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Can H, Ozyigit II, Can M, Hocaoglu-Ozyigit A, Yalcin IE. Multidimensional Scaling of the Mineral Nutrient Status and Health Risk Assessment of Commonly Consumed Fruity Vegetables Marketed in Kyrgyzstan. Biol Trace Elem Res 2022; 200:1902-1916. [PMID: 34050455 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-021-02759-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Intensive production of fruits and vegetables causes heavy metal accumulation. Consumption of this kind of foodstuff is a growing concern of the modern world with the additional distress of the supply of enough foodstuffs. To contribute to this global purpose, this research aimed to find out the mineral nutrient and heavy metal concentrations of commonly consumed fruity vegetables in Kyrgyzstan. Totally, ten different fruity type vegetables were collected from five different large bazaars of Kyrgyzstan. From these, 20 samples, including washed/unwashed rinds of vegetables, were quantified in terms of their B, Ca, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, Pb, and Zn contents by using inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). The concentrations of the fruity vegetables were found in the following range: B (1.392-25.816), Ca (92.814-4095.466), Cd (0.007-0.086), Cr (0.009-0.919), Cu (0.351-8.351), Fe (4.429-126.873), K (920.124-10,135.995), Mg (61.973-879.085), Mn (1.113-78.938), Na (36.132-266.475), Ni (0.039-1.215), Pb (0.081-2.906), and Zn (1.653-87.107) (mg kg-1). It was determined that red capia pepper was the vegetable having the highest daily nutritional value according to evaluation done in our study. Taking into account of the HI values, all of the vegetables analyzed were determined to be lower than the limit value of 1 that falls into acceptable limits in terms of being safe. Peppers demonstrated the highest variation in terms of the elemental content. The high Cr content rendered hot pepper risky for consumption by both genders regarding with CR, and in terms of CR, it has been observed that nickel contents being found in vegetables including tomatoes pose a moderate risk for consumption. Quite lower risk was detected in red/Brandy-wine tomatoes, eggplants, and cucumber for both genders. As most striking result in our study, the Brandy-wine type tomato was found to be healthiest (as well as safest) and nutritious vegetable looking from the viewpoint of consumption in Kyrgyzstan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Can
- Department of Field Crops and Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyrgyz-Turkish Manas University, 720038, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan.
| | - Ibrahim Ilker Ozyigit
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Arts, Marmara University, 34722, Kadikoy, Istanbul, Turkey.
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Kyrgyz-Turkish Manas University, 720038, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan.
| | - Merve Can
- Department of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, Selcuk University, 42130, Konya, Turkey
| | - Asli Hocaoglu-Ozyigit
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Arts, Marmara University, 34722, Kadikoy, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ibrahim Ertugrul Yalcin
- Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Bahcesehir University, 34353, Besiktas, Istanbul, Turkey
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Can H, Ozyigit II, Can M, Hocaoglu-Ozyigit A, Yalcin IE. Environment-Based Impairment in Mineral Nutrient Status and Heavy Metal Contents of Commonly Consumed Leafy Vegetables Marketed in Kyrgyzstan: a Case Study for Health Risk Assessment. Biol Trace Elem Res 2021; 199:1123-1144. [PMID: 32557099 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-020-02208-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Leafy vegetables are important components of the human diet for providing mineral nutrients. However, due to the tendency of metal accumulation, metal contents of leafy vegetables need not only to be determined but also estimated health risk for revealing possible health effects on humans. The aims of this study are (I) to examine comprehensive concentrations of trace/heavy metals along with some macroelements including Ca, Cd, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, Pb, and Zn in selected leafy vegetables from Kyrgyzstan; (II) to assess recommended dietary allowances (RDA); and (III) to evaluate hazard quotient (HQ) and carcinogenic risk estimation with associated vegetable consumption. For this purpose, B, Ca, Cd, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, Pb, and Zn elements were quantified, utilizing an ICP-OES instrument, in 18 samples belonging to 12 different groups of leafy vegetables including celery, Chinese parsley, dill, garden sorrel, lettuce, parsley, purple basil, spinach, and white-red-napa cabbage collected from different bazaars of Kyrgyzstan. Average elemental contents of the analyzed vegetables were determined (in mg kg-1) as follows: B (3.21-64.79), Ca (852.51-17,183.20), Cd (0.015-0.09), Cu (6.08-63.47), Fe (116.52-768.66), K (2347.04-17,305.42), Mg (136.34-1261.11), Na (54.75-526.42), Ni (0.09-1.3), Pb (1.91-9.54), and Zn (29.49-314.93). Estimated daily intake, recommended daily allowance, hazard quotients, and carcinogenic risk values of the vegetables were calculated with the help of these results. In considering HQ values, Chinese cabbage was determined to be safe for the consumption of both genders whereas parsley to be safe for only males. Based on the carcinogenic risk calculation, most of the vegetables examined in this study were categorized as moderately risky. It was inferred from the given results that airborne pollution has impaired/increased the mineral contents of vegetables for both genders. The findings obtained from this study were compared with international standards and will contribute to the data available on a global scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Can
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Field Crops and Horticulture, Kyrgyz-Turkish Manas University, 720038, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan.
