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Amor S, McNamara NB, Gerrits E, Marzin MC, Kooistra SM, Miron VE, Nutma E. White matter microglia heterogeneity in the CNS. Acta Neuropathol 2022; 143:125-41. [PMID: 34878590 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-021-02389-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Microglia, the resident myeloid cells in the central nervous system (CNS) play critical roles in shaping the brain during development, responding to invading pathogens, and clearing tissue debris or aberrant protein aggregations during ageing and neurodegeneration. The original concept that like macrophages, microglia are either damaging (pro-inflammatory) or regenerative (anti-inflammatory) has been updated to a kaleidoscope view of microglia phenotypes reflecting their wide-ranging roles in maintaining homeostasis in the CNS and, their contribution to CNS diseases, as well as aiding repair. The use of new technologies including single cell/nucleus RNA sequencing has led to the identification of many novel microglia states, allowing for a better understanding of their complexity and distinguishing regional variations in the CNS. This has also revealed differences between species and diseases, and between microglia and other myeloid cells in the CNS. However, most of the data on microglia heterogeneity have been generated on cells isolated from the cortex or whole brain, whereas white matter changes and differences between white and grey matter have been relatively understudied. Considering the importance of microglia in regulating white matter health, we provide a brief update on the current knowledge of microglia heterogeneity in the white matter, how microglia are important for the development of the CNS, and how microglial ageing affects CNS white matter homeostasis. We discuss how microglia are intricately linked to the classical white matter diseases such as multiple sclerosis and genetic white matter diseases, and their putative roles in neurodegenerative diseases in which white matter is also affected. Understanding the wide variety of microglial functions in the white matter may provide the basis for microglial targeted therapies for CNS diseases.
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2
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Bayer D, Antonucci S, Müller HP, Saad R, Dupuis L, Rasche V, Böckers TM, Ludolph AC, Kassubek J, Roselli F. Disruption of orbitofrontal-hypothalamic projections in a murine ALS model and in human patients. Transl Neurodegener 2021; 10:17. [PMID: 34059131 PMCID: PMC8168014 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-021-00241-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Increased catabolism has recently been recognized as a clinical manifestation of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). The hypothalamic systems have been shown to be involved in the metabolic dysfunction in ALS, but the exact extent of hypothalamic circuit alterations in ALS is yet to be determined. Here we explored the integrity of large-scale cortico-hypothalamic circuits involved in energy homeostasis in murine models and in ALS patients. Methods The rAAV2-based large-scale projection mapping and image analysis pipeline based on Wholebrain and Ilastik software suites were used to identify and quantify projections from the forebrain to the lateral hypothalamus in the SOD1(G93A) ALS mouse model (hypermetabolic) and the FusΔNLS ALS mouse model (normo-metabolic). 3 T diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)-magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed on 83 ALS and 65 control cases to investigate cortical projections to the lateral hypothalamus (LHA) in ALS. Results Symptomatic SOD1(G93A) mice displayed an expansion of projections from agranular insula, ventrolateral orbitofrontal and secondary motor cortex to the LHA. These findings were reproduced in an independent cohort by using a different analytic approach. In contrast, in the FusΔNLS ALS mouse model hypothalamic inputs from insula and orbitofrontal cortex were maintained while the projections from motor cortex were lost. The DTI-MRI data confirmed the disruption of the orbitofrontal-hypothalamic tract in ALS patients. Conclusion This study provides converging murine and human data demonstrating the selective structural disruption of hypothalamic inputs in ALS as a promising factor contributing to the origin of the hypermetabolic phenotype. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40035-021-00241-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Bayer
- Department of Neurology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany.,CEMMA (Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms in Aging) Research Training Group, Ulm, Germany
| | | | | | - Rami Saad
- Department of Neurology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Luc Dupuis
- University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Volker Rasche
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Ulm University Medical Centre, Ulm, Germany
| | - Tobias M Böckers
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases-DZNE, Ulm, Germany
| | - Albert C Ludolph
- Department of Neurology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases-DZNE, Ulm, Germany
| | - Jan Kassubek
- Department of Neurology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases-DZNE, Ulm, Germany
| | - Francesco Roselli
- Department of Neurology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany. .,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases-DZNE, Ulm, Germany.
