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Yu Y, Chen T, Zheng Z, Jia F, Liao Y, Ren Y, Liu X, Liu Y. The role of the autonomic nervous system in polycystic ovary syndrome. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 14:1295061. [PMID: 38313837 PMCID: PMC10834786 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1295061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2024] Open
Abstract
This article reviewed the relationship between the autonomic nervous system and the development of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). PCOS is the most common reproductive endocrine disorder among women of reproductive age. Its primary characteristics include persistent anovulation, hyperandrogenism, and polycystic ovarian morphology, often accompanied by disturbances in glucose and lipid metabolism. The body's functions are regulated by the autonomic nervous system, which consists mainly of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. The autonomic nervous system helps maintain homeostasis in the body. Research indicates that ovarian function in mammals is under autonomic neural control. The ovaries receive central nervous system information through the ovarian plexus nerves and the superior ovarian nerves. Neurotransmitters mediate neural function, with acetylcholine and norepinephrine being the predominant autonomic neurotransmitters. They influence the secretion of ovarian steroids and follicular development. In animal experiments, estrogen, androgens, and stress-induced rat models have been used to explore the relationship between PCOS and the autonomic nervous system. Results have shown that the activation of the autonomic nervous system contributes to the development of PCOS in rat. In clinical practice, assessments of autonomic nervous system function in PCOS patients have been gradually employed. These assessments include heart rate variability testing, measurement of muscle sympathetic nerve activity, skin sympathetic response testing, and post-exercise heart rate recovery evaluation. PCOS patients exhibit autonomic nervous system dysfunction, characterized by increased sympathetic nervous system activity and decreased vagal nerve activity. Abnormal metabolic indicators in PCOS women can also impact autonomic nervous system activity. Clinical studies have shown that various effective methods for managing PCOS regulate patients' autonomic nervous system activity during the treatment process. This suggests that improving autonomic nervous system activity may be an effective approach in treating PCOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Yu
- Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tong Chen
- Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zheng Zheng
- Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fan Jia
- Wuxi Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Wuxi, China
| | - Yan Liao
- Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuehan Ren
- Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xinmin Liu
- Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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Şanlı C, Atılgan R, Kuloğlu T, Pala Ş, İlhan N. The investigation of cholinergic receptor muscarinic 1 activity in the rat ovary with induced ovarian hyperstimulation. Turk J Obstet Gynecol 2023; 20:53-58. [PMID: 36908094 PMCID: PMC10013087 DOI: 10.4274/tjod.galenos.2023.75336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective We look at the immunoreactivity of cholinergic receptor muscarinic 1 (CHRM1) in the ovarian tissues of rats with ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) considering the possibility that the muscarinic activity may contribute to the pathophysiology of OHSS. Materials and Methods In this study, 14 immature female Wistar Albino rats were divided into two groups at random. The rats were 22 days old. Rats in the control group (n=7) were 22 days old, while those in the OHSS group (n=7) received 10 IU follicle-stimulating hormone subcutaneously over the course of four days and 30 IU human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) on the fifth day to induce ovarian hyperstimulation. All the rats were sacrificed after all the groups' ovaries and blood samples were collected at the conclusion of the experiment. The left ovarian tissues were kept in aluminum foil at -80 °C, while the right ovarian tissues were kept in 10% formalin. Tissue vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were measured by The Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay technique in the ovarian tissues. CHRM1 immunoreactivity was scored immunohistochemically. Results Ovarian weight, tissue IL-10, TNF-α, VEGF and MDA levels, and CHRM1 immunoreactivity were significantly increased in the OHSS group. Conclusion Increased levels of CHRM1 activity may play a role in the pathophysiology of OHSS. With further studies, the effect of luteinizing hormone and hCG on the ovarian and hypothalamic cholinergic system can be further investigated, and useful information can be obtained in determining OHSS prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cengiz Şanlı
- Fırat University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Elazığ, Turkey
| | - Remzi Atılgan
- Fırat University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Elazığ, Turkey
| | - Tuncay Kuloğlu
- Fırat University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Histology, Elazığ, Turkey
| | - Şehmus Pala
- Fırat University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Elazığ, Turkey
| | - Nevin İlhan
- Fırat University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Elazığ, Turkey
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Cuevas FC, Bastias D, Alanis C, Benitez A, Squicciarini V, Riquelme R, Sessenhausen P, Mayerhofer A, Lara HE. Muscarinic receptors in the rat ovary are involved in follicular development but not in steroid secretion. Physiol Rep 2022; 10:e15474. [PMID: 36325585 PMCID: PMC9630765 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Acetylcholine (ACh) may be involved in the regulation of ovarian functions. A previous systemic study in rats showed that a 4-week, intrabursal local delivery of the ACh-esterase blocker Huperzine-A increased intraovarian ACh levels and changed ovarian follicular development, as evidenced by increased healthy antral follicle numbers and corpora lutea, as well as enhanced fertility. To further characterize the ovarian cholinergic system in the rat, we studied whether innervation may contribute to intraovarian ACh. We explored the cellular distribution of three muscarinic receptors (MRs; M1, M3, and M5), analyzed the involvement of MRs in ovarian steroidogenesis, and examined their roles in ovarian follicular development in normal conditions and in animals exposed to stressful conditions by employing the muscarinic antagonist, atropine. Denervation studies decreased ovarian norepinephrine, but ovarian ACh was not affected, evidencing a local, nonneuronal source of ACh. M1 was located on granulosa cells (GCs), especially in large antral follicles. M5 was associated with the ovarian vascular system and only traces of M3 were found. Ex vivo ovary organo-typic incubations showed that the MR agonist Carbachol did not modify steroid production or expression of steroid biosynthetic enzymes. Intrabursal, in vivo application of atropine (an MR antagonist) for 4 weeks, however, increased atresia of the secondary follicles. The results support the existence of an intraovarian cholinergic system in the rat ovary, located mainly in follicular GCs, which is not involved in steroid production but rather via MRs exerts trophic functions and regulates follicular atresia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda C Cuevas
