Recent Advances in the Role of Different Nanoparticles in the Various Biosensors for the Detection of the Chikungunya Virus

The Role of Viral Infections in Acute Kidney Injury and Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Based Therapy

Viruses may cause a wide range of renal problems. Furthermore, many kidney diseases may be brought on by viral infections. Both the primary cause and a contributing factor of acute kidney injury (AKI) may be viral infections. As an example, it is recommended that patients with dengue virus (DENV) infections undergo careful monitoring of their AKI levels. Also, researchers' data so far lend credence to the several hypothesized pathophysiological mechanisms via which AKI can develop in SARS-CoV- 2 infection. Thus, it is critical to comprehend how viral infections cause AKI. Finding an effective method of treating AKI caused by viruses is also vital. Thus, a potential cell-free method for treating AKI that uses regenerative and anti-inflammatory processes is mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and their exosomes (MSC-EXOs). MSCs alleviate tissue damage and enhance protective effects on damaged kidneys in AKI. Furthermore, MSC-EXOs have exhibited substantial regulatory impact on a range of immune cells and exhibit robust immune regulation in the therapy of AKI. Thus, in models of AKI caused by ischemia-reperfusion damage, nephrotoxins, or sepsis, MSCs and MSC-EXOs improved renal function, decreased inflammation, and improved healing. Therefore, MSCs and MSC-EXOs may help treat AKI caused by different viruses. Consequently, we have explored several innovative and significant processes in this work that pertain to the role of viruses in AKI and the significance of viral illness in the onset of AKI. After that, we assessed the key aspects of MSCs and MSC-EXOs for AKI therapy. We have concluded by outlining the current state of and plans for future research into MSC- and EXO-based therapeutic approaches for the treatment of AKI brought on by viruses.

Portable Point-of-Care Diagnosis Platforms and Emerging Predictive Biomarkers for Rapid Detection of Severe Dengue Viral Infection

Dengue virus (DENV) infection is a major global public health problem, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions where Aedes mosquitoes are prevalent. The clinical spectrum of dengue ranges from mild febrile illness to severe conditions such as dengue hemorrhagic fever and dengue shock syndrome. Early prediction of dengue progress is crucial for timely therapeutic medications, which can reduce both morbidity and mortality. Traditional diagnostic methods such as serological tests and polymerase chain reactions are often time-consuming and require sophisticated infrastructure and skilled personnel. To overcome these limitations, the development of point-of-care (POC) diagnosis platforms and novel predictive biomarkers is crucial to providing rapid, real-time diagnostic tools that can be used in low-resource settings and at the patient's bedside. Predictive biomarkers enable the identification of disease risk in the early stages and can reduce hospitalization visits. This review offers a comprehensive overview of portable POC diagnosis platforms and emerging predictive biomarkers for the rapid diagnosis of severe DENV infection. Its provides an overview of its epidemiology, discusses the global burden of DENV, and explores DENV infection with different serotypes, as well as the clinical spectrum and severity of dengue. The key focus is on the latest advancements in POC diagnosis readout methods and portable POC devices for DENV diagnosis, including colorimetric assay, electrochemical method, lateral flow strip, and microfluidic chip platforms. In addition, the review article explores various emerging predictive biomarkers for the rapid detection of DENV, while also highlighting the limitations associated with protein, nucleic acid, and metabolic biomarkers. Finally, we address the current challenges, limitations, and potential future directions of POC diagnosis platforms for the diagnosis of severe DENV infection.

Integrating enzyme-nanoparticles bring new prospects for the diagnosis and treatment of immune dysregulation in periodontitis

Enzymes play a significant role in mediating inflammatory and immune responses in periodontitis. Effective diagnosis, timely treatment, and continuous management of periodontal enzymes are essential to prevent undesirable consequences; however, this remains a significant challenge. Nanoparticles (NPs) have attracted significant attention in biomedicine because of their advantageous nanosized effects. NPs are conjugated with specific enzyme substrates at responsive sites that are triggered by periodontitis enzyme biomarkers, leading to functional or characteristic changes. In contrast, NPs with enzyme-mimetic activities exhibit catalytic activity, effectively destroying pathogenic biofilms and modulating the immune response in periodontitis. The unique properties of enzyme-targeting NPs have enabled the development of biosensors and fluorescent probes capable of identifying enzyme biomarkers associated with periodontitis. Enzyme-responsive and enzyme-mimetic NPs both exert therapeutic applications in the treatment of periodontitis. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the enzymes associated with periodontitis, the mechanisms of enzyme-responsive and enzyme-mimetic NPs, recent advancements in the use of NPs for detecting these enzymes, and the therapeutic applications of NPs in targeting or mimicking enzyme functions. We also discuss the challenges and prospects of using NPs in the diagnosis and treatment of periodontitis.

