake were > 1 in 10% of the samples (n = 2) for both infants and children, indicating potential adverse non-carcinogenic health effects upon consumption. For fluoride intake, the potential adverse health effects (HQ > 1) for infants, children, teenagers, and adults were respectively high in 30, 20, 10, and 10% of the samples. For nitrate, the 95th centile for infants was 1.547, and for fluoride, it was 2.62, 2.19, 1.15, and 1 for infants, children, teenagers, and adults, respectively.

Relationship of fluoride in drinking water with blood pressure and essential hypertension prevalence: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE

Previous studies showed controversial results of the relationship between fluoride exposure through drinking water and elevated blood pressure. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the direct relationship of drinking water fluoride exposure with blood pressure and essential hypertension prevalence in general populations.

METHODS

We conducted a systematic search in databases including Web of Knowledge, PubMed, Scopus, and Embase by MeSH and non-MeSH terms for relevant studies with any design published until August 2019, with no limitation in time and language. The pooled effect measure was calculated within a 95% confidence interval (CI).

RESULTS

Our search retrieved 630 journal articles, six of which were eligible for data extraction. The random-effects model found significantly higher systolic blood pressure (mean difference = 6.49 mmHg; 95% CI 3.73-9.25; p value < 0.01) and diastolic blood pressure (mean difference = 4.33 mmHg; 95% CI 1.39-7.26; p value < 0.01) in groups exposed to high-fluoride drinking water than in groups exposed to normal/low-fluoride drinking water. A significant relationship was also found between high-fluoride drinking water and essential hypertension (odds ratio = 2.14; 95% CI 1.02-4.49; p value = 0.045).

CONCLUSION

The risk of elevated blood pressure increases in the general population of fluoride endemic areas. However, more research is needed to make a firm conclusion about the adverse effects of excess fluoride intake on the cardiovascular system at the individual level.

Selenium may suppress peripheral blood mononuclear cell apoptosis by modulating HSP70 and regulate levels of SIRT1 through reproductive hormone secretion and oxidant stress in women suffering fluorosis

Excessive taking fluoride (F) causes severe damage to reproductive system through stimulation of apoptosis and oxidant stress. Selenium (Se) may promote anti-oxidant enzymes and invert cell apoptosis. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Se on peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) apoptosis and oxidant stress in women with fluorosis. Sixty women were divided into three groups according to serum and urine fluoride and hair Se as High F + high Se group, High F group and Control group. The activities of anti-oxidant enzymes, malondialdehyde (MDA) and Se were measured. The levels of sirtuin type 1 (SIRT1), estradiol (E₂), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) were measured by enzyme-linked immune sorbent assay (ELISA) kits. The expression of protein and apoptosis rate were detected by Western blot and Flow cytometry. The levels of E₂, anti-oxidant enzymes in High F group were significantly lower than that in Control group, while the levels of SIRT1 and MDA were significantly higher. The levels of anti-oxidant enzymes and heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) were significantly increased in High Se + high F group while the expression of caspase-3 was significantly increased in high F group. The levels of LH and FSH in serum were significantly increased in High F group and High Se + high F group. Therefore, Se alleviates apoptosis induced by F through improving the expression of HSP70 and reduces oxidative stress by regulating levels of SIRT1 and anti-oxidant enzymes, and the secretion of certain reproductive hormones.

Deterministic and probabilistic health risk assessment techniques to evaluate non-carcinogenic human health risk (NHHR) due to fluoride and nitrate in groundwater of Panipat, Haryana, India

