1
|
Li S, Song H, Sun Y, Sun Y, Zhang H, Gao Z. Inhibition of soluble epoxide hydrolase as a therapeutic approach for blood-brain barrier dysfunction. Biochimie 2024; 223:13-22. [PMID: 38531484 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2024.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a protective semi-permeable structure that regulates the exchange of biomolecules between the peripheral blood and the central nervous system (CNS). Due to its specialized tight junctions and low vesicle trafficking, the BBB strictly limits the paracellular passage and transcellular transport of molecules to maintain the physiological condition of brain tissues. BBB breakdown is associated with many CNS disorders. Soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) is a hydrolase enzyme that converts epoxy-fatty acids (EpFAs) to their corresponding diols and is involved in the onset and progression of multiple diseases. EpFAs play a protective role in the central nervous system via preventing neuroinflammation, making sEH a potential therapeutic target for CNS diseases. Recent studies showed that sEH inhibition prevented BBB impairment caused by stroke, hemorrhage, traumatic brain injury, hyperglycemia and sepsis via regulating the expression of tight junctions. In this review, the protective actions of sEH inhibition on BBB and potential mechanisms are summarized, and some important questions that remain to be resolved are also addressed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Li
- Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Chemistry for Drug, School of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Huijia Song
- Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Chemistry for Drug, School of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Yanping Sun
- Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Chemistry for Drug, School of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Yongjun Sun
- Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Chemistry for Drug, School of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Huimin Zhang
- Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Chemistry for Drug, School of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Zibin Gao
- Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Chemistry for Drug, School of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ohashi SN, DeLong JH, Kozberg MG, Mazur-Hart DJ, van Veluw SJ, Alkayed NJ, Sansing LH. Role of Inflammatory Processes in Hemorrhagic Stroke. Stroke 2023; 54:605-619. [PMID: 36601948 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.122.037155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Hemorrhagic stroke is the deadliest form of stroke and includes the subtypes of intracerebral hemorrhage and subarachnoid hemorrhage. A common cause of hemorrhagic stroke in older individuals is cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Intracerebral hemorrhage and subarachnoid hemorrhage both lead to the rapid collection of blood in the central nervous system and generate inflammatory immune responses that involve both brain resident and infiltrating immune cells. These responses are complex and can contribute to both tissue recovery and tissue injury. Despite the interconnectedness of these major subtypes of hemorrhagic stroke, few reviews have discussed them collectively. The present review provides an update on inflammatory processes that occur in response to intracerebral hemorrhage and subarachnoid hemorrhage, and the role of inflammation in the pathophysiology of cerebral amyloid angiopathy-related hemorrhage. The goal is to highlight inflammatory processes that underlie disease pathology and recovery. We aim to discuss recent advances in our understanding of these conditions and identify gaps in knowledge with the potential to develop effective therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah N Ohashi
- Department of Neurology (S.N.O., J.H.D., L.H.S.), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
- Department of Immunobiology (S.N.O., J.H.D., L.H.S.), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Jonathan H DeLong
- Department of Neurology (S.N.O., J.H.D., L.H.S.), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
- Department of Immunobiology (S.N.O., J.H.D., L.H.S.), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Mariel G Kozberg
- J. Philip Kistler Stroke Research Center, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital/ Harvard Medical School, Boston (M.G.K., S.J.v.V.)
- MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown (M.G.K., S.J.v.V.)
| | - David J Mazur-Hart
- Department of Neurological Surgery (D.J.M.-H.), Oregon Health and Science University (OHSU), Portland
| | - Susanne J van Veluw
- J. Philip Kistler Stroke Research Center, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital/ Harvard Medical School, Boston (M.G.K., S.J.v.V.)
- MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown (M.G.K., S.J.v.V.)
| | - Nabil J Alkayed
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine and Knight Cardiovascular Institute (N.J.A.), Oregon Health and Science University (OHSU), Portland
| | - Lauren H Sansing
- Department of Neurology (S.N.O., J.H.D., L.H.S.), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
- Department of Immunobiology (S.N.O., J.H.D., L.H.S.), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Davis CM, Ibrahim AH, Alkayed NJ. Cytochrome P450-derived eicosanoids in brain: From basic discovery to clinical translation. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY 2023; 97:283-326. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2022.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
|
4
|
Siler DA, Semonche AM, Samatham R, Liu JJ, Martini RP, Alkayed NJ, Hinson HE, Cetas JS. Eicosanoid Ratios are Associated with Hemorrhage Severity and Predict Development of Delayed Cerebral Ischemia Following Subarachnoid Hemorrhage. BRAIN HEMORRHAGES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hest.2022.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
|
5
|
Alkayed NJ, Cao Z, Qian ZY, Nagarajan S, Liu X, Nelson JW, Xie F, Li B, Fan W, Liu L, Grafe MR, Davis CM, Xiao X, Barnes AP, Kaul S. Control of Coronary Vascular Resistance by Eicosanoids via a Novel GPCR. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2022; 322:C1011-C1021. [PMID: 35385329 PMCID: PMC9255704 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00454.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Arachidonic acid metabolites epoxyeicosatrienoates (EETs) and hydroxyeicosatetraenoates (HETEs) are important regulators of myocardial blood flow and coronary vascular resistance (CVR), but their mechanisms of action are not fully understood. We applied a chemoproteomics strategy using a clickable photoaffinity probe to identify G protein coupled receptor 39 (GPR39) as a microvascular smooth muscle cell (mVSMC) receptor selective for two endogenous eicosanoids, 15-HETE and 14,15-EET, which act on the receptor to oppose each other's activity. The former increases mVSMC intracellular calcium via GPR39 and augments coronary microvascular resistance, and the latter inhibits these actions. Furthermore, we find that the efficacy of both ligands is potentiated by zinc acting as an allosteric modulator. Measurements of coronary perfusion pressure (CPP) in GPR39-null hearts using the Langendorff preparation indicate the receptor senses these eicosanoids to regulate microvascular tone. These results implicate GPR39 as an eicosanoid receptor and key regulator of myocardial tissue perfusion. Our findings will have a major impact on understanding the roles of eicosanoids in cardiovascular physiology and disease and provide an opportunity for the development of novel GPR39-targeting therapies for cardiovascular disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nabil J Alkayed
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States.,The Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - Zhiping Cao
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States.,The Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - Zu Yuan Qian
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States.,The Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - Shanthi Nagarajan
- The Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States.,Medicinal Chemistry Core, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - Xuehong Liu