- Centre for Neurobiochemical Studies in Neuroendocrine Diseases, Laboratory of Neurobiochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Daniela Bastias
- Centre for Neurobiochemical Studies in Neuroendocrine Diseases, Laboratory of Neurobiochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Constanza Alanis
- Centre for Neurobiochemical Studies in Neuroendocrine Diseases, Laboratory of Neurobiochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Agustin Benitez
- Centre for Neurobiochemical Studies in Neuroendocrine Diseases, Laboratory of Neurobiochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Valentina Squicciarini
- Centre for Neurobiochemical Studies in Neuroendocrine Diseases, Laboratory of Neurobiochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Raul Riquelme
- Centre for Neurobiochemical Studies in Neuroendocrine Diseases, Laboratory of Neurobiochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pia Sessenhausen
- Biomedical Center, Cell Biology, Anatomy III, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Artur Mayerhofer
- Biomedical Center, Cell Biology, Anatomy III, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Hernan E Lara
- Centre for Neurobiochemical Studies in Neuroendocrine Diseases, Laboratory of Neurobiochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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da Silva Scarton SR, Tsuzuki F, Guerra MT, Dos Santos DP, Dos Santos AC, Guimarães ATB, Simão ANC, Beu CCL, Fernades GSA. Cyantraniliprole impairs reproductive parameters by inducing oxidative stress in adult female wistar rats. Reprod Toxicol 2022; 107:166-174. [PMID: 34968715 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2021.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cyantraniliprole is a synthetic insecticide used to control pests of up to 23 different types of crops. It is able to modulate ryanodine-like calcium channels, which are widely found in the organism of insects and mammals. The objective of this research was to verify the possible reproductive effects of adult female Wistar rats exposure to cyantraniliprole. Animals (67 days old) were exposed to the chemical at doses of 10 or 150 mg/kg/day, orally, for 28 consecutive days (control animals received only the vehicle). Vaginal secretions were collected during the exposure period to assess the regularity of the estrous cycle; the liver, kidneys, pituitary gland, adrenal gland, uterus, and ovaries were collected and weighed; reproductive organs were assessed for histopathological evaluation and for biochemical markers of oxidative stress and progesterone plasma level was measured. Both doses caused negative changes in the morphology and redox system of the uterus and ovaries. Animals exposed to 10 mg/kg also exhibited higher level of plasma progesterone, elevated levels of lipid peroxidation in reproductive organs, increased superoxide dismutase activity in the uterus and glutathione peroxidase activity on the ovary, while the 150 mg/kg group exhibited an increment in estrous cycle length and diminished uterine glandular epithelium. Based on these results, we conclude that cyantraniliprole may have acted as an endocrine disruptor, and its effects are mediated by oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suellen Ribeiro da Silva Scarton
- Department of General Biology, Biological Sciences Center, State University of Londrina - UEL, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, PR 445, 86057-970, Londrina, Parana, Brazil; Department of General Pathology, Biological Sciences Center, State University of Londrina - UEL, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, PR 445, 86057-970, Londrina, Parana, Brazil.
| | - Felipe Tsuzuki
- Department of General Biology, Biological Sciences Center, State University of Londrina - UEL, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, PR 445, 86057-970, Londrina, Parana, Brazil.
| | - Marina Trevizan Guerra
- Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campus Três Lagoas, 3484 Ranulpho Marques Leal Avenue, 79613-000, Três Lagoas, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil.
| | - Dayane Priscila Dos Santos
- Department of General Biology, Biological Sciences Center, State University of Londrina - UEL, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, PR 445, 86057-970, Londrina, Parana, Brazil; Department of General Pathology, Biological Sciences Center, State University of Londrina - UEL, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, PR 445, 86057-970, Londrina, Parana, Brazil.
| | - Aldair Casagrande Dos Santos
- Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences Center, State University of Western Paraná - UNIOESTE, Universitária Street, 1619, PR, 85819-110, Cascavel, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Ana Tereza Bittencourt Guimarães
- Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences Center, State University of Western Paraná - UNIOESTE, Universitária Street, 1619, PR, 85819-110, Cascavel, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Andréa Name Colado Simão
- Department of General Pathology, Biological Sciences Center, State University of Londrina - UEL, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, PR 445, 86057-970, Londrina, Parana, Brazil.
| | - Célia Cristina Leme Beu
- Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences Center, State University of Western Paraná - UNIOESTE, Universitária Street, 1619, PR, 85819-110, Cascavel, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Glaura Scantamburlo Alves Fernades
- Department of General Biology, Biological Sciences Center, State University of Londrina - UEL, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, PR 445, 86057-970, Londrina, Parana, Brazil.
