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Weldekirstos HD, Abebe AT, Andrgie AT. Investigation of elemental composition in red teff grains using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP OES), Sire District, Arsi zone, Ethiopia. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2024; 83:127389. [PMID: 38242004 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2024.127389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Minerals are important not only for better plant growth and development but also for human and animal nutrition. It is known that east and west Gojam in the Amhara region and east and west Shoa areas in the Oromia region Ethiopia's most teff growing areas. However, there is no information on the mineral content and nutritional worth of Teff Sire district, Arsi zone, Ethiopia. Since ICP OES is a powerful technique to examine elemental compositions even in lower concentration, it is used in this work to investigate the elemental composition of red teff samples. METHODS The elemental compositions of red Teff grain samples were determined using ICP-OES from three sites: S1, S2, and S3 of Sire district, Arsi zone, Ethiopia. Wet digestion of the teff samples was carried out by weighing 0.5 g red teff sample and digested with 8 ml HNO3 and 2 ml H2O2 (30%) for 3:00 h at a temperature of 100℃ on hot plate. The investigations of method validation, limit of detection and limit of quantification were also carried out. RESULTS The average amount of elements in red teff sample obtained as 172-280 mg/kg Fe, 13-76 mg/kg Mn, 8.2-8.5 mg/kg Cu, 24-26 mg/kg Zn, and toxic trace elements 0.12-0.29 mg/kg Pb and 0.15-0.22 mg/kg Cd. The limit of detection found in ranges from 0.21 mg Kg-1 to 10.44 mg Kg-1 whereas quantification limit resulted in 0.7 mg Kg-1 to 34.8 mg Kg-1 for the metals under consideration. The method was validated by its linear range in the concentration range of 0.028-1.4 ppm or 0.056-2.8 ppm and excellent recovery result was achieved in the range of 90-120%. CONCLUSION This study aimed to investigate the mineral content in red teff cultivated in Ethiopia specifically Arsi zone by using ICP OES. From the obtained results, Iron was the first abundant essential element in red teff compared to Mn, Cu and Zn. The level of trace elements: Cd and Pb in the samples slightly above the acceptable limit, possibly due to agricultural practices like usage of fertilizers, pesticides, and other industrial products. Overall, this red teff elemental composition information contributes to the nutrition database and food safety in Ethiopia and beyond.
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Shemnsa A, Adane WD, Tessema M, Tesfaye E, Tesfaye G. Simultaneous Determination of Mineral Nutrients and Toxic Metals in M. stenopetala from Southern Ethiopia: A Comparative Study of Three Cultivating Areas Using MP-AES. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL METHODS IN CHEMISTRY 2024; 2024:8981995. [PMID: 38222894 PMCID: PMC10787013 DOI: 10.1155/2024/8981995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
In this study, for the first time, the levels of thirteen micro- and macromineral nutrients in the leaves, seeds, and supportive soil of Moringa stenopetala (M. stenopetala) were simultaneously determined using microwave plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (MP-AES). The samples were collected during the arid season, in 2019 from the three main M. stenopetala growing areas in southern Ethiopia (Chano Mile Kebele, Nechisar Kebele, and Konso Special Woreda). A novel digestion method for leaf and seed samples was developed using an optimized acid mixture (2.5 : 0.75 : 0.5 of HNO3, HClO4, and H2O2) at 240°C for 2 hrs and 30 min, resulting in clear and colorless solutions. The method makes the digestion process more efficient by minimizing the reagent volume, reducing digestion temperature and time, and simplifying the overall procedure. The efficiency of the optimized procedure was validated by spiking experiments, and the percentage recovery ranged between 94 and 110%. Under optimized experimental conditions, higher concentrations of essential minerals (K, Na, Ca, and Mg) were observed in the plant leaf and seed samples from the three areas. In addition, significant amounts of trace elements (Fe, Mn, Zn, and Cu) were also found. Importantly, no traces of the toxic elements (Cd and Pb) were detected in any of the analyzed samples, suggesting that the leaves and seeds of M. stenopetala are valuable sources of both micro- and macromineral nutrients and are safe from toxic metals. From a dietary perspective, the seed contains almost comparable concentrations of minerals as the leaves. As a result, the seeds of M. stenopetala can serve as an alternative source of minerals and play a role in overcoming the current global food crisis, particularly in the dry season. Analysis of variance at a 95% confidence level revealed significant differences in the levels of all mineral nutrients between the three sample means except K, Ca, Co, and Cu. Generally, the developed method includes an innovative digestion procedure that minimizes reagent consumption, operates at lower temperatures, and requires shorter digestion times, thereby optimizing resource utilization and maintaining analytical accuracy. Notably, the absence of toxic elements in the MP-AES procedure highlights the safety and reliability of M. stenopetala leaves and seeds as valuable, contamination-free sources of essential nutrients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashenafi Shemnsa
- Department of Chemistry, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | - Merid Tessema
- Department of Chemistry, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Endale Tesfaye
- Department of Chemistry, Gambella University, P.O. Box 126, Gambella, Ethiopia
| | - Gizaw Tesfaye
- Department of Chemistry, Fitche College of Teachers Education, P.O. Box 260, Fitche, Ethiopia
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Alsohaimi IH. Quantitative determination of trace elements in frozen and chilled chicken using ICP OES and related health risk assessment. JOURNAL OF TAIBAH UNIVERSITY FOR SCIENCE 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/16583655.2023.2196235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
