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Lee J, Mun SJ, Shin Y, Lee S, Son MJ. Advances in liver organoids: model systems for liver disease. Arch Pharm Res 2022; 45:390-400. [DOI: 10.1007/s12272-022-01390-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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2
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Elimination of Reprogramming Transgenes Facilitates the Differentiation of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells into Hepatocyte-like Cells and Hepatic Organoids. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11040493. [PMID: 35453693 PMCID: PMC9030920 DOI: 10.3390/biology11040493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary The elimination of reprogramming transgenes affects the differentiation potential of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) at the early embryonic development stage, but not during the late stage of development into hepatocytes and hepatic organoids. Using an excisable polycistronic lentiviral system (STEMCCA, Cre-loxP system), we generated both transgene-carrying and transgene-free hiPSCs from human fibroblasts and demonstrated that the elimination of transgenes enhances the differentiation potential of iPSCs toward hepatocyte-like cells and the generation of hepatic organoids, exhibiting efficient hepatic differentiation. Our findings thus provide significant insights into the characteristics of iPSC-derived hepatic organoids. Abstract Hepatocytes and hepatic organoids (HOs) derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) are promising cell-based therapies for liver diseases. The removal of reprogramming transgenes can affect hiPSC differentiation potential into the three germ layers but not into hepatocytes and hepatic organoids in the late developmental stage. Herein, we generated hiPSCs from normal human fibroblasts using an excisable polycistronic lentiviral vector based on the Cre recombinase-mediated removal of the loxP-flanked reprogramming cassette. Comparing the properties of transgene-carrying and transgene-free hiPSCs with the same genetic background, the pluripotent states of all hiPSCs were quite similar, as indicated by the expression of pluripotent markers, embryonic body formation, and tri-lineage differentiation in vitro. However, after in vitro differentiation into hepatocytes, transgene-free hiPSCs were superior to the transgene-residual hiPSCs. Interestingly, the generation and hepatic differentiation of human hepatic organoids (hHOs) were significantly enhanced by transgene elimination from hiPSCs, as observed by the upregulated fetal liver (CK19, SOX9, and ITGA6) and functional hepatocyte (albumin, ASGR1, HNF4α, CYP1A2, CYP3A4, and AAT) markers upon culture in differentiation media. Thus, the elimination of reprogramming transgenes facilitates hiPSC differentiation into hepatocyte-like cells and hepatic organoids with properties of liver progenitor cells. Our findings thus provide significant insights into the characteristics of iPSC-derived hepatic organoids.
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Current Status and Challenges of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Liver Models in Drug Discovery. Cells 2022; 11:cells11030442. [PMID: 35159250 PMCID: PMC8834601 DOI: 10.3390/cells11030442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The pharmaceutical industry is in high need of efficient and relevant in vitro liver models, which can be incorporated in their drug discovery pipelines to identify potential drugs and their toxicity profiles. Current liver models often rely on cancer cell lines or primary cells, which both have major limitations. However, the development of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) has created a new opportunity for liver disease modeling, drug discovery and liver toxicity research. hiPSCs can be differentiated to any cell of interest, which makes them good candidates for disease modeling and drug discovery. Moreover, hiPSCs, unlike primary cells, can be easily genome-edited, allowing the creation of reporter lines or isogenic controls for patient-derived hiPSCs. Unfortunately, even though liver progeny from hiPSCs has characteristics similar to their in vivo counterparts, the differentiation of iPSCs to fully mature progeny remains highly challenging and is a major obstacle for the full exploitation of these models by pharmaceutical industries. In this review, we discuss current liver-cell differentiation protocols and in vitro iPSC-based liver models that could be used for disease modeling and drug discovery. Furthermore, we will discuss the challenges that still need to be overcome to allow for the successful implementation of these models into pharmaceutical drug discovery platforms.
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4
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Yao J, Yu Y, Nyberg SL. Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells for the Treatment of Liver Diseases: Novel Concepts. Cells Tissues Organs 2022; 211:368-384. [PMID: 32615573 PMCID: PMC7775900 DOI: 10.1159/000508182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Millions of people worldwide with incurable liver disease die because of inadequate treatment options and limited availability of donor organs for liver transplantation. Regenerative medicine as an innovative approach to repairing and replacing cells, tissues, and organs is undergoing a major revolution due to the unprecedented need for organs for patients around the world. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have been widely studied in the field of liver regeneration and are considered to be the most promising candidate therapies. This review will conclude the current state of efforts to derive human iPSCs for potential use in the modeling and treatment of liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Yao
- William J. von Liebig Center for Transplantation and Clinical Regeneration, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.,Clinical Research and Project Management Office, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Yue Yu
- Hepatobiliary Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University; Key Laboratory of Liver Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, NHC Key Laboratory of Living Donor Liver Transplantation; Nanjing, China
| | - Scott L. Nyberg
- William J. von Liebig Center for Transplantation and Clinical Regeneration, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.,Corresponding Author: Scott L. Nyberg, William J. von Liebig Center for Transplantation and Clinical Regeneration, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA, Tel: Rochester, MN 55905, USA, Fax: (507) 284-2511,
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5
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Tabernilla A, dos Santos Rodrigues B, Pieters A, Caufriez A, Leroy K, Van Campenhout R, Cooreman A, Gomes AR, Arnesdotter E, Gijbels E, Vinken M. In Vitro Liver Toxicity Testing of Chemicals: A Pragmatic Approach. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:5038. [PMID: 34068678 PMCID: PMC8126138 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22095038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The liver is among the most frequently targeted organs by noxious chemicals of diverse nature. Liver toxicity testing using laboratory animals not only raises serious ethical questions, but is also rather poorly predictive of human safety towards chemicals. Increasing attention is, therefore, being paid to the development of non-animal and human-based testing schemes, which rely to a great extent on in vitro methodology. The present paper proposes a rationalized tiered in vitro testing strategy to detect liver toxicity triggered by chemicals, in which the first tier is focused on assessing general cytotoxicity, while the second tier is aimed at identifying liver-specific toxicity as such. A state-of-the-art overview is provided of the most commonly used in vitro assays that can be used in both tiers. Advantages and disadvantages of each assay as well as overall practical considerations are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Mathieu Vinken
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium; (A.T.); (B.d.S.R.); (A.P.); (A.C.); (K.L.); (R.V.C.); (A.C.); (A.R.G.); (E.A.); (E.G.)
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6
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Harrison SP, Baumgarten SF, Verma R, Lunov O, Dejneka A, Sullivan GJ. Liver Organoids: Recent Developments, Limitations and Potential. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:574047. [PMID: 34026769 PMCID: PMC8131532 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.574047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver cell types derived from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) share the potential to investigate development, toxicity, as well as genetic and infectious disease in ways currently limited by the availability of primary tissue. With the added advantage of patient specificity, which can play a role in all of these areas. Many iPSC differentiation protocols focus on 3 dimensional (3D) or organotypic differentiation, as these offer the advantage of more closely mimicking in vivo systems including; the formation of tissue like architecture and interactions/crosstalk between different cell types. Ultimately such models have the potential to be used clinically and either with or more aptly, in place of animal models. Along with the development of organotypic and micro-tissue models, there will be a need to co-develop imaging technologies to enable their visualization. A variety of liver models termed "organoids" have been reported in the literature ranging from simple spheres or cysts of a single cell type, usually hepatocytes, to those containing multiple cell types combined during the differentiation process such as hepatic stellate cells, endothelial cells, and mesenchymal cells, often leading to an improved hepatic phenotype. These allow specific functions or readouts to be examined such as drug metabolism, protein secretion or an improved phenotype, but because of their relative simplicity they lack the flexibility and general applicability of ex vivo tissue culture. In the liver field these are more often constructed rather than developed together organotypically as seen in other organoid models such as brain, kidney, lung and intestine. Having access to organotypic liver like surrogates containing multiple cell types with in vivo like interactions/architecture, would provide vastly improved models for disease, toxicity and drug development, combining disciplines such as microfluidic chip technology with organoids and ultimately paving the way to new therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Philip Harrison
- Hybrid Technology Hub–Center of Excellence, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Pediatric Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Saphira Felicitas Baumgarten
- Hybrid Technology Hub–Center of Excellence, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Pediatric Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Rajneesh Verma
- Hybrid Technology Hub–Center of Excellence, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Pediatric Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Oleg Lunov
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Alexandr Dejneka
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Gareth John Sullivan
- Hybrid Technology Hub–Center of Excellence, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Pediatric Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Norwegian Center for Stem Cell Research, Oslo University Hospital, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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Agarwal T, Banerjee D, Konwarh R, Esworthy T, Kumari J, Onesto V, Das P, Lee BH, Wagener FADTG, Makvandi P, Mattoli V, Ghosh SK, Maiti TK, Zhang LG, Ozbolat IT. Recent advances in bioprinting technologies for engineering hepatic tissue. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2021; 123:112013. [PMID: 33812632 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2021.112013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In the sphere of liver tissue engineering (LTE), 3D bioprinting has emerged as an effective technology to mimic the complex in vivo hepatic microenvironment, enabling the development of functional 3D constructs with potential application in the healthcare and diagnostic sector. This review gears off with a note on the liver's microscopic 3D architecture and pathologies linked to liver injury. The write-up is then directed towards unmasking recent advancements and prospects of bioprinting for recapitulating 3D hepatic structure and function. The article further introduces available stem cell opportunities and different strategies for their directed differentiation towards various hepatic stem cell types, including hepatocytes, hepatic sinusoidal endothelial cells, stellate cells, and Kupffer cells. Another thrust of the article is on understanding the dynamic interplay of different hepatic cells with various microenvironmental cues, which is crucial for controlling differentiation, maturation, and maintenance of functional hepatic cell phenotype. On a concluding note, various critical issues and future research direction towards clinical translation of bioprinted hepatic constructs are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarun Agarwal
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302, India
| | - Dishary Banerjee
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics Department, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Rocktotpal Konwarh
- Division of Nanobiomaterials and Nanomedicine, Uniglobe Scientific Pvt. Ltd., 7/9, Kishan Garh, Vasant Kunj, New Delhi-110070, India
| | - Timothy Esworthy
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - Jyoti Kumari
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Dentistry, Section of Orthodontics and Craniofacial Biology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Valentina Onesto
- Institute of Nanotechnology, National Research Council (CNR-NANOTEC), Campus Ecotekne, via Monteroni, Lecce 73100, Italy
| | - Prativa Das
- NTU-Northwestern Institute of Nanomedicine (IGS-NNIN), Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Ave, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Bae Hoon Lee
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325001, China
| | - Frank A D T G Wagener
- Department of Dentistry, Section of Orthodontics and Craniofacial Biology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Pooyan Makvandi
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Centre for Materials Interface, viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, 56025 Pontedera, Pisa, Italy
| | - Virgilio Mattoli
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Centre for Materials Interface, viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, 56025 Pontedera, Pisa, Italy
| | - Sudip Kumar Ghosh
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302, India
| | - Tapas Kumar Maiti
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302, India.
| | - Lijie Grace Zhang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA.
| | - Ibrahim T Ozbolat
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics Department, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; Biomedical Engineering Department, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; Materials Research Institute, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA.