| | - Ibrahim Ilker Ozyigit
- Faculty of Science and Arts, Department of Biology, Marmara University, Kadikoy, 34722, Istanbul, Turkey.
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Kyrgyz-Turkish Manas University, 720038, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan.
| | - Merve Can
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, Selcuk University, 42130, Konya, Turkey
| | - Asli Hocaoglu-Ozyigit
- Faculty of Science and Arts, Department of Biology, Marmara University, Kadikoy, 34722, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ibrahim Ertugrul Yalcin
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Department of Civil Engineering, Bahcesehir University, Besiktas, 34353, Istanbul, Turkey
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Katarzyna J, Karolina J, Patrycja K, Mateusz B, Izabela G. Mineral Composition and Antioxidant Potential in the Common Poppy (Papaver rhoeas L.) Petal Infusions. Biol Trace Elem Res 2021; 199:371-381. [PMID: 32306285 PMCID: PMC7746557 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-020-02134-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The flowers of the common poppy are used for medicinal purposes, both internally and externally. They are reported to have antispasmodic and antitussive properties, to alleviate inflammatory conditions and soothe anxiety-related digestive problems. The aim of the study was to determine the antioxidant potential and the content of vitamin C, polyphenols, and minerals in infusions made from the petals of the common poppy at different temperatures. The infusions were made at various temperatures (25 °C, 70 °C, 80 °C, and 90 °C). The antioxidant potential and the content of polyphenols and vitamin C were determined by spectrophotometric methods. The mineral content was determined using the ICP-OES method. The total polyphenol content ranged from 135.2 to 137.24 ppm and that of vitamin C-from 15.47 to 15.78 mg/100 mL. The temperature of the water used to make the infusions did not appear to have a significant effect on these parameters. The temperature did, however, significantly affect the antioxidant potential of the infusions-the highest antioxidant activity (71.21% DPPH inhibition) was observed in the infusion prepared using water at 80 °C. The infusions included in the study contained a number of minerals. No significant effect of temperature was found for the content of K, Zn, Cu, Fe, and Ni in the infusions. On the other hand, the content of Ca in the infusions was significantly correlated with the increasing temperature of the water. It was concluded that poppy petal infusions may serve as a valuable dietary supplement, providing antioxidants and minerals required by the human body to function properly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janda Katarzyna
- Department of Human Nutrition and Metabolomics, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 24 Broniewskiego Street, 71-460, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Jakubczyk Karolina
- Department of Human Nutrition and Metabolomics, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 24 Broniewskiego Street, 71-460, Szczecin, Poland.
| | - Kupnicka Patrycja
- Department of Biochemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 71 Powstańców Wlkp. Street, 70-111, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Bosiacki Mateusz
- Department of Functional Diagnostics and Physical Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 54 Żołnierska Street, 71-210, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Gutowska Izabela
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 71 Powstańców Wlkp. Street, 70-111, Szczecin, Poland
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Segelke T, von Wuthenau K, Kuschnereit A, Müller MS, Fischer M. Origin Determination of Walnuts ( Juglans regia L.) on a Worldwide and Regional Level by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry and Chemometrics. Foods 2020; 9:E1708. [PMID: 33233794 PMCID: PMC7699883 DOI: 10.3390/foods9111708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
To counteract food fraud, this study aimed at the differentiation of walnuts on a global and regional level using an isotopolomics approach. Thus, the multi-elemental profiles of 237 walnut samples from ten countries and three years of harvest were analyzed with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), and the resulting element profiles were evaluated with chemometrics. Using support vector machine (SVM) for classification, validated by stratified nested cross validation, a prediction accuracy of 73% could be achieved. Leave-one-out cross validation was also applied for comparison and led to less satisfactory results because of the higher variations in sensitivity for distinct classes. Prediction was still possible using only elemental ratios instead of the absolute element concentrations; consequently, a drying step is not mandatory. In addition, the isotopolomics approach provided the classification of walnut samples on a regional level in France, Germany, and Italy, with accuracies of 91%, 77%, and 94%, respectively. The ratio of the model's accuracy to a random sample distribution was calculated, providing a new parameter with which to evaluate and compare the performance of classification models. The walnut cultivar and harvest year had no observable influence on the origin differentiation. Our results show the high potential of element profiling for the origin authentication of walnuts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Markus Fischer
- Hamburg School of Food Science, Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Grindelallee 117, 20146 Hamburg, Germany; (T.S.); (K.v.W.); (A.K.); (M.-S.M.)