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Er Caliskan C, Ethmane V, Ciftci H, Ozturk K. Macro- and trace elements in plants from Mauritania and risk assessment. FOOD ADDITIVES & CONTAMINANTS. PART B, SURVEILLANCE 2023; 16:375-383. [PMID: 37746844 DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2023.2253779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the content of elemental levels of eight plants species originating from Mauritania and used as medicinal plant and to assess their risk for human health. The range of elemental content in the studied plant parts of these plant species were 0.51-16.1 mg/g for Ca, 2.63-6.49 mg/g for Mg, 11.2-201 μg/g for Al, 6.5-28.2 μg/g for Zn, 5.6-453 μg/g for Fe, 1.1-6.4 μg/g for Ni, 11.0-302 μg/g for Mn and 0.7-9.0 μg/g for Cu. The Cr, Pb, Cd and Co levels were below the limits of detection in all samples. The estimated weekly intake (EWI) and target hazard quotient (THQ) were calculated. Except for Al the THQ values were below 1, so it could be concluded that these plant species have low probability of causing non-cancer health problems for the consumer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cigdem Er Caliskan
- Department of Field Crops, Faculty of Agriculture, Kırşehir Ahi Evran University, Kırşehir, Turkey
| | - Vatimetou Ethmane
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Kırşehir Ahi Evran University, Kırşehir, Turkey
| | - Harun Ciftci
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Kırşehir Ahi Evran University, Kırşehir, Turkey
- Department of Chemistry, Cankiri Karatekin University, Institute of Science, Çankırı, Turkey
| | - Kubra Ozturk
- Department of Project Coordinator, Kırşehir Ahi Evran University, Kırşehir, Turkey
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Welna M, Szymczycha-Madeja A, Pohl P. Determination and speciation of inorganic As in homeopathic medicines by HG-ICP OES method with no or minimal sample treatment before measurements. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2023; 236:115682. [PMID: 37660547 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
The analysis of homeopathic medicines for the content of total inorganic As by hydride generation (HG) hyphenated with the ICP OES detection was presented. Various forms of medicaments (sugar pellets, tablets, alcohol-based drops), containing Arsenicum album or Arsenicum iodatum in several potencies (C9-200, D6-10), as well as different sample preparation approaches (wet digestion, extraction, dissolution, dilution, direct analysis) before spectrometric measurements were studied. The influence of the undecomposed sample matrix (mainly sugar and alcohol) on the HG process of As was examined in detail. Under optimal conditions found, simplified sample preparation procedures for the determination of As traces were proposed. The suitable sensitivity, the limit of detection of As < 0.1 ng g-1, the precision within 0.31-7.4 % (as RSD), and the adequate trueness (94.9-113 % as confirmed by the recovery test) were achieved. Using the species-selective HG conditions and the developed direct analysis method, the speciation of As in arsenic drops without any prior chromatographic separation of As(III) and As(V) was carried out. The applicability of the developed strategies was demonstrated by the determination of As in 13 homeopathic products available on the Polish market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Welna
- Division of Analytical Chemistry and Chemical Metallurgy, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Anna Szymczycha-Madeja
- Division of Analytical Chemistry and Chemical Metallurgy, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Pawel Pohl
- Division of Analytical Chemistry and Chemical Metallurgy, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
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Gyamfi ET, Ackah M, Gore DB. Bioaccessibility, exposure and risk assessment of potentially toxic elements and essential micronutrients in ayurvedic, traditional Chinese and Ghanaian medicines. Biometals 2023; 36:943-960. [PMID: 36749495 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-023-00495-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Potentially toxic constituents in traditional medicines remain a concern due to health risks posed to consumers. Thirty-six traditional medicines (TM) consisting of 14 Indian Ayurvedic Medicines, 11 Chinese Traditional Medicines and eleven Ghanaian Traditional Medicines were evaluated using Total Reflection X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometer (T-XRF) after microwave assisted acid digestion. Physiologically Based Extraction Test (PBET) was used to obtain bioaccessible elemental concentrations. Merck XVI multi-element standard were used to evaluate the accuracy of the analytical method. The concentrations of the elements were quantified in (mg kg-1): Cr (0.01-698), Mn (0.01-1140), Fe (15-73300), Ni (1-1340), Cu (3-8160), Zn (0.01-224). The greatest bioaccessible concentrations of arsenic was 0.80 mg kg-1 and 0.44 mg kg-1 in the gastric and intestinal phases respectively. In order to evaluate the human health risks from ingesting these TM, the Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) was calculated for each medicine based on element-specific bioaccessibility-adjusted concentrations and results compared with the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) Reference Dose (RfD) limits. The Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) values for risks were within the USEPA RfD. Hazard quotients (HQ) of TM were < 1, meaning elemental concentrations do not pose non-carcinogenic risks to adult consumers. In summary the methods applied in the study gives a new insight on human health risks of potentially toxic and essential micronutrients elements in TM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva T Gyamfi
- Nuclear and Applied Chemistry Research Centre, National Nuclear Research Institute Ghana Atomic Energy Commission, Legon, P. O. BOX LG 80, Accra, Ghana.