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Linares R, Acuña XN, Rosas G, Vieyra E, Ramírez DA, Chaparro A, Espinoza JA, Domínguez R, Morales-Ledesma L. Participation of the Cholinergic System in the Development of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. Molecules 2021; 26:5506. [PMID: 34576975 PMCID: PMC8471679 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26185506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In rats with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) induced by injection of estradiol valerate (EV), unilateral or bilateral section of the vagus nerve restores ovulatory function in 75% of animals, suggesting that the vagus nerve participates in the development of PCOS. Since the vagus nerve is a mixed nerve through which mainly cholinergic-type information passes, the objective of the present study was to analyze whether acetylcholine (ACh) is involved in the development of PCOS. Ten-day-old rats were injected with 2.0 mg EV, and at 60 days of age, they were microinjected on the day of diestrus in the bursa of the left or right ovary with 100 or 700 mg/kg of ovarian weight atropine, a blocker of muscarinic receptors, and sacrificed for histopathological examination after the surgery. Animals with PCOS microinjected with 100 mg of atropine showed a lack of ovulation, lower serum concentrations of progesterone and testosterone, and cysts. Histology of the ovaries of animals microinjected with 700 mg of atropine showed corpus luteum and follicles at different stages of development, which was accompanied by a lower concentration of progesterone and testosterone. These results allow us to suggest that in animals with PCOS, ACh, which passes through parasympathetic innervation, is an important component in the persistence and development of the pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Linares
- Physiology of Reproduction Laboratory, Biology of Reproduction Research Unit, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza, UNAM, AP 9-020, Mexico City 15000, Mexico; (R.L.); (X.N.A.); (G.R.); (E.V.); (A.C.); (J.A.E.)
- Laboratorio de Endocrinologia, Biology of Reproduction Research Unit, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza, UNAM, AP 9-020, Mexico City 15000, Mexico
| | - Xóchitl N. Acuña
- Physiology of Reproduction Laboratory, Biology of Reproduction Research Unit, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza, UNAM, AP 9-020, Mexico City 15000, Mexico; (R.L.); (X.N.A.); (G.R.); (E.V.); (A.C.); (J.A.E.)
| | - Gabriela Rosas
- Physiology of Reproduction Laboratory, Biology of Reproduction Research Unit, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza, UNAM, AP 9-020, Mexico City 15000, Mexico; (R.L.); (X.N.A.); (G.R.); (E.V.); (A.C.); (J.A.E.)
| | - Elizabeth Vieyra
- Physiology of Reproduction Laboratory, Biology of Reproduction Research Unit, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza, UNAM, AP 9-020, Mexico City 15000, Mexico; (R.L.); (X.N.A.); (G.R.); (E.V.); (A.C.); (J.A.E.)
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Cronobiología y Reproducción, Biology of Reproduction Research Unit, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza, UNAM, AP 9-020, Mexico City 15000, Mexico;
| | - Deyra A. Ramírez
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza Campus III, UNAM, San Miguel Contla 90640, Mexico;
| | - Andrea Chaparro
- Physiology of Reproduction Laboratory, Biology of Reproduction Research Unit, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza, UNAM, AP 9-020, Mexico City 15000, Mexico; (R.L.); (X.N.A.); (G.R.); (E.V.); (A.C.); (J.A.E.)
| | - Julieta A. Espinoza
- Physiology of Reproduction Laboratory, Biology of Reproduction Research Unit, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza, UNAM, AP 9-020, Mexico City 15000, Mexico; (R.L.); (X.N.A.); (G.R.); (E.V.); (A.C.); (J.A.E.)
| | - Roberto Domínguez
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Cronobiología y Reproducción, Biology of Reproduction Research Unit, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza, UNAM, AP 9-020, Mexico City 15000, Mexico;
| | - Leticia Morales-Ledesma
- Physiology of Reproduction Laboratory, Biology of Reproduction Research Unit, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza, UNAM, AP 9-020, Mexico City 15000, Mexico; (R.L.); (X.N.A.); (G.R.); (E.V.); (A.C.); (J.A.E.)