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9
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Lee SML, Bertinetti-Lapatki C, Schiergens TS, Jauch KW, Roth AB, Thasler WE. Concurrent isolation of hepatic stem cells and hepatocytes from the human liver. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2020; 56:253-260. [PMID: 32221840 PMCID: PMC7186250 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-020-00433-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocytes differentiated from induced pluripotent stem cells or stem cells have the potential to be representative in vitro models of the human liver for research as well as early safety assessment programs. However, up until now, there has been no definitive proof that differentiated hepatocytes recapitulate the phenotype and functional characteristics of primary hepatocytes from the same individual. Thus, a method for the concurrent isolation of hepatocytes and hepatic stem cells is presented here to provide the cells necessary for the evaluation of the required benchmarking. The method presented here generated high-quality hepatocytes with a purity of 94 ± 1% and a high percentage viability of 79 ± 2%. Furthermore, the hepatic stem cells isolated were found to be actively proliferating and have a purity of 98 ± 1%. Thus, these isolated cells can be used as a powerful tool for the validation of differentiated hepatocyte in vitro models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serene M L Lee
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 5H 02 Room 428, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377, Munich, Germany.
| | - Cristina Bertinetti-Lapatki
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Centre, Grenzacherstr 124, 4070, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tobias S Schiergens
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 5H 02 Room 428, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Karl-Walter Jauch
- Medical Directorate, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Adrian B Roth
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Centre, Grenzacherstr 124, 4070, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Wolfgang E Thasler
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 5H 02 Room 428, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377, Munich, Germany.,Department of General Visceral and Minimally Invasive Surgery, Red Cross Hospital Munich, Nymphenburger Str. 163, 80634, Munich, Germany
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10
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Recent Advances in Practical Methods for Liver Cell Biology: A Short Overview. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21062027. [PMID: 32188134 PMCID: PMC7139397 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21062027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular and cellular research modalities for the study of liver pathologies have been tremendously improved over the recent decades. Advanced technologies offer novel opportunities to establish cell isolation techniques with excellent purity, paving the path for 2D and 3D microscopy and high-throughput assays (e.g., bulk or single-cell RNA sequencing). The use of stem cell and organoid research will help to decipher the pathophysiology of liver diseases and the interaction between various parenchymal and non-parenchymal liver cells. Furthermore, sophisticated animal models of liver disease allow for the in vivo assessment of fibrogenesis, portal hypertension and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and for the preclinical testing of therapeutic strategies. The purpose of this review is to portray in detail novel in vitro and in vivo methods for the study of liver cell biology that had been presented at the workshop of the 8th meeting of the European Club for Liver Cell Biology (ECLCB-8) in October of 2018 in Bonn, Germany.
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Lu X, Liu L, Shan W, Kong L, Chen N, Lou Y, Zeng S. The Role of the Sodium-taurocholate Co-transporting Polypeptide (NTCP) and Bile Salt Export Pump (BSEP) in Related Liver Disease. Curr Drug Metab 2019; 20:377-389. [PMID: 31258056 DOI: 10.2174/1389200220666190426152830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 03/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sodium Taurocholate Co-transporting Polypeptide (NTCP) and Bile Salt Export Pump (BSEP) play significant roles as membrane transporters because of their presence in the enterohepatic circulation of bile salts. They have emerged as promising drug targets in related liver disease. METHODS We reviewed the literature published over the last 20 years with a focus on NTCP and BSEP. RESULTS This review summarizes the current perception about structure, function, genetic variation, and regulation of NTCP and BSEP, highlights the effects of their defects in some hepatic disorders, and discusses the application prospect of new transcriptional activators in liver diseases. CONCLUSION NTCP and BSEP are important proteins for transportation and homeostasis maintenance of bile acids. Further research is needed to develop new models for determining the structure-function relationship of bile acid transporters and screening for substrates and inhibitors, as well as to gain more information about the regulatory genetic mechanisms involved in the processes of liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyang Lu
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lin Liu
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wenya Shan
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Limin Kong
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Na Chen
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yan Lou
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Su Zeng
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, China
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Corbett JL, Duncan SA. iPSC-Derived Hepatocytes as a Platform for Disease Modeling and Drug Discovery. Front Med (Lausanne) 2019; 6:265. [PMID: 31803747 PMCID: PMC6873655 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2019.00265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The liver is one of the largest organs in the body and is responsible for a diverse repertoire of metabolic processes. Such processes include the secretion of serum proteins, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, bile acid and urea synthesis, detoxification of drugs and metabolic waste products, and vitamin and carbohydrate storage. Currently, liver disease is one of the most prevalent causes of mortality in the USA with congenital liver defects contributing to a significant proportion of these deaths. Historically the study of liver disease has been hampered by a shortage of organ donors, the subsequent scarcity of healthy tissue, and the failure of animal models to fully recapitulate human liver function. In vitro culture of hepatocytes has also proven difficult because primary hepatocytes rapidly de-differentiate in culture. Recent advances in stem cell technology have facilitated the generation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from various somatic cell types from patients. Such cells can be differentiated to a liver cell fate, essentially providing a limitless supply of cells with hepatocyte characteristics that can mimic the pathophysiology of liver disease. Furthermore, development of the CRISPR-Cas9 system, as well as advancement of miniaturized differentiation platforms has facilitated the development of high throughput models for the investigation of hepatocyte differentiation and drug discovery. In this review, we will explore the latest advances in iPSC-based disease modeling and drug screening platforms and examine how this technology is being used to identify new pharmacological interventions, and to advance our understanding of liver development and mechanisms of disease. We will cover how iPSC technology is being used to develop predictive models for rare diseases and how information gained from large in vitro screening experiments can be used to directly inform clinical investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- James L Corbett
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Stephen A Duncan
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
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Kakinuma S, Watanabe M. Analysis of the mechanism underlying liver diseases using human induced pluripotent stem cells. Immunol Med 2019; 42:71-78. [PMID: 31498713 DOI: 10.1080/25785826.2019.1657254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Results of recent studies have shown that disease models using human induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells have recapitulated the pathophysiology of genetic liver diseases, viral hepatitis and hepatic fibrosis. The utilization of human iPS cells as a model of liver diseases has several substantial advantages compared with primary hepatocytes and cancer cell lines, such as the potential for unlimited expansion and similarity of biological characteristics to normal liver cells. In this review, we have focused on modeling liver diseases using human iPS cells and discussed the experimental evidence that supports the utility of such disease models, including that in our recent studies. Genetically modified or patient-derived human iPS cells can mimic congenital liver disease phenotypes. Human iPS-derived hepatic cells can be infected with the hepatitis viruses. The co-culture of human iPS-derived hepatocytes and mesenchyme partially mimics the process of liver fibrosis. Human iPS cell-derived hepatic cells and the co-culture system of such cells will contribute to the progress of studies on the pathophysiology of genetic and non-genetic liver diseases and development of novel therapeutic strategies for treating liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sei Kakinuma
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU) , Tokyo , Japan.,Department of Liver Disease Control, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU) , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Mamoru Watanabe
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU) , Tokyo , Japan
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14
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Caron J, Pène V, Tolosa L, Villaret M, Luce E, Fourrier A, Heslan JM, Saheb S, Bruckert E, Gómez-Lechón MJ, Nguyen TH, Rosenberg AR, Weber A, Dubart-Kupperschmitt A. Low-density lipoprotein receptor-deficient hepatocytes differentiated from induced pluripotent stem cells allow familial hypercholesterolemia modeling, CRISPR/Cas-mediated genetic correction, and productive hepatitis C virus infection. Stem Cell Res Ther 2019; 10:221. [PMID: 31358055 PMCID: PMC6664765 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-019-1342-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Familial hypercholesterolemia type IIA (FH) is due to mutations in the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) resulting in elevated levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) in plasma and in premature cardiovascular diseases. As hepatocytes are the only cells capable of metabolizing cholesterol, they are therefore the target cells for cell/gene therapy approaches in the treatment of lipid metabolism disorders. Furthermore, the LDLR has been reported to be involved in hepatitis C virus (HCV) entry into hepatocytes; however, its role in the virus infection cycle is still disputed. METHODS We generated induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from a homozygous LDLR-null FH-patient (FH-iPSCs). We constructed a correction cassette bearing LDLR cDNA under the control of human hepatic apolipoprotein A2 promoter that targets the adeno-associated virus integration site AAVS1. We differentiated both FH-iPSCs and corrected FH-iPSCs (corr-FH-iPSCs) into hepatocytes to study statin-mediated regulation of genes involved in cholesterol metabolism. Upon HCV particle inoculation, viral replication and production were quantified in these cells. RESULTS We showed that FH-iPSCs displayed the disease phenotype. Using homologous recombination mediated by the CRISPR/Cas9 system, FH-iPSCs were genetically corrected by the targeted integration of a correction cassette at the AAVS1 locus. Both FH-iPSCs and corr-FH-iPSCs were then differentiated into functional polarized hepatocytes using a stepwise differentiation approach (FH-iHeps and corr-FH-iHeps). The correct insertion and expression of the correction cassette resulted in restoration of LDLR expression and function (LDL-c uptake) in corr-FH-iHeps. We next demonstrated that pravastatin treatment increased the expression of genes involved in cholesterol metabolism in both cell models. Moreover, LDLR expression and function were also enhanced in corr-FH-iHeps after pravastatin treatment. Finally, we demonstrated that both FH-iHeps and corr-FH-iHeps were as permissive to viral infection as primary human hepatocytes but that virus production in FH-iHeps was significantly decreased compared to corr-FH-iHeps, suggesting a role of the LDLR in HCV morphogenesis. CONCLUSIONS Our work provides the first LDLR-null FH cell model and its corrected counterpart to study the regulation of cholesterol metabolism and host determinants of HCV life cycle, and a platform to screen drugs for treating dyslipidemia and HCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Caron
- INSERM UMR_S1193, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Villejuif, France; UMR-S1193, Université Paris-Saclay, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Villejuif, France; DHU Hepatinov, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Villejuif, France
| | | | - Laia Tolosa
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Eléanor Luce
- INSERM UMR_S1193, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Villejuif, France; UMR-S1193, Université Paris-Saclay, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Villejuif, France; DHU Hepatinov, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Villejuif, France
| | - Angélique Fourrier
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie UMR1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Jean-Marie Heslan
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie UMR1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Samir Saheb
- Service d'Endocrinologie Métabolisme, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Eric Bruckert
- Service d'Endocrinologie Métabolisme, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - María José Gómez-Lechón
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Valencia, Spain.,CIBERehd, FIS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Tuan Huy Nguyen
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie UMR1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Arielle R Rosenberg
- Université Paris Descartes, EA4474, Paris, France.,AP-HP, Hôpital Cochin, Service de Virologie, Paris, France
| | - Anne Weber
- INSERM UMR_S1193, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Villejuif, France; UMR-S1193, Université Paris-Saclay, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Villejuif, France; DHU Hepatinov, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Villejuif, France
| | - Anne Dubart-Kupperschmitt
- INSERM UMR_S1193, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Villejuif, France; UMR-S1193, Université Paris-Saclay, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Villejuif, France; DHU Hepatinov, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Villejuif, France.