| | - Michael Ackah
- Nuclear and Applied Chemistry Research Centre, National Nuclear Research Institute Ghana Atomic Energy Commission, Legon, P. O. BOX LG 80, Accra, Ghana
| | - Damian B Gore
- School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, NSW, 2109, Australia
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Geographical discrimination of Cyclocarya paliurus tea for origin traceability based on multielement analysis by ICP-OES and chemometrics multivariate. CHINESE HERBAL MEDICINES 2023; 15:63-68. [PMID: 36875438 PMCID: PMC9975610 DOI: 10.1016/j.chmed.2022.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective This paper focused on the geographical discrimination of Cyclocarya paliurus tea for origin traceability based on multielement analysis by ICP-OES and chemometrics multivariate. Methods In this study, eleven trace element concentrations were determined by ICP-OES and processed by multivariate statistical analysis. Results Based on ANOVA, the mean concentrations of 10 elements except Co differed significantly among six origins. Pearson's correlation analysis showed that 11 pairs of elements have a positive significant correlation and 12 pairs have a negative significant correlation. The geographical origins were effectively differentiated using the eleven elements combined with PCA. And the S-LDA model offered a 100% differentiation rate. Conclusion The overall results suggested that the combination of multielement analysis by ICP-OES and chemometrics multivariate could trace the geographical origins of tea. And the paper can provide reference for quality control and quality evaluation of C. paliurus in the future.
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Melkaoui C, Cheriti A, Bouchekara M. Assessment of heavy metals and macromineral in frequently used medicinal plants from Algerian Sahara traditional ethnopharmacopeia. ANNALES PHARMACEUTIQUES FRANÇAISES 2022:S0003-4509(22)00161-4. [PMID: 36513151 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharma.2022.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a total of 15 elements, both physiological and causing toxic effects, have been determined in 9 medicinal plants collected from their natural environment in the Algerian Sahara regions. The concentrations of elements were determined by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) after acid digestion and by the X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF). By analyzing the spiked test and the reference materials, the accuracy of the measurements was determined. Our findings show differences in elements composition and concentration between the species under investigation, indicating differences in physiological function of the plant as a result of elemental interactions within it. The elements were quantified (in μg/g): Br (0.04-5.44), Cd (1.21-1.34), Co (1.12-64.35), Cr (1.51-59.05), Cu (1.81-9.28), Fe (94.26-668.55), Mn (16.34-70.77), Ni (1.5-53.64), Pb (1.18-2.55), Zn (1.21-310.80) and (in mg/g): Ca (4.23-4.70), Cl (21.98-117.91), P (28.92-30.49), S (4.15-11.95), Si (1.99-2.36). Mean element levels in medicinal plants were established in decreasing order as follows: Zn>Mn>Cu>Cr>Ni>Pb>Cd>Co. Except for nickel, which reached 53.64μg/g in the Capparis spinosa L species, heavy metal concentrations were found to be low in all samples. Based on traditional use, we can cautiously conclude that these medicinal plants pose no risk to users.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Melkaoui
- Phytochemistry & Organic Synthesis Laboratory, Tahri Mohamed University, 08000 Bechar, Algeria; Faculty of the Exact Sciences, Mustapha Stambouli University, B.P. 305, 29000 Mascara, Algeria; Center for Scientific and Technical Research in Physical and Chemical Analysis (CRAPC), PO Box 384 Bousmail, 42004 Tipaza, Algeria.