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Riquelme R, Ruz F, Mayerhofer A, Lara HE. Huperzine-A administration recovers rat ovary function after sympathetic stress. J Neuroendocrinol 2021; 33:e12914. [PMID: 33252842 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Chronic cold stress affects ovarian morphology and impairs fertility in rats. It causes an ovarian polycystic ovary (PCOS)-like phenotype, which resembles PCOS in women. The mechanism of cold stress action involves increased ovarian noradrenaline (NA) levels, which remain elevated after cessation of cold stress. By contrast, ovarian acetylcholine (ACh) levels are only transiently elevated and returned to control levels after a 28-day post stress period. Because ACh can exert trophic actions in the ovary, we hypothesised that a sustained elevation of ovarian ACh levels by intraovarian exposure to the ACh-esterase blocker huperzine-A (Hup-A) may interfere with cold stress-induced ovarian changes. This possibility was examined in female Sprague-Dawley rats exposed to cold stress (4°C for 3 h day-1 for 28 days), followed by a 28-day period without stress. To elevate ACh, in a second group Hup-A was delivered into the ovary of cold stress-exposed rats. A third group was not exposed to cold stress. As expected, cold stress elevated ovarian NA, reduced the number of corpora lutea and increased the number of follicular cysts. It increased plasma testosterone and oestradiol but decreased plasma levels of progesterone. In the Hup-A group, ovarian levels of both, NA and ACh, were elevated, there were fewer cysts and normal testosterone and oestradiol plasma levels were found. However, progesterone levels remained low. Most likely, low progesterone was associated with impaired mating behaviour and low pregnancy rate. We propose that elevated intraovarian levels of ACh are involved in the rescue of ovarian function, opening a target to control ovarian diseases affecting follicular development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raul Riquelme
- Center for Neurobiochemical studies in Endocrine Diseases, Laboratory of Neurobiochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Freddy Ruz
- Center for Neurobiochemical studies in Endocrine Diseases, Laboratory of Neurobiochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Artur Mayerhofer
- Biomedical Center Munich (BMC), Cell Biology, Anatomy III, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Hernán E Lara
- Center for Neurobiochemical studies in Endocrine Diseases, Laboratory of Neurobiochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Benitez A, Riquelme R, del Campo M, Araya C, Lara HE. Nerve Growth Factor: A Dual Activator of Noradrenergic and Cholinergic Systems of the Rat Ovary. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:636600. [PMID: 33716987 PMCID: PMC7947612 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.636600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The functioning of the ovary is influenced by the autonomic system (sympathetic and cholinergic intraovarian system) which contributes to the regulation of steroid secretion, follicular development, and ovulation. There is no information on the primary signal that activates both systems. The nerve growth factor (NGF) was the first neurotrophic factor found to regulate ovarian noradrenergic neurons and the cholinergic neurons in the central nervous system. The aim of this study was to determine whether NGF is one of the participating neurotrophic factors in the activation of the sympathetic and cholinergic system of the ovary in vivo and its role in follicular development during normal or pathological states. The administration of estradiol valerate (a polycystic ovary [PCO] phenotype model) increased norepinephrine (NE) (through an NGF-dependent mechanism) and acetylcholine (ACh) levels. Intraovarian exposure of rats for 28 days to NGF (by means of an osmotic minipump) increased the expression of tyrosine hydroxylase and acetylcholinesterase (AChE, the enzyme that degrades ACh) without affecting enzyme activity but reduced ovarian ACh levels. In vitro exposure of the ovary to NGF (100 ng/ml for 3 h) increased both choline acetyl transferase and vesicular ACh transporter expression in the ovary, with no effect in ACh level. In vivo NGF led to an anovulatory condition with the appearance of follicular cysts and decreased number of corpora lutea (corresponding to noradrenergic activation). To determine whether the predominance of a NE-induced polycystic condition after NGF is responsible for the PCO phenotype, rats were exposed to an intraovarian administration of carbachol (100 μM), a muscarinic cholinergic agonist not degraded by AChE. Decreased the number of follicular cysts and increased the number of corpora lutea, reinforcing that cholinergic activity of the ovary participates in controlling its functions. Although NGF increased the biosynthetic capacity for ACh, it was not available to act in the ovary. Hence, NGF also regulates the ovarian cholinergic system, implying that NGF is the main regulator of the dual autonomic control. These findings highlight the need for research in the treatment of PCO syndrome by modification of locally produced ACh as an in vivo regulator of follicular development.
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Vieyra-Valdez E, Linares-Culebro R, Rosas-Gavilán G, Ramírez-Hernández D, Domínguez-Casalá R, Morales-Ledesma L. Roles of the cholinergic system and vagal innervation in the regulation of GnRH secretion and ovulation: Experimental evidence. Brain Res Bull 2020; 165:129-138. [PMID: 32966849 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2020.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Reproduction is the biological process that sustains life. It is regulated by a neuro-hormonal mechanism that is synchronized by the interaction among the hypothalamus, hypophysis, and ovaries. Ovulation is regulated by the secretion of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), which stimulates the release of the luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). In addition to these neuroendocrine signals, other signals originating from the central nervous system, hypophysis, thyroid, adrenal glands, and the ovary itself are also involved. One of the neurotransmission systems involved in the regulation of ovulation is the cholinergic system, which not only participates in the regulation of reproductive functions but also modulates motor coordination, thermoregulation, and cognitive function. In mammals, the vagus nerve is one of the pathways through which acetylcholine reaches the ovary, and this pathway also participates in the regulation of ovulation. However, this regulation depends on the age of the animal (prepubertal or adult) and its endocrine status. The present review analyzes evidence of the roles of the central and peripheral cholinergic system and vagal innervation in the regulation of GnRH secretion and ovulation as well as their roles in the development and persistence of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Vieyra-Valdez
- Biology of Reproduction Research Unit, Physiology of Reproduction Laboratory, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza, UNAM, AP 9-020, CP 15000, México City, Mexico; Biology of Reproduction Research Unit, Laboratorio de Investigación en Cronobiología y Reproducción, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza, UNAM, AP 9-020, CP 15000, México City, Mexico.