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15
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Yamashita T, Takayama K, Hori M, Harada-Shiba M, Mizuguchi H. Pharmaceutical Research for Inherited Metabolic Disorders of the Liver Using Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell and Genome Editing Technologies. Biol Pharm Bull 2019; 42:312-318. [PMID: 30828061 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b18-00544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Orthotopic liver transplantation, rather than drug therapy, is the major curative approach for various inherited metabolic disorders of the liver. However, the scarcity of donated livers is a serious problem. To resolve this, there is an urgent need for novel drugs to treat inherited metabolic disorders of the liver. This requirement, in turn, necessitates the establishment of suitable disease models for many inherited metabolic disorders of the liver that currently lack such models for drug development. Recent studies have shown that human induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells generated from patients with inherited metabolic disorders of the liver are an ideal cell source for models that faithfully recapitulate the pathophysiology of inherited metabolic disorders of the liver. By using patient iPS cell-derived hepatocyte-like cells, drug efficacy evaluation and drug screening can be performed. In addition, genome editing technology has enabled us to generate functionally recovered patient iPS cell-derived hepatocyte-like cells in vitro. It is also possible to identify the genetic mutations responsible for undiagnosed liver diseases using iPS cell and genome editing technologies. Finally, a combination of exhaustive analysis, iPS cells, and genome editing technologies would be a powerful approach to accelerate the identification of novel genetic mutations responsible for undiagnosed liver diseases. In this review, we will discuss the usefulness of iPS cell and genome editing technologies in the field of inherited metabolic disorders of the liver, such as alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency and familial hypercholesterolemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoki Yamashita
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University
| | - Kazuo Takayama
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University.,PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency.,Laboratory of Hepatocyte Regulation, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition
| | - Mika Hori
- Department of Molecular Innovation in Lipidology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute
| | - Mariko Harada-Shiba
- Department of Molecular Innovation in Lipidology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute
| | - Hiroyuki Mizuguchi
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University.,Laboratory of Hepatocyte Regulation, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition.,Global Center for Medical Engineering and Informatics, Osaka University
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16
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Tsunoda T, Kakinuma S, Miyoshi M, Kamiya A, Kaneko S, Sato A, Tsuchiya J, Nitta S, Kawai-Kitahata F, Murakawa M, Itsui Y, Nakagawa M, Azuma S, Sogo T, Komatsu H, Mukouchi R, Inui A, Fujisawa T, Nakauchi H, Asahina Y, Watanabe M. Loss of fibrocystin promotes interleukin-8-dependent proliferation and CTGF production of biliary epithelium. J Hepatol 2019; 71:143-152. [PMID: 30898581 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2019.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Congenital hepatic fibrosis (CHF) is a genetic liver disease resulting in abnormal proliferation of cholangiocytes and progressive hepatic fibrosis. CHF is caused by mutations in the PKHD1 gene and the subsequent dysfunction of the protein it encodes, fibrocystin. However, the underlying molecular mechanism of CHF, which is quite different from liver cirrhosis, remains unclear. This study investigated the molecular mechanism of CHF pathophysiology using a genetically engineered human induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cell model to aid the discovery of novel therapeutic agents for CHF. METHODS PKHD1-knockout (PKHD1-KO) and heterozygously mutated PKHD1 iPS clones were established by RNA-guided genome editing using the CRISPR/Cas9 system. The iPS clones were differentiated into cholangiocyte-like cells in cysts (cholangiocytic cysts [CCs]) in a 3D-culture system. RESULTS The CCs were composed of a monolayer of cholangiocyte-like cells. The proliferation of PKHD1-KO CCs was significantly increased by interleukin-8 (IL-8) secreted in an autocrine manner. IL-8 production was significantly elevated in PKHD1-KO CCs due to mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway activation caused by fibrocystin deficiency. The production of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) was also increased in PKHD1-KO CCs in an IL-8-dependent manner. Furthermore, validation analysis demonstrated that both the serum IL-8 level and the expression of IL-8 and CTGF in the liver samples were significantly increased in patients with CHF, consistent with our in vitro human iPS-disease model of CHF. CONCLUSIONS Loss of fibrocystin function promotes IL-8-dependent proliferation of, and CTGF production by, human cholangiocytes, suggesting that IL-8 and CTGF are essential for the pathogenesis of CHF. IL-8 and CTGF are candidate molecular targets for the treatment of CHF. LAY SUMMARY Congenital hepatic fibrosis (CHF) is a genetic liver disease caused by mutations of the PKHD1 gene. Dysfunction of the protein it encodes, fibrocystin, is closely associated with CHF pathogenesis. Using an in vitro human induced pluripotent stem cell model and patient samples, we showed that the loss of fibrocystin function promotes proliferation of cholangiocytes and the production of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) in an interleukin 8 (IL-8)-dependent manner. These results suggest that IL-8 and CTGF are essential for the pathogenesis of CHF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyuki Tsunoda
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sei Kakinuma
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan; Department of Liver Disease Control, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Masato Miyoshi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akihide Kamiya
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, School of Medicine, Tokai University, Isehara, Japan
| | - Shun Kaneko
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ayako Sato
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jun Tsuchiya
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sayuri Nitta
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fukiko Kawai-Kitahata
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Miyako Murakawa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Itsui
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mina Nakagawa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Seishin Azuma
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Sogo
- Department of Pediatric Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Saiseikai Yokohamashi Tobu Hospital, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Haruki Komatsu
- Department of Pediatrics, Toho University Sakura Medical Center, Sakura, Japan
| | - Ryutaro Mukouchi
- Department of Pathology, Saiseikai Yokohamashi Tobu Hospital, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Ayano Inui
- Department of Pediatric Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Saiseikai Yokohamashi Tobu Hospital, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Tomoo Fujisawa
- Department of Pediatric Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Saiseikai Yokohamashi Tobu Hospital, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Hiromitsu Nakauchi
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Division of Stem Cell Therapy, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Asahina
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan; Department of Liver Disease Control, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Mamoru Watanabe
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan.
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17
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Pettinato G, Lehoux S, Ramanathan R, Salem MM, He LX, Muse O, Flaumenhaft R, Thompson MT, Rouse EA, Cummings RD, Wen X, Fisher RA. Generation of fully functional hepatocyte-like organoids from human induced pluripotent stem cells mixed with Endothelial Cells. Sci Rep 2019; 9:8920. [PMID: 31222080 PMCID: PMC6586904 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45514-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite advances in stem cell research, cell transplantation therapy for liver failure is impeded by a shortage of human primary hepatocytes (HPH), along with current differentiation protocol limitations. Several studies have examined the concept of co-culture of human induced pluripotent cells (hiPSCs) with various types of supporting non-parenchymal cells to attain a higher differentiation yield and to improve hepatocyte-like cell functions both in vitro and in vivo. Co-culturing hiPSCs with human endothelial cells (hECs) is a relatively new technique that requires more detailed studies. Using our 3D human embryoid bodies (hEBs) formation technology, we interlaced Human Adipose Microvascular Endothelial Cells (HAMEC) with hiPSCs, leading to a higher differentiation yield and notable improvements across a wide range of hepatic functions. We conducted a comprehensive gene and protein secretion analysis of our HLCs coagulation factors profile, showing promising results in comparison with HPH. Furthermore, a stage-specific glycomic analysis revealed that the differentiated hepatocyte-like clusters (HLCs) resemble the glycan features of a mature tissue rather than cells in culture. We tested our HLCs in animal models, where the presence of HAMEC in the clusters showed a consistently better performance compared to the hiPSCs only group in regard to persistent albumin secretion post-transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Pettinato
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Sylvain Lehoux
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Glycomics Core, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rajesh Ramanathan
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Mohamed M Salem
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Neurosurgical Service, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Li-Xia He
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Oluwatoyosi Muse
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Robert Flaumenhaft
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Melissa T Thompson
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Emily A Rouse
- Glycomics Core, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Richard D Cummings
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xuejun Wen
- Department of Chemical and Life Science Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Robert A Fisher
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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18
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Williams DP. Application of hepatocyte-like cells to enhance hepatic safety risk assessment in drug discovery. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2019; 373:rstb.2017.0228. [PMID: 29786562 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2017.0228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic stress and injury from drugs continues to be a major concern within the pharmaceutical industry, leading to preclinical and clinical attrition precautionary warnings and post-market withdrawal of drugs. There is a requirement for more predictive and mechanistically accurate models to aid risk assessment. Primary human hepatocytes, subject to isolation stress, cryopreservation, donor-to-donor variation and a relatively short period of functional capability in two-dimensional cultures, are not suitable for high-throughput screening procedures. There are two areas within the drug discovery pipeline that the generation of a stable, metabolically functional hepatocyte-like cell with unlimited supply would have major impact. First, in routine, cell health risk-assessment assays where hepatic cell lines are typically deployed. Second, at later stages of the drug discovery pipeline approaching candidate nomination where bespoke/investigational studies refining and understanding the risk to patients use patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) hepatocytes retaining characteristics from the patient, e.g. HLA susceptibility alleles, iPSC hepatocytes with defined disease phenotypes or genetic characteristics that have the potential to make the hepatocyte more sensitive to a particular stress mechanism. Functionality of patient-centric hepatocyte-like cells is likely to be enhanced when coupled with emerging culture systems, such as three-dimensional spheroids or microphysiological systems. Ultimately, the aspiration to confidently use human-relevant in vitro models to predict human-specific hepatic toxicity depends on the integration of promising emerging technologies.This article is part of the theme issue 'Designer human tissue: coming to a lab near you'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic P Williams
- AstraZeneca, Innovative Medicines and Early Development, Drug Safety and Metabolism, Darwin Building 310, Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0FZ, UK
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19
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Stem cell models as an in vitro model for predictive toxicology. Biochem J 2019; 476:1149-1158. [PMID: 30988136 PMCID: PMC6463389 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20170780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are the unintended side effects of drugs. They are categorised as either predictable or unpredictable drug-induced injury and may be exhibited after a single or prolonged exposure to one or multiple compounds. Historically, toxicology studies rely heavily on animal models to understand and characterise the toxicity of novel compounds. However, animal models are imperfect proxies for human toxicity and there have been several high-profile cases of failure of animal models to predict human toxicity e.g. fialuridine, TGN1412 which highlight the need for improved predictive models of human toxicity. As a result, stem cell-derived models are under investigation as potential models for toxicity during early stages of drug development. Stem cells retain the genotype of the individual from which they were derived, offering the opportunity to model the reproducibility of rare phenotypes in vitro Differentiated 2D stem cell cultures have been investigated as models of hepato- and cardiotoxicity. However, insufficient maturity, particularly in the case of hepatocyte-like cells, means that their widespread use is not currently a feasible method to tackle the complex issues of off-target and often unpredictable toxicity of novel compounds. This review discusses the current state of the art for modelling clinically relevant toxicities, e.g. cardio- and hepatotoxicity, alongside the emerging need for modelling gastrointestinal toxicity and seeks to address whether stem cell technologies are a potential solution to increase the accuracy of ADR predictivity in humans.