Human interferences have caused groundwater contamination in alluvial aquifers which subsequently affects the health of exposed population. In the present study, 74 groundwater samples from the semi-arid region of Panipat district, falling under Yamuna sub-basin, India was evaluated to know the potential non-carcinogenic human health risk in local adult and child population. The major objective of the present study was to know the non-carcinogenic human health risk due to intake of fluoride and nitrate contaminated water, using two different approaches: deterministic and probabilistic (Monte Carlo simulation). The values of hazard quotient (HQ) determined by deterministic as well as probabilistic approach were nearly identical. The hazard index (HI) value of 40.8% samples was above the unity in case of adults while 69.7% samples indicated HI value greater than unity for children thus indicating children are more prone to non-carcinogenic health risk than the adult population. Sensitivity analysis was performed to identify the influence of the non-carcinogenic human health risk predictor variables for the prediction of risk and concentration factor (CF) was the most influential variable. Multivariate statistical techniques were employed to know the positive and negative relationship of fluoride and nitrate with other parameters. Results of principal component analysis/factor analysis (PCA/FA) indicated that the concentration of fluoride is controlled by the presence of calcium due to their negative correlation in groundwater samples. The hierarchical agglomerative cluster analysis (HCA) also supported the outcome of PCA/FA and both indicated anthropogenic sources of fluoride and nitrate in groundwater.

Relationship between suicide mortality and lithium in drinking water: A systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Lithium at therapeutic doses has protective effects against suicide in clinical practice. This meta-analysis aimed to investigate the relationship between lithium concentration in drinking water and suicide mortality in the general population.

METHODS

A systematic search was conducted in Web of Knowledge, PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Scopus to find papers reporting the crude relationship between drinking water lithium and suicide incidence in the general population until June 2019. The pooled effect measure was expressed as odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) using the random-effects model.

RESULTS

We retrieved 308 English original articles, of which 13 ecologic studies with a total sample size of 939 regions and one cohort study with a sample size of 3,740,113 people were eligible for the meta-analysis. A significant relationship was found between the lithium concentration in drinking water and reduced suicide mortality (OR= 0.42; 95% CI: 0.27-0.67; p-value <0.01). Ten studies reported gender-specific responses to lithium, with the pooled estimates as follows: OR= 0.54; 95% CI: 0.35-0.84; p-value <0.01 for men, OR= 0.70; 95% CI: 0.48-1.01; p-value =0.057 for women, and OR= 0.63; 95% CI: 0.47-0.83; p-value <0.01 for total.

LIMITATIONS

The study was limited to the assessment of the crude relationship between lithium exposure and suicide rate without considering the role of confounders.

CONCLUSIONS

Lithium in drinking water is dose-dependently associated with reduced suicide mortality at least in ecological studies. However, we need well-designed clinical trials to confirm the protective effect of drinking water lithium intake against suicide.

Cadmium in Groundwater Consumed in the Rural Areas of Gonabad and Bajestan, Iran: Occurrence and Health Risk Assessment

Evidences show that high levels of cadmium intake may be contributing to a wide range of deleterious health effects. This study was performed to estimate the concentration of cadmium and the health risk to human by cadmium through the ingestion of groundwater in 39 rural areas of Gonabad and Bajestan, eastern Iran. The mean cadmium concentrations in groundwater in the studied rural areas of Gonabad and Bajestan ranged from 0.087 to 14.32 μg/L and from 0.417 to 18.36 μg/L, respectively. Health risk quotient for cadmium contamination for 16 and 38% of children and infants in rural areas of Gonabad and Bajestan, respectively, was more than 1 which causes non-carcinogenic risk to the local population. The carcinogenic risk of cadmium in drinking water for adults, children, and infants in 16, 33, and 33% of studied rural areas of Gonabad and Bajestan, respectively, was higher than the safe limit of 1.0 × 10^-4. For rural areas of Bajestan, the cancer risk in 42, 52, and 52% of adults, children, and infants was above the safe limit. It was strongly suggested that the accessible procedures of treatment should be taken for a portion of contaminated rural areas before the distribution of the groundwater for the local population.