- The Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - Jonathan W Nelson
- The Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - Fuchun Xie
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - Bingbing Li
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - Wei Fan
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States.,The Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - Lijuan Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States.,The Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - Marjorie R Grafe
- DDepartment of Pathology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - Catherine M Davis
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States.,The Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - Xiangshu Xiao
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States.,The Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - Anthony P Barnes
- The Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - Sanjiv Kaul
- The Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Gonzalez-Fernandez E, Staursky D, Lucas K, Nguyen BV, Li M, Liu Y, Washington C, Coolen LM, Fan F, Roman RJ. 20-HETE Enzymes and Receptors in the Neurovascular Unit: Implications in Cerebrovascular Disease. Front Neurol 2020; 11:983. [PMID: 33013649 PMCID: PMC7499024 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.00983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
20-HETE is a potent vasoconstrictor that is implicated in the regulation of blood pressure, cerebral blood flow and neuronal death following ischemia. Numerous human genetic studies have shown that inactivating variants in the cytochrome P450 enzymes that produce 20-HETE are associated with hypertension, stroke and cerebrovascular disease. However, little is known about the expression and cellular distribution of the cytochrome P450A enzymes (CYP4A) that produce 20-HETE or the newly discovered 20-HETE receptor (GPR75) in the brain. The present study examined the cell types and regions in the rat forebrain that express CYP4A and GPR75. Brain tissue slices from Sprague Dawley (SD), Dahl Salt-Sensitive (SS) and CYP4A1 transgenic rat strains, as well as cultured human cerebral pericytes and cerebral vascular smooth muscle cells, were analyzed by fluorescent immunostaining. Tissue homogenates from these strains and cultured cells were examined by Western blot. In the cerebral vasculature, CYP4A and GPR75 were expressed in endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells and the glial limiting membrane of pial arteries and penetrating arterioles but not in the endothelium of capillaries. CYP4A, but not GPR75, was expressed in astrocytes. CYP4A and GPR75 were both expressed in a subpopulation of pericytes on capillaries. The diameters of capillaries were significantly decreased at the sites of first and second-order pericytes that expressed CYP4A. Capillary diameters were unaffected at the sites of other pericytes that did not express CYP4A. These findings implicate 20-HETE as a paracrine mediator in various components of the neurovascular unit and are consistent with 20-HETE's emerging role in the regulation of cerebral blood flow, blood-brain barrier integrity, the pathogenesis of stroke and the vascular contributions to cognitive impairment and dementia. Moreover, this study highlights GPR75 as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of these devastating conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ezekiel Gonzalez-Fernandez
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States
| | - Daniel Staursky
- William and Carey University College of Osteopathic Medicine, Hattiesburg, MS, United States
| | - Kathryn Lucas
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States
| | - Bond V. Nguyen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States
| | - Man Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States
| | - Yedan Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States
| | - Chad Washington
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States
| | - Lique M. Coolen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, United States
| | - Fan Fan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States
| | - Richard J. Roman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Geraghty JR, Davis JL, Testai FD. Neuroinflammation and Microvascular Dysfunction After Experimental Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: Emerging Components of Early Brain Injury Related to Outcome. Neurocrit Care 2020; 31:373-389. [PMID: 31012056 DOI: 10.1007/s12028-019-00710-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage has a high mortality rate and, for those who survive this devastating injury, can lead to lifelong impairment. Clinical trials have demonstrated that cerebral vasospasm of larger extraparenchymal vessels is not the sole contributor to neurological outcome. Recently, the focus of intense investigation has turned to mechanisms of early brain injury that may play a larger role in outcome, including neuroinflammation and microvascular dysfunction. Extravasated blood after aneurysm rupture results in a robust inflammatory response characterized by activation of microglia, upregulation of cellular adhesion molecules, recruitment of peripheral immune cells, as well as impaired neurovascular coupling, disruption of the blood-brain barrier, and imbalances in endogenous vasodilators and vasoconstrictors. Each of these phenomena is either directly or indirectly associated with neuronal death and brain injury. Here, we review recent studies investigating these various mechanisms in experimental models of subarachnoid hemorrhage with special emphasis on neuroinflammation and its effect on microvascular dysfunction. We discuss the various therapeutic targets that have risen from these mechanistic studies and suggest the utility of a multi-targeted approach to preventing delayed injury and improving outcome after subarachnoid hemorrhage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph R Geraghty
- Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, 912 S. Wood St. Suite 174N, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA. .,Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Joseph L Davis
- Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, 912 S. Wood St. Suite 174N, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Fernando D Testai
- Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, 912 S. Wood St. Suite 174N, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Oka F, Chung DY, Suzuki M, Ayata C. Delayed Cerebral Ischemia After Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: Experimental-Clinical Disconnect and the Unmet Need. Neurocrit Care 2020; 32:238-251. [PMID: 30671784 PMCID: PMC7387950 DOI: 10.1007/s12028-018-0650-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI) is among the most dreaded complications following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Despite advances in neurocritical care, DCI remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality, prolonged intensive care unit and hospital stay, and high healthcare costs. Large artery vasospasm has classically been thought to lead to DCI. However, recent failure of clinical trials targeting vasospasm to improve outcomes has underscored the disconnect between large artery vasospasm and DCI. Therefore, interest has shifted onto other potential mechanisms such as microvascular dysfunction and spreading depolarizations. Animal models can be instrumental in dissecting pathophysiology, but clinical relevance can be difficult to establish. METHODS Here, we performed a systematic review of the literature on animal models of SAH, focusing specifically on DCI and neurological deficits. RESULTS We find that dog, rabbit and rodent models do not consistently lead to DCI, although some degree of delayed vascular dysfunction is common. Primate models reliably recapitulate delayed neurological deficits and ischemic brain injury; however, ethical issues and cost limit their translational utility. CONCLUSIONS To facilitate translation, clinically relevant animal models that reproduce the pathophysiology and cardinal features of DCI after SAH are urgently needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fumiaki Oka
- Neurovascular Research Lab, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA.