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20
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Heslop JA, Duncan SA. The Use of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells for Modeling Liver Development and Disease. Hepatology 2019; 69:1306-1316. [PMID: 30251414 DOI: 10.1002/hep.30288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The use of pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) has transformed the investigation of liver development and disease. Clinical observations and animal models have provided the foundations of our understanding in these fields. While animal models remain essential research tools, long experimental lead times and low throughput limit the scope of investigations. The ability of PSCs to produce large numbers of human hepatocyte-like cells, with a given or modified genetic background, allows investigators to use previously incompatible experimental techniques, such as high-throughput screens, to enhance our understanding of liver development and disease. In this review, we explore how PSCs have expedited our understanding of developmental mechanisms and have been used to identify new therapeutic options for numerous hepatic diseases. We discuss the future directions of the field, including how to further unlock the potential of the PSC model to make it amenable for use with a broader range of assays and a greater repertoire of diseases. Furthermore, we evaluate the current weaknesses of the PSC model and the directions open to researchers to address these limitations. Conclusion: The use of PSCs to model human liver disease and development has and will continue to have substantial impact, which is likely to further expand as protocols used to generate hepatic cells are improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Heslop
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Stephen A Duncan
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
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21
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Chaudhari P, Tian L, Ye Z, Jang YY. Human-relevant preclinical in vitro models for studying hepatobiliary development and liver diseases using induced pluripotent stem cells. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2019; 244:702-708. [PMID: 30803263 DOI: 10.1177/1535370219834895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
IMPACT STATEMENT In this review, we address the potential of human-induced pluripotent stem cell-based hepatobiliary differentiation technology as a means to study human liver development and cell fate determination, and to model liver diseases in an effort to develop a new human-relevant preclinical platform for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Chaudhari
- 1 Department of Oncology, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.,2 Cellular and Molecular Medicine Graduate Program, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Lipeng Tian
- 1 Department of Oncology, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Zhaohui Ye
- 3 Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Yoon-Young Jang
- 1 Department of Oncology, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.,2 Cellular and Molecular Medicine Graduate Program, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.,3 Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.,4 Institute for Cell Engineering, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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22
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Fiorotto R, Amenduni M, Mariotti V, Fabris L, Spirli C, Strazzabosco M. Liver diseases in the dish: iPSC and organoids as a new approach to modeling liver diseases. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2018; 1865:920-928. [PMID: 30264693 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2018.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Liver diseases negatively impact the quality of life and survival of patients, and often require liver transplantation in cases that progress to organ failure. Understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms of liver development and pathogenesis has been a challenging task, in part for the lack of adequate cellular models directly relevant to the human diseases. Recent technological advances in the stem cell field have shown the potentiality of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) and liver organoids as the next generation tool to model in vitro liver diseases. Hepatocyte-like cells and cholangiocyte are currently being generated from skin fibroblasts and mononuclear blood cells reprogrammed into iPSC and have been successfully used for disease modeling, drug testing and gene editing, with the hope to be able to find application also in regenerative medicine. Protocols to generate other liver cell types are still under development, but the field is advancing rapidly. On the other end, liver cells can now be isolated from liver specimens (liver explants or liver biopsies) and cultured in specific conditions to form polarized 3D organoids. The purpose of this review is to summarize all these recent technological advances and their potential applications but also to analyze the current issues to be addressed before the technology can reach its full potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romina Fiorotto
- Digestive Disease Section, Yale Liver Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, (USA)
| | - Mariangela Amenduni
- Digestive Disease Section, Yale Liver Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, (USA)
| | - Valeria Mariotti
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova School of Medicine, Padova, Italy
| | - Luca Fabris
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova School of Medicine, Padova, Italy
| | - Carlo Spirli
- Digestive Disease Section, Yale Liver Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, (USA)
| | - Mario Strazzabosco
- Digestive Disease Section, Yale Liver Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, (USA).
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23
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Vilas-Boas V, Cooreman A, Gijbels E, Van Campenhout R, Gustafson E, Ballet S, Annaert P, Cogliati B, Vinken M. Primary hepatocytes and their cultures for the testing of drug-induced liver injury. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2018; 85:1-30. [PMID: 31307583 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury is a major reason for discontinuation of drug development and withdrawal of drugs from the market. Intensive efforts in the last decades have focused on the establishment and finetuning of liver-based in vitro models for reliable prediction of hepatotoxicity triggered by drug candidates. Of those, primary hepatocytes and their cultures still are considered the gold standard, as they provide an acceptable reflection of the hepatic in vivo situation. Nevertheless, these in vitro systems cope with gradual deterioration of the differentiated morphological and functional phenotype. The present paper gives an overview of traditional and more recently introduced strategies to counteract this dedifferentiation process in an attempt to set up culture models that can be used for long-term testing purposes. The relevance and applicability of such optimized cultures of primary hepatocytes for the testing of drug-induced cholestatic liver injury is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vânia Vilas-Boas
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Axelle Cooreman
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Eva Gijbels
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Raf Van Campenhout
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Emma Gustafson
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Steven Ballet
- Research Group of Organic Chemistry, Departments of Chemistry and Bioengineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Pieter Annaert
- Drug Delivery and Disposition, KU Leuven Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bruno Cogliati
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mathieu Vinken
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.
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24
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Vinken M. In vitro prediction of drug-induced cholestatic liver injury: a challenge for the toxicologist. Arch Toxicol 2018; 92:1909-1912. [PMID: 29574564 PMCID: PMC6084771 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-018-2201-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Vinken
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium.
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25
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Kehtari M, Zeynali B, Soleimani M, Kabiri M, Seyedjafari E. Fabrication of a co-culture micro-bioreactor device for efficient hepatic differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs). ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 46:161-170. [DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2018.1452753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mousa Kehtari
- Developmental Biology Laboratory, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Stem Cell Technology Research Center, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bahman Zeynali
- Developmental Biology Laboratory, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoud Soleimani
- Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahboubeh Kabiri
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ehsan Seyedjafari
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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26
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Shnaider TA. Cerebral organoids: a promising model in cellular technologies. Vavilovskii Zhurnal Genet Selektsii 2018. [DOI: 10.18699/vj18.344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of the human brain is a complex multi-stage process including the formation of various types of neural cells and their interactions. Many fundamental mechanisms of neurogenesis have been established due to the studying of model animals. However, significant differences in the brain structure compared to other animals do not allow considering all aspects of the human brain formation, which could play the main role in the development of unique cognitive abilities for human. Four years ago, Lancaster’s group elaborated human pluripotent stem cell-derived three-dimensional cerebral organoid technology, which opened a unique opportunity for researchers to model early stages of human neurogenesis in vitro. Cerebral organoids closely remodel many endogenous brain regions with specific cell composition like ventricular zone with radial glia, choroid plexus, and cortical plate with upper and deeper-layer neurons. Moreover, human brain development includes interactions between different brain regions. Generation of hybrid three-dimensional cerebral organoids with different brain region identity allows remodeling some of them, including long-distance neuronal migration or formation of major axonal tracts. In this review, we consider the technology of obtaining human pluripotent stem cell-derived three-dimensional cerebral organoids with different modifications and with different brain region identity. In addition, we discuss successful implementation of this technology in fundamental and applied research like modeling of different neurodevelopmental disorders and drug screening. Finally, we regard existing problems and prospects for development of human pluripotent stem cell-derived threedimensional cerebral organoid technology.
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Current Perspectives Regarding Stem Cell-Based Therapy for Liver Cirrhosis. Can J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 2018:4197857. [PMID: 29670867 PMCID: PMC5833156 DOI: 10.1155/2018/4197857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver cirrhosis is a major cause of mortality and a common end of various progressive liver diseases. Since the effective treatment is currently limited to liver transplantation, stem cell-based therapy as an alternative has attracted interest due to promising results from preclinical and clinical studies. However, there is still much to be understood regarding the precise mechanisms of action. A number of stem cells from different origins have been employed for hepatic regeneration with different degrees of success. The present review presents a synopsis of stem cell research for the treatment of patients with liver cirrhosis according to the stem cell type. Clinical trials to date are summarized briefly. Finally, issues to be resolved and future perspectives are discussed with regard to clinical applications.