Dental health status and its indicators in adult Brazilian Indians without exposition to drinking water fluoridation: a cross-sectional study

Water fluoridation is considered a cost-effective and practical method for controlling and preventing dental caries in the general population. The objective of this study was to evaluate the dental health status and risk indicators for dental caries in adult Brazilian Indians without exposition to dental caries-preventive effects of water fluoridation. Decayed (DT), missing (MT), and filled (FT) permanent teeth (DMFT), as well as plaque index, unstimulated salivary flow rate, salivary buffering capacity, and fasting blood glucose were examined in 225 adult Indians. Smoking habits and sociodemographic data were evaluated using a structured questionnaire. Drinking water samples from 10 Indian villages were analyzed for the natural fluoride concentration. The mean DMFT was 10.33 ± 6.91 (DT, 4.19 ± 3.99; MT, 4.99 ± 5.64; FT, 1.14 ± 1.75). DMFT index ≥ 9 was associated with age ≥ 35 years (p = 0.000), lower education (p = 0.03), and plaque index > 40% (p = 0.003). DT was associated only with plaque index (p = 0.03). MT was associated with age (p < 0.001) and plaque index (p = 0.01). FT was negatively associated with age (p = 0.02) and income (p = 0.02). Fluoride concentration varied from 0.01 to 0.07 mg/L and was not associated with dental health status (p ≥ 0.29). In conclusion, poorer dental health status was associated with older age, higher plaque index, and lower education and income levels. The fluoride level in the drinking water of Kiriri villages was lower than the level recommended for preventing dental caries. Water fluoridation may be recommended for this population.

Sodium Fluoride (NaF) Induces Inflammatory Responses Via Activating MAPKs/NF-κB Signaling Pathway and Reducing Anti-inflammatory Cytokine Expression in the Mouse Liver

At present, no reports are focused on fluoride-induced hepatic inflammatory responses in human beings and animals. This study aimed to investigate the mRNA and protein levels of inflammatory cytokines and signaling molecules for evaluating the effect of different doses (0, 12, 24, and 48 mg/kg) of sodium fluoride (NaF) on inflammatory reaction in the mouse liver by using methods of experimental pathology, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), and western blot analysis. We found that NaF in excess of 12 mg/kg caused the hepatic inflammatory responses, and the results showed that NaF activated the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) signaling pathway by markedly increasing (p < 0.01 or p < 0.05) mRNA and protein levels of apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1), mitogen-activated protein kinase kinases 1/2 (MEK1/2), extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases 1/2 (Erk1/2), mitogen-activated protein kinase kinases 4/7 (MEK4/7), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38) and mitogen-activated protein kinase kinases 3/6 (MEK3/6), and the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway by increasing (p < 0.01 or p < 0.05) the production of NF-κB and inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase subunit beta (IKK-β) and reducing (p < 0.01 or p < 0.05) the production of the inhibitory kappa B (IκB). Thus, NaF that caused the hepatic inflammatory responses was characterized by increasing (p < 0.01 or p < 0.05) the production of pro-inflammatory mediators such as interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-8 (IL-8), monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1), and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) via the activation of MAPKs and NF-κB pathways, and by significantly inhibiting (p < 0.01 or p < 0.05) the production of anti-inflammatory mediators including interleukin-4 (IL-4) and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β).

Determine the prevalence of gestational diabetes in Ardakan and its related factors

Gestational Diabetes (GD) is amongst the most common metabolic disorders. Due to the important complications of GD on maternal and fetal health and in order to identify the prevalence of GD in various climate and cultures, the present studies aimed to determine the prevalence of GD in Ardakan and its related factors in 2014–2015. This cross-sectional study was conducted in 3808 pregnant women referring to rural and urban health centers in Ardakan city in 2013–14. Demographic, clinical, and obstetrics history of the subjects was gathered. GD was defined based on Glucose Tolerance Test (GTT). Descriptive and Logistic regression models were applied. The prevalence of GD was estimated to be 7.5% (286) which was higher in 35–39 age group, urban residents, obese mothers, and pregnancies ended with macrosome babies. The odds of GD was higher in obese mothers by 1.62 times (95%CI: 1.18–2.24), in mothers above ages of 40 by 10.53 (95%CI: 3.8–29.3), in mothers with a history of GD by 3.86 (95%CI:1.65–8.93), and in pregnancies ended with a macro some baby by 2.2 (95%CI: 0.97–5.1). The prevalence of GD in Ardakan was similar to other studies in the area. It seems that improvement of GD screening in older mothers and those with a history of GD could be a priority of surveillance system in Yazd Province.