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yamaguchi University School of Medicine, 1-1-1, Minami-Kogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi, 755-8505, Japan.
| | - David Y Chung
- Neurovascular Research Lab, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
- Stroke Service and Neuroscience Intensive Care Unit, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Michiyasu Suzuki
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yamaguchi University School of Medicine, 1-1-1, Minami-Kogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi, 755-8505, Japan
| | - Cenk Ayata
- Neurovascular Research Lab, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
- Stroke Service and Neuroscience Intensive Care Unit, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Liu JJ, Raskin JS, McFarlane R, Samatham R, Cetas JS. Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Pattern Predicts Acute Cerebral Blood Flow Response in the Rat. ACTA NEUROCHIRURGICA. SUPPLEMENT 2020; 127:83-89. [PMID: 31407068 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-04615-6_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
There is considerable variability in the presentation of patients with acute subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH). Evidence suggests that a thick, diffuse clot better predicts the development of delayed cerebral ischemia and poor outcomes. In a rodent model of acute SAH, we directly measured the effects of the volume of blood injected versus the pattern of distribution of hemorrhage in the subarachnoid space on markers of early brain injury, namely, cerebral blood flow (CBF), cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) concentrations of P450 eicosanoids and catecholamines, and cortical spreading depolarizations (CSDs). There is a significant decrease in CBF, an increase in CSF biomarkers, and a trend toward increasing frequency and severity of CSDs when grouped by severity of hemorrhage but not by volume of blood injected. In severe hemorrhage grade animals, there was a progressive decrease in CBF after successive CSD events. These results suggest that the pattern of SAH (thick diffuse clots) correlates with the "clinical" severity of SAH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jesse J Liu
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Jeffrey S Raskin
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | | | - Ravi Samatham
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Justin S Cetas
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
- Portland VA Medical Center, Portland, OR, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Zarriello S, Tuazon JP, Corey S, Schimmel S, Rajani M, Gorsky A, Incontri D, Hammock BD, Borlongan CV. Humble beginnings with big goals: Small molecule soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibitors for treating CNS disorders. Prog Neurobiol 2018; 172:23-39. [PMID: 30447256 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 10/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) degrades epoxides of fatty acids including epoxyeicosatrienoic acid isomers (EETs), which are produced as metabolites of the cytochrome P450 branch of the arachidonic acid pathway. EETs exert a variety of largely beneficial effects in the context of inflammation and vascular regulation. sEH inhibition is shown to be therapeutic in several cardiovascular and renal disorders, as well as in peripheral analgesia, via the increased availability of anti-inflammatory EETs. The success of sEH inhibitors in peripheral systems suggests their potential in targeting inflammation in the central nervous system (CNS) disorders. Here, we describe the current roles of sEH in the pathology and treatment of CNS disorders such as stroke, traumatic brain injury, Parkinson's disease, epilepsy, cognitive impairment, dementia and depression. In view of the robust anti-inflammatory effects of stem cells, we also outlined the potency of stem cell treatment and sEH inhibitors as a combination therapy for these CNS disorders. This review highlights the gaps in current knowledge about the pathologic and therapeutic roles of sEH in CNS disorders, which should guide future basic science research towards translational and clinical applications of sEH inhibitors for treatment of neurological diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sydney Zarriello
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, University of South Florida College of Medicine, 12901 Bruce B Downs Blvd, Tampa, FL, 33612, United States
| | - Julian P Tuazon
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, University of South Florida College of Medicine, 12901 Bruce B Downs Blvd, Tampa, FL, 33612, United States
| | - Sydney Corey
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, University of South Florida College of Medicine, 12901 Bruce B Downs Blvd, Tampa, FL, 33612, United States
| | - Samantha Schimmel
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, University of South Florida College of Medicine, 12901 Bruce B Downs Blvd, Tampa, FL, 33612, United States
| | - Mira Rajani
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, University of South Florida College of Medicine, 12901 Bruce B Downs Blvd, Tampa, FL, 33612, United States
| | - Anna Gorsky
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, University of South Florida College of Medicine, 12901 Bruce B Downs Blvd, Tampa, FL, 33612, United States
| | - Diego Incontri
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, University of South Florida College of Medicine, 12901 Bruce B Downs Blvd, Tampa, FL, 33612, United States
| | - Bruce D Hammock
- Department of Entomology & UCD Comprehensive Cancer Center, NIEHS-UCD Superfund Research Program, University of California - Davis, United States.