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Kumar S, Blangero J, Curran JE. Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells in Disease Modeling and Gene Identification. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1706:17-38. [PMID: 29423791 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7471-9_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Experimental modeling of human inherited disorders provides insight into the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved, and the underlying genetic component influencing, the disease phenotype. The breakthrough development of induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology represents a quantum leap in experimental modeling of human diseases, providing investigators with a self-renewing and, thus, unlimited source of pluripotent cells for targeted differentiation. In principle, the entire range of cell types found in the human body can be interrogated using an iPSC approach. Therefore, iPSC technology, and the increasingly refined abilities to differentiate iPSCs into disease-relevant target cells, has far-reaching implications for understanding disease pathophysiology, identifying disease-causing genes, and developing more precise therapeutics, including advances in regenerative medicine. In this chapter, we discuss the technological perspectives and recent developments in the application of patient-derived iPSC lines for human disease modeling and disease gene identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satish Kumar
- South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, School of Medicine, 1214 W Schunior St, Edinburg, TX, 78541, USA.
| | - John Blangero
- South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, School of Medicine, 1214 W Schunior St, Edinburg, TX, 78541, USA
| | - Joanne E Curran
- South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, School of Medicine, 1214 W Schunior St, Edinburg, TX, 78541, USA
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Luo Y, Lou C, Zhang S, Zhu Z, Xing Q, Wang P, Liu T, Liu H, Li C, Shi W, Du Z, Gao Y. Three-dimensional hydrogel culture conditions promote the differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells into hepatocytes. Cytotherapy 2018; 20:95-107. [PMID: 28969895 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2017.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Revised: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) are becoming increasingly popular in research endeavors due to their potential for clinical application; however, such application is challenging due to limitations such as inferior function and low induction efficiency. In this study, we aimed to establish a three-dimensional (3D) culture condition to mimic the environment in which hepatogenesis occurs in vivo to enhance the differentiation of hiPSCs for large-scale culture and high throughput BAL application. METHODS We used hydrogel to create hepatocyte-like cell (HLC) spheroids in a 3D culture condition and analyzed the cell-behavior and differentiation properties of hiPSCs in a synthetic nanofiber scaffold. RESULTS We found that treating cells with Y-27632 promoted the formation of spheroids, and the cells aggregated more rapidly in a 3D culture condition. The ALB secretion, urea production and glycogen synthesis by HLCs in 3D were significantly higher than those grown in a 2-dimensional culture condition. In addition, the metabolic activities of the CYP450 enzymes were also higher in cells differentiated in the 3D culture condition. CONCLUSIONS 3D hydrogel culture condition can promote differentiation of hiPSCs into hepatocytes. The 3D culture approach could be applied to the differentiation of hiPSCs into hepatocytes for bioartificial liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Luo
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Artificial Cell, Tianjin Institute of Hepatobiliary Disease, Artificial Cell Engineering Technology Research Center of Public Health Ministry, Third Central Hospital of Tianjin, Tianjin, China
| | - Cheng Lou
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Third Central Hospital of Tianjin, Tianjin, China
| | - Sui Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Zhengyan Zhu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Artificial Cell, Tianjin Institute of Hepatobiliary Disease, Artificial Cell Engineering Technology Research Center of Public Health Ministry, Third Central Hospital of Tianjin, Tianjin, China
| | - Qianzhe Xing
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Third Central Hospital of Tianjin, Tianjin, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Artificial Cell, Tianjin Institute of Hepatobiliary Disease, Artificial Cell Engineering Technology Research Center of Public Health Ministry, Third Central Hospital of Tianjin, Tianjin, China
| | - Tong Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Artificial Cell, Tianjin Institute of Hepatobiliary Disease, Artificial Cell Engineering Technology Research Center of Public Health Ministry, Third Central Hospital of Tianjin, Tianjin, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Artificial Cell, Tianjin Institute of Hepatobiliary Disease, Artificial Cell Engineering Technology Research Center of Public Health Ministry, Third Central Hospital of Tianjin, Tianjin, China
| | - Chenglong Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Artificial Cell, Tianjin Institute of Hepatobiliary Disease, Artificial Cell Engineering Technology Research Center of Public Health Ministry, Third Central Hospital of Tianjin, Tianjin, China
| | - Wenxia Shi
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Artificial Cell, Tianjin Institute of Hepatobiliary Disease, Artificial Cell Engineering Technology Research Center of Public Health Ministry, Third Central Hospital of Tianjin, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhi Du
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Artificial Cell, Tianjin Institute of Hepatobiliary Disease, Artificial Cell Engineering Technology Research Center of Public Health Ministry, Third Central Hospital of Tianjin, Tianjin, China
| | - Yingtang Gao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Artificial Cell, Tianjin Institute of Hepatobiliary Disease, Artificial Cell Engineering Technology Research Center of Public Health Ministry, Third Central Hospital of Tianjin, Tianjin, China.
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Pournasr B, Duncan SA. Modeling Inborn Errors of Hepatic Metabolism Using Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2017; 37:1994-1999. [PMID: 28818857 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.117.309199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Inborn errors of hepatic metabolism are because of deficiencies commonly within a single enzyme as a consequence of heritable mutations in the genome. Individually such diseases are rare, but collectively they are common. Advances in genome-wide association studies and DNA sequencing have helped researchers identify the underlying genetic basis of such diseases. Unfortunately, cellular and animal models that accurately recapitulate these inborn errors of hepatic metabolism in the laboratory have been lacking. Recently, investigators have exploited molecular techniques to generate induced pluripotent stem cells from patients' somatic cells. Induced pluripotent stem cells can differentiate into a wide variety of cell types, including hepatocytes, thereby offering an innovative approach to unravel the mechanisms underlying inborn errors of hepatic metabolism. Moreover, such cell models could potentially provide a platform for the discovery of therapeutics. In this mini-review, we present a brief overview of the state-of-the-art in using pluripotent stem cells for such studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behshad Pournasr
- From the Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (B.P., S.A.D.); and Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research, Tehran, Iran (B.P.)
| | - Stephen A Duncan
- From the Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (B.P., S.A.D.); and Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research, Tehran, Iran (B.P.).
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31
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Liu Y, Zhang QH, Dong YW, You CH, Wang SQ, Li YQ, Li YY. Establishment of a hepatocyte line for studying biosynthesis of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids from a marine teleost, the white-spotted spinefoot Siganus canaliculatus. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2017; 91:603-616. [PMID: 28691159 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.13375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A hepatocyte line was established from the liver of white-spotted spinefoot Siganus canaliculatus to study the biosynthesis of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA). The cells from the line, designated S. canaliculatus hepatocyte line (SCHL), grew and multiplied well in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM)-F12 medium supplemented with 20 mM 4-(2-hydroxyethyl) piperazine-1-ethanesulphonic acid (HEPES), 10% foetal bovine serum (FBS) and 0·5% rainbow trout Oncorhychus mykiss serum at 28° C, showing an epithelial-like morphology and the normal chromosome number of 48 (2n) and have been subcultured for over 60 passages. The identity of the hepatocytes was confirmed by periodic acid Schiff (PAS) staining. The mRNA expression of all genes encoding the key enzymes for LC-PUFA biosynthesis including two desaturases (Δ4 Fad and Δ6-Δ5 Fad) and two elongases (Elovl4 and Elovl5), were detected in all cells from passages 5 to 60 and their expression levels became stable after passage 35 and showed responses to various PUFA incubation. This is similar to the situation determined in the liver of S. canaliculatus that were fed diets containing different fatty acids. These results indicated that SCHL was successfully established and can provide an in vitro tool to investigate lipid metabolism and regulatory mechanisms of LC-PUFA biosynthesis in teleosts, especially marine species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Liu
- Marine Biology Institute & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, China
| | - Q H Zhang
- Marine Biology Institute & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, China
| | - Y W Dong
- Marine Biology Institute & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, China
| | - C H You
- Marine Biology Institute & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, China
| | - S Q Wang
- Marine Biology Institute & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, China
| | - Y Q Li
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Y Y Li
- School of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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32
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Palakkan AA, Nanda J, Ross JA. Pluripotent stem cells to hepatocytes, the journey so far. Biomed Rep 2017; 6:367-373. [PMID: 28413633 DOI: 10.3892/br.2017.867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past several years, there has been substantial progress in the field of regenerative medicine, which has enabled new possibilities for research and clinical application. For example, there are ongoing efforts directed at generating functional hepatocytes from adult-derived pluripotent cells for toxicity screening, generating disease models or, in the longer term, for the treatment of liver failure. In the present review, the authors summarise recent developments in regenerative medicine and pluripotent stem cells, the methods and tissues used for reprogramming and the differentiation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) into hepatocyte-like cells. In addition, the hepatic disease models developed using iPSC technologies are discussed, as well as the potential for gene editing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anwar A Palakkan
- Tissue Injury and Repair Group, Clinical Sciences, Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, EH16 4SB Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jyoti Nanda
- Tissue Injury and Repair Group, Clinical Sciences, Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, EH16 4SB Edinburgh, UK
| | - James A Ross
- Tissue Injury and Repair Group, Clinical Sciences, Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, EH16 4SB Edinburgh, UK
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33
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Zakikhan K, Pournasr B, Vosough M, Nassiri-Asl M. In Vitro Generated Hepatocyte-Like Cells: A Novel Tool in Regenerative Medicine and Drug Discovery. CELL JOURNAL 2017; 19:204-217. [PMID: 28670513 PMCID: PMC5412779 DOI: 10.22074/cellj.2016.4362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocyte-like cells (HLCs) are generated from either various human pluripotent stem
cells (hPSCs) including induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and embryonic stem cells
(ESCs), or direct cell conversion, mesenchymal stem cells as well as other stem cells like
gestational tissues. They provide potential cell sources for biomedical applications. Liver
transplantation is the gold standard treatment for the patients with end stage liver disease,
but there are many obstacles limiting this process, like insufficient number of donated
healthy livers. Meanwhile, the number of patients receiving a liver organ transplant for
a better life is increasing. In this regard, HLCs may provide an adequate cell source to
overcome these shortages. New molecular engineering approaches such as CRISPR/
Cas system applying in iPSCs technology provide the basic principles of gene correction
for monogenic inherited metabolic liver diseases, as another application of HLCs. It has
been shown that HLCs could replace primary human hepatocytes in drug discovery and
hepatotoxicity tests. However, generation of fully functional HLCs is still a big challenge;
several research groups have been trying to improve current differentiation protocols to
achieve better HLCs according to morphology and function of cells. Large-scale generation
of functional HLCs in bioreactors could make a new opportunity in producing enough
hepatocytes for treating end-stage liver patients as well as other biomedical applications
such as drug studies. In this review, regarding the biomedical value of HLCs, we focus
on the current and efficient approaches for generating hepatocyte-like cells in vitro and
discuss about their applications in regenerative medicine and drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kobra Zakikhan
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Behshad Pournasr
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Massoud Vosough
- Department of Regenerative Biomedicine, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marjan Nassiri-Asl
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran.,Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
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Goldring C, Antoine DJ, Bonner F, Crozier J, Denning C, Fontana RJ, Hanley NA, Hay DC, Ingelman-Sundberg M, Juhila S, Kitteringham N, Silva-Lima B, Norris A, Pridgeon C, Ross JA, Sison Young R, Tagle D, Tornesi B, van de Water B, Weaver RJ, Zhang F, Park BK. Stem cell-derived models to improve mechanistic understanding and prediction of human drug-induced liver injury. Hepatology 2017; 65:710-721. [PMID: 27775817 PMCID: PMC5266558 DOI: 10.1002/hep.28886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Current preclinical drug testing does not predict some forms of adverse drug reactions in humans. Efforts at improving predictability of drug-induced tissue injury in humans include using stem cell technology to generate human cells for screening for adverse effects of drugs in humans. The advent of induced pluripotent stem cells means that it may ultimately be possible to develop personalized toxicology to determine interindividual susceptibility to adverse drug reactions. However, the complexity of idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury means that no current single-cell model, whether of primary liver tissue origin, from liver cell lines, or derived from stem cells, adequately emulates what is believed to occur during human drug-induced liver injury. Nevertheless, a single-cell model of a human hepatocyte which emulates key features of a hepatocyte is likely to be valuable in assessing potential chemical risk; furthermore, understanding how to generate a relevant hepatocyte will also be critical to efforts to build complex multicellular models of the liver. Currently, hepatocyte-like cells differentiated from stem cells still fall short of recapitulating the full mature hepatocellular phenotype. Therefore, we convened a number of experts from the areas of preclinical and clinical hepatotoxicity and safety assessment, from industry, academia, and regulatory bodies, to specifically explore the application of stem cells in hepatotoxicity safety assessment and to make recommendations for the way forward. In this short review, we particularly discuss the importance of benchmarking stem cell-derived hepatocyte-like cells to their terminally differentiated human counterparts using defined phenotyping, to make sure the cells are relevant and comparable between labs, and outline why this process is essential before the cells are introduced into chemical safety assessment. (Hepatology 2017;65:710-721).
