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Dashti P, Lewallen EA, Gordon JAR, Montecino MA, Davie JR, Stein GS, van Leeuwen JPTM, van der Eerden BCJ, van Wijnen AJ. Epigenetic regulators controlling osteogenic lineage commitment and bone formation. Bone 2024; 181:117043. [PMID: 38341164 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2024.117043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Bone formation and homeostasis are controlled by environmental factors and endocrine regulatory cues that initiate intracellular signaling pathways capable of modulating gene expression in the nucleus. Bone-related gene expression is controlled by nucleosome-based chromatin architecture that limits the accessibility of lineage-specific gene regulatory DNA sequences and sequence-specific transcription factors. From a developmental perspective, bone-specific gene expression must be suppressed during the early stages of embryogenesis to prevent the premature mineralization of skeletal elements during fetal growth in utero. Hence, bone formation is initially inhibited by gene suppressive epigenetic regulators, while other epigenetic regulators actively support osteoblast differentiation. Prominent epigenetic regulators that stimulate or attenuate osteogenesis include lysine methyl transferases (e.g., EZH2, SMYD2, SUV420H2), lysine deacetylases (e.g., HDAC1, HDAC3, HDAC4, HDAC7, SIRT1, SIRT3), arginine methyl transferases (e.g., PRMT1, PRMT4/CARM1, PRMT5), dioxygenases (e.g., TET2), bromodomain proteins (e.g., BRD2, BRD4) and chromodomain proteins (e.g., CBX1, CBX2, CBX5). This narrative review provides a broad overview of the covalent modifications of DNA and histone proteins that involve hundreds of enzymes that add, read, or delete these epigenetic modifications that are relevant for self-renewal and differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells, skeletal stem cells and osteoblasts during osteogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Dashti
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Eric A Lewallen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hampton University, Hampton, VA, USA
| | | | - Martin A Montecino
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile; Millennium Institute Center for Genome Regulation (CRG), Santiago, Chile
| | - James R Davie
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0J9, Canada; CancerCare Manitoba Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0V9, Canada.
| | - Gary S Stein
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | | | - Bram C J van der Eerden
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands.
| | - Andre J van Wijnen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Department of Biochemistry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.
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Jin E, Le H, Jewell A, Couser NL. Genotype-phenotype analysis of ocular findings in Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome - A case report and review of literature. Ophthalmic Genet 2024; 45:51-58. [PMID: 37017262 DOI: 10.1080/13816810.2023.2196341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome (RSTS) is a rare genetic syndrome with a wide range of phenotypic presentations, including characteristic facial features. A variety of ocular abnormalities have been described in patients with RSTS. The genetic etiology of RSTS is heterogeneous but often involves two major genes, CREBBP (cAMP-response element binding protein-binding protein) and EP300 (E1A binding protein p300), with CREBBP variants responsible for the majority of the cases. MATERIALS AND METHODS We report a new case of female patient with a novel variant in CREBBP (c.4495C>G), with clinical features consistent with RSTS. We performed a literature review to search for possible genotype-phenotype relationships between the type of variant in CREBBP and frequency of ocular presentations. A PubMed search generated 12 articles that met our inclusion criteria. With the addition of our patient, there were a total of 163 patients included for mutation analysis (164 variants given one patient had two different variants). RESULTS Our review revealed that the most common variant types were frameshift (25%), gross deletion (23%), nonsense (18%), and intragenic deletions (13%). There does not appear to be an obvious hot spot location. A total of 127 patients were included for genotype-phenotype analysis of ocular features (36 patients were excluded as unable to discern variant type). The most frequent ocular features in patients with RSTS were down-slanting palpebral fissure (74%), arched eyebrows (56%), long eyelashes (52%), and strabismus (23%). CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that currently there is no clear genotype-phenotype relationship between the type of variant and frequency of associated ocular features in RSTS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Jin
- Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Hong Le
- Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Ann Jewell
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Natario L Couser
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
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DeLorenzo L, Powder KE. Epigenetics and the evolution of form: Experimental manipulation of a chromatin modification causes species-specific changes to the craniofacial skeleton. Evol Dev 2024; 26:e12461. [PMID: 37850843 PMCID: PMC10842503 DOI: 10.1111/ede.12461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
A central question in biology is the molecular origins of phenotypic diversity. While genetic changes are key to the genotype-phenotype relationship, alterations to chromatin structure and the physical packaging of histone proteins may also be important drivers of vertebrate divergence. We investigate the impact of such an epigenetic mechanism, histone acetylation, within a textbook example of an adaptive radiation. Cichlids of Lake Malawi have adapted diverse craniofacial structures, and here we investigate how histone acetylation influences morphological variation in these fishes. Specifically, we assessed the effect of inhibiting histone deacetylation using the drug trichostatin A (TSA) on developing facial structures. We examined this during three critical developmental windows in two cichlid species with alternate adult morphologies. Exposure to TSA during neural crest cell (NCC) migration and as postmigratory NCCs proliferate in the pharyngeal arches resulted in significant changes in lateral and ventral shape in Maylandia, but not in Tropheops. This included an overall shortening of the head, widening of the lower jaw, and steeper craniofacial profile, all of which are paedomorphic morphologies. In contrast, treatment with TSA during early chondrogenesis did not result in significant morphological changes in either species. Together, these data suggest a sensitivity to epigenetic alterations that are both time- and species-dependent. We find that morphologies are due to nonautonomous or potentially indirect effects on NCC development, including in part a global developmental delay. Our research bolsters the understanding that proper histone acetylation is essential for early craniofacial development and identifies a species-specific robustness to developmental change. Overall, this study demonstrates how epigenetic regulation may play an important role in both generating and buffering morphological variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah DeLorenzo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA
| | - Kara E Powder
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA
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Kurtz KJ, Tallis E, Marcogliese AN, Pulivarthi RH, Potocki L, Stevens AM. Near-Haploid B-Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia in a Patient with Rubinstein-Taybi Syndrome. Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2022; 39:747-754. [PMID: 35275800 DOI: 10.1080/08880018.2022.2049938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome (RSTS) is a rare disorder characterized by developmental delay, short stature, dysmorphic facies and skeletal abnormalities. RSTS has been linked to a variety of malignant and benign tumors, but the frequency and characteristics of RSTS-related neoplasms remain unclear. We describe a unique case of near haploid B-cell lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) in a 6-year-old girl with RSTS who harbors a likely pathogenic variant in CREBBP. Somatic CREBBP variants are enriched in some subsets of ALL; however, germline variants have not been previously described in childhood leukemia and may represent an underrecognized predisposition to malignancy. Our patient's disease responded poorly to conventional chemotherapy and relapsed following a complete remission achieved with CD19 CAR T cell therapy. We propose that the constitutional CREBBP variant may have played a significant role in the leukemia's resistance to chemotherapy and this patient's poor response to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen J Kurtz
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology/Oncology, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Eran Tallis
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Andrea N Marcogliese
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Rao H Pulivarthi
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology/Oncology, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Lorraine Potocki
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Alexandra M Stevens
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology/Oncology, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
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Sima A, Smădeanu RE, Simionescu AA, Nedelea F, Vlad AM, Becheanu C. Menke–Hennekam Syndrome: A Literature Review and a New Case Report. CHILDREN 2022; 9:children9050759. [PMID: 35626936 PMCID: PMC9139512 DOI: 10.3390/children9050759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background: Menke–Hennekam syndrome (MHS) is a rare and recently described syndrome consecutive to the variants in exon 30 or 31 in CREBBP (CREB-binding protein gene). The CREB-binding protein (CREBBP) and EP300 genes are two commonly expressed genes whose products possess acetyltransferase activity for histones and various other proteins. Mutations that affect these two genes are known to cause Rubinstein–Taybi syndrome (RTS); however, with the application of whole exome sequencing (WES) there were reports of variants that affect specific regions of exon 30 or 31 of these two genes but without the specific phenotype of RTS. Material and Methods: A review of the available literature was conducted, aimed at underscoring the difficulties in diagnosing MHS based on phenotype particularities. Results: Five applicable studies were identified by searching PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases for publications up to November 2021 using the key terms “Menke–Hennekam syndrome” and “CREBBP”. Conclusions: In this paper, we present a new case and highlight the importance of exome sequencing to identify different mutations of exons 30 and 31 of the CREBBP gene involved in MHS, and we make formal recommendations based on our literature review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurora Sima
- Department of Pediatrics, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, “Grigore Alexandrescu” Emergency Hospital for Children, 011743 Bucharest, Romania; (A.S.); (A.-M.V.); (C.B.)