| | - A Cheriti
- Phytochemistry & Organic Synthesis Laboratory, Tahri Mohamed University, 08000 Bechar, Algeria
| | - M Bouchekara
- Faculty of the Exact Sciences, Mustapha Stambouli University, B.P. 305, 29000 Mascara, Algeria
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Taheri A, Cheniany M, Ganjeali A, Arefi-Oskouie A. ICP-OES assessment of trace and toxic elements in Ziziphora clinopodioides Lam. from Iran by chemometric approaches. Biometals 2022; 35:1169-1186. [PMID: 36053471 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-022-00433-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to evaluate the concentrations of some essential and toxic elements (including Ca, K, Mg, Na, Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn, Co, Mo, Pb, Ni, Cr, and Cd) in Ziziphora clinopodioides Lam. (endemic Iranian herb) from 14 different regions by ICP-OES (inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry) method followed by multivariate statistical analyses. The analytical performances were assessed as the limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ), precision, and accuracy. Multivariate analysis (CA, PCA and HCA) showed the elemental distribution in the roots were higher than the shoots and significant element was Ca between regions. Three principal components (PCs) explained 77.94% of the total variance. They were as follows: PC1 with Cu, Zn, K, Cr, Ni, and Mn; PC2 with Na, Ca, Pb, and Fe; and PC3 with Mg. Hierarchical cluster analysis indicated four groups of Z. clinopodioides samples from the 14 regions based on their trace and toxic element levels. These chemometric approaches with multivariate analysis enable researchers to understand and quantify the relationship between the variables in a data set, and the analysis considers more than one factor. The concentrations of Cu, Na, Mn, Zn, and Pb in most Z. clinopodioides samples were below the WHO (world health organization) limit for herbal medicines (10, 51,340, 200, 50, and 10 µg g-1 respectively), while Fe and Ca levels were higher than allowed (15 and 614 µg g-1 respectively). However, the WHO limit for Mg, K, Co, and Mo in medicinal plants has not yet been determined. The results of this study confirmed that different parts of Z. clinopodioides can be used as an important source for human nutrition due to its essential mineral elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azadeh Taheri
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Monireh Cheniany
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ali Ganjeali
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Afsaneh Arefi-Oskouie
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Benutić A, Marciuš B, Nemet I, Rončević S. Chemometric classification and discrimination of herbal dietary supplements based on ICP-MS elemental profiling. J Food Compost Anal 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2022.104794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Santana CM, de Sousa TL, Latif ALO, Lobo LS, da Silva GR, Magalhães HIF, Lopes MV, de Jesus Benevides CM, Araujo RGO, Dos Santos DCMB, de Freitas Santos Júnior A. Multielement determination (essential and potentially toxic elements) in eye shadows exposed to consumption in Brazil using ICP OES. Biometals 2022; 35:1281-1297. [PMID: 36255608 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-022-00444-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Worldwide, cosmetics (especially eye shadows) are widely consumed and have a great impact on the economy. The aim of this study was to determine the multielement composition, focusing on essential and potentially toxic elements, in cosmetics (eye shadow) exposed to consumption in Brazil. Concentrations of 17 elements (Al, As, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, Sr, Ti, V and Zn) were determined in samples (produced in China and Brazil) using a sequential optical emission spectrometer with inductively coupled plasma (ICP OES) after acid digestion, assisted by a closed digester block (6 mL of HNO3 + 2 mL of H2O2 + 1 mL of Triton ×-100 + 1 mL of ultrapure water). The method was validated by linearity, precision, accuracy, limits of detection (LoD) and quantification (LoQ). The elements were quantified (in µg g-1): Al (852-21,900), Ba (3.47-104), Cd (1.70-6.93), Cr (< 8.53-66.6), Cu (< 0.480-14.5), Mn (92.20-1,190), Ni (< 4.23-40.7), Pb (< 2.16-5.06), Sb (1.10-10.5), Sr (0.760-46.0), Ti (32.0-440), V (< 0.85-1.7) and Zn (24.90-2,600). As, Co, Mo and Se in all the investigated samples were found to be below the LoQ values of ICP OES. In this study, regardless of sample compositions and origins (Brazilian or Chinese), high levels of Al, Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sb, Ti, V and Zn were observed, exceeding the recommended maximum tolerable limits, according to Brazilian and global legislations, which may present potential risks to human health and the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinira Mello Santana
- Department of Exact and Earth Sciences, Universidade do Estado da Bahia, Salvador, BA, 41195-001, Brazil
| | - Thaís Luz de Sousa
- Chemistry Institute, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA, 40170-115, Brazil
| | | | - Lorena Santos Lobo
- Chemistry Institute, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA, 40170-115, Brazil
| | - Gleice Rayanne da Silva
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, PB, 58051900, Brazil
| | | | - Mariângela Vieira Lopes
- Department of Life Sciences, Universidade do Estado da Bahia, Salvador, BA, 41195-001, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Aníbal de Freitas Santos Júnior
- Department of Exact and Earth Sciences, Universidade do Estado da Bahia, Salvador, BA, 41195-001, Brazil. .,Department of Life Sciences, Universidade do Estado da Bahia, Salvador, BA, 41195-001, Brazil.
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Electrochemical modified electrode with bismuth film for ultrasensitive determination of aluminum (iii). J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2022.116552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Izah SC, Aigberua AO, Richard G. Concentration, Source, and Health Risk of Trace Metals in Some Liquid Herbal Medicine Sold in Nigeria. Biol Trace Elem Res 2022; 200:3009-3022. [PMID: 34558016 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-021-02879-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The ingestion of toxic metals through liquid herbal medicine over a long period of time, and in excessive dose, may result in chronic accumulation that could cause disorder to several organs of the body. This study evaluated the concentration, source, and probable health risk of 8 trace metals in liquid herbal medicines sold in Nigeria. Triplicate samples of 10 different brands of liquid herbal formulations were analyzed using flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Elemental concentrations (mg L-1) ranged as < 0.00120 (nickel), 0.329-1.23 (zinc), < 0.00150-0.0750 (chromium), 0.565-6.94 (manganese), 1.75-19.4 (iron), < 0.00150-0.266 (cobalt), < 0.0018-3.01 (lead), and < 0.00900-0.0281 (copper). The estimated hazard quotient (HQ) and hazard index (HI) of trace metals (zinc, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, lead, and copper) were < 1.00, except for one of the herbal products which depicted a value of < 1.50, an indication that there is no major probable health effect due to exposure. Carcinogenic risks were lower than the threshold level of 10.0-6-10.0-4; this probably reflects non-existent carcinogenic risk in both age groups. The principal component analysis revealed the likelihood of geogenic and anthropogenic activities as indirect sources of trace metals in the herbs. Using hierarchical cluster analysis, AAB and AHM herbal mixtures showed strong similarities in cluster 1, while the remaining herbs reflected identical association within cluster 2. Based on the results of this study, there is need to periodically monitor levels of toxic metals in herbal medicine in order to ensure regulatory compliance and safeguard the health of its consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvester Chibueze Izah
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Bayelsa Medical University, Bayelsa State, Yenagoa, Nigeria.