| | - Cesar V Borlongan
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, University of South Florida College of Medicine, 12901 Bruce B Downs Blvd, Tampa, FL, 33612, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Neuroprotective effects of epoxyeicosatrienoic acids. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2018; 138:9-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2018.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
12
|
Miller TM, Poloyac SM, Anderson KB, Waddell BL, Messamore E, Yao JK. A rapid UPLC-MS/MS assay for eicosanoids in human plasma: Application to evaluate niacin responsivity. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2018; 136:153-159. [PMID: 28111064 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2017.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Revised: 01/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
A rapid and sensitive method using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) was developed to simultaneously quantify hydroxyeicosatetraenoic (HETE), dihydroxyeicosatrienoic (DiHETrE), epoxyeicosatrienoic acid (EET), and prostaglandin metabolites of arachidonic acid in human plasma. Sample preparation consisted of solid phase extraction with Oasis HLB (30mg) cartridges for all metabolites. Separation of HETEs, EETs, and DiHETrEs was achieved on an Acquity UPLC BEH C18, 1.7µm (100×2.1mm) reversed-phase column (Waters Corp, Millford, MA) with negative electrospray ionization mass spectrometric detection. A second injection of the same extracted sample allowed for separation and assessment of prostaglandin metabolites under optimized UPLC-MS/MS conditions. Additionally, the endogenous levels of these metabolites in five different matrices were determined in order to select the optimal matrix for assay development. Human serum albumin was shown to have the least amount of endogenous metabolites, a recovery efficiency of 79-100% and a matrix effect of 71 - 100%. Linear calibration curves ranging from 0.416 to 66.67ng/ml were validated. Inter-assay and intra-assay variance was less than 15% at most concentrations. This method was successfully applied to quantify metabolite levels in plasma samples of healthy control subjects receiving niacin administration to evaluate the association between niacin administration and eicosanoid plasma level response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tricia M Miller
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, Pittsburgh, PA 15216, United States
| | - Samuel M Poloyac
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, Pittsburgh, PA 15216, United States
| | - Kacey B Anderson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, Pittsburgh, PA 15216, United States
| | - Brooke L Waddell
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, Pittsburgh, PA 15216, United States
| | - Erik Messamore
- Department of Psychiatry, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH 44272, United States
| | - Jeffrey K Yao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, Pittsburgh, PA 15216, United States; Medical Research Service, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA 15240, United States; Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Liu X, Davis CM, Alkayed NJ. P450 Eicosanoids and Reactive Oxygen Species Interplay in Brain Injury and Neuroprotection. Antioxid Redox Signal 2018; 28:987-1007. [PMID: 28298143 PMCID: PMC5849284 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2017.7056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Significance: Eicosanoids are endogenous lipid mediators that play important roles in brain function and disease. Acute brain injury such as that which occurs in stroke and traumatic brain injury increases the formation of eicosanoids, which, in turn, exacerbate or diminish injury. In chronic neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia (VD), eicosanoid synthetic and metabolizing enzymes are altered, disrupting the balance between neuroprotective and neurotoxic eicosanoids. Recent Advances: Human and experimental studies have established the opposing roles of hydroxy- and epoxyeicosanoids and their potential utility as diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets in neural injury. Critical Issues: A gap in knowledge remains in understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the neurovascular actions of specific eicosanoids, such as specific isomers of epoxyeicosatrienoic (EETs) and hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (HETEs). Future Directions: EETs and HETEs exert their actions on brain cells by targeting multiple mechanisms, which include surface G-protein coupled receptors. The identification of high-affinity receptors for EETs and HETEs and their cellular localization in the brain will be a breakthrough in our understanding of these eicosanoids as mediators of cell-cell communications and contributors to brain development, function, and disease. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 28, 987-1007.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuehong Liu
- The Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Catherine M Davis
- The Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon.,Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Nabil J Alkayed
- The Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon.,Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Leclerc JL, Garcia JM, Diller MA, Carpenter AM, Kamat PK, Hoh BL, Doré S. A Comparison of Pathophysiology in Humans and Rodent Models of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:71. [PMID: 29623028 PMCID: PMC5875105 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) affects an estimated 30,000 people each year in the United States, with an overall mortality of ~30%. Most cases of SAH result from a ruptured intracranial aneurysm, require long hospital stays, and result in significant disability and high fatality. Early brain injury (EBI) and delayed cerebral vasospasm (CV) have been implicated as leading causes of morbidity and mortality in these patients, necessitating intense focus on developing preclinical animal models that replicate clinical SAH complete with delayed CV. Despite the variety of animal models currently available, translation of findings from rodent models to clinical trials has proven especially difficult. While the explanation for this lack of translation is unclear, possibilities include the lack of standardized practices and poor replication of human pathophysiology, such as delayed cerebral vasospasm and ischemia, in rodent models of SAH. In this review, we summarize the different approaches to simulating SAH in rodents, in particular elucidating the key pathophysiology of the various methods and models. Ultimately, we suggest the development of standardized model of rodent SAH that better replicates human pathophysiology for moving forward with translational research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jenna L Leclerc
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.,Department of Neuroscience, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Joshua M Garcia
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Matthew A Diller
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Anne-Marie Carpenter
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Pradip K Kamat
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Brian L Hoh
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.,Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Sylvain Doré