Recent Advances in Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus Detection, Treatment, and Vaccination: Overview of Current Status and Challenges

Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) is a tick-borne virus, and zoonosis, and affects large regions of Asia, Southwestern and Southeastern Europe, and Africa. CCHFV can produce symptoms, including no specific clinical symptoms, mild to severe clinical symptoms, or deadly infections. Virus isolation attempts, antigen-capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) are all possible diagnostic tests for CCHFV. Furthermore, an efficient, quick, and cheap technology, including biosensors, must be designed and developed to detect CCHFV. The goal of this article is to offer an overview of modern laboratory tests available as well as other innovative detection methods such as biosensors for CCHFV, as well as the benefits and limits of the assays. Furthermore, confirmed cases of CCHF are managed with symptomatic assistance and general supportive care. This study examined the various treatment modalities, as well as their respective limitations and developments, including immunotherapy and antivirals. Recent biotechnology advancements and the availability of suitable animal models have accelerated the development of CCHF vaccines by a substantial margin. We examined a range of potential vaccines for CCHF in this research, comprising nucleic acid, viral particles, inactivated, and multi-epitope vaccines, as well as the present obstacles and developments in this field. Thus, the purpose of this review is to present a comprehensive summary of the endeavors dedicated to advancing various diagnostic, therapeutic, and preventive strategies for CCHF infection in anticipation of forthcoming hazards.

Molecular and serological evidence of chikungunya virus infection with high case fatality among pediatric population with acute encephalitis syndrome: first report from Eastern Uttar Pradesh, India

Acute encephalitis syndrome (AES) outbreaks in children of Eastern Uttar Pradesh (E-UP) region of India have been a longstanding public health issue, with a significant case fatality rate of 20-25%. Since past decade, a rise in chikungunya (CHIK) cases has been occurring, which is a reported etiology of AES. However, the burden of chikungunya virus (CHIKV) among pediatric AES (pAES) is unknown from E-UP. We included 238 hospitalized pAES cases. The presence of IgM antibodies for CHIKV, and Dengue virus (DENV) was tested, and RT-PCR was performed for CHIKV and DENV in serologically confirmed CHIKV and DENV pAES cases. Positive samples were sequenced using Sangers sequencing. Further, to check for co-infection, IgM antibodies for other AES etiologies including Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), Leptospira and Orientia tsutsugamushi (OT) in serum were also investigated. IgM ELISA demonstrated 5.04% (12) positivity for CHIKV. Among CHIKV IgM positive, 3 (25%, 3/12) pAES patients died. CHIKV genome was detected in 3 pAES specimens. Among which, 2 CHIKV cases were also positive for OT DNA. Partially sequenced CHIKV were genotyped as ECSA. The overall finding indicates evidence of CHIKV infection with high case fatality among pAES patients from E-UP. This study advocates constant serological and molecular surveillance of CHIKV in AES endemic regions of India.

The potential use of nanozymes as an antibacterial agents in oral infection, periodontitis, and peri-implantitis

Several studies suggest that oral pathogenic biofilms cause persistent oral infections. Among these is periodontitis, a prevalent condition brought on by plaque biofilm. It can even result in tooth loss. Furthermore, the accumulation of germs around a dental implant may lead to peri-implantitis, which damages the surrounding bone and gum tissue. Furthermore, bacterial biofilm contamination on the implant causes soft tissue irritation and adjacent bone resorption, severely compromising dental health. On decontaminated implant surfaces, however, re-osseointegration cannot be induced by standard biofilm removal techniques such as mechanical cleaning and antiseptic treatment. A family of nanoparticles known as nanozymes (NZs) comprise highly catalytically active multivalent metal components. The most often employed NZs with antibacterial activity are those that have peroxidase (POD) activity, among other types of NZs. Since NZs are less expensive, more easily produced, and more stable than natural enzymes, they hold great promise for use in various applications, including treating microbial infections. NZs have significantly contributed to studying implant success rates and periodontal health maintenance in periodontics and implantology. An extensive analysis of the research on various NZs and their applications in managing oral health conditions, including dental caries, dental pulp disorders, oral ulcers, peri-implantitis, and bacterial infections of the mouth. To combat bacteria, this review concentrates on NZs that imitate the activity of enzymes in implantology and periodontology. With a view to the future, there are several ways that NZs might be used to treat dental disorders antibacterially.

Recent advances in nanomaterial-based biosensor for periodontitis detection

Periodontitis, a chronic inflammatory condition caused by bacteria, often causes gradual destruction of the components that support teeth, such as the alveolar bone, cementum, periodontal ligament, and gingiva. This ultimately results in teeth becoming loose and eventually falling out. Timely identification has a crucial role in preventing and controlling its progression. Clinical measures are used to diagnose periodontitis. However, now, there is a hunt for alternative diagnostic and monitoring methods due to the progress of technology. Various biomarkers have been assessed using multiple bodily fluids as sample sources. Furthermore, conventional periodontal categorization factors do not provide significant insights into the present disease activity, severity and amount of tissue damage, future development, and responsiveness to treatment. In recent times, there has been a growing utilization of nanoparticle (NP)-based detection strategies to create quick and efficient detection assays. Every single one of these platforms leverages the distinct characteristics of NPs to identify periodontitis. Plasmonic NPs include metal NPs, quantum dots (QDs), carbon base NPs, and nanozymes, exceptionally potent light absorbers and scatterers. These find application in labeling, surface-enhanced spectroscopy, and color-changing sensors. Fluorescent NPs function as photostable and sensitive instruments capable of labeling various biological targets. This article presents a comprehensive summary of the latest developments in the effective utilization of various NPs to detect periodontitis.