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Lei X, Xie XN, Yang JX, Li YM. The emerging role of extracellular vesicles in the diagnosis and treatment of autism spectrum disorders. Psychiatry Res 2024; 337:115954. [PMID: 38744180 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2024.115954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are neurodevelopmental conditions characterized by restricted, repetitive behavioral patterns and deficits in social interactions. The prevalence of ASD has continued to rise in recent years. However, the etiology and pathophysiology of ASD remain largely unknown. Currently, the diagnosis of ASD relies on behavior measures, and there is a lack of reliable and objective biomarkers. In addition, there are still no effective pharmacologic therapies for the core symptoms of ASD. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid bilayer nanovesicles secreted by almost all types of cells. EVs play a vital role in cell-cell communications and are known to bear various biological functions. Emerging evidence demonstrated that EVs are involved in many physiological and pathological processes throughout the body and the content in EVs can reflect the status of the originating cells. EVs have demonstrated the potential of broad applications for the diagnosis and treatment of various brain diseases, suggesting that EVs may have also played a role in the pathological process of ASD. Besides, EVs can be utilized as therapeutic agents for their endogenous substances and biological functions. Additionally, EVs can serve as drug delivery tools as nano-sized vesicles with inherent targeting ability. Here, we discuss the potential of EVs to be considered as promising diagnostic biomarkers and their potential therapeutic applications for ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Lei
- Clinical Nursing Teaching and Research Section, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, PR China; School of Public Health, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Xue-Ni Xie
- Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
| | - Jia-Xin Yang
- Clinical Nursing Teaching and Research Section, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, PR China; National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, PR China
| | - Ya-Min Li
- Clinical Nursing Teaching and Research Section, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, PR China; National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, PR China.
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2
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Shang Z, Wanyan P, Wang M, Zhang B, Cui X, Wang X. Stem cell-derived exosomes for traumatic spinal cord injury: a systematic review and network meta-analysis based on a rat model. Cytotherapy 2024; 26:1-10. [PMID: 37804282 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2023.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS Exosome therapy for traumatic spinal cord injury (TSCI) is a current research hotspot, but its therapeutic effect and the best source of stem cells for exosomes are unclear. METHODS The Web of Science, PubMed, Embase, Cochrane, and Scopus databases were searched from inception to March 28, 2023. Literature screening, data extraction and risk of bias assessment were performed independently by two investigators. RESULTS A total of 40 studies were included for data analysis. The findings of our traditional meta-analysis indicate that exosomes derived from stem cells significantly improve the motor function of TSCI at various time points (1 week: weighted mean difference [WMD] = 1.58, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.87-2.30] 2 weeks: WMD = 3.12, 95% CI 2.64-3.61; 3 weeks: WMD = 4.44, 95% CI 3.27-5.60; 4 weeks: WMD = 4.54, 95% CI 3.42-5.66). Four kinds of stem cell-derived exosomes have been studied: bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells, adipose mesenchymal stem cells, umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells and neural stem cells. The results of the network meta-analysis showed that there was no significant statistical difference in the therapeutic effect among the exosomes derived from four kinds of stem cells at different treatment time points. Although exosomes derived from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells are the current research focus, exosomes derived from neural stem cells have the most therapeutic potential and should become the focus of future attention. CONCLUSIONS The exosomes derived from stem cells can significantly improve the motor function of TSCI rats, and the exosomes derived from neural stem cells have the most therapeutic potential. However, the lower evidence quality of animal studies limits the reliability of experimental results, emphasizing the need for more high-quality, direct comparative studies to explore the therapeutic efficacy of exosomes and the best source of stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhizhong Shang
- The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Pingping Wanyan
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China; The Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Mingchuan Wang
- The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Baolin Zhang
- The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiaoqian Cui
- The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xin Wang
- The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China; Chengren Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Gansu Province, China; Department of Spine, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China.