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Goldring
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Daniel J. Antoine
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | | | - Jonathan Crozier
- European Partnership for Alternative Approaches to Animal Testing (EPAA), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Chris Denning
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Robert J. Fontana
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Neil A. Hanley
- Centre for Endocrinology & Diabetes, University of Manchester; Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre Manchester, UK
| | - David C. Hay
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Satu Juhila
- R&D, In Vitro Biology, Orion Pharma, Espoo, Finland
| | - Neil Kitteringham
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | | | - Alan Norris
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Chris Pridgeon
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - James A. Ross
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, UK
| | - Rowena Sison Young
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Danilo Tagle
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Belen Tornesi
- Abbvie Global Pharmaceutical Research and Development, North Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Bob van de Water
- Faculty of Science, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Gorlaeus Laboratories, University of Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Richard J. Weaver
- Institut de Recherches Internationales Servier (I.R.I.S), Suresnes, 92284, Cedex France
| | - Fang Zhang
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - B. Kevin Park
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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35
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Sistare FD, Mattes WB, LeCluyse EL. The Promise of New Technologies to Reduce, Refine, or Replace Animal Use while Reducing Risks of Drug Induced Liver Injury in Pharmaceutical Development. ILAR J 2017; 57:186-211. [DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ilw025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Revised: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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One Standardized Differentiation Procedure Robustly Generates Homogenous Hepatocyte Cultures Displaying Metabolic Diversity from a Large Panel of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2016; 12:90-104. [PMID: 26385115 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-015-9621-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Human hepatocytes display substantial functional inter-individual variation regarding drug metabolizing functions. In order to investigate if this diversity is mirrored in hepatocytes derived from different human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC) lines, we evaluated 25 hPSC lines originating from 24 different donors for hepatic differentiation and functionality. Homogenous hepatocyte cultures could be derived from all hPSC lines using one standardized differentiation procedure. To the best of our knowledge this is the first report of a standardized hepatic differentiation procedure that is generally applicable across a large panel of hPSC lines without any adaptations to individual lines. Importantly, with regard to functional aspects, such as Cytochrome P450 activities, we observed that hepatocytes derived from different hPSC lines displayed inter-individual variation characteristic for primary hepatocytes obtained from different donors, while these activities were highly reproducible between repeated experiments using the same line. Taken together, these data demonstrate the emerging possibility to compile panels of hPSC-derived hepatocytes of particular phenotypes/genotypes relevant for drug metabolism and toxicity studies. Moreover, these findings are of significance for applications within the regenerative medicine field, since our stringent differentiation procedure allows the derivation of homogenous hepatocyte cultures from multiple donors which is a prerequisite for the realization of future personalized stem cell based therapies.
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37
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Ding Y, Chang C, Niu Z, Dai K, Geng X, Li D, Guo J, Xu C. Overexpression of transcription factor Foxa2 and Hnf1α induced rat bone mesenchymal stem cells into hepatocytes. Cytotechnology 2016; 68:2037-47. [PMID: 26797779 PMCID: PMC5023577 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-016-9944-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocytes differentiated from induced pluripotent stem cells and adult stem cells could be utilized as a tool for the study of liver diseases, screening for drug metabolism and hepatotoxicity. Thus further investigation of the method to efficiently generate hepatocytes is in great need. Bone Mesenchymal Stem Cells (BMSCs) were collected from rat femurs and tibias. FOXA2 and HNF1α genes were constructed into a lentiviral vector and introduced into BMSCs by a lentivirus-mediated overexpression system. Three weeks after the induction, the expressions of FOXA2 and HNF1α, and liver specific genes were analyzed, and hepatocyte-function related assays were performed. Overexpression of both FOXA2 and HNF1α induced the BMSCs to differentiate into hepatocyte-like cells (HLCs). Hepatocyte-specific gene and protein were detected by RT-PCR, Western Blot and Immunofluorescence. These HLCs also exerted some typical hepatocyte functions such as glycogen storage, indocyanine green absorption and lipid accumulation. The combination of FOXA2 and HNF1α can effectively induce BMSCs to differentiate into HLCs. This is a novel and efficient method to prepare HLCs within a short timeline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Ding
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, Henan Province, China
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for Cell Differentiation Regulation and Henan Bioengineering Key Laboratory, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, Henan Province, China
- Henan Engineering Laboratory for Bioengineering and Drug Development, Xinxiang, China
| | - Cuifang Chang
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, Henan Province, China
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for Cell Differentiation Regulation and Henan Bioengineering Key Laboratory, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, Henan Province, China
- Henan Engineering Laboratory for Bioengineering and Drug Development, Xinxiang, China
| | - Zhipeng Niu
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, Henan Province, China
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for Cell Differentiation Regulation and Henan Bioengineering Key Laboratory, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, Henan Province, China
- Henan Engineering Laboratory for Bioengineering and Drug Development, Xinxiang, China
| | - Keqiang Dai
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, Henan Province, China
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for Cell Differentiation Regulation and Henan Bioengineering Key Laboratory, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, Henan Province, China
- Henan Engineering Laboratory for Bioengineering and Drug Development, Xinxiang, China
| | - Xiaofang Geng
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, Henan Province, China
- Henan Engineering Laboratory for Bioengineering and Drug Development, Xinxiang, China
| | - Deming Li
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, Henan Province, China
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for Cell Differentiation Regulation and Henan Bioengineering Key Laboratory, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, Henan Province, China
- Henan Engineering Laboratory for Bioengineering and Drug Development, Xinxiang, China
| | - Jianlin Guo
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, Henan Province, China
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for Cell Differentiation Regulation and Henan Bioengineering Key Laboratory, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, Henan Province, China
- Henan Engineering Laboratory for Bioengineering and Drug Development, Xinxiang, China
| | - Cunshuan Xu
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, Henan Province, China.
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for Cell Differentiation Regulation and Henan Bioengineering Key Laboratory, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, Henan Province, China.
- Henan Engineering Laboratory for Bioengineering and Drug Development, Xinxiang, China.
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Scalable Differentiation of Human iPSCs in a Multicellular Spheroid-based 3D Culture into Hepatocyte-like Cells through Direct Wnt/β-catenin Pathway Inhibition. Sci Rep 2016; 6:32888. [PMID: 27616299 PMCID: PMC5018737 DOI: 10.1038/srep32888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment of acute liver failure by cell transplantation is hindered by a shortage of human hepatocytes. Current protocols for hepatic differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) result in low yields, cellular heterogeneity, and limited scalability. In the present study, we have developed a novel multicellular spheroid-based hepatic differentiation protocol starting from embryoid bodies of hiPSCs (hiPSC-EBs) for robust mass production of human hepatocyte-like cells (HLCs) using two novel inhibitors of the Wnt pathway. The resultant hiPSC-EB-HLCs expressed liver-specific genes, secreted hepatic proteins such as Albumin, Alpha Fetoprotein, and Fibrinogen, metabolized ammonia, and displayed cytochrome P450 activities and functional activities typical of mature primary hepatocytes, such as LDL storage and uptake, ICG uptake and release, and glycogen storage. Cell transplantation of hiPSC-EB-HLC in a rat model of acute liver failure significantly prolonged the mean survival time and resolved the liver injury when compared to the no-transplantation control animals. The transplanted hiPSC-EB-HLCs secreted human albumin into the host plasma throughout the examination period (2 weeks). Transplantation successfully bridged the animals through the critical period for survival after acute liver failure, providing promising clues of integration and full in vivo functionality of these cells after treatment with WIF-1 and DKK-1.