| | - Roxana Elena Smădeanu
- Department of Pediatrics, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, “Grigore Alexandrescu” Emergency Hospital for Children, 011743 Bucharest, Romania; (A.S.); (A.-M.V.); (C.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +40-021-316-9366
| | - Anca Angela Simionescu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Filantropia Clinical Hospital, 011132 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Florina Nedelea
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Filantropia Clinical Hospital, 011132 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Andreea-Maria Vlad
- Department of Pediatrics, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, “Grigore Alexandrescu” Emergency Hospital for Children, 011743 Bucharest, Romania; (A.S.); (A.-M.V.); (C.B.)
| | - Cristina Becheanu
- Department of Pediatrics, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, “Grigore Alexandrescu” Emergency Hospital for Children, 011743 Bucharest, Romania; (A.S.); (A.-M.V.); (C.B.)
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Rubinstein–Taybi Syndrome in a Filipino Infant with a Novel CREBBP Gene Pathogenic Variant. Case Rep Genet 2022; 2022:3388879. [PMID: 35637708 PMCID: PMC9148230 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3388879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Rubinstein–Taybi syndrome (RSTS) is a rare genetic disorder characterized by dysmorphic facial features, broad thumbs and halluces, intellectual disability, and postnatal growth retardation. This report presents a male infant with microcephaly and characteristic facial features, namely, low anterior hairline, hirsutism, thin upper lip and micrognathia, broad thumbs and first toes, cryptorchidism, recurrent pneumonia, developmental delay, and growth retardation. Genetic testing showed a novel pathogenic variant in the CREBBP gene which is consistent with the clinical diagnosis of RSTS.
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Marwaha S, Knowles JW, Ashley EA. A guide for the diagnosis of rare and undiagnosed disease: beyond the exome. Genome Med 2022; 14:23. [PMID: 35220969 PMCID: PMC8883622 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-022-01026-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Rare diseases affect 30 million people in the USA and more than 300-400 million worldwide, often causing chronic illness, disability, and premature death. Traditional diagnostic techniques rely heavily on heuristic approaches, coupling clinical experience from prior rare disease presentations with the medical literature. A large number of rare disease patients remain undiagnosed for years and many even die without an accurate diagnosis. In recent years, gene panels, microarrays, and exome sequencing have helped to identify the molecular cause of such rare and undiagnosed diseases. These technologies have allowed diagnoses for a sizable proportion (25-35%) of undiagnosed patients, often with actionable findings. However, a large proportion of these patients remain undiagnosed. In this review, we focus on technologies that can be adopted if exome sequencing is unrevealing. We discuss the benefits of sequencing the whole genome and the additional benefit that may be offered by long-read technology, pan-genome reference, transcriptomics, metabolomics, proteomics, and methyl profiling. We highlight computational methods to help identify regionally distant patients with similar phenotypes or similar genetic mutations. Finally, we describe approaches to automate and accelerate genomic analysis. The strategies discussed here are intended to serve as a guide for clinicians and researchers in the next steps when encountering patients with non-diagnostic exomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shruti Marwaha
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Stanford Center for Undiagnosed Diseases, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Joshua W Knowles
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Diabetes Research Center, Cardiovascular Institute and Prevention Research Center, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Euan A Ashley
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Stanford Center for Undiagnosed Diseases, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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8
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Ellis K, Moss J, Stefanidou C, Oliver C, Apperly I. The development of early social cognitive skills in neurogenetic syndromes associated with autism: Cornelia de Lange, fragile X and Rubinstein-Taybi syndromes. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2021; 16:488. [PMID: 34809685 PMCID: PMC8607585 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-021-02117-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cornelia de Lange (CdLS), Fragile X (FXS) and Rubinstein-Taybi syndromes (RTS) evidence unique profiles of autistic characteristics. To delineate these profiles further, the development of early social cognitive abilities in children with CdLS, FXS and RTS was compared to that observed in typically developing (TD) and autistic (AUT) children. METHODS Children with CdLS (N = 22), FXS (N = 19) and RTS (N = 18), completed the Early Social Cognition Scale (ESCogS). Extant data from AUT (N = 19) and TD (N = 86) children were used for comparison. RESULTS Similar to AUT children, children with CdLS, FXS and RTS showed an overall delay in passing ESCogS tasks. Children with CdLS showed a similar degree of delay to AUT children and greater delay than children with FXS and RTS. The CdLS, FXS and RTS groups did not pass tasks in the same sequence observed in TD and AUT children. Children with CdLS (p = 0.04), FXS (p = 0.02) and RTS (p = 0.04) performed better on tasks requiring understanding simple intentions in others significantly more than tasks requiring joint attention skills. CONCLUSIONS An underlying mechanism other than general cognitive delay may be disrupting early social cognitive development in children with CdLS, FXS and RTS. Factors that may disrupt early social cognitive development within these syndromes are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Ellis
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
- School of Psychology, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU26 7XH, UK.
| | - Jo Moss
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
- School of Psychology, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU26 7XH, UK
| | - Chrysi Stefanidou
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
- Faculty of Health, Education, Medicine and Social Care, Anglia Ruskin University, Rivermead Campus, Bishop Hall Lane, Chelmsford, CM1 1SQ, UK
| | - Chris Oliver
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Ian Apperly
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
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Abstract
Neuroepigenetics, a new branch of epigenetics, plays an important role in the regulation of gene expression. Neuroepigenetics is associated with holistic neuronal function and helps in formation and maintenance of memory and learning processes. This includes neurodevelopment and neurodegenerative defects in which histone modification enzymes appear to play a crucial role. These modifications, carried out by acetyltransferases and deacetylases, regulate biologic and cellular processes such as apoptosis and autophagy, inflammatory response, mitochondrial dysfunction, cell-cycle progression and oxidative stress. Alterations in acetylation status of histone as well as non-histone substrates lead to transcriptional deregulation. Histone deacetylase decreases acetylation status and causes transcriptional repression of regulatory genes involved in neural plasticity, synaptogenesis, synaptic and neural plasticity, cognition and memory, and neural differentiation. Transcriptional deactivation in the brain results in development of neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders. Mounting evidence implicates histone deacetylase inhibitors as potential therapeutic targets to combat neurologic disorders. Recent studies have targeted naturally-occurring biomolecules and micro-RNAs to improve cognitive defects and memory. Multi-target drug ligands targeting HDAC have been developed and used in cell-culture and animal-models of neurologic disorders to ameliorate synaptic and cognitive dysfunction. Herein, we focus on the implications of histone deacetylase enzymes in neuropathology, their regulation of brain function and plausible involvement in the pathogenesis of neurologic defects.
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Imai T, Sakai D, Schol J, Nagai T, Hiyama A, Katoh H, Sato M, Watanabe M. Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome with scoliosis treated with single-stage posterior spinal fusion: illustrative case. JOURNAL OF NEUROSURGERY. CASE LESSONS 2021; 1:CASE20110. [PMID: 35855076 PMCID: PMC9241218 DOI: 10.3171/case20110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome (RTS) is a rare disorder with a range of congenital anomalies. Although 40% to 60% of patients with RTS have scoliotic deformities, few reports discuss the outcomes of correctional surgery and postoperative care. To raise awareness of the clinical features of RTS and surgical considerations, the authors report on the surgical treatment of a pediatric patient with RTS accompanied by scoliosis. OBSERVATIONS A 14-year-old girl with RTS presented with low back pain associated with progressive scoliosis. Because of jaw hypoplasia, videolaryngoscopy-mediated intubation was chosen. A single-stage T4-L3 posterior corrective fusion with instrumentation was successfully performed. Physical and imaging findings were analyzed up to 2 years after correction. The main thoracic Cobb angle was corrected from 73° to 12° and maintained for 2 years after surgery. The patient's low back pain resolved. LESSONS Careful consideration of RTS-associated complications and preoperative planning, including the use of videolaryngoscopy-mediated intubation, anesthesia selection, and postoperative care, proved crucial. Scoliosis may appear in many variations in rare diseases such as RTS. Publication of case reports such as this one is needed to provide detailed information about strategies and considerations for correcting scoliotic deformities in patients with RTS.