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.,Department of Neuroscience, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.,Department of Neurology, Psychiatry, and Pharmaceutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Lidington D, Kroetsch JT, Bolz SS. Cerebral artery myogenic reactivity: The next frontier in developing effective interventions for subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2018; 38:17-37. [PMID: 29135346 PMCID: PMC5757446 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x17742548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a devastating cerebral event that kills or debilitates the majority of those afflicted. The blood that spills into the subarachnoid space stimulates profound cerebral artery vasoconstriction and consequently, cerebral ischemia. Thus, once the initial bleeding in SAH is appropriately managed, the clinical focus shifts to maintaining/improving cerebral perfusion. However, current therapeutic interventions largely fail to improve clinical outcome, because they do not effectively restore normal cerebral artery function. This review discusses emerging evidence that perturbed cerebrovascular "myogenic reactivity," a crucial microvascular process that potently dictates cerebral perfusion, is the critical element underlying cerebral ischemia in SAH. In fact, the myogenic mechanism could be the reason why many therapeutic interventions, including "Triple H" therapy, fail to deliver benefit to patients. Understanding the molecular basis for myogenic reactivity changes in SAH holds the key to develop more effective therapeutic interventions; indeed, promising recent advancements fuel optimism that vascular dysfunction in SAH can be corrected to improve outcome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Darcy Lidington
- 1 Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,2 Toronto Centre for Microvascular Medicine at TBEP, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Jeffrey T Kroetsch
- 1 Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,2 Toronto Centre for Microvascular Medicine at TBEP, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Steffen-Sebastian Bolz
- 1 Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,2 Toronto Centre for Microvascular Medicine at TBEP, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,3 Heart & Stroke/Richard Lewar Centre of Excellence for Cardiovascular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 eicosanoids play important roles in brain function and disease through their complementary actions on cell-cell communications within the neurovascular unit (NVU) and mechanisms of brain injury. Epoxy- and hydroxyeicosanoids, respectively formed by cytochrome P450 epoxygenases and ω-hydroxylases, play opposing roles in cerebrovascular function and in pathological processes underlying neural injury, including ischemia, neuroinflammation and oxidative injury. P450 eicosanoids also contribute to cerebrovascular disease risk factors, including hypertension and diabetes. We summarize studies investigating the roles P450 eicosanoids in cerebrovascular physiology and disease to highlight the existing balance between these important lipid signaling molecules, as well as their roles in maintaining neurovascular homeostasis and in acute and chronic neurovascular and neurodegenerative disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catherine M Davis
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, United States; The Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, United States
| | - Xuehong Liu
- The Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, United States
| | - Nabil J Alkayed
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, United States; The Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Ostermann AI, Reutzel M, Hartung N, Franke N, Kutzner L, Schoenfeld K, Weylandt KH, Eckert GP, Schebb NH. A diet rich in omega-3 fatty acids enhances expression of soluble epoxide hydrolase in murine brain. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2017; 133:79-87. [PMID: 28583889 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2017.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Several studies suggest that intake of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n3-PUFA) beneficially influences cognitive function. However, effects on the adult brain are not clear. Little is known about the impact of dietary intervention on the fatty acid profile in adult brain, the modulation in the expression of enzymes involved in fatty acid biosynthesis and metabolism as well as changes in resulting oxylipins. These questions were addressed in the present study in two independent n3-PUFA feeding experiments in mice. Supplementation of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 1% each in the diet) for 30days to adult NMRI and C57BL/6 mice led to a distinct shift in the brain PUFA pattern. While n3-PUFAs EPA, n3 docosapentaenoic acid and DHA were elevated, many n6-PUFAs were significantly decreased (except, e.g. C20:3 n6 which was increased). This shift in PUFAs was accompanied by immense differences in concentrations of oxidative metabolites derived from enzymatic conversion of PUFAs, esp. arachidonic acid whose products were uniformly decreased, and a modulation in the activity and expression pattern of delta-5 and delta-6 desaturases. In both mouse strains a remarkable increase in the soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) activity (decreased epoxy-FA concentrations and epoxy-FA to dihydroxy-FA-ratios) as well as sEH expression was observed. Taking the high biological activity of epoxy-FA, e.g. on blood flow and nociceptive signaling into account, this finding might be of relevance for the effects of n3-PUFAs in neurodegenerative diseases. On any account, our study suggests a new distinct regulation of brain PUFA and oxylipin pattern by supplementation of n3-PUFAs to adult rodents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annika Irmgard Ostermann
- Institute for Food Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - Martina Reutzel
- Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Justus-Liebig-University, Wilhelmstr. 20, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Nicole Hartung
- Institute for Food Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - Nicole Franke
- Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Justus-Liebig-University, Wilhelmstr. 20, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Laura Kutzner
- Institute for Food Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - Kirsten Schoenfeld
- Institute for Food Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - Karsten-Henrich Weylandt
- Medical Department, Division of Hepatology and Gastroenterology (including Metabolic Diseases), Charité University Medicine Berlin, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Berlin, Germany; Experimental and Clinical Research Centre, Charité University Medicine, Campus Buch, Berlin, Germany; Medical Department, Division of Gastroenterology, Oncology, Hematology, Rheumatology and Diabetes, Ruppiner Kliniken, Brandenburg Medical School, Neuruppin, Germany
| | - Gunter Peter Eckert
- Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Justus-Liebig-University, Wilhelmstr. 20, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Nils Helge Schebb
- Institute for Food Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173 Hannover, Germany; Chair of Food Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Wuppertal, Gaußstr. 20, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Liu M, Zhu Q, Wu J, Yu X, Hu M, Xie X, Yang Z, Yang J, Feng YQ, Yue J. Glutamate affects the production of epoxyeicosanoids within the brain: The up-regulation of brain CYP2J through the MAPK-CREB signaling pathway. Toxicology 2017; 381:31-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2017.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
|
19
|
Abstract
Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) affects 30,000 people in the Unites States alone each year. Delayed cerebral ischemia occurs days after subarachnoid hemorrhage and represents a potentially treatable cause of morbidity for approximately one-third of those who survive the initial hemorrhage. While vasospasm has been traditionally linked to the development of cerebral ischemia several days after subarachnoid hemorrhage, emerging evidence reveals that delayed cerebral ischemia is part of a much more complicated post-subarachnoid hemorrhage syndrome. The development of delayed cerebral ischemia involves early arteriolar vasospasm with microthrombosis, perfusion mismatch and neurovascular uncoupling, spreading depolarizations, and inflammatory responses that begin at the time of the hemorrhage and evolve over time, culminating in cortical infarction. Large-vessel vasospasm is likely a late contributor to ongoing injury, and effective treatment for delayed cerebral ischemia will require improved detection of critical early pathophysiologic changes as well as therapeutic options that target multiple related pathways.