Spatial Distribution Variation and Probabilistic Risk Assessment of Exposure to Fluoride in Ground Water Supplies: A Case Study in an Endemic Fluorosis Region of Northwest Iran

Prevalence of fluorosis is a worldwide public health issue, especially in the West Azerbaijan province of Iran. The aim of this study was to investigate fluoride concentration in drinking water resources within Maku city, in both the warm and cold seasons, to perform a health risk assessment. Fluoride were measured using UV-visible spectrophotometry. The spatial distribution was calculated by the software ArcGIS and Hazard Quotients (HQs) were calculated according to the US EPA method. The fluoride concentrations ranged between 0.29 to 6.68 and 0.1 to 11.4 mg/L in the cold and warm seasons, respectively. Based on this report, 30.64 and 48.15% of the samples revealed a fluoride level higher than the permissible level in the cold and warm seasons, respectively. Moreover, results showed that the HQ value in the warm season for different age groups was higher than the HQ value in the cold season. In both seasons, the non-carcinogenic risks of fluoride for the four exposed populations varied according to the order: children > teenagers > adults > infants. The HQ values for three age groups (children, teenager and adults) for both seasons were higher than 1 with a high risk of fluorosis. The results of this study, support the requests that government authorities better manage water supplies to improve health quality.

Dataset on the assessment of water quality of surface water in Kalingarayan Canal for heavy metal pollution, Tamil Nadu

This data article aimed to investigate the quality of surface water in Kalingarayan Canal for heavy metal pollution, Tamil Nadu. Eight heavy metals like Fe, Cu, Mn, Cr, Zn, Cd, Pb, and Ni were analyzed in the water, for a period of three years, spanning the time frame between January 2014 to December 2016. Eight stations were selected along the Kalingarayan Canal, and water samples were collected on a monthly basis from these stations. The pH of the samples was in the alkaline state (6.88–8.90), whereas conductance was in the range of 394–4276 µs/cm. The average concentration of heavy metals in the surface water ranges from 0.040 to 10.75, 0.030 to 0.890, 0.02 to 0.91, 0.00 to 1.96, 0.00 to 0.01, 0.00 to 0.053, 0.01 to 0.12 and 0.110 to 3.40 mg/L for the metals Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Cd, Ni, Pb and Cr respectively. The dominance of various heavy metals in the surface water follows the sequence: Fe > Cr > Cu > Zn > Mn > Pb > Ni > Cd respectively. The canal is affected by anthropogenic activities and industrialization in terms of heavy metals.

The concentration data of heavy metals in vegetables of Guilan province, Iran

Food safety is a major problem currently facing the world and food consumption has been identified as the major pathway for human exposure to hazardous pollutants such as heavy metals. These datasets include the concentration of heavy metals like Cd, Pb, Cu, Ba, Co and Sn in selected vegetables in Guilan province and estimate daily intake of metals. The results of this dataset showed that the average concentration of heavy metals including Cd, Pb, Cu, Ba, Co and Sn in total vegetables were 0.55, 1.098, 4.095, 5.98, 0.69, and 0.2 mg/kg, respectively. The mint showed higher levels of Pb, Cu and Co contamination compared to other vegetables. The estimated daily intakes of Cd, Pb, Cu, Ba, Co and Sn for children were 0.311, 0.622, 2.320, 3.388, 0.391, 0.119 µg/day, whereas for adults were 0.182, 0.363, 1.357, 1.98, 0.228, 0.069 mg/kg, respectively. The present data highlights that both adults and children consuming vegetables ingest significant amount of these metals.