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Meisen SA, Smanalieva J, Oskonbaeva Z, Iskakova J, Darr D, Wichern F. Intraspecific variability overlays abiotic site effects on some quality parameters of walnut (Juglans regia L.) fruits from Kyrgyzstan. Eur Food Res Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-020-03628-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
AbstractKyrgyz walnut-fruit forests harbour a unique walnut diversity, which has rarely been investigated concerning nut properties and the influence of environmental conditions on these. We evaluated the influence of soil properties and altitude on physical and some chemical walnut properties at three sampling sites differing in altitude by 200 m. Walnut samples were collected from 15 randomly chosen trees. Soil samples from two depths under each tree were analysed for plant available mineral nutrients and soil chemical properties. In contrast to our hypothesis, physical nut and chemical kernel quality parameters did not differ between sampling sites at different altitude and were not affected by soil properties. Only pH showed a relationship with manganese availability in soil and kernel content, and was related to amino acid content of kernels. Tree and site-specific variability overrides abiotic influence caused by different altitude or soil properties and reflect the high genetic variability in these forests.
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Wu S, Shen D, Wang R, Han Y, Zheng Y, Ni Z, Tang F, Mo R, Liu Y. Evaluation of risk levels of trace elements in walnuts from China and their influence factors: Planting area and cultivar. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 203:110996. [PMID: 32678764 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The potential health risk of trace elements in nut foods has been widely concerned. The accumulations of trace elements by plants in the environment are disturbed by multiple factors. The objective of this work was to investigate the risk levels of trace elements in walnuts and their influence factors (planting area and cultivar). A total of 228 walnut samples were collected from four major walnut producing areas of China. The contents of essential elements for Fe, Cu, Zn, Mo and Se were 35.8, 21.9, 14.8, 0.3 and 0.04 mg/kg, respectively. The contribution of Cu for dietary reference intake was as high as 82.22%. The risk levels of potential toxicological elements and toxic elements within the acceptable limits. Significantly, the hazard quotients (HQs) of Ba and Co were up to 26.14% and 25.31%, respectively. The effect of planting area on trace elements was determined from the aspects of regional distribution and urbanization. Significant differences of essential elements were found between northeast and northwest areas. The urbanization directly influenced toxic elements, which could cause variation up to 85.0% (Pb) and 42.9% (As). Finally, cultivar effect was confirmed that all walnut cultivars were divided into four categories with different trace element characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shutian Wu
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Fuyang, 311400, PR China
| | - Danyu Shen
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Fuyang, 311400, PR China
| | - Ruohui Wang
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Fuyang, 311400, PR China
| | - Yongxiang Han
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Fuyang, 311400, PR China
| | - Yuewen Zheng
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Fuyang, 311400, PR China
| | - Zhanglin Ni
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Fuyang, 311400, PR China
| | - Fubin Tang
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Fuyang, 311400, PR China
| | - Runhong Mo
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Fuyang, 311400, PR China.
| | - Yihua Liu
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Fuyang, 311400, PR China.