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Sar P, Dalai S. CRISPR/Cas9 in epigenetics studies of health and disease. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2021; 181:309-343. [PMID: 34127198 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2021.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetics is the heritable phenotypic changes without altering the genotype. Epigenetic processes are such as histone methylation, acetylation, ubiquitination, sumoylation, phosphorylation, ADP ribosylation, DNA methylation and non-coding RNAs interactions associated with structural changes in chromatin. The change of structure is either open chromatin for "active" state or closed chromatin for "inactive" state, that regulates important biological phenomenon like chromatin condensation, gene expression, DNA repair, cellular development, differentiation and homeostasis, etc. However, dysregulation of epigenetic patterns causes diseases like cancer, diabetes, neurological disorder, infectious diseases, autoimmunity etc. Besides, the most important clinical uses of Epigenetics studies are i. identification of disease biomarkers and ii. development of their therapeutics. Epigenetic therapies include epi-drugs, combinatorial therapy, nanocarriers, plant-derived products that are being used for changing the epigenetic pattern to reverse gene expression. However, the developed epi- drugs cause off-target gene and transposable elements activation; promote mutagenesis and carcinogenesis in normal cells, are the major hurdles regarding their clinical use. Therefore, advanced epigenetic therapeutics are required to develop target-specific epigenetic modifications to reverse gene expression pattern. CRISPR-Cas9 (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Palindrome Repeats-associated protein 9) system-mediated gene activation mechanism paves new methods of target-specific epigenetic therapeutics to cure diseases. In this chapter, we discuss how CRISPR/Cas9 and dCas9 have recently been engineered for epigenome editing. Different strategies have been discussed used for epigenome editing based on their efficacy and complexity. Last but not least we have discussed the limitations, different uses of CRISPR/Cas9 and dCas9 in the area of genetic engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranati Sar
- Institute of Science, NIRMA University, Ahmedabad, India.
| | - Sarat Dalai
- Institute of Science, NIRMA University, Ahmedabad, India.
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12
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Fallah MS, Szarics D, Robson CM, Eubanks JH. Impaired Regulation of Histone Methylation and Acetylation Underlies Specific Neurodevelopmental Disorders. Front Genet 2021; 11:613098. [PMID: 33488679 PMCID: PMC7820808 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.613098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic processes are critical for governing the complex spatiotemporal patterns of gene expression in neurodevelopment. One such mechanism is the dynamic network of post-translational histone modifications that facilitate recruitment of transcription factors or even directly alter chromatin structure to modulate gene expression. This is a tightly regulated system, and mutations affecting the function of a single histone-modifying enzyme can shift the normal epigenetic balance and cause detrimental developmental consequences. In this review, we will examine select neurodevelopmental conditions that arise from mutations in genes encoding enzymes that regulate histone methylation and acetylation. The methylation-related conditions discussed include Wiedemann-Steiner, Kabuki, and Sotos syndromes, and the acetylation-related conditions include Rubinstein-Taybi, KAT6A, genitopatellar/Say-Barber-Biesecker-Young-Simpson, and brachydactyly mental retardation syndromes. In particular, we will discuss the clinical/phenotypic and genetic basis of these conditions and the model systems that have been developed to better elucidate cellular and systemic pathological mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merrick S Fallah
- Division of Experimental and Translational Neuroscience, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Dora Szarics
- Division of Experimental and Translational Neuroscience, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Clara M Robson
- Division of Experimental and Translational Neuroscience, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - James H Eubanks
- Division of Experimental and Translational Neuroscience, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Surgery (Neurosurgery), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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An Observational Study of Social Interaction Skills and Behaviors in Cornelia de Lange, Fragile X and Rubinstein-Taybi Syndromes. J Autism Dev Disord 2020; 50:4001-4010. [PMID: 32189229 PMCID: PMC7560922 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-020-04440-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We directly assessed the broader aspects of sociability (social enjoyment, social motivation, social interaction skills and social discomfort) in individuals with Cornelia de Lange (CdLS), fragile X (FXS) and Rubinstein-Taybi syndromes (RTS), and their association with autism characteristics and chronological age in these groups. Individuals with FXS (p < 0.01) and RTS (p < 0.01) showed poorer quality of eye contact compared to individuals with CdLS. Individuals with FXS showed less person and more object attention than individuals with CdLS (p < 0.01). Associations between sociability and autism characteristics and chronological age differed between groups, which may indicate divergence in the development and aetiology of different components of sociability across these groups. Findings indicate that individuals with CdLS, FXS and RTS show unique profiles of sociability.
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Binding mechanism, conformation, and stability of diflunisal and mycophenolic acid with p300 HAT enzyme using molecular dynamics simulation and binding free energy analysis. Med Chem Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-020-02500-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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15
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Milone R, Gnazzo M, Stefanutti E, Serafin D, Novelli A. A new missense mutation in DPF2 gene related to Coffin Siris syndrome 7: Description of a mild phenotype expanding DPF2-related clinical spectrum and differential diagnosis among similar syndromes epigenetically determined. Brain Dev 2020; 42:192-198. [PMID: 31706665 DOI: 10.1016/j.braindev.2019.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coffin-Siris syndrome (CSS) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by somatic dysmorphic features, developmental and speech delay. It is due to mutations in many different genes, belonging to BAF chromatin-remodelling complex. The last gene involved in this complex, recently individuated and related to CSS, was DPF2, although only nine patients have been reported until now. METHOD Here we report on a boy with a history of developmental delay, especially regarding speech and language, and dysmorphic features resembling a syndromic condition. Array-Comparative Genomic Hybridization (CGH) and a custom Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) panel including developmental delay related genes were executed. RESULTS Array-CGH was negative while NGS panel revealed a novel mutation in DPF2 gene. CONCLUSIONS We add the clinical description of another patient with a novel mutation in DPF2, with a mild phenotype, thus trying to contribute to enlarge CSS phenotypic variability. Moreover, we briefly discuss about cohesinopathies and major differential diagnosis among syndromes with phenotypes overlapping to CSS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Milone
- U.O. Neuropsichiatria Infantile, AULSS 7 Pedemontana Regione Veneto, Distretto 2 Alto Vicentino, Thiene, VI, Italy.
| | - Maria Gnazzo
- Medical Genetics Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Elena Stefanutti
- U.O. Neuropsichiatria Infantile, AULSS 7 Pedemontana Regione Veneto, Distretto 2 Alto Vicentino, Thiene, VI, Italy
| | - Dorella Serafin
- U.O. Neuropsichiatria Infantile, AULSS 7 Pedemontana Regione Veneto, Distretto 2 Alto Vicentino, Thiene, VI, Italy
| | - Antonio Novelli
- Medical Genetics Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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16
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Lavery WJ, Barski A, Wiley S, Schorry EK, Lindsley AW. KMT2C/D COMPASS complex-associated diseases [K CDCOM-ADs]: an emerging class of congenital regulopathies. Clin Epigenetics 2020; 12:10. [PMID: 31924266 PMCID: PMC6954584 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-019-0802-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The type 2 lysine methyltransferases KMT2C and KMT2D are large, enzymatically active scaffold proteins that form the core of nuclear regulatory structures known as KMT2C/D COMPASS complexes (complex of proteins associating with Set1). These evolutionarily conserved proteins regulate DNA promoter and enhancer elements, modulating the activity of diverse cell types critical for embryonic morphogenesis, central nervous system development, and post-natal survival. KMT2C/D COMPASS complexes and their binding partners enhance active gene expression of specific loci via the targeted modification of histone-3 tail residues, in general promoting active euchromatic conformations. Over the last 20 years, mutations in five key COMPASS complex genes have been linked to three human congenital syndromes: Kabuki syndrome (type 1 [KMT2D] and 2 [KDM6A]), Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome (type 1 [CBP] and 2 [EP300]), and Kleefstra syndrome type 2 (KMT2C). Here, we review the composition and biochemical function of the KMT2 complexes. The specific cellular and embryonic roles of the KMT2C/D COMPASS complex are highlight with a focus on clinically relevant mechanisms sensitive to haploinsufficiency. The phenotypic similarities and differences between the members of this new family of disorders are outlined and emerging therapeutic strategies are detailed.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Lavery
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center (CCHMC), 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH, 45229-3026, USA
| | - Artem Barski
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center (CCHMC), 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH, 45229-3026, USA
- Division of Human Genetics, CCHMC, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Susan Wiley
- Division of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, CCHMC, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | | | - Andrew W Lindsley
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center (CCHMC), 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH, 45229-3026, USA.