Dataset on assessment of physical and chemical quality of groundwater in rural drinking water, west Azerbaijan Province in Iran

Analyzing the quality of drinking water and comparing it with standards, provides useful information regarding in the state of water supply and health protection to consumers. In the current research, the quality of drinking water in the cities of West Azerbaijan province has been investigated. In the current study, the results of drinking water analysis in 17 counties of West Azerbaijan province (except Urmia city), including 355 analyzes were conducted in 2016. The results were analyzed by SPSS software and compared with the national standard. Based on the analysis, the hardness of drinking water in the West Azerbaijan province ranged from 22 to 912 mg/L as calcium carbonate, and the average of the experiment was measured to be 136 ± 327 mg/L as calcium carbonate. The TDS values in this study were 39-1710 mg/L, and on average 397.7 ± 265.8 mg/L. Also, based on the analyzes performed in this study, the Fluoride concentration was from 0 to 3.45 mg/L, and on average 323.376 ± 0.05 mg/L and the Nitrate concentration was 0-218 mg/L and on average 3.58 ± 1.1 mg/L.

Data on health risk assessment to the nitrate in drinking water of rural areas in the Khash city, Iran

The main objective of this data was determination of the nitrate concentration and its health risk assessment in the drinking water resources. In the aim of this data article a number of 30 samples of nitrate concentration in drinking water resources were collected from villages of the Khash city, Sistan and Baluchistan province, Iran. The nitrate concentration was measured using a Spectrophotometer accordance standard methods for examination of water and wastewater. Data indicated that nitrate concentration in drinking water ranged from 6 to 35 mg/L (average 16.083 mg/L). The mean EDI values for nitrate in different groups of infants, children, teenagers and adults were 0.1287, 0.9114, 0.6433 and 0.5155 mg/Kg, respectively. The findings of data showed that HQ value was less than 1 in 96% of samples in age groups of infants, children, teenagers and adults.

Data on Nitrate-Nitrite pollution in the groundwater resources a Sonqor plain in Iran

Nitrate is a groundwater pollutant which in higher concentrations limits, leads to health hazard such as Methemoglobinemia and formation of nitrosamine compounds. In this research, the nitrate and nitrite concentrations in all water resources in the villages of Songor plain were determined and the relationship between these values with the water table and zonation of nitrate concentration were investigated in the GIS environment. In this study, 37 samples of all groundwater resources of Sonqor plain were taken in, high water (March 2016) and low water (October 2017) periods. Water nitrate levels were then determined by spectrophotometry and results compared with national standards of Iran and analyzed by SPSS. Finally, the concentration distribution mapping was carried out in GIS environment and the factors affecting nitrite changes were analyzed. Nitrate concentration of water resources of Sonqor plain was fluctuating at 3.09-88.5 mg per Liter. In one station, nitrite concentrations in the high (88.5 mg/L) and low (71.4 mg/L) water seasons were higher than the maximum limit. Low thickness of alluvium, the site of wells in the downstream farmlands, the farming situation of the region, nitrate leaching from agricultural soils and wide use of nitrogen fertilizers in agriculture were considered as the causes of the pollution in one station. Though the average concentration of nitrate and nitrite are not high in this region, but because of problematic consequences of high nitrate concentrations to human health, proper management in use of chemical fertilizers, treatment or disposal of contaminated wells and protection of water wells is highly recommended.