Collapse
|
20
|
Fan F, Ge Y, Lv W, Elliott MR, Muroya Y, Hirata T, Booz GW, Roman RJ. Molecular mechanisms and cell signaling of 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid in vascular pathophysiology. Front Biosci (Landmark Ed) 2016; 21:1427-63. [PMID: 27100515 DOI: 10.2741/4465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450s enzymes catalyze the metabolism of arachidonic acid to epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs), dihydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid and hydroxyeicosatetraeonic acid (HETEs). 20-HETE is a vasoconstrictor that depolarizes vascular smooth muscle cells by blocking K+ channels. EETs serve as endothelial derived hyperpolarizing factors. Inhibition of the formation of 20-HETE impairs the myogenic response and autoregulation of renal and cerebral blood flow. Changes in the formation of EETs and 20-HETE have been reported in hypertension and drugs that target these pathways alter blood pressure in animal models. Sequence variants in CYP4A11 and CYP4F2 that produce 20-HETE, UDP-glucuronosyl transferase involved in the biotransformation of 20-HETE and soluble epoxide hydrolase that inactivates EETs are associated with hypertension in human studies. 20-HETE contributes to the regulation of vascular hypertrophy, restenosis, angiogenesis and inflammation. It also promotes endothelial dysfunction and contributes to cerebral vasospasm and ischemia-reperfusion injury in the brain, kidney and heart. This review will focus on the role of 20-HETE in vascular dysfunction, inflammation, ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke and cardiac and renal ischemia reperfusion injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fan Fan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216
| | - Ying Ge
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216
| | - Wenshan Lv
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216 and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Matthew R Elliott
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216
| | - Yoshikazu Muroya
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216 and Department of General Medicine and Rehabilitation, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Takashi Hirata
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216 and Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Saitama, Japan
| | - George W Booz
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216
| | - Richard J Roman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216,
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Huang H, Al-Shabrawey M, Wang MH. Cyclooxygenase- and cytochrome P450-derived eicosanoids in stroke. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2015; 122:45-53. [PMID: 26747234 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2015.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Revised: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Arachidonic acid (AA) is metabolized by cyclooxygenase (COX) and cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes into eicosanoids, which are involved in cardiovascular diseases and stroke. Evidence has demonstrated the important functions of these eicosanoids in regulating cerebral vascular tone, cerebral blood flow, and autoregulation of cerebral circulation. Although COX-2 inhibitors have been suggested as potential treatments for stroke, adverse events, including an increased risk of stroke, occur following long-term use of coxibs. It is important to note that prolonged treatment with rofecoxib increased circulating levels of 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (20-HETE), and 20-HETE blockade is a possible strategy to prevent coxib-induced stroke events. It appears that 20-HETE has detrimental effects in the brain, and that its blockade exerts cerebroprotection against ischemic stroke and subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). There is clear evidence that activation of EP2 and EP4 receptors exerts cerebroprotection against ischemic stroke. Several elegant studies have contributed to defining the importance of stabilizing the levels of epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs), by inhibiting or deleting soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH), in stroke research. These reports support the notion that sEH blockade is cerebroprotective against ischemic stroke and SAH. Here, we summarize recent findings implicating these eicosanoid pathways in cerebral vascular function and stroke. We also discuss the development of animal models with targeted gene deletion and specific enzymatic inhibitors in each pathway to identify potential targets for the treatment of ischemic stroke and SAH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Huang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology, Guangzhou, China; Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mohamed Al-Shabrawey
- Department of Oral Biology/Anatomy, College of Dental Medicine, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, United states
| | - Mong-Heng Wang
- Department of Physiology, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, United states.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Amelioration of Metabolic Syndrome-Associated Cognitive Impairments in Mice via a Reduction in Dietary Fat Content or Infusion of Non-Diabetic Plasma. EBioMedicine 2015; 3:26-42. [PMID: 26870815 PMCID: PMC4739422 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2015.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Revised: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity, metabolic syndrome (MetS) and type 2 diabetes (T2D) are associated with decreased cognitive function. While weight loss and T2D remission result in improvements in metabolism and vascular function, it is less clear if these benefits extend to cognitive performance. Here, we highlight the malleable nature of MetS-associated cognitive dysfunction using a mouse model of high fat diet (HFD)-induced MetS. While learning and memory was generally unaffected in mice with type 1 diabetes (T1D), multiple cognitive impairments were associated with MetS, including deficits in novel object recognition, cued fear memory, and spatial learning and memory. However, a brief reduction in dietary fat content in chronic HFD-fed mice led to a complete rescue of cognitive function. Cerebral blood volume (CBV), a measure of vascular perfusion, was decreased during MetS, was associated with long term memory, and recovered following the intervention. Finally, repeated infusion of plasma collected from age-matched, low fat diet-fed mice improved memory in HFD mice, and was associated with a distinct metabolic profile. Thus, the cognitive dysfunction accompanying MetS appears to be amenable to treatment, related to cerebrovascular function, and mitigated by systemic factors.