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17
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Nguyen KV. Potential epigenomic co-management in rare diseases and epigenetic therapy. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2019; 38:752-780. [PMID: 31079569 DOI: 10.1080/15257770.2019.1594893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this review is to highlight the impact of the alternative splicing process on human disease. Epigenetic regulation determines not only what parts of the genome are expressed but also how they are spliced. The recent progress in the field of epigenetics has important implications for the study of rare diseases. The role of epigenetics in rare diseases is a key issue in molecular physiology and medicine because not only rare diseases can benefit from epigenetic research, but can also provide useful principles for other common and complex disorders such as cancer, cardiovascular, type 2 diabetes, obesity, and neurological diseases. Predominantly, epigenetic modifications include DNA methylation, histone modification, and RNA-associated silencing. These modifications in the genome regulate numerous cellular activities. Disruption of epigenetic regulation process can contribute to the etiology of numerous diseases during both prenatal and postnatal life. Here, I discuss current knowledge about this matter including some current epigenetic therapies and future directions in the field by emphasizing on the RNA-based therapy via antisense oligonucleotides to correct splicing defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khue Vu Nguyen
- a Department of Medicine, Biochemical Genetics and Metabolism, The Mitochondrial and Metabolic Disease Center, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego , San Diego , CA , USA.,b Department of Pediatrics, UC San Diego School of Medicine , La Jolla , CA , USA
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18
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Pode-Shakked N, Barel O, Pode-Shakked B, Eliyahu A, Singer A, Nayshool O, Kol N, Raas-Rothschild A, Pras E, Shohat M. BRPF1-associated intellectual disability, ptosis, and facial dysmorphism in a multiplex family. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2019; 7:e665. [PMID: 31020800 PMCID: PMC6565580 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Over 500 epigenetic regulators have been identified throughout the human genome. Of these, approximately 30 chromatin modifiers have been implicated thus far in human disease. Recently, variants in BRPF1, encoding a chromatin reader, have been associated with a previously unrecognized autosomal dominant syndrome manifesting with intellectual disability (ID), hypotonia, dysmorphic facial features, ptosis, and/or blepharophimosis in 22 individuals. PATIENTS AND METHODS We report a multiply affected nonconsanguineous family of mixed Jewish descent who presented due to ID in three male siblings. Molecular analysis of the family was pursued using whole exome sequencing (WES) and subsequent Sanger sequencing. RESULTS Whole exome sequencing analysis brought to the identification of a novel heterozygous truncating mutation (c.556C>T, p.Q186*) in the BRPF1 gene in the affected siblings and their mother. The four affected individuals showed varying degrees of intellectual disability, distinct facial features including downslanted palpebral fissures, ptosis, and/or blepharophimosis. Their clinical characteristics are discussed in the context of previously reported patients with the BRPF1-related phenotype. CONCLUSION The reported family contributes to the current knowledge regarding this unique and newly recognized genetic disorder, and further implicates the role of BRPF1 in human brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Pode-Shakked
- Department of Pediatrics A, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel.,The Dr. Pinchas Borenstein Talpiot Medical Leadership Program, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Ortal Barel
- The Genomic Unit, Sheba Cancer Research Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - Ben Pode-Shakked
- The Dr. Pinchas Borenstein Talpiot Medical Leadership Program, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.,The Danek Gertner Institute of Human Genetics, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - Aviva Eliyahu
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.,The Danek Gertner Institute of Human Genetics, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - Amihood Singer
- Community Genetics, Public Health Services, Ministry of Health, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Omri Nayshool
- The Genomic Unit, Sheba Cancer Research Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - Nitzan Kol
- The Genomic Unit, Sheba Cancer Research Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - Annick Raas-Rothschild
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.,The Danek Gertner Institute of Human Genetics, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - Elon Pras
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.,The Danek Gertner Institute of Human Genetics, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - Mordechai Shohat
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.,The Genomic Unit, Sheba Cancer Research Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
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19
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So HC, Wong YH. Implications of de novo mutations in guiding drug discovery: A study of four neuropsychiatric disorders. J Psychiatr Res 2019; 110:83-92. [PMID: 30597425 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2018.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have suggested an important role of de novo mutations (DNMs) in neuropsychiatric disorders. As DNMs are not subject to elimination due to evolutionary pressure, they are likely to have greater disruptions on biological functions. While a number of sequencing studies have been performed on neuropsychiatric disorders, the implications of DNMs for drug discovery remain to be explored. In this study, we employed a gene-set analysis approach to address this issue. Four neuropsychiatric disorders were studied, including schizophrenia (SCZ), autistic spectrum disorders (ASD), intellectual disability (ID) and epilepsy. We first identified gene-sets associated with different drugs, and analyzed whether the gene-set pertaining to each drug overlaps with DNMs more than expected by chance. We also assessed which medication classes are enriched among the prioritized drugs. We discovered that neuropsychiatric drug classes were indeed significantly enriched for DNMs of all four disorders; in particular, antipsychotics and antiepileptics were the most strongly enriched drug classes for SCZ and epilepsy respectively. Interestingly, we revealed enrichment of several unexpected drug classes, such as lipid-lowering agents for SCZ and anti-neoplastic agents. By inspecting individual hits, we also uncovered other interesting drug candidates or mechanisms (e.g. histone deacetylase inhibition and retinoid signaling) that might warrant further investigations. Taken together, this study provided evidence for the usefulness of DNMs in guiding drug discovery or repositioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hon-Cheong So
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China; KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources, Molecular Research of Common Diseases, Kunming Zoology Institute of Zoology, China.
| | - Yui-Hang Wong
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
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20
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Emerging Role of Histone Acetyltransferase in Stem Cells and Cancer. Stem Cells Int 2018; 2018:8908751. [PMID: 30651738 PMCID: PMC6311713 DOI: 10.1155/2018/8908751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein acetylation is one of the most important posttranslational modifications catalyzed by acetyltransferases and deacetylases, through the addition and removal of acetyl groups to lysine residues. Lysine acetylation can affect protein-nucleic acid or protein-protein interactions and protein localization, transport, stability, and activity. It regulates the function of a large variety of proteins, including histones, oncoproteins, tumor suppressors, and transcription factors, thus representing a crucial regulator of several biological processes with particular prominent roles in transcription and metabolism. Thus, it is unsurprising that alteration of protein acetylation is involved in human disease, including metabolic disorders and cancers. In this context, different hematological and solid tumors are characterized by deregulation of the protein acetylation pattern as a result of genetic or epigenetic changes. The imbalance between acetylation and deacetylation of histone or nonhistone proteins is also involved in the modulation of the self-renewal and differentiation ability of stem cells, including cancer stem cells. Here, we summarize a combination of in vitro and in vivo studies, undertaken on a set of acetyltransferases, and discuss the physiological and pathological roles of this class of enzymes. We also review the available data on the involvement of acetyltransferases in the regulation of stem cell renewal and differentiation in both normal and cancer cell population.