| | - Rosa Linares-Culebro
- Biology of Reproduction Research Unit, Physiology of Reproduction Laboratory, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza, UNAM, AP 9-020, CP 15000, México City, Mexico.
| | - Gabriela Rosas-Gavilán
- Biology of Reproduction Research Unit, Physiology of Reproduction Laboratory, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza, UNAM, AP 9-020, CP 15000, México City, Mexico.
| | - Deyra Ramírez-Hernández
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza Campus III, UNAM, CP90640, San Miguel Contla, Tlaxcala, Mexico.
| | - Roberto Domínguez-Casalá
- Biology of Reproduction Research Unit, Laboratorio de Investigación en Cronobiología y Reproducción, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza, UNAM, AP 9-020, CP 15000, México City, Mexico.
| | - Leticia Morales-Ledesma
- Biology of Reproduction Research Unit, Physiology of Reproduction Laboratory, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza, UNAM, AP 9-020, CP 15000, México City, Mexico.
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Predescu DV, Crețoiu SM, Crețoiu D, Alexandra Pavelescu L, Suciu N, Radu BM, Voinea SC. G Protein-Coupled Receptors (GPCRs)-Mediated Calcium Signaling in Ovarian Cancer: Focus on GPCRs activated by Neurotransmitters and Inflammation-Associated Molecules. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20225568. [PMID: 31703453 PMCID: PMC6888001 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20225568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
G-coupled protein receptors (GCPR) involve several signaling pathways, some of them being coupled with intracellular calcium (Ca2+) mobilization. GPCRs were involved in migration, invasion and metastasis of different types of cancers, including ovarian cancer. Many studies have discussed the essential contribution of GPCRs activated by steroid hormones in ovarian cancer. However, ovarian cancer is also associated with altered signals coming from the nervous system, the immune system or the inflammatory environment, in which GPCRs are ‘sensing’ these molecular signals. Many studies have been oriented so far on ovarian cell lines (most of them being of human cell lines), and only few studies based on animal models or clinical studies have been devoted to the expression changes or functional role of GPCRs in ovarian cancer. In this paper, we review the alterations of GPCRs activated by neurotransmitters (muscarinic receptors, serotonin receptors, dopamine receptors, adrenoceptors) or inflammation-associated molecules (bradykinin receptors, histamine receptors, chemokine receptors) in ovarian cancer and we discuss their potential as histological biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dragoș-Valentin Predescu
- Department of General Surgery, Sf. Maria Clinical Hospital, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 37-39 Ion Mihalache Blvd., 011172 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Sanda Maria Crețoiu
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Histology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Eroii Sanitari Blvd., 050474 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Dragoș Crețoiu
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Histology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Eroii Sanitari Blvd., 050474 Bucharest, Romania
- Fetal Medicine Excellence Research Center, Alessandrescu-Rusescu National Institute of Mother and Child Health, Polizu Clinical Hospital, 38-52 Gh. Polizu Street, 020395 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Luciana Alexandra Pavelescu
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Histology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Eroii Sanitari Blvd., 050474 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Nicolae Suciu
- Fetal Medicine Excellence Research Center, Alessandrescu-Rusescu National Institute of Mother and Child Health, Polizu Clinical Hospital, 38-52 Gh. Polizu Street, 020395 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Alessandrescu-Rusescu National Institute of Mother and Child Health, Polizu Clinical Hospital, 38-52 Gh. Polizu Street, 020395 Bucharest, Romania
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Neonatology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Polizu Clinical Hospital, 38-52 Gh. Polizu Street, 020395 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Beatrice Mihaela Radu
- Department of Anatomy, Animal Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 91-95 Splaiul Independenţei, 050095 Bucharest, Romania
- Life, Environmental and Earth Sciences Division, Research Institute of the University of Bucharest (ICUB), University of Bucharest, 91-95 Splaiul Independenţei, 050095 Bucharest, Romania
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +00-40-21-318-1573
| | - Silviu-Cristian Voinea
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Prof. Dr. Alexandru Trestioreanu Oncology Institute, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 252 Fundeni Rd., 022328 Bucharest, Romania
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10