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Liu A, Li S, Cen N, Mao F, Yang R, Li L, Sui H, Zhao Y. Concentration of fifteen elements in herbaceous stems of Ephedra intermedia and influence of its growing soil. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15077. [PMID: 32934288 PMCID: PMC7494874 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72048-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Mineral nutrients play important roles in the growth and metabolism of Ephedra intermedia, and are affected by soil factors. Fifteen elements were measured from wild E. intermedia as well as their growing soils using inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy to investigate the influences and characteristics of herb elements. The pH, cation exchange capacity, humus and soil mechanical composition were also determined in rhizosphere soils. Results showed that E. intermedia stems contained high N, low P concentrations in macronutrients and high Fe in micronutrients, and enriched N, S, Cl, P and Sr from soils. The 15 herb elements were affected by one or more soil factors, and K, P, Zn, Fe and Mn were important soil elements that influenced the mineral accumulation of E. intermedia. This study was useful for the artificial cultivation of wild E. intermedia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anli Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, No. 1160, Shengli South Avenue, Xingqing District, Yinchuan, 750004, People's Republic of China
| | - Siqi Li
- School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, No. 1160, Shengli South Avenue, Xingqing District, Yinchuan, 750004, People's Republic of China
| | - Nana Cen
- School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, No. 1160, Shengli South Avenue, Xingqing District, Yinchuan, 750004, People's Republic of China
| | - Fuying Mao
- School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, No. 1160, Shengli South Avenue, Xingqing District, Yinchuan, 750004, People's Republic of China.,Ningxia Research Center of Modern Hui Medicine Engineering and Technology, Yinchuan, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Hui Ethnic Medicine Modernization, Ministry of Education, Yinchuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruixia Yang
- Wenxi County Meteorological Administration of Shanxi Province, Yuncheng, People's Republic of China
| | - Linfei Li
- School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, No. 1160, Shengli South Avenue, Xingqing District, Yinchuan, 750004, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Sui
- School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, No. 1160, Shengli South Avenue, Xingqing District, Yinchuan, 750004, People's Republic of China.,Ningxia Research Center of Modern Hui Medicine Engineering and Technology, Yinchuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunsheng Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, No. 1160, Shengli South Avenue, Xingqing District, Yinchuan, 750004, People's Republic of China. .,Ningxia Research Center of Modern Hui Medicine Engineering and Technology, Yinchuan, People's Republic of China. .,Key Laboratory of Hui Ethnic Medicine Modernization, Ministry of Education, Yinchuan, People's Republic of China.
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8
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Karahan F, Ozyigit II, Saracoglu IA, Yalcin IE, Ozyigit AH, Ilcim A. Heavy Metal Levels and Mineral Nutrient Status in Different Parts of Various Medicinal Plants Collected from Eastern Mediterranean Region of Turkey. Biol Trace Elem Res 2020; 197:316-329. [PMID: 31758293 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-019-01974-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Medicinal plants have been used for treatment of many diseases since the ancient times with traditional knowledge being transferred from generation to generation. However, in recent years, many natural habitats have been contaminated due to increased anthropogenic activities. Plants which are exposed to heavy metal toxicity may experience several serious problems. Furthermore, the inclusion of these plants into the food chain poses a threat to human health as well. Additionally, presence of heavy metals directly effect mineral nutrition and consequently the food quality. The aim of this study herewith is to determine the heavy metal content and mineral nutrient status of some medicinal plants to have insight on their health repercussions on plants and humans. The concentrations of Al, B, Ca, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, Pb and Zn in commonly used parts (root, rhizome, seed, resin, gall, fruit) especially for remedial purposes of 17 medicinal plants collected from Turkey were analyzed by ICP-OES. The measured values for concentrations from lowest to highest were (in mg kg-1) 30.983-368.877 for Al, 13.845-186.015 for B, 1335.699-11213.951 for Ca, 0.016-0.653 for Cd, 0.379-30.708 for Cr, 23.838-90.444 for Cu, 78.960-1228.845 for Fe, 1035.948-6393.491 for K, 83.193-2252.031 for Mg, 12.111-362.570 for Mn, 278.464-1968.775 for Na, 1.945-35.732 for Ni, 0.796-17.162 for Pb and 166.910-395.252 for Zn. Overall, heavy metal concentrations in medicinal plants collected nearby industrial regions, mining and farming sites, were found to be in slightly higher levels. This shows us that it is of crucial importance that the areas where medicinal plants are collected are clean especially by means of heavy metals for the reason that these plants can cause more harm than the benefits they may provide if they are contaminated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faruk Karahan
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Arts, Hatay Mustafa Kemal University, 31040, Hatay, Turkey.