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21
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Alari V, Russo S, Terragni B, Ajmone PF, Sironi A, Catusi I, Calzari L, Concolino D, Marotta R, Milani D, Giardino D, Mantegazza M, Gervasini C, Finelli P, Larizza L. iPSC-derived neurons of CREBBP- and EP300-mutated Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome patients show morphological alterations and hypoexcitability. Stem Cell Res 2018; 30:130-140. [PMID: 29883886 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2018.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 10/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome (RSTS) is a rare neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by distinctive facial features, growth retardation, broad thumbs and toes and mild to severe intellectual disability, caused by heterozygous mutations in either CREBBP or EP300 genes, encoding the homologous CBP and p300 lysine-acetyltransferases and transcriptional coactivators. No RSTS in vitro induced Pluripotent Stem Cell (iPSC)-neuronal model is available yet to achieve mechanistic insights on cognitive impairment of RSTS patients. We established iPSC-derived neurons (i-neurons) from peripheral blood cells of three CREBBP- and two EP300-mutated patients displaying different levels of intellectual disability, and four unaffected controls. Pan neuronal and cortical-specific markers were expressed by all patients' i-neurons. Altered morphology of patients' differentiating neurons, showing reduced branch length and increased branch number, and hypoexcitability of differentiated neurons emerged as potential disease biomarkers. Anomalous neuronal morphology and reduced excitability varied across different RSTS patients' i-neurons. Further studies are needed to validate these markers and assess whether they reflect cognitive and behavioural impairment of the donor patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Alari
- Laboratory of Medical Cytogenetics and Molecular Genetics, Centro di Ricerche e Tecnologie Biomediche, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, 20145 Milano, Italy
| | - Silvia Russo
- Laboratory of Medical Cytogenetics and Molecular Genetics, Centro di Ricerche e Tecnologie Biomediche, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, 20145 Milano, Italy
| | - Benedetta Terragni
- Dept. of Neurophysiology and Diagnostic Epileptology, IRCCS Foundation C. Besta Neurological Institute, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Paola Francesca Ajmone
- Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatric Service (UONPIA), Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milano, Italy
| | - Alessandra Sironi
- Laboratory of Medical Cytogenetics and Molecular Genetics, Centro di Ricerche e Tecnologie Biomediche, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, 20145 Milano, Italy
| | - Ilaria Catusi
- Laboratory of Medical Cytogenetics and Molecular Genetics, Centro di Ricerche e Tecnologie Biomediche, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, 20145 Milano, Italy
| | - Luciano Calzari
- Laboratory of Medical Cytogenetics and Molecular Genetics, Centro di Ricerche e Tecnologie Biomediche, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, 20145 Milano, Italy
| | - Daniela Concolino
- Pediatrics Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Science, University "Magna Graecia", 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Rosa Marotta
- Pediatrics Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Science, University "Magna Graecia", 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Donatella Milani
- Pediatric Highly Intensive Care Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milano, Italy
| | - Daniela Giardino
- Laboratory of Medical Cytogenetics and Molecular Genetics, Centro di Ricerche e Tecnologie Biomediche, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, 20145 Milano, Italy
| | - Massimo Mantegazza
- Dept. of Neurophysiology and Diagnostic Epileptology, IRCCS Foundation C. Besta Neurological Institute, 20133 Milano, Italy; Institute of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology (IPMC), CNRS UMR7275, LabEx ICST, 06560 Valbonne-Sophia Antipolis, France; Université Côte d'Azur (UCA), 06560 Valbonne-Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Cristina Gervasini
- Medical Genetics, Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20142 Milano, Italy
| | - Palma Finelli
- Laboratory of Medical Cytogenetics and Molecular Genetics, Centro di Ricerche e Tecnologie Biomediche, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, 20145 Milano, Italy
| | - Lidia Larizza
- Laboratory of Medical Cytogenetics and Molecular Genetics, Centro di Ricerche e Tecnologie Biomediche, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, 20145 Milano, Italy.
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Abstract
Congenital heart disease is the most common congenital abnormality, and advances in medical care mean that this population of individuals is surviving for longer than ever before. It represents a significant healthcare challenge, as many patients require life-long care and individuals may ask about the likelihood of their children being affected. Whilst a number of genes have been identified previously from investigation of families with Mendelian inheritance patterns, sequencing the DNA from large cohorts of individuals with congenital heart disease is now providing fresh insights into the genetics of these conditions. This research has enabled novel gene discovery and uncovered the different genetic mechanisms underlying both isolated congenital heart disease and that which occurs in association with other medical problems. This article discusses the most recent advances in this field and the implications for patient care. In addition, we consider the challenges facing researchers in this field and emphasise the need for close working relationships between clinicians and researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Wilsdon
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Alejandro Sifrim
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | | | - Matthew Hurles
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - J David Brook
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
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23
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Olyaei Y, Sarmiento JM, Bannykh SI, Drazin D, Naruse RT, King W. Rubinstein-Taybi Syndrome Associated with Pituitary Macroadenoma: A Case Report. Cureus 2017; 9:e1151. [PMID: 28503387 PMCID: PMC5426823 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.1151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Rubinstein-Taybi Syndrome (RSTS) is an autosomal dominant disorder that is classically characterized by prenatal and postnatal growth restriction, microcephaly, dysmorphic craniofacial features, broad thumbs and toes, and intellectual disability. We describe the first reported case of a pituitary macroadenoma associated with RSTS. A 39-year-old Caucasian female with a past medical history of RSTS diagnosed at age two was found to have a gadolinium-enhancing pituitary mass on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain three years ago during workup for migraine-like headaches. Subsequent serial imaging showed radiographic evidence of growth up to 11.5 x 14.0 x 10.0 mm in size. The pituitary sellar lesion was resected through an endoscopic transnasal transsphenoidal approach and was found to be a thyrotroph adenoma. RSTS is a rare, neurodevelopmental genetic disease where most patients with disabilities survive into adulthood. The disorder is associated with an increased predisposition for development of nervous system tumors, including pituitary adenomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasamin Olyaei
- Department of Surgery, University of California, Riverside School of Medicine
| | | | - Serguei I Bannykh
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center
| | - Doniel Drazin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center
| | | | - Wesley King
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center
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24
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Schenkel LC, Rodenhiser D, Siu V, McCready E, Ainsworth P, Sadikovic B. Constitutional Epi/Genetic Conditions: Genetic, Epigenetic, and Environmental Factors. J Pediatr Genet 2017; 6:30-41. [PMID: 28180025 PMCID: PMC5288004 DOI: 10.1055/s-0036-1593849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
There are more than 4,000 phenotypes for which the molecular basis is at least partly known. Though defects in primary DNA structure constitute a major cause of these disorders, epigenetic disruption is emerging as an important alternative mechanism in the etiology of a broad range of congenital and developmental conditions. These include epigenetic defects caused by either localized (in cis) genetic alterations or more distant (in trans) genetic events but can also include environmental effects. Emerging evidence suggests interplay between genetic and environmental factors in the epigenetic etiology of several constitutional "epi/genetic" conditions. This review summarizes our broadening understanding of how epigenetics contributes to pediatric disease by exploring different classes of epigenomic disorders. It further challenges the simplistic dogma of "DNA encodes RNA encodes protein" to best understand the spectrum of factors that can influence genetic traits in a pediatric population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laila C. Schenkel
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Children's Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - David Rodenhiser
- Children's Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- London Regional Cancer Program, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Oncology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Victoria Siu
- Children's Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- London Regional Cancer Program, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Elizabeth McCready
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Peter Ainsworth
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Children's Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- London Regional Cancer Program, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Oncology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bekim Sadikovic
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Children's Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
- London Regional Cancer Program, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ontario, Canada
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25
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Samanta S, Rajasingh S, Cao T, Dawn B, Rajasingh J. Epigenetic dysfunctional diseases and therapy for infection and inflammation. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2016; 1863:518-528. [PMID: 27919711 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2016.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Revised: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Even though the discovery of the term 'epigenetics' was in the 1940s, it has recently become one of the most promising and expanding fields to unravel the gene expression pattern in several diseases. The most well studied example is cancer, but other diseases like metabolic disorders, autism, or inflammation-associated diseases such as lung injury, autoimmune disease, asthma, and type-2 diabetes display aberrant gene expression and epigenetic regulation during their occurrence. The change in the epigenetic pattern of a gene may also alter gene function because of a change in the DNA status. Constant environmental pressure, lifestyle, as well as food habits are the other important parameters responsible for transgenerational inheritance of epigenetic traits. Discovery of epigenetic modifiers targeting DNA methylation and histone deacetylation enzymes could be an alternative source to treat or manipulate the pathogenesis of diseases. Particularly, the combination of epigenetic drugs such as 5-aza-2-deoxycytidine (Aza) and trichostatin A (TSA) are well studied to reduce inflammation in an acute lung injury model. It is important to understand the epigenetic machinery and the function of its components in specific diseases to develop targeted epigenetic therapy. Moreover, it is equally critical to know the specific inhibitors other than the widely used pan inhibitors in clinical trials and explore their roles in regulating specific genes in a more defined way during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saheli Samanta
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Sheeja Rajasingh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Thuy Cao
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Buddhadeb Dawn
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Johnson Rajasingh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA.