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Zhou T, Ahmad TK, Gozda K, Truong J, Kong J, Namaka M. Implications of white matter damage in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (Review). Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:4379-4392. [PMID: 28791401 PMCID: PMC5646997 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.7186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease, which involves the progressive degeneration of motor neurons. ALS has long been considered a disease of the grey matter; however, pathological alterations of the white matter (WM), including axonal loss, axonal demyelination and oligodendrocyte death, have been reported in patients with ALS. The present review examined motor neuron death as the primary cause of ALS and evaluated the associated WM damage that is guided by neuronal‑glial interactions. Previous studies have suggested that WM damage may occur prior to the death of motor neurons, and thus may be considered an early indicator for the diagnosis and prognosis of ALS. However, the exact molecular mechanisms underlying early‑onset WM damage in ALS have yet to be elucidated. The present review explored the detailed anatomy of WM and identified several pathological mechanisms that may be implicated in WM damage in ALS. In addition, it associated the pathophysiological alterations of WM, which may contribute to motor neuron death in ALS, with similar mechanisms of WM damage that are involved in multiple sclerosis (MS). Furthermore, the early detection of WM damage in ALS, using neuroimaging techniques, may lead to earlier therapeutic intervention, using immunomodulatory treatment strategies similar to those used in relapsing‑remitting MS, aimed at delaying WM damage in ALS. Early therapeutic approaches may have the potential to delay motor neuron damage and thus prolong the survival of patients with ALS. The therapeutic interventions that are currently available for ALS are only marginally effective. However, early intervention with immunomodulatory drugs may slow the progression of WM damage in the early stages of ALS, thus delaying motor neuron death and increasing the life expectancy of patients with ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zhou
- College of Pharmacy, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T5, Canada
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - Tina Khorshid Ahmad
- College of Pharmacy, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T5, Canada
| | - Kiana Gozda
- College of Pharmacy, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T5, Canada
| | - Jessica Truong
- College of Pharmacy, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T5, Canada
| | - Jiming Kong
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - Michael Namaka
- College of Pharmacy, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T5, Canada
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
- College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, P.R. China
- Department of Medical Rehabilitation, College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T6, Canada
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 1R9, Canada
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4
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Gargiulo S, Anzilotti S, Coda ARD, Gramanzini M, Greco A, Panico M, Vinciguerra A, Zannetti A, Vicidomini C, Dollé F, Pignataro G, Quarantelli M, Annunziato L, Brunetti A, Salvatore M, Pappatà S. Imaging of brain TSPO expression in a mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis with (18)F-DPA-714 and micro-PET/CT. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2016; 43:1348-59. [PMID: 26816193 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-016-3311-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the feasibility and sensitivity of (18)F-DPA-714 for the study of microglial activation in the brain and spinal cord of transgenic SOD1(G93A) mice using high-resolution PET/CT and to evaluate the Iba1 and TSPO expression with immunohistochemistry. METHODS Nine symptomatic SOD1(G93A) mice (aged 117 ± 12.7 days, clinical score range 1 - 4) and five WT SOD1 control mice (aged 108 ± 28.5 days) underwent (18)F-DPA-714 PET/CT. SUV ratios were calculated by normalizing the cerebellar (rCRB), brainstem (rBS), motor cortex (rMCX) and cervical spinal cord (rCSC) activities to that of the frontal association cortex. Two WT SOD1 and six symptomatic SOD1(G93A) mice were studied by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS In the symptomatic SOD1(G93A) mice, rCRB, rBS and rCSC were increased as compared to the values in WT SOD1 mice, with a statistically significantly difference in rBS (2.340 ± 0.784 vs 1.576 ± 0.287, p = 0.014). Immunofluorescence studies showed that TSPO expression was increased in the trigeminal, facial, ambiguus and hypoglossal nuclei, as well as in the spinal cord, of symptomatic SOD1(G93A) mice and was colocalized with increased Iba1 staining. CONCLUSION Increased (18)F-DPA-714 uptake can be detected with high-resolution PET/CT in the brainstem of transgenic SOD1(G93A) mice, a region known to be a site of degeneration and increased microglial activation in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, in agreement with increased TSPO expression in the brainstem nuclei shown by immunostaining. Therefore, (18)F-DPA-714 PET/CT might be a suitable tool to evaluate microglial activation in the SOD1(G93A) mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Gargiulo
- Institute of Biostructure and Bioimaging, National Research Council, Via T. De Amicis 95, 80145, Naples, Italy.,Ceinge Biotecnologie Avanzate s. c. a r. l., Via G. Salvatore 486, 80145, Naples, Italy
| | - S Anzilotti
- IRCCS SDN, Via E. Gianturco 113, 80143, Naples, Italy
| | - A R D Coda