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3
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Beylerli O, Tamrazov R, Gareev I, Ilyasova T, Shumadalova A, Bai Y, Yang B. Role of exosomal ncRNAs in traumatic brain injury. Noncoding RNA Res 2023; 8:686-692. [PMID: 37860267 PMCID: PMC10582766 DOI: 10.1016/j.ncrna.2023.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a complex neurological disorder that often results in long-term disabilities, cognitive impairments, and emotional disturbances. Despite significant advancements in understanding the pathophysiology of TBI, effective treatments remain limited. In recent years, exosomal non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) have emerged as potential players in TBI pathogenesis and as novel diagnostic and therapeutic targets. Exosomal ncRNAs are small RNA molecules that are secreted by cells and transported to distant sites, where they can modulate gene expression and cell signaling pathways. They have been shown to play important roles in various aspects of TBI, such as neuroinflammation, blood-brain barrier dysfunction, and neuronal apoptosis. The ability of exosomal ncRNAs to cross the blood-brain barrier and reach the brain parenchyma makes them attractive candidates for non-invasive biomarkers and drug delivery systems. However, significant challenges still need to be addressed before exosomal ncRNAs can be translated into clinical practice, including standardization of isolation and quantification methods, validation of their diagnostic and prognostic value, and optimization of their therapeutic efficacy and safety. This review aims to summarize the current knowledge regarding the role of exosomal ncRNAs in TBI, including their biogenesis, function, and potential applications in diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment. We also discuss the challenges and future perspectives of using exosomal ncRNAs as clinical tools for TBI management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozal Beylerli
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, People's Republic of China
- Translational Medicine Research and Cooperation Center of Northern China, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, People's Republic of China
| | - Rasim Tamrazov
- Department of Oncology, Radiology and Radiotherapy, Tyumen State Medical University, 54 Odesskaya Street, 625023, Tyumen, Russia
| | - Ilgiz Gareev
- Central Research Laboratory, Bashkir State Medical University, Ufa, Republic of Bashkortostan, 3 Lenin Street, 450008, Russia
| | - Tatiana Ilyasova
- Department of Internal Diseases, Bashkir State Medical University, Ufa, Republic of Bashkortostan, 450008, Russia
| | - Alina Shumadalova
- Department of General Chemistry, Bashkir State Medical University, Ufa, Republic of Bashkortostan, 3 Lenin Street, 450008, Russia
| | - Yunlong Bai
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, People's Republic of China
| | - Baofeng Yang
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, People's Republic of China
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4
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Hwang J, Jang S, Kim C, Lee S, Jeong HS. Role of Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes and microRNAs in Spinal Cord Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13849. [PMID: 37762150 PMCID: PMC10530823 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241813849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurological disorders represent a global health problem. Current pharmacological treatments often lead to short-term symptomatic relief but have dose-dependent side effects, such as inducing orthostatic arterial hypotension due to the blockade of alpha receptors, cardiotoxic effects due to impaired repolarization, and atrioventricular block and tachycardia, including ventricular fibrillation. These challenges have driven the medical community to seek effective treatments for this serious global health threat. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are pluripotent cells with anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and immunomodulatory properties, providing a promising alternative due to their ability to differentiate, favorable culture conditions, in vitro manipulation ability, and robust properties. Although MSCs themselves rarely differentiate into neurons at the site of injury after transplantation in vivo, paracrine factors secreted by MSCs can create environmental conditions for cell-to-cell communication and have shown therapeutic effects. Recent studies have shown that the pleiotropic effects of MSCs, particularly their immunomodulatory potential, can be attributed primarily to these paracrine factors. Exosomes derived from MSCs are known to play an important role in these effects. Many studies have evaluated the potential of exosome-based therapies for the treatment of various neurological diseases. In addition to exosomes, various miRNAs derived from MSCs have been identified to regulate genes and alleviate neuropathological changes in neurodegenerative diseases. This review explores the burgeoning field of exosome-based therapies, focusing on the effects of MSC-derived exosomes and exosomal miRNAs, and summarizes recent findings that shed light on the potential of exosomes in the treatment of neurological disorders. The insights gained from this review may pave the way for innovative and effective treatments for these complex conditions. Furthermore, we suggest the therapeutic effects of exosomes and exosomal miRNAs from MSCs, which have a rescue potential in spinal cord injury via diverse signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinsu Hwang
- Department of Physiology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun 58128, Republic of Korea; (J.H.); (S.J.)
| | - Sujeong Jang
- Department of Physiology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun 58128, Republic of Korea; (J.H.); (S.J.)
| | - Choonghyo Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea;
| | - Sungjoon Lee
- Department of Neurosurgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, Republic of Korea;
| | - Han-Seong Jeong
- Department of Physiology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun 58128, Republic of Korea; (J.H.); (S.J.)