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Delsouc MB, Bronzi CD, Becerra CD, Bonaventura MM, Mohamed FH, Casais M. Ganglionic and ovarian action of acetylcholine during diestrous II in rats. Neuroendocrine control of the luteal regression. Steroids 2019; 148:19-27. [PMID: 31071343 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2019.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Our aim was to investigate if acetylcholine (Ach), added to the celiac ganglion-superior ovarian nerve-ovary system (CG-SON-ovary) or in ovary incubations, modifies the release of progesterone (P4), androstenedione (A2), dopamine (DA), norepinephrine (NE), gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), and alters the expression of 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3β-HSD), 20α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (20α-HSD), and apoptotic genes in ovarian tissue during the diestrous II (DII) in rats. The CG-SON-ovary system or the ovary alone were removed and placed into separate cuvettes both containing Krebs-Ringer solution (control groups). In experimental groups, 10-6 M Ach was added into the ganglion compartment or into the ovary compartment. P4, A2 and GnRH were measured by RIA, mRNA expression by RT-PCR, and catecholamines by HPLC. In addition, a routine histological technique was applied. In ex-vivo system, 10-6 M Ach into the ganglion compartment decreased P4 and NE release, altered 3β-HSD and 20α-HSD expression, and decreased bax/bcl-2 ratio, while increasing the release of A2 and DA, and bcl-2 expression. In ovary incubations, 10-6 M Ach decreased P4 and GnRH release, decreased 3β-HSD and bcl-2 expression, increased A2 release, increased 20α-HSD and bax expression, and the bax/bcl-2 ratio, and induced disorganization of the corpus luteum structure. The peripheral nervous system protected the ovary from the apoptotic mechanisms while in the ovary incubation the effect was reversed. Our results indicate that Ach in DII regulates steroidogenesis and apoptosis in the ovary, by modulating the concentration of neurotransmitters. In vivo, an alteration in the extrinsic cholinergic innervation of the ovary could disrupt the endocrine control of the reproductive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- María B Delsouc
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas de San Luis (IMIBIO-SL), CONICET, Ejército de Los Andes 950, CP D5700HHW, San Luis, Argentina; Laboratorio de Biología de la Reproducción (LABIR), Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, Ejército de Los Andes 950, CP D5700HHW, San Luis, Argentina
| | - Cynthia D Bronzi
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas de San Luis (IMIBIO-SL), CONICET, Ejército de Los Andes 950, CP D5700HHW, San Luis, Argentina; Laboratorio de Biología de la Reproducción (LABIR), Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, Ejército de Los Andes 950, CP D5700HHW, San Luis, Argentina
| | - Cristina Daneri Becerra
- Laboratorio de Biología de la Reproducción (LABIR), Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, Ejército de Los Andes 950, CP D5700HHW, San Luis, Argentina
| | - María M Bonaventura
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), CONICET, Vuelta de Obligado 2490, CP C1428ADN, CABA, Argentina
| | - Fabián H Mohamed
- Cátedra de Histología, Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, Ejército de Los Andes 950, CP D5700HHW, San Luis, Argentina
| | - Marilina Casais
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas de San Luis (IMIBIO-SL), CONICET, Ejército de Los Andes 950, CP D5700HHW, San Luis, Argentina; Laboratorio de Biología de la Reproducción (LABIR), Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, Ejército de Los Andes 950, CP D5700HHW, San Luis, Argentina.
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11
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Smail MA, Soles JL, Karwoski TE, Rubin RT, Rhodes ME. Sexually diergic hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis responses to selective and non-selective muscarinic antagonists prior to cholinergic stimulation by physostigmine in rats. Brain Res Bull 2017; 137:23-34. [PMID: 29122691 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2017.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2017] [Revised: 10/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Central cholinergic systems regulate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis differentially in males and females (sexual diergism). We previously investigated the role of muscarinic receptors in this regulation by administering physostigmine (PHYSO), an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, to male and female rats pretreated with scopolamine (SCOP), a nonselective muscarinic antagonist. SCOP pretreatment enhanced adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and corticosterone (CORT) responses in both sexes, but males had greater ACTH responses while females had greater CORT responses. In the present study, we further explored the role of muscarinic receptor subtypes in HPA axis regulation by administering PHYSO to male and female rats following SCOP or various doses of either the M1 or the M2 selective muscarinic receptor antagonists, pirenzepine (PIREN) or methoctramine (METHO). Blood was sampled before and at multiple times after PHYSO. ACTH and CORT were determined by highly specific immunoassays. M1 antagonism by PIREN prior to PHYSO resulted in sustained, dose-dependent increases in ACTH and CORT: ACTH responses were similar in both sexes, and CORT responses were greater in females. M2 antagonism by METHO prior to PHYSO resulted in overall decreases in ACTH and CORT: ACTH and CORT responses were higher in females but lower in both sexes than the hormone responses following PIREN or SCOP pretreatment. Area under the curve analyses supported these findings. These results suggest that specific muscarinic receptor subtypes differentially influence the HPA axis in a sexually diergic manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marissa A Smail
- Department of Biology, Saint Vincent College, Latrobe, PA, United States
| | - Jessica L Soles
- Department of Biology, Saint Vincent College, Latrobe, PA, United States
| | - Tracy E Karwoski
- Center for Neurosciences Research, Allegheny General Hospital, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Robert T Rubin
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Michael E Rhodes
- Department of Biology, Saint Vincent College, Latrobe, PA, United States.