Collapse
Key Words
- ADMA, Asymmetric dimethylarginine
- BDNF, Brain-derived neurotrophic factor
- BW, Body weight
- Br Fat, Brown adipose tissue
- Brain
- C-X-C motif, Chemokine
- CBV, Cerebral blood volume
- CH, Cholesterol
- Cerebrovascular
- Cognitive
- Cxcl1, Ligand 1
- DG, Diacylglycerol
- Diabetes
- FFA, Free fatty acids
- GL, Glycerolipid
- GLP-1, Glucagon-like peptide 1
- GPL, Glycerophospholipid
- GlcCer, Glucosylceramide
- HFD, High fat diet
- IFNγ, Interferon-γ
- IL-10, Interleukin-10
- IL-12p70, Interleukin-12p70
- IL-6, Interleukin-6
- IR, Insulin resistance
- ITT, Insulin tolerance test
- Il-1b, Interleukin-1β
- KB, Total ketone bodies
- LFD, Low fat diet
- LPA, Lysophosphatidic acid
- MetS, Metabolic syndrome
- Metabolic syndrome
- OGTT, Oral glucose tolerance test
- Obesity
- PC, Phosphatidylcholine
- PE, Phosphatidylethanolamine
- PG, Phosphatidylglycerol
- PGP, Phosphatidylglycerolphosphate
- PI, Phosphatidylinositol
- PS, Phosphatidylserine
- Plasma
- SC Fat, Subcutaneous adipose tissue
- T1D, Type 1 Diabetes
- T2D, Type 2 Diabetes
- TG, Triglycerides
- TNFα, Tumor necrosis factor-α
- V Fat, Visceral adipose tissue
Collapse
|
23
|
Donnelly MK, Crago EA, Conley YP, Balzer JR, Ren D, Ducruet AF, Kochanek PM, Sherwood PR, Poloyac SM. 20-HETE is associated with unfavorable outcomes in subarachnoid hemorrhage patients. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2015; 35:1515-22. [PMID: 25920956 PMCID: PMC4640341 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2015.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Revised: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Emerging evidence has suggested that patients experiencing aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) develop vascular dysregulation as a potential contributor to poor outcomes. Preclinical studies have implicated the novel microvascular constrictor, 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (20-HETE) in aSAH pathogenesis, yet the translational relevance of 20-HETE in patients with aSAH is largely unknown. The goal of this research was to determine the relationship between 20-HETE cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels, gene variants in 20-HETE synthesis, and acute/long-term aSAH outcomes. In all, 363 adult patients (age 18 to 75) with aSAH were prospectively recruited from the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center neurovascular Intensive Care Unit. Patients were genotyped for polymorphic variants and cytochrome P450 (CYP)-eicosanoid CSF levels were measured over 14 days. Outcomes included delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI), clinical neurologic deterioration (CND), and modified Rankin Scores (MRS) at 3 and 12 months. Patients with CND and unfavorable 3-month MRS had 2.2- and 2.7-fold higher mean 20-HETE CSF levels, respectively. Patients in high/moderate 20-HETE trajectory groups (35.7%) were 2.5-, 2.1-, 3.1-, 3.3-, and 2.1-fold more likely to have unfavorable MRS at 3 months, unfavorable MRS at 12 months, mortality at 3 months, mortality at 12 months, and CND, respectively. These results showed that 20-HETE is associated with acute and long-term outcomes and suggest that 20-HETE may be a novel target in aSAH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark K Donnelly
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Crago
- Department of Acute and Tertiary Care, School of Nursing, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Yvette P Conley
- Department of Acute and Tertiary Care, School of Nursing, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jeffery R Balzer
- Department of Neurological Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Dianxu Ren
- Department of Health and Community Systems, School of Nursing, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Andrew F Ducruet
- Department of Neurological Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Patrick M Kochanek
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Paula R Sherwood
- Department of Acute and Tertiary Care, School of Nursing, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Samuel M Poloyac
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Siler DA, Berlow YA, Kukino A, Davis CM, Nelson JW, Grafe MR, Ono H, Cetas JS, Pike M, Alkayed NJ. Soluble Epoxide Hydrolase in Hydrocephalus, Cerebral Edema, and Vascular Inflammation After Subarachnoid Hemorrhage. Stroke 2015; 46:1916-22. [PMID: 25991416 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.114.008560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Acute communicating hydrocephalus and cerebral edema are common and serious complications of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), whose causes are poorly understood. Using a mouse model of SAH, we determined whether soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) gene deletion protects against SAH-induced hydrocephalus and edema by increasing levels of vasoprotective eicosanoids and suppressing vascular inflammation. METHODS SAH was induced via endovascular puncture in wild-type and sEH knockout mice. Hydrocephalus and tissue edema were assessed by T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging. Endothelial activation was assessed in vivo using T2*-weighted magnetic resonance imaging after intravenous administration of iron oxide particles linked to anti-vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 antibody 24 hours after SAH. Behavioral outcome was assessed at 96 hours after SAH with the open field and accelerated rotarod tests. RESULTS SAH induced an acute sustained communicating hydrocephalus within 6 hours of endovascular puncture in both wild-type and sEH knockout mice. This was followed by tissue edema, which peaked at 24 hours after SAH and was limited to white matter fiber tracts. sEH knockout mice had reduced edema, less vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 uptake, and improved outcome compared with wild-type mice. CONCLUSIONS Genetic deletion of sEH reduces vascular inflammation and edema and improves outcome after SAH. sEH inhibition may serve as a novel therapy for SAH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dominic A Siler
- From the Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The Knight Cardiovascular Institute (D.A.S., C.M.D., J.W.N., M.R.G., N.J.A.), Department of Neurological Surgery (D.A.S., J.S.C.), Advanced Imaging Research Center (Y.A.B., A.K., M.P.), Oregon Health and Science University, Portland; Department of Neurosurgery, Nishijima Hospital, Numazu City, Sizuoka, Japan (H.O.); and Portland VA Medical Center, OR (J.S.C.)
| | - Yosef A Berlow
- From the Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The Knight Cardiovascular Institute (D.A.S., C.M.D., J.W.N., M.R.G., N.J.A.), Department of Neurological Surgery (D.A.S., J.S.C.), Advanced Imaging Research Center (Y.A.B., A.K., M.P.), Oregon Health and Science University, Portland; Department of Neurosurgery, Nishijima Hospital, Numazu City, Sizuoka, Japan (H.O.); and Portland VA Medical Center, OR (J.S.C.)
| | - Ayaka Kukino
- From the Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The Knight Cardiovascular Institute (D.A.S., C.M.D., J.W.N., M.R.G., N.J.A.), Department of Neurological Surgery (D.A.S., J.S.C.), Advanced Imaging Research Center (Y.A.B., A.K., M.P.), Oregon Health and Science University, Portland; Department of Neurosurgery, Nishijima Hospital, Numazu City, Sizuoka, Japan (H.O.); and Portland VA Medical Center, OR (J.S.C.)