Data on trend changes of drinking groundwater resources quality in Sabzevar city (A case study)

The data of this study was conducted to evaluate the groundwater quality trend changes in Sabzevar (Iran, Khorasan Razavi) during one decade (2006-2016). The Mean ± SD of electrical conductivity (as µmhos/cm), total hardness (as calcium carbonate, mg/l) and total dissolved solid in the first and end year of the study were 605.45 ± 194.69 and 695.22 ± 288.52, 198.77 ± 56.83 and 214.45 ± 84.73, 350.25 ± 106.81 and 486.44 ± 183.52 respectively. At the end of the results were compared with WHO (World Health Organization) guideline and Iranian drinking water standard (No. 1053). The results show that all of the evaluated parameters were less than the WHO guideline and the Iranian drinking water standard, only the TH (Total Hardness) was higher than the standard range. On the basis of Pearson correlation coefficient, the ascending trend of some parameters concentration with time was significant at the level of 95% of confidence limits (α ≤ 0.05).

Data on assessing fluoride risk in bottled waters in Iran

The general goal of this data was to determine the concentration of fluoride and assess its risk in waters bottled in Iran. Seventy-one samples of different brands of bottled water were collected. Then, the fluoride concentration was measured through standard method for water and wastewater experiments. The non-carcinogenicity risk of fluoride for different groups of infants, children, teenagers, and adults was calculated by proper formula. The data presented here indicated that the mean concentration of fluoride in bottled waters was 0.272 mg/L, which is lower than the minimum world health organization (WHO) guideline. Further, the mean hazard quotient (HQ) values for fluoride across the groups of infants, children, teenagers, and adults with respective values of 0.0363, 0.2568, 0.1813, and 0.1452 were observed in 0, 1, 1, and 0 cases of HQ>1. Generally, in most of the tested brands, HQ value was less than 1, and this value was above 1 in only one brand of bottled water.

Data on groundwater quality, scaling potential and corrosiveness of water samples in Torbat-e-Heydariyeh rural drinking water resources, Khorasan-e-Razavi province, Iran

According to World Health Organization guidelines, corrosion control is an important aspect of safe drinking-water supplies. The data presented is physical and chemical parameters of drinking water in the rural areas of Torbat-e-Heydariyeh city, also to determine corrosion indices. This cross-sectional study has carried out with 188 taken samples during 2014 with 13 parameters, which has been analyzed based on standard method. Also with regard to standard conditions, result of this paper is compared with Environmental Protection Agency and Iran national standards. Five indices, Langlier Saturation Index (LSI), Ryznar Stability Index (RSI), Puckorius Scaling Index (PSI), Larson-Skold Index (LS) and Aggressive Index (AI), programmed by using Microsoft Excel software. Owing to its simplicity, the program can easily be used by researchers and operators. Parameters included Sulfate, Sodium, Chloride, and Electrical Conductivity respectively was 13.5%, 28%, 10.5%, and 15% more than standard level. The amounts of Nitrate, in 98% of cases were in permissible limits and about 2% were more than standard level. Result of presented research indicate that water is corrosive at 10.6%, 89.4%, 87.2%, 59.6% and 14.9% of drinking water supply reservoirs, according to LSI, RSI, PSI, LS and AI, respectively.

Data on the fluoride adsorption from aqueous solutions by metal-organic frameworks (ZIF-8 and Uio-66)

The variables examined were initial fluoride concentration, ZIF-8 and Uio-66 dosage, pH, and contact time. The residual concentration of fluoride was measured by a spectrophotometer. According to BET, the specific surface area of the ZIF-8 and Uio-66 was 1050 m²/g and 800 m²/g, respectively. Total pore volume and average pore diameter of the ZIF-8 and Uio-66 were 0.57 cm³/g, 0.45 cm³/g and 4.5 nm, 3.2 nm, respectively. The best pH for fluoride adsorption was neutral conditions. By increasing the ZIF-8 and Uio-66 dose, the fluoride uptake increased at first, but then decreased. Also, the maximum adsorption for ZIF-8 and Uio-66 was observed in adsorbent dose 0.2 and 0.6 g/L, respectively. The best model for describing kinetic and isotherms of fluoride adsorption were the pseudo-second-order model and Langmuir isotherm model, respectively. Based on the Langmuir model, the adsorption capacity of fluoride by ZIF-8 and Uio-66 was reported to be 25 mg/g and 20 mg/g, respectively.