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12
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Martínez-Peña AA, Rivera-Baños J, Méndez-Carrillo LL, Ramírez-Solano MI, Galindo-Bustamante A, Páez-Franco JC, Morimoto S, González-Mariscal L, Cruz ME, Mendoza-Rodríguez CA. Perinatal administration of bisphenol A alters the expression of tight junction proteins in the uterus and reduces the implantation rate. Reprod Toxicol 2017; 69:106-120. [PMID: 28216266 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2017.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Revised: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We studied the effect of bisphenol-A (BPA) administration to rats, during the perinatal period, on the fertility of F1 generation and on the expression of tight junction (TJ) proteins in the uterus during early pregnancy. Pregnant Wistar dams (F0) received: BPA-L (0.05mg/kg/day), BPA-H (20mg/kg/day) or vehicle, from gestational day (GD) 6 to lactation day 21. F1 female pups were mated at 3 months of age and sacrificed at GD 1, 3, 6, and 7. Serum hormonal levels, ovulation rate, number of implantation sites and expression of TJ proteins in the uterus of F1 females were evaluated. BPA treatment induced no change in ovulation rate, but induced alterations in progesterone (P4) and estradiol (E2) serum levels, and in implantation rate. With regards to TJ proteins, BPA-H increased claudin-1 during all GDs; eliminated the peaks of claudins -3 and -4 at GD 3 and 6, respectively; and decreased claudin-7 at GD 6, ZO-1 from GD 1-6, and claudin-3 at GD 7 in stromal cells. BPA-L instead, eliminated claudin-3 peak at GD 3, increased claudin-4 and decreased claudin-7 from GD 1-6, decreased claudin-1 at GD 3 and 7 and claudin-4 at GD 7 in stromal cells. BPA-L also decreased ZO-1 at GDs 1 and 3 and increased ZO-1 at GD 6. Thus, BPA treatment during perinatal period perturbed, when the animals reached adulthood and became pregnant, the particular expression of TJ proteins in the uterine epithelium and reduced in consequence the number of implantation sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annia A Martínez-Peña
- Facultad de Química, Departamento de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Mexico D.F. 04510, Mexico
| | - Jorge Rivera-Baños
- Facultad de Química, Departamento de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Mexico D.F. 04510, Mexico
| | - Laura L Méndez-Carrillo
- Facultad de Química, Departamento de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Mexico D.F. 04510, Mexico
| | - Marcos I Ramírez-Solano
- Facultad de Química, Departamento de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Mexico D.F. 04510, Mexico
| | - Aarón Galindo-Bustamante
- Facultad de Química, Departamento de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Mexico D.F. 04510, Mexico
| | - J Carlos Páez-Franco
- Facultad de Química, Departamento de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Mexico D.F. 04510, Mexico
| | - Sumiko Morimoto
- Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y de la Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico, D.F. 14080, Mexico
| | - Lorenza González-Mariscal
- Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados (CINVESTAV), Departamento de Fisiología, Biofísica y Neurociencias, Mexico, D.F. 07360, Mexico
| | - M Esther Cruz
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza, Laboratorio de Neuroendocrinología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Mexico, D.F. 15000, Mexico
| | - C Adriana Mendoza-Rodríguez
- Facultad de Química, Departamento de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Mexico D.F. 04510, Mexico.
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13
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Espinosa-Valdez A, Flores A, Arrieta-Cruz I, Cárdenas M, Chavira R, Domínguez R, Cruz ME. The participation of the muscarinic receptors in the preoptic-anterior hypothalamic areas in the regulation of ovulation depends on the ovary. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2016; 14:75. [PMID: 27809846 PMCID: PMC5095983 DOI: 10.1186/s12958-016-0208-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Muscarinic receptors (mAChRs) of the preoptic and anterior hypothalamus areas (POA-AHA) regulate ovulation in an asymmetric manner during the estrous cycle. The aims of the present study were to analyze the effects of a temporal blockade of mAChRs on either side of the POA-AHA performed in diestrus-2 rats on ovulation, the levels of estradiol, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) and the mechanisms involved in changes in ovulation. METHODS Cyclic rats on diestrus-2 day were anesthetized and randomly assigned to the following groups: 1) microinjection of 1 μl of saline or atropine solution (62.5 ng) in the left or right POA-AHA; 2) removal (unilateral ovariectomty, ULO) of the left (L-ULO) or right (R-ULO) ovary, and 3) rats microinjected with atropine into the left or right POA-AHA plus L-ULO or R-ULO. The ovulation rate and the number of ova shed were measured during the predicted estrus, as well as the levels of estradiol, FSH and LH during the predicted proestrus and the effects of injecting synthetic LH-releasing hormone (LHRH) or estradiol benzoate (EB). RESULTS Atropine in the left POA-AHA decreased both the ovulation rate and estradiol and LH levels on the afternoon of proestrus, also LHRH or EB injection restored ovulation. L- or R-ULO resulted in a lower ovulation rate and smaller number of ova shed, and only injection of LHRH restored ovulation. EB injection at diestrus-2 restored ovulation in animals with L-ULO only. The levels of estradiol, FSH and LH in rats with L-ULO were higher than in animals with unilateral laparotomy. In the group microinjected with atropine in the left POA-AHA, ovulation was similar to that in ULO rats. In contrast, atropine in the right POA-AHA of ULO rats blocked ovulation, an action that was restored by either LHRH or EB injection. CONCLUSIONS These results indicated that the removal of a single ovary at noon on diestrus-2 day perturbed the neuronal pathways regulating LH secretion, which was mediated by the muscarinic system connecting the right POA-AHA and the ovaries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Espinosa-Valdez