- Institute of Biostructure and Bioimaging, National Research Council, Via T. De Amicis 95, 80145, Naples, Italy
| | - M Gramanzini
- Institute of Biostructure and Bioimaging, National Research Council, Via T. De Amicis 95, 80145, Naples, Italy.,Ceinge Biotecnologie Avanzate s. c. a r. l., Via G. Salvatore 486, 80145, Naples, Italy
| | - A Greco
- Ceinge Biotecnologie Avanzate s. c. a r. l., Via G. Salvatore 486, 80145, Naples, Italy.,Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University "Federico II", Via S. Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - M Panico
- Institute of Biostructure and Bioimaging, National Research Council, Via T. De Amicis 95, 80145, Naples, Italy
| | - A Vinciguerra
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Dentistry Sciences, School of Medicine, University "Federico II", Via S. Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - A Zannetti
- Institute of Biostructure and Bioimaging, National Research Council, Via T. De Amicis 95, 80145, Naples, Italy
| | - C Vicidomini
- Institute of Biostructure and Bioimaging, National Research Council, Via T. De Amicis 95, 80145, Naples, Italy
| | - F Dollé
- CEA, Institute for Biomedical Imaging, 4 Place du Général Leclerc, 91401, Orsay, France
| | - G Pignataro
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Dentistry Sciences, School of Medicine, University "Federico II", Via S. Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - M Quarantelli
- Institute of Biostructure and Bioimaging, National Research Council, Via T. De Amicis 95, 80145, Naples, Italy
| | - L Annunziato
- IRCCS SDN, Via E. Gianturco 113, 80143, Naples, Italy.,Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Dentistry Sciences, School of Medicine, University "Federico II", Via S. Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - A Brunetti
- Ceinge Biotecnologie Avanzate s. c. a r. l., Via G. Salvatore 486, 80145, Naples, Italy.,Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University "Federico II", Via S. Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - M Salvatore
- IRCCS SDN, Via E. Gianturco 113, 80143, Naples, Italy
| | - S Pappatà
- Institute of Biostructure and Bioimaging, National Research Council, Via T. De Amicis 95, 80145, Naples, Italy.
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5
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Jeyachandran A, Mertens B, McKissick EA, Mitchell CS. Type I Vs. Type II Cytokine Levels as a Function of SOD1 G93A Mouse Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Disease Progression. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:462. [PMID: 26648846 PMCID: PMC4664727 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal motoneuron disease that is characterized by the degradation of neurons throughout the central nervous system. Inflammation have been cited a key contributor to ALS neurodegeneration, but the timeline of cytokine upregulation remains unresolved. The goal of this study was to temporally examine the correlation between the varying levels of pro-inflammatory type I cytokines (IL-1β, IL-1α, IL-12, TNF-α, and GFAP) and anti-inflammatory type II cytokines (IL-4, IL-6, IL-10) throughout the progression of ALS in the SOD1 G93A mouse model. Cytokine level data from high copy SOD1 G93A transgenic mice was collected from 66 peer-reviewed studies. For each corresponding experimental time point, the ratio of transgenic to wild type (TG/WT) cytokine was calculated. One-way ANOVA and t-tests with Bonferonni correction were used to analyze the data. Meta-analysis was performed for four discrete stages: early, pre-onset, post-onset, and end stage. A significant increase in TG cytokine levels was found when compared to WT cytokine levels across the entire SOD1 G93A lifespan for majority of the cytokines. The rates of change of the individual cytokines, and type I and type II were not significantly different; however, the mean fold change of type I was expressed at significantly higher levels than type II levels across all stages with the difference between the means becoming more pronounced at the end stage. An overexpression of cytokines occurred both before and after the onset of ALS symptoms. The trend between pro-inflammatory type I and type II cytokine mean levels indicate a progressive instability of the dynamic balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines as anti-inflammatory cytokines fail to mediate the pronounced increase in pro-inflammatory cytokines. Very early immunoregulatory treatment is necessary to successfully interrupt ALS-induced neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amilia Jeyachandran
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Benjamin Mertens
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Eric A McKissick
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Cassie S Mitchell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University Atlanta, GA, USA
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6
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Jansen AHP, Reits EAJ, Hol EM. The ubiquitin proteasome system in glia and its role in neurodegenerative diseases. Front Mol Neurosci 2014; 7:73. [PMID: 25152710 PMCID: PMC4126450 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2014.00073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) is crucial for intracellular protein homeostasis and for degradation of aberrant and damaged proteins. The accumulation of ubiquitinated proteins is a hallmark of many neurodegenerative diseases, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, and Huntington’s disease, leading to the hypothesis that proteasomal impairment is contributing to these diseases. So far, most research related to the UPS in neurodegenerative diseases has been focused on neurons, while glial cells have been largely disregarded in this respect. However, glial cells are essential for proper neuronal function and adopt a reactive phenotype in neurodegenerative diseases, thereby contributing to an inflammatory response. This process is called reactive gliosis, which in turn affects UPS function in glial cells. In many neurodegenerative diseases, mostly neurons show accumulation and aggregation of ubiquitinated proteins, suggesting that glial cells may be better equipped to maintain proper protein homeostasis. During an inflammatory reaction, the immunoproteasome is induced in glia, which may contribute to a more efficient degradation of disease-related proteins. Here we review the role of the UPS in glial cells in various neurodegenerative diseases, and we discuss how studying glial cell function might provide essential information in unraveling mechanisms of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne H P Jansen