| | - Ayobami Omozemoje Aigberua
- Department of Environment, Research and Development, Anal Concept Limited, Elelenwo, Rivers State, Nigeria
| | - Glory Richard
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, Niger Delta University, Wilberforce Island, Bayelsa State, Nigeria
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Otho AA, Memon RA, Abro SA, Memon AA. Elemental Analysis of Medicinal Herb Fagonia indica Burm. f. and Its Rhizospheric Soil from Six Geographical Locations of South-eastern Sindh Province, Pakistan, During Spring and Summer Seasons. Biol Trace Elem Res 2022; 200:2439-2454. [PMID: 34398418 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-021-02873-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
This study hypothesized that seasons and geography may affect the elemental composition of Fagonia indica. The plant was sampled along with rhizospheric soil, from six hilly geographical sites of Sindh, during March (Spring) and July (Summer) and analyzed through ICP-OES. Among 20 elements detected, the elemental concentration of rhizospheric soil was significantly affected by geography rather than seasons. The rhizospheric soil elements, Fe, Mg, Hg, K, Mn, Na, Zn, Al, were hyper-concentrated, B, Ba, Cr, Cu, Pb, Sr were moderately concentrated, and As, Cd, Ni, Rb, Ti, V were concentrated in trace levels. Contrarily, elements in Fagonia indica biomass were significantly affected by both seasons and geography. K, Na, Fe, Hg, Al, Mn, Sr, Cr, Ti, V were hyperaccumulated during summer, while Mg, Zn, As, Ba, Cd, and Cu accumulated higher during spring. PCA reveals that elements with high variances were homogenously distributed to all sites except Rohri during spring, while during summer most elements were accumulated at Johi, Dadu, Jamshoro, and Karachi. In conclusion, the plant accumulates high concentration of heavy metals during summer and higher concentration of essential nutrients during spring; therefore, its collection for oral use can be recommended during spring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aijaz Ali Otho
- Plant Ecology & Environmental Biology Lab., Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Pakistan
| | - Rabia Asma Memon
- Plant Ecology & Environmental Biology Lab., Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Pakistan
| | - Saeed Akhter Abro
- Plant Ecology & Environmental Biology Lab., Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Pakistan.
| | - Ayaz Ali Memon
- National Center of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Pakistan
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15
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Jurowski K, Fołta M, Tatar B, Berkoz M, Krośniak M. The Health Risk Assessment of Essential Elemental Impurities (Cu, Mn and Zn) Through the Dermal Exposure of Herbal Ointment Extracted from Marjoram Herb (Majoranae herbae extractum). Biol Trace Elem Res 2022; 200:1981-1987. [PMID: 34331663 PMCID: PMC8854273 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-021-02842-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Essential elements like Cu, Mn and Zn are extremely important for herbs' growth and physiological functions; however, from a toxicological point of view, the exposure of these elements (as essential elemental impurities) can exhibit potential harmful effects for patients. In Europe, very popular are ointments with Marjoram herb extract (Majoranae herbae extractum) as herbal medicinal products for adjunctively in rhinitis (runny nose). Based on posology of ointments with Marjoram herb extract, the exposure to these elemental impurities may be high during long-term use. Hence, the aim of this article is the health risk assessment of essential elemental impurities (Cu, Mn and Zn) through the dermal exposure of ointments with Marjoram herb extract (Majoranae herbae extractum) as herbal medicinal products applied adjunctively in rhinitis available in Polish pharmacies. The investigated essential elements were determined by well-validated methodology (R > 0.997, recoveries, LOD and LOQ values were acceptable) based on flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS). Our results indicated that all analysed herbal medicinal products with Marjoram herb extract available in Polish pharmacies contain relatively low levels of essential element impurities, i.e. Cu (0.14-0.49 mg/kg), Mn (0.31-2.57 mg/kg) and Zn (0.73-3.19 mg/kg). The estimated exposure of the investigated elemental impurities confirms the safety of all products. To the best of our knowledge, the study about Cu, Mn and Zn contents in HMPs with Majoranae herbae extractum is described for the first time. The applied methodology and results are extremely important from regulatory toxicology point of view due to ICH Q3D elemental impurity guideline for pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamil Jurowski
- Institute of Medical Studies, Medical College, Rzeszów University, Aleja Majora Wacława Kopisto 2a, 35-959, Rzeszów, Poland.