| | - Ibrahim Ilker Ozyigit
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Arts, Marmara University, Goztepe, 34722, Istanbul, Turkey
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Kyrgyz-Turkish Manas University, 720038, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
| | - Ibrahim Adnan Saracoglu
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Arts, Marmara University, Goztepe, 34722, Istanbul, Turkey
- Presidancy of the Republic of Turkey, Bestepe, 06560, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ibrahim Ertugrul Yalcin
- Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Bahcesehir University, Besiktas, 34353, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Asli Hocaoglu Ozyigit
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Arts, Marmara University, Goztepe, 34722, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Ilcim
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Arts, Hatay Mustafa Kemal University, 31040, Hatay, Turkey
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Taghizadeh SF, Rezaee R, Badibostan H, Karimi G. Probabilistic carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk assessment of heavy metal ingestion through consumption of different walnut cultivars: An Iranian study. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2020; 192:599. [PMID: 32856100 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-020-08551-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The heavy metal levels in six walnut cultivars from five geographical zones of Iran were measured. An assessment of risks was conducted by calculating the Target Hazard Quotient (THQ) and Incremental Lifetime Cancer Risk (ILCR) by use of the Monte Carlo simulation method. The highest amounts of As and Pb were reported in Farouj samples. Also, the highest levels of Cr, Zn, Cu and Mn were determined in samples collected from Tuyserkan. Accordingly, 50th and 95th ILCRs for general population due to consumption of walnut were 1.03 × 10-4 and 3.11 × 10-4 (for As), 4.10 × 10-6 and 1.1 × 10-5 (for Cr) and 4.71 × 10-9 and 1.05 × 10-8 (for Pb), respectively. In addition, the 50th and 95th centiles of the HIs for walnut ingestion by Iranians were 1.02 and 2.05, respectively, indicating a minor chance of non-cancer effects. Based on the calculated 95% ILCR, dietary exposure to As through the consumption of walnut poses a risk to Iranian consumer health. However, ILCR values of other heavy metals (HMs) were in acceptable ranges (ILCR < 1 × 10-4), representing no toxicological concern for consumers. The most significantly influential parameters were determined by sensitivity analysis during the MCS. According to THQ and ILCR methods, concentration was the most sensitive parameters. For THQ method the concentration effects were ranged from 72.4 to 85.1%. Moreover, for ILCR method the effects of concentration in As, Cr, and Pb were 87.1, 79.1 and 83.54%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyedeh Faezeh Taghizadeh
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, 1365-91775. I, Mashhad, .R, Iran
| | - Ramin Rezaee
- Clinical Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hasan Badibostan
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Karimi
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, 1365-91775. I, Mashhad, .R, Iran.
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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Endaye M, Atlabachew M, Mehari B, Alemayehu M, Mengistu DA, Kerisew B. Combining Multi-Element Analysis with Statistical Modeling for Tracing the Origin of Green Coffee Beans from Amhara Region, Ethiopia. Biol Trace Elem Res 2020; 195:669-678. [PMID: 31418150 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-019-01866-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Characterization of coffee terroirs is important to determine authenticity and provide confidence for consumers to select the right product. In this regard, Amhara Region, which is located at the northwestern part of Ethiopia, produces various local coffee types with distinct cup qualities. The coffees are, however, not yet registered with certification marks or trademarks for indications of their geographical origins. This study was aimed at developing analytical methodology useful to determine the geographical origin of green coffee beans produced in Amhara Region based on multi-element analysis combined with multivariate statistical techniques. For this, a total of 120 samples of green coffee beans, collected from four major cultivating zones (West Gojjam, East Gojjam, Awi, and Bahir Dar Especial Zones) were analyzed for K, Mg, Ca, Mn, Fe, Cu, Fe, Co, Ni, Zn, Si, Cr, Cd, and Pb using inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy. The elemental analysis data were subjected to principal component analysis (PCA) and linear discriminant analysis (LDA). PCA was used to explore the natural groupings of samples and the discriminatory ability of elements. Accordingly, the elements K, Mg, Ca, and Na were found to be the main discriminators among samples. LDA provided a model to classify the coffee samples based on their production zones with an accuracy of 94.2% and prediction ability of 93.4%. Thus, the elemental composition of green coffee beans can be used as a chemical descriptor in the authentication of coffee produced in Amhara Region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minbale Endaye
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Bahir Dar University, P.O. Box 79, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Minaleshewa Atlabachew
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Bahir Dar University, P.O. Box 79, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia.
| | - Bewketu Mehari
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Melkamu Alemayehu
- Department of Plant Sciences, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Bahir Dar University, P.O. Box 79, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Daniel Ayalew Mengistu
- Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, Faculty of Social Sciences, and Geospatial Data and Technology Center, Bahir Dar University, P.O. Box 79, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Bizuayehu Kerisew
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Bahir Dar University, P.O. Box 79, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
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