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Schwartz RE, Bram Y, Frankel A. Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Hepatocyte-like Cells: A Tool to Study Infectious Disease. CURRENT PATHOBIOLOGY REPORTS 2016; 4:147-156. [PMID: 29910973 DOI: 10.1007/s40139-016-0113-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Purpose of Review Liver disease is an important clinical and global problem and is the 16th leading cause of death worldwide and responsible for 1 million deaths worldwide each year. Infectious disease is a major cause of liver disease specifically and overall is even a greater cause of patient morbidity and mortality. Tools to study human liver disease and infectious disease have been lacking which has significantly hampered the study of liver disease generally and hepatotropic pathogens more specifically. Historically, hepatoma cell lines have been used for in vitro cell culture models to study infectious disease. Significant differences between human hepatoma cell lines and the human hepatocyte has hampered our understanding of hepatocyte pathogen infection and hepatocyte--pathogen interactions. Recent Findings Despite these limitations, great progress was made in the understanding of specific aspects of the life cycle of the canonical hepatocyte viral pathogen, Hepatitis C Virus. Over time various specific drugs targeting various proteins of the HCV virion or aspects of the HCV viral life cycle have been created that enable almost complete elimination of the virus in vitro and clinically. These drugs, direct-acting antivirals have enabled achieving sustained virologic response in over 90-95 percent of patients. Summary Despite the development of direct-acting antivirals and the extreme success in achieving sustained virologic response, there has only been limited success elucidating host-pathogen interactions largely due to the poor nature of the hepatoma platform. Alternative approaches are needed. Pluripotent stem cells are renewable, can be derived from a single donor and can be efficiently and reproducibly differentiated towards many cell types including ectodermal-, endodermal-, and mesodermal-derived lineages. The development of pluripotent stem cell-derived hepatocyte-like cells (iHLCS) changes the paradigm as robust cells with the phenotype and function of hepatocytes can be readily created on demand with a variety of genetic background or alterations. iHLCs are readily used as models to study human drug metabolism, human liver disease, and human hepatotropic infectious disease. In this review, we discuss the biology of the HCV virus, the use of iHLCs as models to study human liver disease, and review the current work on using iHLCs to study HCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yaron Bram
- Weill Cornell School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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Dianat N, Weber A, Dubart-Kupperschmitt A. [Human pluripotent stem cells and liver disorders]. Biol Aujourdhui 2016; 210:19-26. [PMID: 27286577 DOI: 10.1051/jbio/2016006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
The liver is associated with many diseases including metabolic and cholestatic diseases, cirrhosis as well as chronic and acute hepatitis. However, knowledge about the mechanisms involved in the pathophysiology of these diseases remains limited due to the restricted access to liver biopsies and the lack of cellular models derived from patients. The liver is the main organ responsible for the elimination of xenobiotics and thus hepatocytes have a key role in toxicology and pharmacokinetics. The induced pluripotent stem cells generated from patients with monogenic metabolic disorders, for which the corresponding gene is identified, are relevant in vitro models for the study of the mechanisms involved in generation of pathologies and also for drug screening. Towards this aim, robust protocols for generating liver cells, such as hepatocytes and cholangiocytes, are essential. Our study focused on familial hypercholesterolemia disease modeling, as well as on establishing a protocol for generation of functional cholangiocytes from pluripotent stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noushin Dianat
- INSERM U1193, Hôpital Paul Brousse, 94807 Villejuif, France - UMR S1193, Université Paris-Sud, Hôpital Paul Brousse, 94800 Villejuif, France - Département hospitalo-universitaire Hepatinov, Hôpital Paul Brousse, 94807 Villejuif, France
| | - Anne Weber
- INSERM U1193, Hôpital Paul Brousse, 94807 Villejuif, France - UMR S1193, Université Paris-Sud, Hôpital Paul Brousse, 94800 Villejuif, France - Département hospitalo-universitaire Hepatinov, Hôpital Paul Brousse, 94807 Villejuif, France
| | - Anne Dubart-Kupperschmitt
- INSERM U1193, Hôpital Paul Brousse, 94807 Villejuif, France - UMR S1193, Université Paris-Sud, Hôpital Paul Brousse, 94800 Villejuif, France - Département hospitalo-universitaire Hepatinov, Hôpital Paul Brousse, 94807 Villejuif, France
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Sabapathy V, Kumar S. hiPSC-derived iMSCs: NextGen MSCs as an advanced therapeutically active cell resource for regenerative medicine. J Cell Mol Med 2016; 20:1571-88. [PMID: 27097531 PMCID: PMC4956943 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are being assessed for ameliorating the severity of graft‐versus‐host disease, autoimmune conditions, musculoskeletal injuries and cardiovascular diseases. While most of these clinical therapeutic applications require substantial cell quantities, the number of MSCs that can be obtained initially from a single donor remains limited. The utility of MSCs derived from human‐induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) has been shown in recent pre‐clinical studies. Since adult MSCs have limited capability regarding proliferation, the quantum of bioactive factor secretion and immunomodulation ability may be constrained. Hence, the alternate source of MSCs is being considered to replace the commonly used adult tissue‐derived MSCs. The MSCs have been obtained from various adult and foetal tissues. The hiPSC‐derived MSCs (iMSCs) are transpiring as an attractive source of MSCs because during reprogramming process, cells undergo rejuvination, exhibiting better cellular vitality such as survival, proliferation and differentiations potentials. The autologous iMSCs could be considered as an inexhaustible source of MSCs that could be used to meet the unmet clinical needs. Human‐induced PSC‐derived MSCs are reported to be superior when compared to the adult MSCs regarding cell proliferation, immunomodulation, cytokines profiles, microenvironment modulating exosomes and bioactive paracrine factors secretion. Strategies such as derivation and propagation of iMSCs in chemically defined culture conditions and use of footprint‐free safer reprogramming strategies have contributed towards the development of clinically relevant cell types. In this review, the role of iPSC‐derived mesenchymal stromal cells (iMSCs) as an alternate source of therapeutically active MSCs has been described. Additionally, we also describe the role of iMSCs in regenerative medical applications, the necessary strategies, and the regulatory policies that have to be enforced to render iMSC's effectiveness in translational medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikram Sabapathy
- Center for Stem Cell Research, A Unit of inStem Bengaluru, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sanjay Kumar
- Center for Stem Cell Research, A Unit of inStem Bengaluru, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
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Genome Editing of the CYP1A1 Locus in iPSCs as a Platform to Map AHR Expression throughout Human Development. Stem Cells Int 2016; 2016:2574152. [PMID: 27148368 PMCID: PMC4842384 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2574152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) is a ligand activated transcription factor that increases the expression of detoxifying enzymes upon ligand stimulation. Recent studies now suggest that novel endogenous roles of the AHR exist throughout development. In an effort to create an optimized model system for the study of AHR signaling in several cellular lineages, we have employed a CRISPR/CAS9 genome editing strategy in induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) to incorporate a reporter cassette at the transcription start site of one of its canonical targets, cytochrome P450 1A1 (CYP1A1). This cell line faithfully reports on CYP1A1 expression, with luciferase levels as its functional readout, when treated with an endogenous AHR ligand (FICZ) at escalating doses. iPSC-derived fibroblast-like cells respond to acute exposure to environmental and endogenous AHR ligands, and iPSC-derived hepatocytes increase CYP1A1 in a similar manner to primary hepatocytes. This cell line is an important innovation that can be used to map AHR activity in discrete cellular subsets throughout developmental ontogeny. As further endogenous ligands are proposed, this line can be used to screen for safety and efficacy and can report on the ability of small molecules to regulate critical cellular processes by modulating the activity of the AHR.
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Zanoni P, Khetarpal SA, Larach DB, Hancock-Cerutti WF, Millar JS, Cuchel M, DerOhannessian S, Kontush A, Surendran P, Saleheen D, Trompet S, Jukema JW, De Craen A, Deloukas P, Sattar N, Ford I, Packard C, Majumder AAS, Alam DS, Di Angelantonio E, Abecasis G, Chowdhury R, Erdmann J, Nordestgaard BG, Nielsen SF, Tybjærg-Hansen A, Schmidt RF, Kuulasmaa K, Liu DJ, Perola M, Blankenberg S, Salomaa V, Männistö S, Amouyel P, Arveiler D, Ferrieres J, Müller-Nurasyid M, Ferrario M, Kee F, Willer CJ, Samani N, Schunkert H, Butterworth AS, Howson JMM, Peloso GM, Stitziel NO, Danesh J, Kathiresan S, Rader DJ. Rare variant in scavenger receptor BI raises HDL cholesterol and increases risk of coronary heart disease. Science 2016; 351:1166-71. [PMID: 26965621 DOI: 10.1126/science.aad3517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 393] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Scavenger receptor BI (SR-BI) is the major receptor for high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol (HDL-C). In humans, high amounts of HDL-C in plasma are associated with a lower risk of coronary heart disease (CHD). Mice that have depleted Scarb1 (SR-BI knockout mice) have markedly elevated HDL-C levels but, paradoxically, increased atherosclerosis. The impact of SR-BI on HDL metabolism and CHD risk in humans remains unclear. Through targeted sequencing of coding regions of lipid-modifying genes in 328 individuals with extremely high plasma HDL-C levels, we identified a homozygote for a loss-of-function variant, in which leucine replaces proline 376 (P376L), in SCARB1, the gene encoding SR-BI. The P376L variant impairs posttranslational processing of SR-BI and abrogates selective HDL cholesterol uptake in transfected cells, in hepatocyte-like cells derived from induced pluripotent stem cells from the homozygous subject, and in mice. Large population-based studies revealed that subjects who are heterozygous carriers of the P376L variant have significantly increased levels of plasma HDL-C. P376L carriers have a profound HDL-related phenotype and an increased risk of CHD (odds ratio = 1.79, which is statistically significant).