| | - Maria Fołta
- Department of Food Chemistry and Nutrition, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, Medyczna 9, 30-688, Kraków, Poland
| | - Barbara Tatar
- Department of Food Chemistry and Nutrition, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, Medyczna 9, 30-688, Kraków, Poland
| | - Mehmet Berkoz
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Van Yuzuncu Yil University, 65080, Van, Turkey
| | - Mirosław Krośniak
- Department of Food Chemistry and Nutrition, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, Medyczna 9, 30-688, Kraków, Poland
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16
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Jurowski K, Fołta M, Tatar B, Berkoz M, Krośniak M. The Toxicological Risk Assessment of Cu, Mn, and Zn as Essential Elemental Impurities in Herbal Medicinal Products with Valerian Root (Valeriana officinalis L., radix) Available in Polish Pharmacies. Biol Trace Elem Res 2022; 200:1949-1955. [PMID: 34109550 PMCID: PMC8854135 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-021-02779-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The toxicological risk assessment (TRA) of elemental impurities (EI) in especially herbal medicinal products (HMP) is a significant challenge for pharmaceutical industry. In Europe, very popular are traditional HMP with valerian root (Valeriana officinalis L., radix) for relief of mild symptoms of mental stress and to aid sleep. The aim of our unique article is the comprehensive TRA of Cu, Mn, and Zn as EI in HMP with V. officinalis L., radix available in Polish pharmacies. This article is a continuation of our previously conducted studies about TRA of heavy metals (Pb and Cd) in these same samples. Investigated elements were determined by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (F AAS). The values of the correlation coefficients (R > 0.998) confirm the linearity of the applied instrument for precision and accuracy of results. The recoveries, LOD and LOQ values were acceptable. Our results show that all investigated HMP with valerian root available in Polish pharmacies contain Cu (0.16-0.23 mg/L), Mn (0.11-0.76 mg/L), and Zn (0.22-0.48 mg/L) at a very low level. Based on our estimation of EI including single dose (µg/20 mL) and estimated daily intake (µg/day), our results confirm the safety of all pharmaceuticals. To the best of our knowledge, the Cu, Mn, and Zn impurity profile in HMP with V. officinalis L., radix is described for the first time. The applied methodology and results are extremely important from regulatory toxicology point of view (ICH Q3D elemental impurities guideline for pharmaceuticals).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamil Jurowski
- Institute of Medical Studies, Medical College, Rzeszów University, Al. mjr. W. Kopisto 2a , 35-959, Rzeszów, Poland.
| | - Maria Fołta
- Department of Food Chemistry and Nutrition, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, Medyczna 9, 30-688, Kraków, Poland
| | - Barbara Tatar
- Department of Food Chemistry and Nutrition, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, Medyczna 9, 30-688, Kraków, Poland
| | - Mehmet Berkoz
- Department of Biochemistry, Van Yuzuncu Yil University, Faculty of Pharmacy, 65080, Van, Turkey
| | - Mirosław Krośniak
- Department of Food Chemistry and Nutrition, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, Medyczna 9, 30-688, Kraków, Poland
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17
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Moreira GC, Carneiro CN, Dos Anjos GL, da Silva F, Santos JLO, Dias FDS. Support vector machine and PCA for the exploratory analysis of Salvia officinalis samples treated with growth regulators based in the agronomic parameters and multielement composition. Food Chem 2022; 373:131345. [PMID: 34715635 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.131345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this work was to evaluate the influence of different growth regulators on the mineral and total phenolic contents of Salvia officinalis. The samples received the applications of salicylic acid (AS); gibberellic acid (GA3); abscisic acid (ABA) and solution without regulators (control). The exploratory evaluation of the samples was carried out through the Principal Component Analysis (PCA). In addition, has been used supervised learning methods with support vector machine (SVM) algorithms to classify the samples. The phenolic and total flavonoid contents were higher in the plants treated with the regulators. The element found in the highest concentration in Salvia officinalis was N. Plants sprayed with ABA showed higher concentrations of N, K, and Mn; Fe and Al were higher with ABA and gibberellin application, while the application of AS provided the highest accumulation of P. The application of plant regulators improves the nutraceutical properties of Salvia officinalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisele C Moreira
- Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Ambientais e Biológicas, Campus Universitário de Cruz das Almas, 44380-000 Cruz das Almas, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Candice N Carneiro
- Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Ambientais e Biológicas, Campus Universitário de Cruz das Almas, 44380-000 Cruz das Almas, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Gilvanda L Dos Anjos
- Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Ambientais e Biológicas, Campus Universitário de Cruz das Almas, 44380-000 Cruz das Almas, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Franceli da Silva
- Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Ambientais e Biológicas, Campus Universitário de Cruz das Almas, 44380-000 Cruz das Almas, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Jorge L O Santos
- Universidade Federal do Oeste da Bahia, Centro Multidisciplinar de Bom Jesus da Lapa, 47600-000 Bom Jesus da Lapa, Bahia, Brasil
| | - Fabio de S Dias
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Instituto de Ciências Tecnologia e Inovação, Campus Universitário de Camaçari, 42809-000 Camaçari, Bahia, Brazil.