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Academic Medical Center Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Eric A J Reits
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Academic Medical Center Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Elly M Hol
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht Utrecht, Netherlands ; Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences Amsterdam, Netherlands ; Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Center for Neuroscience, University of Amsterdam Netherlands
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7
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Bowerman M, Vincent T, Scamps F, Perrin FE, Camu W, Raoul C. Neuroimmunity dynamics and the development of therapeutic strategies for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Front Cell Neurosci 2013; 7:214. [PMID: 24312006 PMCID: PMC3833095 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2013.00214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal paralytic disorder characterized by the progressive and selective loss of both upper and lower motoneurons. The neurodegenerative process is accompanied by a sustained inflammation in the brain and spinal cord. The neuron-immune interaction, implicating resident microglia of the central nervous system and blood-derived immune cells, is highly dynamic over the course of the disease. Here, we discuss the timely controlled neuroprotective and neurotoxic cues that are provided by the immune environment of motoneurons and their potential therapeutic applications for ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Bowerman
- The Neuroscience Institute of Montpellier, INM, INSERM UMR1051, Saint Eloi Hospital Montpellier, France
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8
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Evans MC, Couch Y, Sibson N, Turner MR. Inflammation and neurovascular changes in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Mol Cell Neurosci 2013; 53:34-41. [PMID: 23110760 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2012.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2012] [Revised: 10/17/2012] [Accepted: 10/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation in now established as an important factor in the pathogenesis of many neurodegenerative diseases, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). At various time points, astrocytes and microglia are markedly activated, either producing neuroprotective or pro-inflammatory molecules, which can decrease or increase the rate of primary motor neuron degeneration respectively. Recent research has shown that this neuroinflammatory component is affected by the peripheral immune system; T lymphocytes in particular are able to cross into the brain and spinal cord parenchyma, where they interact with resident microglia, either inducing them to adopt an M1 (cytotoxic) or M2 (protective) phenotype, depending on the stage of disease. Clearly understanding the changes that occur to allow the interaction between peripheral and central immune responses will be essential in any attempt to manipulate the disease process via neuroinflammatory mechanisms. However, our understanding of the endothelial changes, which facilitate the infiltration of peripheral immune cells into the brain and spinal cord, is still in its infancy. There are suggestions, though, of up-regulation of cellular adhesion molecules, which are able to arrest circulating leukocytes and facilitate diapedesis into the brain parenchyma. In addition, tight junction proteins appear to be down-regulated, leading to an increase in vascular permeability, an effect that is amplified by vascular damage late in the disease process. This review summarises our current knowledge regarding neuroinflammation, peripheral immune involvement, and endothelial changes in ALS. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'Neuroinflammation in neurodegeneration and neurodysfunction'.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Evans
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Oxford University, UK
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9
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Evans MC, Modo M, Talbot K, Sibson N, Turner MR. Magnetic resonance imaging of pathological processes in rodent models of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 13:288-301. [DOI: 10.3109/17482968.2011.623300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew C. Evans
- Oxford University Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital,
Oxford, UK
| | - Michel Modo
- University of Pittsburgh Department of Radiology & McGowan Center for Regenerative Medicine,
Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Kevin Talbot
- Oxford University Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital,
Oxford, UK
| | - Niki Sibson
- Oxford University Gray Institute for Radiation Oncology and Biology, Churchill Hospital,
Oxford, UK
| | - Martin R. Turner