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Zanoni
- Departments of Genetics and Medicine, Division of Translational Medicine and Human Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Sumeet A Khetarpal
- Departments of Genetics and Medicine, Division of Translational Medicine and Human Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Daniel B Larach
- Departments of Genetics and Medicine, Division of Translational Medicine and Human Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - William F Hancock-Cerutti
- Departments of Genetics and Medicine, Division of Translational Medicine and Human Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. INSERM UMR 1166 ICAN, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 6, Hôpital de la Pitié, Paris, France
| | - John S Millar
- Departments of Genetics and Medicine, Division of Translational Medicine and Human Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Marina Cuchel
- Departments of Genetics and Medicine, Division of Translational Medicine and Human Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Stephanie DerOhannessian
- Departments of Genetics and Medicine, Division of Translational Medicine and Human Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Anatol Kontush
- INSERM UMR 1166 ICAN, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 6, Hôpital de la Pitié, Paris, France
| | - Praveen Surendran
- Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Danish Saleheen
- Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. Centre for Non-Communicable Diseases, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Stella Trompet
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands. Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - J Wouter Jukema
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands. The Interuniversity Cardiology Institute of the Netherlands, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Anton De Craen
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Panos Deloukas
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
| | - Naveed Sattar
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, British Heart Foundation, Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Ian Ford
- Robertson Center for Biostatistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Chris Packard
- Glasgow Clinical Research Facility, Western Infirmary, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Dewan S Alam
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Emanuele Di Angelantonio
- Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Goncalo Abecasis
- Center for Statistical Genetics, Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Rajiv Chowdhury
- Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jeanette Erdmann
- Institute for Integrative and Experimental Genomics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck 23562, Germany
| | - Børge G Nordestgaard
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Herlev Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Sune F Nielsen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Herlev Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Anne Tybjærg-Hansen
- Copenhagen University Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ruth Frikke Schmidt
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospitals, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kari Kuulasmaa
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Dajiang J Liu
- Department of Public Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Markus Perola
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland. Institute of Molecular Medicine FIMM, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Stefan Blankenberg
- Department of General and Interventional Cardiology, University Heart Center Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany. University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Veikko Salomaa
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Satu Männistö
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Philippe Amouyel
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Dominique Arveiler
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Jean Ferrieres
- Department of Epidemiology, Toulouse University-CHU Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Martina Müller-Nurasyid
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany. Department of Medicine I, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Marco Ferrario
- Research Centre in Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Frank Kee
- UKCRC Centre of Excellence for Public Health, Queens University, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - Cristen J Willer
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, Department of Human Genetics, and Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Nilesh Samani
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK. National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Leicester Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Glenfield Hotel, Leicester, UK
| | - Heribert Schunkert
- Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Adam S Butterworth
- Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Joanna M M Howson
- Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Gina M Peloso
- Broad Institute and Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Nathan O Stitziel
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Department of Genetics, and the McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - John Danesh
- Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
| | - Sekar Kathiresan
- Broad Institute and Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Daniel J Rader
- Departments of Genetics and Medicine, Division of Translational Medicine and Human Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Hansel MC, Davila JC, Vosough M, Gramignoli R, Skvorak KJ, Dorko K, Marongiu F, Blake W, Strom SC. The Use of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells for the Study and Treatment of Liver Diseases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 67:14.13.1-14.13.27. [PMID: 26828329 DOI: 10.1002/0471140856.tx1413s67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Liver disease is a major global health concern. Liver cirrhosis is one of the leading causes of death in the world and currently the only therapeutic option for end-stage liver disease (e.g., acute liver failure, cirrhosis, chronic hepatitis, cholestatic diseases, metabolic diseases, and malignant neoplasms) is orthotropic liver transplantation. Transplantation of hepatocytes has been proposed and used as an alternative to whole organ transplant to stabilize and prolong the lives of patients in some clinical cases. Although these experimental therapies have demonstrated promising and beneficial results, their routine use remains a challenge due to the shortage of donor livers available for cell isolation, variable quality of those tissues, the potential need for lifelong immunosuppression in the transplant recipient, and high costs. Therefore, new therapeutic strategies and more reliable clinical treatments are urgently needed. Recent and continuous technological advances in the development of stem cells suggest they may be beneficial in this respect. In this review, we summarize the history of stem cell and induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology in the context of hepatic differentiation and discuss the potential applications the technology may offer for human liver disease modeling and treatment. This includes developing safer drugs and cell-based therapies to improve the outcomes of patients with currently incurable health illnesses. We also review promising advances in other disease areas to highlight how the stem cell technology could be applied to liver diseases in the future. © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc C Hansel
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Julio C Davila
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Puerto Rico School of Medicine, Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Massoud Vosough
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Roberto Gramignoli
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kristen J Skvorak
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Kenneth Dorko
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, Kansas University Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Fabio Marongiu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Experimental Pathology, Unit of Experimental Medicine, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - William Blake
- Genetically Modified Models Center of Emphasis, Pfizer, Groton, Connecticut
| | - Stephen C Strom
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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An Overview of Direct Somatic Reprogramming: The Ins and Outs of iPSCs. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17010141. [PMID: 26805822 PMCID: PMC4730380 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17010141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Revised: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem cells are classified into embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells. An evolving alternative to conventional stem cell therapies is induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), which have a multi-lineage potential comparable to conventionally acquired embryonic stem cells with the additional benefits of being less immunoreactive and avoiding many of the ethical concerns raised with the use of embryonic material. The ability to generate iPSCs from somatic cells provides tremendous promise for regenerative medicine. The breakthrough of iPSCs has raised the possibility that patient-specific iPSCs can provide autologous cells for cell therapy without the concern for immune rejection. iPSCs are also relevant tools for modeling human diseases and drugs screening. However, there are still several hurdles to overcome before iPSCs can be used for translational purposes. Here, we review the recent advances in somatic reprogramming and the challenges that must be overcome to move this strategy closer to clinical application.
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Induced Pluripotency and Gene Editing in Disease Modelling: Perspectives and Challenges. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:28614-34. [PMID: 26633382 PMCID: PMC4691066 DOI: 10.3390/ijms161226119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Revised: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are chiefly characterized by their ability to self-renew and to differentiate into any cell type derived from the three main germ layers. It was demonstrated that somatic cells could be reprogrammed to form induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) via various strategies. Gene editing is a technique that can be used to make targeted changes in the genome, and the efficiency of this process has been significantly enhanced by recent advancements. The use of engineered endonucleases, such as homing endonucleases, zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs), transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs) and Cas9 of the CRISPR system, has significantly enhanced the efficiency of gene editing. The combination of somatic cell reprogramming with gene editing enables us to model human diseases in vitro, in a manner considered superior to animal disease models. In this review, we discuss the various strategies of reprogramming and gene targeting with an emphasis on the current advancements and challenges of using these techniques to model human diseases.
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Noor F. A shift in paradigm towards human biology-based systems for cholestatic-liver diseases. J Physiol 2015; 593:5043-55. [PMID: 26417843 DOI: 10.1113/jp271124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholestatic-liver diseases (CLDs) arise from diverse causes ranging from genetic factors to drug-induced cholestasis. The so-called diseases of civilization (obesity, diabetes, metabolic disorders, non-alcoholic liver disease, cardiovascular diseases, etc.) are intricately implicated in liver and gall bladder diseases. Although CLDs have been extensively studied, there seem to be important gaps in the understanding of human disease. Despite the fact that many animal models exist and substantial clinical data are available, translation of this knowledge towards therapy has been disappointingly limited. Recent advances in liver cell culture such as in vivo-like 3D cultivation of human primary hepatic cells, human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived hepatocytes; and cutting-edge analytical techniques such as 'omics' technologies and high-content screenings could play a decisive role in deeper mechanistic understanding of CLDs. This Topical Review proposes a roadmap to human biology-based research using omics technologies providing quantitative information on mechanisms in an adverse outcome/disease pathway framework. With modern sensitive tools, a shift in paradigm in human disease research seems timely and even inevitable to overcome species barriers in translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fozia Noor
- Biochemical Engineering Institute, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
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48
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Two Effective Routes for Removing Lineage Restriction Roadblocks: From Somatic Cells to Hepatocytes. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:20873-95. [PMID: 26340624 PMCID: PMC4613233 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160920873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Revised: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The conversion of somatic cells to hepatocytes has fundamentally re-shaped traditional concepts regarding the limited resources for hepatocyte therapy. With the various induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) generation routes, most somatic cells can be effectively directed to functional stem cells, and this strategy will supply enough pluripotent material to generate promising functional hepatocytes. However, the major challenges and potential applications of reprogrammed hepatocytes remain under investigation. In this review, we provide a summary of two effective routes including direct reprogramming and indirect reprogramming from somatic cells to hepatocytes and the general potential applications of the resulting hepatocytes. Through these approaches, we are striving toward the goal of achieving a robust, mature source of clinically relevant lineages.
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49
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Qin Y, Gao WQ. Concise Review: Patient-Derived Stem Cell Research for Monogenic Disorders. Stem Cells 2015; 34:44-54. [DOI: 10.1002/stem.2112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Revised: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yiren Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji-Med-X Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine; hanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai People's Republic of China
| | - Wei-Qiang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji-Med-X Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine; hanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai People's Republic of China
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Med-X Research Institute; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai People's Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Systems Biomedicine; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai People's Republic of China
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Trevisan M, Sinigaglia A, Desole G, Berto A, Pacenti M, Palù G, Barzon L. Modeling Viral Infectious Diseases and Development of Antiviral Therapies Using Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Systems. Viruses 2015; 7:3835-56. [PMID: 26184286 PMCID: PMC4517129 DOI: 10.3390/v7072800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2015] [Revised: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent biotechnology breakthrough of cell reprogramming and generation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), which has revolutionized the approaches to study the mechanisms of human diseases and to test new drugs, can be exploited to generate patient-specific models for the investigation of host–pathogen interactions and to develop new antimicrobial and antiviral therapies. Applications of iPSC technology to the study of viral infections in humans have included in vitro modeling of viral infections of neural, liver, and cardiac cells; modeling of human genetic susceptibility to severe viral infectious diseases, such as encephalitis and severe influenza; genetic engineering and genome editing of patient-specific iPSC-derived cells to confer antiviral resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Trevisan
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, via A. Gabelli 63, Padova 35121, Italy.
| | | | - Giovanna Desole
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, via A. Gabelli 63, Padova 35121, Italy.
| | - Alessandro Berto
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, via A. Gabelli 63, Padova 35121, Italy.
| | - Monia Pacenti
- Microbiology and Virology Unit, Padova University Hospital, via Giustiniani 2, Padova 35128, Italy.
| | - Giorgio Palù
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, via A. Gabelli 63, Padova 35121, Italy.
- Microbiology and Virology Unit, Padova University Hospital, via Giustiniani 2, Padova 35128, Italy.
| | - Luisa Barzon
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, via A. Gabelli 63, Padova 35121, Italy.
- Microbiology and Virology Unit, Padova University Hospital, via Giustiniani 2, Padova 35128, Italy.
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