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18
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Nedjimi B. Determination of Some Major and Trace Elements in Cladodes of Barbary fig (Opuntia ficus-indica Mill.) by X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry. Biol Trace Elem Res 2021; 199:4353-4359. [PMID: 33400153 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-020-02555-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Barbary fig (Opuntia ficus-indica) has attracted great attention in extensive rural agriculture for its potential agronomic, medicinal, and environmental benefits. However, there is only incomplete information about its chemical profile. Energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) spectrometry was applied to determine the concentrations of 11 major and trace elements (Br, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mn, P, Rb, Sr, Yb, and Zn) in cladodes of O. ficus-indica and the adjacent soil. For analytical accuracy, the standard reference materials CRM-IAEA 336 (Lichen) and CRM-NIST 1646a (Estuarine Sediment) were used. The relationships between the chemical elements were established by Pearson's correlation coefficient (r) and principal component analysis (PCA). The results show that K, P, Fe, and Mn were the dominant essential elements in O. ficus-indica cladodes; however, Br, Cr, Cu, Rb, Yb, and Zn were present at low concentrations. The cladodes showed high enrichment with K, Sr, and Br (BEF > 1), but the values of this coefficient were below 1 for the remaining elements. The PCA showed that in the O. ficus-indica cladodes, the higher concentrations of Br, K, and Sr were correlated; conversely, the highest contents of Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, P, Rb, Yb, and Zn were retained in the soil. The present findings enabled us to determine that O. ficus-indica has a high ability to accumulate K, P, Fe, and Mn in its cladodes. Therefore, the data obtained from the analysis of this cactus will be useful for nutritional and medicinal purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bouzid Nedjimi
- Laboratory of Exploration and Valorization of Steppe Ecosystem, Faculty of Science of Nature and Life, Ziane Achour University of Djelfa, Cité Aîn Chih, P.O. Box 3117, 17000, Djelfa, Algeria.
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19
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da Cruz Ferreira R, de Souza Dias F, de Aragão Tannus C, Santana FB, Dos Santos DCMB, de Souza Dias F, de Castro MS, Brandão HN, de Freitas Santos Júnior A, Cerqueira E Silva LCR, Chinalia FA. Essential and Potentially Toxic Elements from Brazilian Geopropolis Produced by the Stingless Bee Melipona quadrifasciata anthidioides Using ICP OES. Biol Trace Elem Res 2021; 199:3527-3539. [PMID: 33094450 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-020-02455-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Melipona quadrifasciata anthidioides is a species of stingless bee popularly known in Brazil as "mandaçaia". Products derived from bees for food and therapeutic uses, have stimulated the evaluation of the chemical composition of geopropolis. Concentrations of 24 essential and potentially toxic elements were determined in geopropolis samples, using a sequential optical emission spectrometer with inductively coupled plasma (ICP OES) after microwave-assisted acid digestion. Principal component analysis (PCA) and Hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) were used to carry out an exploratory analysis of the samples. The following elements were quantified (in mg Kg-1): Al (320,414.40-36,911.1), As (<LoQ-4.37), Ba (38.36-211.11), Ca (672.38-94,527), Co (<LoQ-14.12), Cr (17.41-38.07), Cu (10.63-28.73), Fe (21,973.96-11,536.47), K (1974.38-9198.91), Mg (1961.17-7481.79), Mn (50.51-310.51), Na (154.55-340.46), Ni (2.28-21.74), P (16.59-51.07), Pb (3.45-8.55), Sb (<LoQ-1.64), Se (<LoQ-1.01), Sn (4.92-16.14), Sr (9.21-36.29), V (28.77-78.73) and Zn (24.34-50.31). Cd and Mo were found to be below the limit of detection (LoD) and quantification (LoQ) values of ICP OES in all investigated samples. Geopropolis can be a potential source of macro- and microelements for colonies and products derived from these bees for human consumption, contributing to their geographical origin and quality control, besides being an indicator of environmental monitoring. Graphical Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fernanda de Souza Dias
- Department of Life Sciences, Universidade do Estado da Bahia, Salvador, BA, 41195-001, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Fábio de Souza Dias
- Science, Technology and Innovation Institute, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Camaçari, BA, 42809-000, Brazil
| | - Marina Siqueira de Castro
- Department of Biological Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana, BA, 44036-900, Brazil
| | - Hugo Neves Brandão
- Departamento of Health, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana, BA, 44036-900, Brazil
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20