| | - Catherine M Davis
- From the Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The Knight Cardiovascular Institute (D.A.S., C.M.D., J.W.N., M.R.G., N.J.A.), Department of Neurological Surgery (D.A.S., J.S.C.), Advanced Imaging Research Center (Y.A.B., A.K., M.P.), Oregon Health and Science University, Portland; Department of Neurosurgery, Nishijima Hospital, Numazu City, Sizuoka, Japan (H.O.); and Portland VA Medical Center, OR (J.S.C.)
| | - Jonathan W Nelson
- From the Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The Knight Cardiovascular Institute (D.A.S., C.M.D., J.W.N., M.R.G., N.J.A.), Department of Neurological Surgery (D.A.S., J.S.C.), Advanced Imaging Research Center (Y.A.B., A.K., M.P.), Oregon Health and Science University, Portland; Department of Neurosurgery, Nishijima Hospital, Numazu City, Sizuoka, Japan (H.O.); and Portland VA Medical Center, OR (J.S.C.)
| | - Marjorie R Grafe
- From the Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The Knight Cardiovascular Institute (D.A.S., C.M.D., J.W.N., M.R.G., N.J.A.), Department of Neurological Surgery (D.A.S., J.S.C.), Advanced Imaging Research Center (Y.A.B., A.K., M.P.), Oregon Health and Science University, Portland; Department of Neurosurgery, Nishijima Hospital, Numazu City, Sizuoka, Japan (H.O.); and Portland VA Medical Center, OR (J.S.C.)
| | - Hirohisa Ono
- From the Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The Knight Cardiovascular Institute (D.A.S., C.M.D., J.W.N., M.R.G., N.J.A.), Department of Neurological Surgery (D.A.S., J.S.C.), Advanced Imaging Research Center (Y.A.B., A.K., M.P.), Oregon Health and Science University, Portland; Department of Neurosurgery, Nishijima Hospital, Numazu City, Sizuoka, Japan (H.O.); and Portland VA Medical Center, OR (J.S.C.)
| | - Justin S Cetas
- From the Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The Knight Cardiovascular Institute (D.A.S., C.M.D., J.W.N., M.R.G., N.J.A.), Department of Neurological Surgery (D.A.S., J.S.C.), Advanced Imaging Research Center (Y.A.B., A.K., M.P.), Oregon Health and Science University, Portland; Department of Neurosurgery, Nishijima Hospital, Numazu City, Sizuoka, Japan (H.O.); and Portland VA Medical Center, OR (J.S.C.)
| | - Martin Pike
- From the Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The Knight Cardiovascular Institute (D.A.S., C.M.D., J.W.N., M.R.G., N.J.A.), Department of Neurological Surgery (D.A.S., J.S.C.), Advanced Imaging Research Center (Y.A.B., A.K., M.P.), Oregon Health and Science University, Portland; Department of Neurosurgery, Nishijima Hospital, Numazu City, Sizuoka, Japan (H.O.); and Portland VA Medical Center, OR (J.S.C.)
| | - Nabil J Alkayed
- From the Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The Knight Cardiovascular Institute (D.A.S., C.M.D., J.W.N., M.R.G., N.J.A.), Department of Neurological Surgery (D.A.S., J.S.C.), Advanced Imaging Research Center (Y.A.B., A.K., M.P.), Oregon Health and Science University, Portland; Department of Neurosurgery, Nishijima Hospital, Numazu City, Sizuoka, Japan (H.O.); and Portland VA Medical Center, OR (J.S.C.).
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Nelson JW, Young JM, Borkar RN, Woltjer RL, Quinn JF, Silbert LC, Grafe MR, Alkayed NJ. Role of soluble epoxide hydrolase in age-related vascular cognitive decline. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2014; 113-115:30-7. [PMID: 25277097 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2014.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2014] [Revised: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
P450 eicosanoids are important regulators of the cerebral microcirculation, but their role in cerebral small vessel disease is unclear. We tested the hypothesis that vascular cognitive impairment (VCI) is linked to reduced cerebral microvascular eicosanoid signaling. We analyzed human brain tissue from individuals formerly enrolled in the Oregon Brain Aging Study, who had a history of cognitive impairment histopathological evidence of microvascular disease. VCI subjects had significantly higher lesion burden both on premortem MRI and postmortem histopathology compared to age- and sex-matched controls. Mass spectrometry-based eicosanoid analysis revealed that 14,15-dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acid (DHET) was elevated in cortical brain tissue from VCI subjects. Immunoreactivity of soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH), the enzyme responsible for 14,15-DHET formation, was localized to cerebral microvascular endothelium, and was enhanced in microvessels of affected tissue. Finally, we evaluated the genotype frequency of two functional single nucleotide polymorphisms of sEH gene EPHX2 in VCI and control groups. Our findings support a role for sEH and a potential benefit from sEH inhibitors in age-related VCI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan W Nelson
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239-3098, USA; The Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239-3098, USA
| | - Jennifer M Young
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239-3098, USA
| | - Rohan N Borkar
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239-3098, USA
| | - Randy L Woltjer
- Department of Pathology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239-3098, USA
| | - Joseph F Quinn
- Layton Aging and Alzheimer's Disease Center, Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239-3098, USA
| | - Lisa C Silbert
- Layton Aging and Alzheimer's Disease Center, Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239-3098, USA
| | - Marjorie R Grafe
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239-3098, USA; Department of Pathology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239-3098, USA
| | - Nabil J Alkayed
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239-3098, USA; Layton Aging and Alzheimer's Disease Center, Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239-3098, USA; The Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239-3098, USA.
| |
Collapse
|