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26
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Milani D, Bonarrigo FA, Menni F, Spaccini L, Gervasini C, Esposito S. Hepatoblastoma in Rubinstein-Taybi Syndrome: A Case Report. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2016; 63:572-3. [PMID: 26485669 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.25806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Revised: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Donatella Milani
- Pediatric Highly Intensive Care Unit, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Italy
| | - Francesca Andrea Bonarrigo
- Pediatric Highly Intensive Care Unit, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Italy
| | - Francesca Menni
- Pediatric Highly Intensive Care Unit, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Italy
| | - Luigina Spaccini
- Genetica Medica, Ospedale Buzzi, Azienda Ospedaliera Istituti Clinici di perfezionamento, Milano, Italy
| | - Cristina Gervasini
- Genetica Medica, Dipartimento Scienze della Salute, Universita' degli Studi di Milano, Polo Ospedale San Paolo, Milano, Italy
| | - Susanna Esposito
- Pediatric Highly Intensive Care Unit, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Italy
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27
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Smolen P, Zhang Y, Byrne JH. The right time to learn: mechanisms and optimization of spaced learning. Nat Rev Neurosci 2016; 17:77-88. [PMID: 26806627 PMCID: PMC5126970 DOI: 10.1038/nrn.2015.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
For many types of learning, spaced training, which involves repeated long inter-trial intervals, leads to more robust memory formation than does massed training, which involves short or no intervals. Several cognitive theories have been proposed to explain this superiority, but only recently have data begun to delineate the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms of spaced training, and we review these theories and data here. Computational models of the implicated signalling cascades have predicted that spaced training with irregular inter-trial intervals can enhance learning. This strategy of using models to predict optimal spaced training protocols, combined with pharmacotherapy, suggests novel ways to rescue impaired synaptic plasticity and learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Smolen
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, W. M. Keck Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, P.O. BOX 20708, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Yili Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, W. M. Keck Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, P.O. BOX 20708, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - John H Byrne
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, W. M. Keck Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, P.O. BOX 20708, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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28
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Gordon JAR, Stein JL, Westendorf JJ, van Wijnen AJ. Chromatin modifiers and histone modifications in bone formation, regeneration, and therapeutic intervention for bone-related disease. Bone 2015; 81:739-745. [PMID: 25836763 PMCID: PMC4591092 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2015.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Post-translational modifications of chromatin such as DNA methylation and different types of histone acetylation, methylation and phosphorylation are well-appreciated epigenetic mechanisms that confer information to progeny cells during lineage commitment. These distinct epigenetic modifications have defined roles in bone, development, tissue regeneration, cell commitment and differentiation, as well as disease etiologies. In this review, we discuss the role of these chromatin modifications and the enzymes regulating these marks (methyltransferases, demethylases, acetyltransferases, and deacetylases) in progenitor cells, osteoblasts and bone-related cells. In addition, the clinical relevance of deregulated histone modifications and enzymes as well as current and potential therapeutic interventions targeting chromatin modifiers are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Janet L Stein
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.
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29
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Negri G, Magini P, Milani D, Colapietro P, Rusconi D, Scarano E, Bonati MT, Priolo M, Crippa M, Mazzanti L, Wischmeijer A, Tamburrino F, Pippucci T, Finelli P, Larizza L, Gervasini C. From Whole Gene Deletion to Point Mutations of EP300-Positive Rubinstein-Taybi Patients: New Insights into the Mutational Spectrum and Peculiar Clinical Hallmarks. Hum Mutat 2015; 37:175-83. [PMID: 26486927 DOI: 10.1002/humu.22922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome (RSTS) is a rare congenital neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by growth deficiency, skeletal abnormalities, dysmorphic features, and intellectual disability. Causative mutations in CREBBP and EP300 genes have been identified in ∼55% and ∼8% of affected individuals. To date, only 28 EP300 alterations in 29 RSTS clinically described patients have been reported. EP300 analysis of 22 CREBBP-negative RSTS patients from our cohort led us to identify six novel mutations: a 376-kb deletion depleting EP300 gene; an exons 17-19 deletion (c.(3141+1_3142-1)_(3590+1_3591-1)del/p.(Ile1047Serfs*30)); two stop mutations, (c.3829A>T/p.(Lys1277*) and c.4585C>T/p.(Arg1529*)); a splicing mutation (c.1878-12A>G/p.(Ala627Glnfs*11)), and a duplication (c.4640dupA/p.(Asn1547Lysfs*3)). All EP300-mutated individuals show a mild RSTS phenotype and peculiar findings including maternal gestosis, skin manifestation, especially nevi or keloids, back malformations, and a behavior predisposing to anxiety. Furthermore, the patient carrying the complete EP300 deletion does not show a markedly severe clinical picture, even if a more composite phenotype was noticed. By characterizing six novel EP300-mutated patients, this study provides further insights into the EP300-specific clinical presentation and expands the mutational repertoire including the first case of a whole gene deletion. These new data will enhance EP300-mutated cases identification highlighting distinctive features and will improve the clinical practice allowing a better genotype-phenotype correlation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Negri
- Genetica Medica, Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italia
| | - Pamela Magini
- Laboratorio di Genetica Medica, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche, Policlinico Ospedaliero Universitario S. Orsola-Malpighi, Bologna, Italia
| | - Donatella Milani
- Unità di Pediatria ad alta Intensità di Cura, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Milano, Italia
| | - Patrizia Colapietro
- Genetica Medica, Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italia
| | - Daniela Rusconi
- Genetica Medica, Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italia
| | - Emanuela Scarano
- UO di Endocrinologia Pediatrica e Malattie Rare, Dipartimento di Pediatria, Ospedale Universitario S. Orsola Malpighi, Università degli Studi di Bologna, Bologna, Italia
| | - Maria Teresa Bonati
- Clinica di Genetica Medica, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milano, Italia
| | - Manuela Priolo
- UOC Genetica Medica, Azienda Ospedaliera Bianchi-Melacrino-Morelli, Reggio Calabria, Italia
| | - Milena Crippa
- Laboratorio di Citogenetica e Genetica Molecolare, Centro di Ricerche e Tecnologie Biomediche, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milano, Italia
| | - Laura Mazzanti
- UO di Endocrinologia Pediatrica e Malattie Rare, Dipartimento di Pediatria, Ospedale Universitario S. Orsola Malpighi, Università degli Studi di Bologna, Bologna, Italia
| | - Anita Wischmeijer
- Laboratorio di Genetica Medica, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche, Policlinico Ospedaliero Universitario S. Orsola-Malpighi, Bologna, Italia
| | - Federica Tamburrino
- UO di Endocrinologia Pediatrica e Malattie Rare, Dipartimento di Pediatria, Ospedale Universitario S. Orsola Malpighi, Università degli Studi di Bologna, Bologna, Italia
| | - Tommaso Pippucci
- Laboratorio di Genetica Medica, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche, Policlinico Ospedaliero Universitario S. Orsola-Malpighi, Bologna, Italia
| | - Palma Finelli
- Laboratorio di Citogenetica e Genetica Molecolare, Centro di Ricerche e Tecnologie Biomediche, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milano, Italia.,Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche e Medicina Traslazionale, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italia
| | - Lidia Larizza
- Genetica Medica, Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italia.,Laboratorio di Citogenetica e Genetica Molecolare, Centro di Ricerche e Tecnologie Biomediche, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milano, Italia
| | - Cristina Gervasini
- Genetica Medica, Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italia
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30
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Spena S, Gervasini C, Milani D. Ultra-Rare Syndromes: The Example of Rubinstein-Taybi Syndrome. J Pediatr Genet 2015; 4:177-86. [PMID: 27617129 DOI: 10.1055/s-0035-1564571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 05/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome (RSTS) is a rare, congenital, plurimalformative, and neurodevelopmental disorder. Clinical diagnosis can be complicated by the heterogeneous clinical presentation and the lack of a consensus list of diagnostic criteria, and it is confirmed by molecular tests in approximately 55 to 78% of cases. The etiology is partially known with mutations in two functionally related genes: CREBBP and EP300. Notwithstanding the knowledge on clinical, genetic, and allelic heterogeneity, no clear genotype-phenotype correlation has yet been established. Standardized guidelines for the management of pediatric patients are available and therapy for RSTS patients is currently only symptomatic. In this article, several clinic and genetic aspects of RSTS are critically reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Spena