- Oxford University Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital,
Oxford, UK
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10
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Cowin GJ, Butler TJ, Kurniawan ND, Watson C, Wallace RH. Magnetic resonance microimaging of the spinal cord in the SOD1 mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis detects motor nerve root degeneration. Neuroimage 2011; 58:69-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2011] [Revised: 04/15/2011] [Accepted: 06/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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11
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Rossi S, De Chiara V, Musella A, Cozzolino M, Bernardi G, Maccarrone M, Mercuri NB, Carrì MT, Centonze D. Abnormal sensitivity of cannabinoid CB1 receptors in the striatum of mice with experimental amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 11:83-90. [PMID: 19452308 DOI: 10.3109/17482960902977954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease that primarily affects motor neurons. However, additional neuronal systems are also involved, and the aim of this study was to investigate the involvement of the nucleus striatum. By means of neurophysiological recordings in slices, we have investigated both excitatory and inhibitory synaptic transmission in the striatum of G93A-SOD1 ALS mice, along with the sensitivity of these synapses to cannabinoid CB1 receptor stimulation. We have observed reduced frequency of glutamate-mediated spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) and increased frequency of GABA-mediated spontaneous inhibitory postsynaptic currents (IPSCs) recorded from striatal neurons of ALS mice, possibly due to presynaptic defects in transmitter release. The sensitivity of cannabinoid CB1 receptors controlling both glutamate and GABA transmission was remarkably potentiated in ALS mice, indicating that adaptations of the endocannabinoid system might be involved in the pathophysiology of ALS. In conclusion, our data identify possible physiological correlates of striatal dysfunction in ALS mice, and suggest that cannabinoid CB1 receptors might be potential therapeutic targets for this dramatic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Rossi
- Clinica Neurologica, Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Università Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
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12
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Rossi S, Bernardi G, Centonze D. The endocannabinoid system in the inflammatory and neurodegenerative processes of multiple sclerosis and of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Exp Neurol 2010; 224:92-102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2010.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2010] [Accepted: 03/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Abstract
A mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis-parkinsonism-dementia complex based on the consumption of cycad seed flour was used to determine whether the observed pathology of motor neuron loss begins in the distal axons or the spinal cord. Assessments of neuromuscular junction integrity and motor neurons were performed at multiple time points. Mice fed cycad pellets performed worse on the wire hang than controls. Microglial activation in cycad-fed mice was observed with motor neuron degeneration at 12 weeks, but reactive astrocyte proliferation was not observed. After 33 weeks of cycad feeding, motor neuron loss had stabilized, with no evidence of neuromuscular junction endplate denervation. These data suggest that neuronal pathology begins at the soma and proceeds distally in a 'dying forward' pattern.
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14
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Minciacchi D, Kassa RM, Del Tongo C, Mariotti R, Bentivoglio M. Voronoi-based spatial analysis reveals selective interneuron changes in the cortex of FALS mice. Exp Neurol 2009; 215:77-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2008.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2008] [Revised: 09/01/2008] [Accepted: 09/15/2008] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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15
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Kassa RM, Mariotti R, Bonaconsa M, Bertini G, Bentivoglio M. Gene, Cell, and Axon Changes in the Familial Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Mouse Sensorimotor Cortex. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2009; 68:59-72. [DOI: 10.1097/nen.0b013e3181922572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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Ma Y, Smith D, Hof PR, Foerster B, Hamilton S, Blackband SJ, Yu M, Benveniste H. In Vivo 3D Digital Atlas Database of the Adult C57BL/6J Mouse Brain by Magnetic Resonance Microscopy. Front Neuroanat 2008; 2:1. [PMID: 18958199 PMCID: PMC2525925 DOI: 10.3389/neuro.05.001.