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Brendler T. From Bush Medicine to Modern Phytopharmaceutical: A Bibliographic Review of Devil's Claw ( Harpagophytum spp.). Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:726. [PMID: 34451822 PMCID: PMC8398729 DOI: 10.3390/ph14080726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Devil's claw (Harpagophytum spp., Pedaliaceae) is one of the best-documented phytomedicines. Its mode of action is largely elucidated, and its efficacy and excellent safety profile have been demonstrated in a long list of clinical investigations. The author conducted a bibliographic review which not only included peer-reviewed papers published in scientific journals but also a vast amount of grey literature, such as theses and reports initiated by governmental as well as non-governmental organizations, thus allowing for a more holistic presentation of the available evidence. Close to 700 sources published over the course of two centuries were identified, confirmed, and cataloged. The purpose of the review is three-fold: to trace the historical milestones in devil's claw becoming a modern herbal medicine, to point out gaps in the seemingly all-encompassing body of research, and to provide the reader with a reliable and comprehensive bibliography. The review covers aspects of ethnobotany, taxonomy, history of product development and commercialization, chemistry, pharmacology, toxicology, as well as clinical efficacy and safety. It is concluded that three areas stand out in need of further investigation. The taxonomical assessment of the genus is outdated and lacking. A revision is needed to account for intra- and inter-specific, geographical, and chemo-taxonomical variation, including variation in composition. Further research is needed to conclusively elucidate the active compound(s). Confounded by early substitution, intermixture, and blending, it has yet to be demonstrated beyond a reasonable doubt that both (or all) Harpagophytum spp. are equally (and interchangeably) safe and efficacious in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Brendler
- Department of Botany and Plant Biotechnology, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, Johannesburg 2006, South Africa;
- Plantaphile, Collingswood, NJ 08108, USA
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21
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Fernandes Serra Moura H, de Souza Dias F, Beatriz Souza E Souza L, Magalhães BEAD, de Aragão Tannus C, Correia de Carvalho W, Cardoso Brandão G, Dos Santos WNL, Graças Andrade Korn M, Cristina Muniz Batista Dos Santos D, Vieira Lopes M, de Andrade Santana D, de Freitas Santos Júnior A. Evaluation of multielement/proximate composition and bioactive phenolics contents of unconventional edible plants from Brazil using multivariate analysis techniques. Food Chem 2021; 363:129995. [PMID: 34144423 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.129995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Unconventional edible plants (UEP) are potential supplementary sources of minerals and bioactive compounds. However, there is still a gap in the literature on UEP composition. In this study, the multielement/proximate composition of ten UEP from Brazil was evaluated by ICP OES. Furthermore, phenolic bioactives were quantified by HPLC-UV-DAD. The UEP showed high moisture content (84.85-95.27%) and elements (in mg Kg-1): Al (122-657), Ca (145-14,229), Cu (8.3-18.81), Fe (177-586), K (12.46-34.50%), Mg (157-1,552), Mn (16.85-84.96), Na (1,107-23,775), P (2,535-6,127), Si (189-1,695), Sr (25.56-104.63) and Zn (0.3-72.31). Nine phenolic bioactive compounds (1-2,147) and three flavonoids (1-2,042 mg Kg-1) were determined. PCA and HCA grouped samples (Java ginseng, Coriander, Spearmint and Indian borage) rich in minerals. Spearmint showed high levels of transcinamic acid, kaempferol and quercetin. This study contributes to the scientific development and use of UEP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hesrom Fernandes Serra Moura
- Universidade do Estado da Bahia, Campus I - Cabula, Departamento de Ciências Exatas e da Terra, 41150-000, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Fernanda de Souza Dias
- Universidade do Estado da Bahia, Campus I - Cabula, Departamento de Ciências da Vida, 41150-000, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Laura Beatriz Souza E Souza
- Universidade do Estado da Bahia, Campus I - Cabula, Departamento de Ciências da Vida, 41150-000, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Bárbara Elizabeth Alves de Magalhães
- Universidade do Estado da Bahia, Campus I - Cabula, Departamento de Ciências Exatas e da Terra, 41150-000, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil; Universidade Federal da Bahia, Instituto de Química, Campus Universitário de Ondina, 40170-115, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Caroline de Aragão Tannus
- Universidade do Estado da Bahia, Campus I - Cabula, Departamento de Ciências da Vida, 41150-000, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | | | - Geovani Cardoso Brandão
- Universidade do Estado da Bahia, Campus I - Cabula, Departamento de Ciências Exatas e da Terra, 41150-000, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Walter Nei Lopes Dos Santos
- Universidade do Estado da Bahia, Campus I - Cabula, Departamento de Ciências Exatas e da Terra, 41150-000, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil; Universidade Federal da Bahia, Instituto de Química, Campus Universitário de Ondina, 40170-115, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Maria Graças Andrade Korn
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Instituto de Química, Campus Universitário de Ondina, 40170-115, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | | | - Mariângela Vieira Lopes
- Universidade do Estado da Bahia, Campus I - Cabula, Departamento de Ciências Exatas e da Terra, 41150-000, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil; Universidade do Estado da Bahia, Campus I - Cabula, Departamento de Ciências da Vida, 41150-000, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Débora de Andrade Santana
- Universidade do Estado da Bahia, Campus I - Cabula, Departamento de Ciências Exatas e da Terra, 41150-000, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Aníbal de Freitas Santos Júnior
- Universidade do Estado da Bahia, Campus I - Cabula, Departamento de Ciências Exatas e da Terra, 41150-000, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil; Universidade do Estado da Bahia, Campus I - Cabula, Departamento de Ciências da Vida, 41150-000, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.
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