Data on health risk assessment of fluoride in drinking water in the Khash city of Sistan and Baluchistan province, Iran

According to studies, high concentration of fluoride in drinking water has adverse health effects such as dental and skeletal fluorosis. This data analyzes the concentrations and health risks of fluoride in 30 drinking water samples collected from 11 villages of the Khash city, Sistan and Baluchistan province in Iran. Fluoride concentration was measured using SPADNS method according to the standard method for examination of water and wastewater. Data indicated that average fluoride concentration in drinking water was 0.731 mg L⁻¹. The mean estimated daily intake (EDI) values for fluoride in different groups of infants, children, teenagers and adults were 0.0058, 0.0414, 0.0292 and 0.0234 mg/kg, respectively. Also, risk assessment data indicated that hazard quotient (HQ) value of groundwater samples was less than one in 90% of samples in age groups of infants, children, teenagers and adults.

Data on drinking water quality using water quality index (WQI) and assessment of groundwater quality for irrigation purposes in Qorveh&Dehgolan, Kurdistan, Iran

This data article aimed to investigate the quality of drinking water of Qorveh and Dehgolan Counties in Kurdistan province based on the water quality index (WQI) and agricultural quality index based on RSC, PI, KR, MH, Na, SAR and SSP indices. Also, Piper diagram was used to determine hydro chemical features of the groundwater area. The calculation of WQI for groundwater samples indicated that 36% of the samples could be considered as excellent water and 64% of the samples were classified as good water category. The results of the calculated indices for agricultural water quality indicate that water quality in all collected samples are in a good and excellent category. The Piper classification showed that dominant type of groundwater hydro chemical faces of region was calcium bicarbonate (Ca-HCO₃^-).

Data on quality indices of groundwater resource for agricultural use in the Jolfa, East Azerbaijan, Iran

The aim of this study was to evaluate the groundwater quality Indices of Groundwater resource for Agricultural Use in jolfa city (Iran) during one decade (2003-2013). Data showed in the first and end year of the study period, the Mean±SD of Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR) and Sodium Percentage (Na%) indices 5455.77±3878.02, 3638.69±3565.19 and 51.49±15.65, 41.58±17.69, respectively. The data indicate that the, in terms of sodium percentage and sodium adsorption ratio, the water quality in this area is not suitable for irrigation.

Groundwater quality assessment for drinking and agriculture purposes in Abhar city, Iran

The main objective of this study is to assess the quality of groundwater for drinking consume and agriculture purposes in abhar city. The analytical results shows higher concentration of electrical conductivity (100%), total hardness (66.7%), total dissolved solids (40%), magnesium (23%), Sulfate (13.3%) which indicates signs of deterioration as per WHO and Iranian standards for drinking consume. Agricultural index, in terms of the hardness index, 73.3% of the samples in hard water category and 73.3% in sodium content were classified as good. Therefore, the main problem in the agricultural sector was the total hardness Water was estimated. For the RSC index, all 100% of the samples were desirable. In the physicochemical parameters of drinking water, 100% of the samples were undesirable in terms of electrical conductivity and 100% of the samples were desirable for sodium and chlorine parameters. Therefore, the main water problem in Abhar is related to electrical conductivity and water total hardness.

Data on fluoride concentration in drinking water resources in Iran: A case study of Fars province; Larestan region

Fluoride is a natural element among minerals, geochemical sediments and natural water systems which is entered to body chain by drinking water. Groundwater is the main and the best source of drinking water in southern areas of Iran especially in the cities of Lar and Gerash (Fars province). So due to the health significance fluoride including dental and skeletal fluorosis, fertility, abortion and thyroid diseases, etc., measuring has high importance in the water resources of this region of Iran. Fluoride concentration was 0.35–3.46 mg/L and 78.26% drinking water sources contains fluoride concentration above the WHO guideline.