- Medical Genetics, Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Cristina Gervasini
- Medical Genetics, Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Donatella Milani
- Pediatric Highly Intensive Care Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore, Policlinico, Milano, Italy
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31
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Lopez-Atalaya JP, Valor LM, Barco A. Epigenetic factors in intellectual disability: the Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome as a paradigm of neurodevelopmental disorder with epigenetic origin. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2015; 128:139-76. [PMID: 25410544 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800977-2.00006-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The number of genetic syndromes associated with intellectual disability that are caused by mutations in genes encoding chromatin-modifying enzymes has sharply risen in the last decade. We discuss here a neurodevelopmental disorder, the Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome (RSTS), originated by mutations in the genes encoding the lysine acetyltransferases CBP and p300. We first describe clinical and genetic aspects of the syndrome to later focus on the insight provided by the research in animal models of this disease. These studies have not only clarified the molecular etiology of RSTS and helped to dissect the developmental and adult components of the syndrome but also contributed to outline some important connections between epigenetics and cognition. We finally discuss how this body of research has opened new venues for the therapeutic intervention of this currently untreatable disease and present some of the outstanding questions in the field. We believe that the progress in the understanding of this rare disorder also has important implications for other intellectual disability disorders that share an epigenetic origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose P Lopez-Atalaya
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Alicante, Spain
| | - Luis M Valor
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Alicante, Spain
| | - Angel Barco
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Alicante, Spain
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32
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Szyf M. Prospects for the development of epigenetic drugs for CNS conditions. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2015; 14:461-74. [DOI: 10.1038/nrd4580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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33
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López AJ, Wood MA. Role of nucleosome remodeling in neurodevelopmental and intellectual disability disorders. Front Behav Neurosci 2015; 9:100. [PMID: 25954173 PMCID: PMC4407585 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
It is becoming increasingly important to understand how epigenetic mechanisms control gene expression during neurodevelopment. Two epigenetic mechanisms that have received considerable attention are DNA methylation and histone acetylation. Human exome sequencing and genome-wide association studies have linked several neurobiological disorders to genes whose products actively regulate DNA methylation and histone acetylation. More recently, a third major epigenetic mechanism, nucleosome remodeling, has been implicated in human developmental and intellectual disability (ID) disorders. Nucleosome remodeling is driven primarily through nucleosome remodeling complexes with specialized ATP-dependent enzymes. These enzymes directly interact with DNA or chromatin structure, as well as histone subunits, to restructure the shape and organization of nucleosome positioning to ultimately regulate gene expression. Of particular interest is the neuron-specific Brg1/hBrm Associated Factor (nBAF) complex. Mutations in nBAF subunit genes have so far been linked to Coffin-Siris syndrome (CSS), Nicolaides-Baraitser syndrome (NBS), schizophrenia, and Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Together, these human developmental and ID disorders are powerful examples of the impact of epigenetic modulation on gene expression. This review focuses on the new and emerging role of nucleosome remodeling in neurodevelopmental and ID disorders and whether nucleosome remodeling affects gene expression required for cognition independently of its role in regulating gene expression required for development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto J López
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, University of California Irvine Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Marcelo A Wood
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, University of California Irvine Irvine, CA, USA
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34
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Rusconi D, Negri G, Colapietro P, Picinelli C, Milani D, Spena S, Magnani C, Silengo MC, Sorasio L, Curtisova V, Cavaliere ML, Prontera P, Stangoni G, Ferrero GB, Biamino E, Fischetto R, Piccione M, Gasparini P, Salviati L, Selicorni A, Finelli P, Larizza L, Gervasini C. Characterization of 14 novel deletions underlying Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome: an update of the CREBBP deletion repertoire. Hum Genet 2015; 134:613-26. [PMID: 25805166 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-015-1542-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome (RSTS) is a rare, clinically heterogeneous disorder characterized by cognitive impairment and several multiple congenital anomalies. The syndrome is caused by almost private point mutations in the CREBBP (~55% of cases) and EP300 (~8%) genes. The CREBBP mutational spectrum is variegated and characterized by point mutations (30-50 %) and deletions (~10%). The latter are diverse in size and genomic position and remove either the whole CREBBP gene and its flanking regions or only an intragenic portion. Here, we report 14 novel CREBBP deletions ranging from single exons to the whole gene and flanking regions which were identified by applying complementary cytomolecular techniques: fluorescence in situ hybridization, multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification and array comparative genome hybridization, to a large cohort of RSTS patients. Deletions involving CREBBP account for 23% of our detected CREBBP mutations, making an important contribution to the mutational spectrum. Genotype-phenotype correlations revealed that patients with CREBBP deletions extending beyond this gene did not always have a more severe phenotype than patients harboring CREBBP point mutations, suggesting that neighboring genes play only a limited role in the etiopathogenesis of CREBBP-centerd contiguous gene syndrome. Accordingly, the extent of the deletion is not predictive of the severity of the clinical phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Rusconi
- Medical Genetics, Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via A. di Rudinì, 8, 20142, Milan, Italy
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35
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Milani D, Manzoni FMP, Pezzani L, Ajmone P, Gervasini C, Menni F, Esposito S. Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome: clinical features, genetic basis, diagnosis, and management. Ital J Pediatr 2015; 41:4. [PMID: 25599811 PMCID: PMC4308897 DOI: 10.1186/s13052-015-0110-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome (RSTS) is an extremely rare autosomal dominant genetic disease, with an estimated prevalence of one case per 125,000 live births. RSTS is characterized by typical facial features, microcephaly, broad thumbs and first toes, intellectual disability, and postnatal growth retardation. However, no standard diagnostic criteria are available for RSTS. In this review, we summarized the clinical features and genetic basis of RSTS and highlighted areas for future studies on an appropriate diagnostic protocol and follow-up care for RSTS. Discussion RSTS is primarily characterized by delayed growth in height and weight, microcephaly, dysmorphic facial features, and broad thumbs and big toe. Over 90% RSTS individuals with disabilities survive to adulthood, but healthcare for these patients is particularly complex, time-consuming, and costly. In addition, no standard diagnostic criteria and follow-up care guidelines are available for RSTS. It has been shown that mutations in the genes encoding the cyclic-AMP-regulated enhancer binding protein (CREBBP) and the E1A-binding protein p300 (EP300) contributed to the development of RSTS. Therefore, genetic tests are useful for the diagnosis of RSTS, although most RSTS cases are currently diagnosed based on clinical features. Summary The clinical features of RSTS have been extensively studied, which significantly contributes to the diagnosis of this extremely rare syndrome. However, the pathogenesis and genotype-phenotype associations of RSTS are largely unknown. Therefore, multicenter studies and international cooperation are highlighted for better understanding of this disease, establishing standard diagnostic criteria, and providing professional management and follow-up care of RSTS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donatella Milani
- Pediatric Highly Intensive Care Unit, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via Commenda 9, 20122, Milano, Italy.
| | - Francesca Maria Paola Manzoni
- Pediatric Highly Intensive Care Unit, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via Commenda 9, 20122, Milano, Italy.
| | - Lidia Pezzani
- Pediatric Highly Intensive Care Unit, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via Commenda 9, 20122, Milano, Italy.
| | - Paola Ajmone
- UO Neuropsichiatria dell'Infanzia e dell'Adolescenza, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Italy.
| | - Cristina Gervasini
- Department of Health Science, Medical Genetics, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy.
| | - Francesca Menni
- Pediatric Highly Intensive Care Unit, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via Commenda 9, 20122, Milano, Italy.
| | - Susanna Esposito
- Pediatric Highly Intensive Care Unit, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via Commenda 9, 20122, Milano, Italy.