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2008] [Accepted: 04/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, a 3D digital atlas of the live mouse brain based on magnetic resonance microscopy (MRM) is presented. C57BL/6J adult mouse brains were imaged in vivo on a 9.4 Tesla MR instrument at an isotropic spatial resolution of 100 μm. With sufficient signal-to-noise (SNR) and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR), 20 brain regions were identified. Several atlases were constructed including 12 individual brain atlases, an average atlas, a probabilistic atlas and average geometrical deformation maps. We also investigated the feasibility of using lower spatial resolution images to improve time efficiency for future morphological phenotyping. All of the new in vivo data were compared to previous published in vitro C57BL/6J mouse brain atlases and the morphological differences were characterized. Our analyses revealed significant volumetric as well as unexpected geometrical differences between the in vivo and in vitro brain groups which in some instances were predictable (e.g. collapsed and smaller ventricles in vitro) but not in other instances. Based on these findings we conclude that although in vitro datasets, compared to in vivo images, offer higher spatial resolutions, superior SNR and CNR, leading to improved image segmentation, in vivo atlases are likely to be an overall better geometric match for in vivo studies, which are necessary for longitudinal examinations of the same animals and for functional brain activation studies. Thus the new in vivo mouse brain atlas dataset presented here is a valuable complement to the current mouse brain atlas collection and will be accessible to the neuroscience community on our public domain mouse brain atlas website.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Ma
- Department of Anesthesiology, Stony Brook University, Stony BrookNY, USA
- *Correspondence: Yu Ma, Department of Anesthesiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA. e-mail:
| | - David Smith
- Medical Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, UptonNY, USA
| | - Patrick R. Hof
- Department of Neuroscience and Advanced Imaging Program, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New YorkNY, USA
| | - Bernd Foerster
- Medical Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, UptonNY, USA
| | - Scott Hamilton
- Department of Anesthesiology, Stony Brook University, Stony BrookNY, USA
| | - Stephen J. Blackband
- Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, GainesvilleFL, USA
- The National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, TallahasseeFL, USA
| | - Mei Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Stony Brook University, Stony BrookNY, USA
| | - Helene Benveniste
- Department of Anesthesiology, Stony Brook University, Stony BrookNY, USA
- Medical Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, UptonNY, USA
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Ma Y, Smith D, Hof PR, Foerster B, Hamilton S, Blackband SJ, Yu M, Benveniste H. In Vivo 3D Digital Atlas Database of the Adult C57BL/6J Mouse Brain by Magnetic Resonance Microscopy. Front Neuroanat 2008. [PMID: 18958199 DOI: 10.3389/neuro.05.001.2008/abstract] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, a 3D digital atlas of the live mouse brain based on magnetic resonance microscopy (MRM) is presented. C57BL/6J adult mouse brains were imaged in vivo on a 9.4 Tesla MR instrument at an isotropic spatial resolution of 100 mum. With sufficient signal-to-noise (SNR) and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR), 20 brain regions were identified. Several atlases were constructed including 12 individual brain atlases, an average atlas, a probabilistic atlas and average geometrical deformation maps. We also investigated the feasibility of using lower spatial resolution images to improve time efficiency for future morphological phenotyping. All of the new in vivo data were compared to previous published in vitro C57BL/6J mouse brain atlases and the morphological differences were characterized. Our analyses revealed significant volumetric as well as unexpected geometrical differences between the in vivo and in vitro brain groups which in some instances were predictable (e.g. collapsed and smaller ventricles in vitro) but not in other instances. Based on these findings we conclude that although in vitro datasets, compared to in vivo images, offer higher spatial resolutions, superior SNR and CNR, leading to improved image segmentation, in vivo atlases are likely to be an overall better geometric match for in vivo studies, which are necessary for longitudinal examinations of the same animals and for functional brain activation studies. Thus the new in vivo mouse brain atlas dataset presented here is a valuable complement to the current mouse brain atlas collection and will be accessible to the neuroscience community on our public domain mouse brain atlas website.
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Abstract
A dominant paradigm in neurological disease research is that the primary etiological factors for diseases such as Alzheimer's (AD), Parkinson's (PD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) are genetic. Opposed to this perspective are the clear observations from epidemiology that purely genetic casual factors account for a relatively small fraction of all cases. Many who support a genetic etiology for neurological disease take the view that while the percentages may be relatively small, these numbers will rise in the future with the inevitable discoveries of additional genetic mutations. The follow up argument is that even if the last is not true, the events triggered by the aberrant genes identified so far will be shown to impact the same neuronal cell death pathways as those activated by environmental factors that trigger most sporadic disease cases. In this article we present a countervailing view that environmental neurotoxins may be the sole sufficient factor in at least three neurological disease clusters. For each, neurotoxins have been isolated and characterized that, at least in animal models, faithfully reproduce each disorder without the need for genetic co-factors. Based on these data, we will propose a set of principles that would enable any potential toxin to be evaluated as an etiological factor in a given neurodegenerative disease. Finally, we will attempt to put environmental toxins into the context of possible genetically-determined susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A Shaw
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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