- Biology of Reproduction Research Unit, Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza, UNAM, AP 9-020, CP 15000 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Angélica Flores
- Biology of Reproduction Research Unit, Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza, UNAM, AP 9-020, CP 15000 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Isabel Arrieta-Cruz
- Department of Basic Research, National Institute of Geriatrics, México City, Mexico
| | - Mario Cárdenas
- Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición “Salvador Zubirán”, México City, Mexico
| | - Roberto Chavira
- Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición “Salvador Zubirán”, México City, Mexico
| | - Roberto Domínguez
- Biology of Reproduction Research Unit, Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza, UNAM, AP 9-020, CP 15000 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - María Esther Cruz
- Biology of Reproduction Research Unit, Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza, UNAM, AP 9-020, CP 15000 Mexico City, Mexico
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14
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Vieyra E, Ramírez DA, Lagunas N, Cárdenas M, Chavira R, Damián-Matsumura P, Trujillo A, Domínguez R, Morales-Ledesma L. Unilaterally blocking the muscarinic receptors in the suprachiasmatic nucleus in proestrus rats prevents pre-ovulatory LH secretion and ovulation. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2016; 14:34. [PMID: 27306649 PMCID: PMC4910191 DOI: 10.1186/s12958-016-0168-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) and the cholinergic system of various regions of the hypothalamus participate in the regulation of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and gonadotropin secretion, which are necessary for the occurrence of ovulation. In the present study, our goal was to analyse the effects of unilaterally blocking the muscarinic receptors in the SCN on ovulation and steroid secretion. METHODS Cyclic rats were randomly allotted to one of the experimental groups. Groups of 8-14 rats were anaesthetized and microinjected with 0.3 μl of saline or a solution of atropine (62.5 ng in 0.3 μl of saline) into the left or right SCN at 09.00 or 19.00 h during diestrus-1 or on the proestrus day. The rats were euthanized on the predicted day of oestrus, and evaluated ovulation and levels of progesterone and oestradiol. Other groups of 10 rats were microinjected with atropine into the left or right SCNs at 09.00 h on the proestrus day, were euthanized eight h later, and luteinizing hormone (LH) was measured. RESULTS At 09.00 or 19.00 h during diestrus-1, atropine microinjections into the SCNs on either side did not modify ovulation. The atropine microinjections performed at 09.00 h of proestrus into either side of the SCN blocked ovulation (right SCN: 1/9 ovulated vs. 9/10 in the saline group; left SCN: 8/14 ovulated vs. 10/10 in the saline group). The LH levels at 17.00 h in the rats that were microinjected with atropine at 09.00 h of proestrus were lower than those of the controls. In the non-ovulating atropine-treated rats, the injection of synthetic LH-releasing hormone (LHRH) restored ovulation. Atropine treatment at 19.00 h of proestrus on either side of the SCN did not modify ovulation, while the progesterone and oestradiol levels were lower. CONCLUSION Based on the present results, we suggest that the cholinergic neural information arriving on either side of the SCN is necessary for the pre-ovulatory secretion of LH to induce ovulation. Additionally, the regulation of progesterone and oestradiol secretion by the cholinergic innervation of the SCN varies with the time of day, the day of the cycle, and the affected SCN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Vieyra
- Biology of Reproduction Research Unit, Physiology of Reproduction Laboratory, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza, UNAM, AP 9-020, CP 15000 Ciudad de México, México
| | - Deyra A. Ramírez
- Biology of Reproduction Research Unit, Physiology of Reproduction Laboratory, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza, UNAM, AP 9-020, CP 15000 Ciudad de México, México
| | - Noé Lagunas
- Biology of Reproduction Research Unit, Physiology of Reproduction Laboratory, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza, UNAM, AP 9-020, CP 15000 Ciudad de México, México
| | - Mario Cárdenas
- Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición “Salvador Zubirán”, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Roberto Chavira
- Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición “Salvador Zubirán”, Ciudad de México, México
| | | | - Angélica Trujillo
- Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Escuela de Biología, Edificio 112A Ciudad Universitaria, CP 72570 Puebla, Puebla México
| | - Roberto Domínguez
- Biology of Reproduction Research Unit, Physiology of Reproduction Laboratory, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza, UNAM, AP 9-020, CP 15000 Ciudad de México, México
| | - Leticia Morales-Ledesma
- Biology of Reproduction Research Unit, Physiology of Reproduction Laboratory, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza, UNAM, AP 9-020, CP 15000 Ciudad de México, México
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