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36
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Spena S, Milani D, Rusconi D, Negri G, Colapietro P, Elcioglu N, Bedeschi F, Pilotta A, Spaccini L, Ficcadenti A, Magnani C, Scarano G, Selicorni A, Larizza L, Gervasini C. Insights into genotype-phenotype correlations from CREBBP point mutation screening in a cohort of 46 Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome patients. Clin Genet 2014; 88:431-40. [PMID: 25388907 DOI: 10.1111/cge.12537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Revised: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The genetic basis of Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome (RSTS), a rare, sporadic, clinically heterogeneous disorder characterized by cognitive impairment and a wide spectrum of multiple congenital anomalies, is primarily due to private mutations in CREBBP (approximately 55% of cases) or EP300 (approximately 8% of cases). Herein, we report the clinical and the genetic data taken from a cohort of 46 RSTS patients, all carriers of CREBBP point mutations. Molecular analysis revealed 45 different gene alterations including 31 inactivating (21 frameshift and 10 nonsense), 10 missense and 4 splicing mutations. Bioinformatic tools and transcript analyses were used to predict the functional effects of missense and splicing alterations. Of the 45 mutations, 42 are unreported and 3 were described previously. Recurrent mutations maybe a key tool in addressing genotype-phenotype correlations in patients sharing the same defects (at the genomic or transcript level) and specific clinical signs, demonstrated here in two cases. The clinical data of our cohort evidenced frequent signs such as arched eyebrows, epicanthus, synophrys and/or frontal hypertrichosis and broad phalanges that, previously overlooked in RSTS diagnosis, now could be considered. Some suggested correlations between organ-specific anomalies and affected CREB-binding protein domains broaden the RSTS clinical spectrum and perhaps will enhance patient follow-up and clinical care.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Spena
- Medical Genetics, Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - D Milani
- Pediatric Highly Intensive Care Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore, Policlinico, Milano, Italy
| | - D Rusconi
- Medical Genetics, Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - G Negri
- Medical Genetics, Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - P Colapietro
- Medical Genetics, Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - N Elcioglu
- Department of Pediatrics, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - F Bedeschi
- Clinical Genetics Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Italy
| | - A Pilotta
- Centro di Auxoendocrinologia, Department of Paediatrics, Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
| | - L Spaccini
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Children's Hospital V. Buzzi, Milano, Italy
| | - A Ficcadenti
- Rare diseases Regional Centre, Pediatric Institute of Maternal-Infantile Sciences Department, Polytechnic University of Marche, Salesi Hospital of United Hospitals of Ancona, Ancona, Italy
| | - C Magnani
- Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Maternal and Child Department, Parma University, Parma, Italy
| | - G Scarano
- Medical Genetics Department, Gaetano Rummo Hospital, Benevento, Italy
| | - A Selicorni
- Department of Pediatrics, Università Milano Bicocca, Fondazione MBBM, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy
| | - L Larizza
- Medical Genetics, Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy.,Laboratory of Medical Cytogenetics and Molecular Genetics, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milano, Italy
| | - C Gervasini
- Medical Genetics, Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
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37
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Alberini CM, Kandel ER. The regulation of transcription in memory consolidation. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2014; 7:a021741. [PMID: 25475090 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a021741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
De novo transcription of DNA is a fundamental requirement for the formation of long-term memory. It is required during both consolidation and reconsolidation, the posttraining and postreactivation phases that change the state of the memory from a fragile into a stable and long-lasting form. Transcription generates both mRNAs that are translated into proteins, which are necessary for the growth of new synaptic connections, as well as noncoding RNA transcripts that have regulatory or effector roles in gene expression. The result is a cascade of events that ultimately leads to structural changes in the neurons that mediate long-term memory storage. The de novo transcription, critical for synaptic plasticity and memory formation, is orchestrated by chromatin and epigenetic modifications. The complexity of transcription regulation, its temporal progression, and the effectors produced all contribute to the flexibility and persistence of long-term memory formation. In this article, we provide an overview of the mechanisms contributing to this transcriptional regulation underlying long-term memory formation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eric R Kandel
- Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York 10032 Department of Neuroscience, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York 10032 Kavli Institute for Brain Science, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York 10032 Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York 10032 College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York 10032
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38
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Dasgupta S, O'Malley BW. Transcriptional coregulators: emerging roles of SRC family of coactivators in disease pathology. J Mol Endocrinol 2014; 53:R47-59. [PMID: 25024406 PMCID: PMC4152414 DOI: 10.1530/jme-14-0080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Transcriptional coactivators have evolved as an important new class of functional proteins that participate with virtually all transcription factors and nuclear receptors (NRs) to intricately regulate gene expression in response to a wide variety of environmental cues. Recent findings have highlighted that coactivators are important for almost all biological functions, and consequently, genetic defects can lead to severe pathologies. Drug discovery efforts targeting coactivators may prove valuable for treatment of a variety of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhamoy Dasgupta
- Department of Molecular and Cellular BiologyBaylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Bert W O'Malley
- Department of Molecular and Cellular BiologyBaylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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39
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Smolen P, Baxter DA, Byrne JH. Simulations suggest pharmacological methods for rescuing long-term potentiation. J Theor Biol 2014; 360:243-250. [PMID: 25034337 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2014.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Revised: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Congenital cognitive dysfunctions are frequently due to deficits in molecular pathways that underlie the induction or maintenance of synaptic plasticity. For example, Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome (RTS) is due to a mutation in cbp, encoding the histone acetyltransferase CREB-binding protein (CBP). CBP is a transcriptional co-activator for CREB, and induction of CREB-dependent transcription plays a key role in long-term memory (LTM). In animal models of RTS, mutations of cbp impair LTM and late-phase long-term potentiation (LTP). As a step toward exploring plausible intervention strategies to rescue the deficits in LTP, we extended our previous model of LTP induction to describe histone acetylation and simulated LTP impairment due to cbp mutation. Plausible drug effects were simulated by model parameter changes, and many increased LTP. However no parameter variation consistent with a effect of a known drug class fully restored LTP. Thus we examined paired parameter variations consistent with effects of known drugs. A pair that simulated the effects of a phosphodiesterase inhibitor (slowing cAMP degradation) concurrent with a deacetylase inhibitor (prolonging histone acetylation) restored normal LTP. Importantly these paired parameter changes did not alter basal synaptic weight. A pair that simulated the effects of a phosphodiesterase inhibitor and an acetyltransferase activator was similarly effective. For both pairs strong additive synergism was present. The effect of the combination was greater than the summed effect of the separate parameter changes. These results suggest that promoting histone acetylation while simultaneously slowing the degradation of cAMP may constitute a promising strategy for restoring deficits in LTP that may be associated with learning deficits in RTS. More generally these results illustrate how the strategy of combining modeling and empirical studies may provide insights into the design of effective therapies for improving long-term synaptic plasticity and learning associated with cognitive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Smolen
- Laboratory of Origin: Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, W. M. Keck Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, United States.
| | - Douglas A Baxter
- Laboratory of Origin: Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, W. M. Keck Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, United States
| | - John H Byrne
- Laboratory of Origin: Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, W. M. Keck Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, United States
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