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5
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Dong X, Dong JF, Zhang J. Roles and therapeutic potential of different extracellular vesicle subtypes on traumatic brain injury. Cell Commun Signal 2023; 21:211. [PMID: 37596642 PMCID: PMC10436659 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01165-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of injury-related disability and death around the world, but the clinical stratification, diagnosis, and treatment of complex TBI are limited. Due to their unique properties, extracellular vesicles (EVs) are emerging candidates for being biomarkers of traumatic brain injury as well as serving as potential therapeutic targets. However, the effects of different extracellular vesicle subtypes on the pathophysiology of traumatic brain injury are very different, or potentially even opposite. Before extracellular vesicles can be used as targets for TBI therapy, it is necessary to classify different extracellular vesicle subtypes according to their functions to clarify different strategies for EV-based TBI therapy. The purpose of this review is to discuss contradictory effects of different EV subtypes on TBI, and to propose treatment ideas based on different EV subtypes to maximize their benefits for the recovery of TBI patients. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinlong Dong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 119, Nansihuan West Road, Fengtai District, Beijing, China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Central Nervous System Injury, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
| | - Jing-Fei Dong
- Bloodworks Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jianning Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
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6
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Exosomes as biomarkers and therapeutic measures for ischemic stroke. Eur J Pharmacol 2023; 939:175477. [PMID: 36543286 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2022.175477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke (IS) is the leading cause of long-term disability in the world and characterized by high morbidity, recurrence, complications, and mortality. Due to the lack of early diagnostic indicators, limited therapeutic measures and inadequate prognostic indicators, the diagnosis and treatment of IS remains a particular challenge at present. It has recently been reported that exosomes (EXOs) play a significant role in the pathogenesis and treatment of IS. The purpose of this paper is to probe the role of EXOs in diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic measures for IS and to provide innovative ideas for improving the prognosis of IS.
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7
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Guo C, Lv H, Bai Y, Guo M, Li P, Tong S, He K. Circular RNAs in extracellular vesicles: Promising candidate biomarkers for schizophrenia. Front Genet 2023; 13:997322. [PMID: 36685830 PMCID: PMC9852742 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.997322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
As one of common and severe mental illnesses, schizophrenia is difficult to be diagnosed exactly. Both its pathogenesis and the causes of its development are still uncertain because of its etiology complexity. At present, the diagnosis of schizophrenia is mainly based on the patient's symptoms and signs, lacking reliable biomarkers that can be used for diagnosis. Circular RNAs in extracellular vesicles (EV circRNAs) can be used as promising candidate biomarkers for schizophrenia and other diseases, for they are not only high stability and disease specificity, but also are rich in contents and easy to be detected. The review is to focus on the research progress of the correlation between circRNAs and schizophrenia, and then to explores the possibility of EV circRNAs as new biomarkers for the schizophrenia diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuang Guo
- College of Life Sciences and Food Engineering, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao, China
| | - Haibing Lv
- College of Life Sciences and Food Engineering, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao, China
| | - Yulong Bai
- College of Life Sciences and Food Engineering, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao, China
| | - Meng Guo
- Network Center, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao, China
| | - Pengfei Li
- Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao, China
| | - Shuping Tong
- Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao, China
| | - Kuanjun He
- College of Life Sciences and Food Engineering, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao, China,*Correspondence: Kuanjun He,
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Kanao E, Wada S, Nishida H, Kubo T, Tanigawa T, Imami K, Shimoda A, Umezaki K, Sasaki Y, Akiyoshi K, Adachi J, Otsuka K, Ishihama Y. Classification of Extracellular Vesicles Based on Surface Glycan Structures by Spongy-like Separation Media. Anal Chem 2022; 94:18025-18033. [PMID: 36511577 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c04391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid bilayer vesicles that enclose various biomolecules. EVs hold promise as sensitive biomarkers to detect and monitor various diseases. However, they have heterogeneous molecular compositions. The compositions of EVs from identical donor cells obtained using the same purification methods may differ, which is a significant obstacle for elucidating objective biological functions. Herein, the potential of a novel lectin-based affinity chromatography (LAC) method to classify EVs based on their glycan structures is demonstrated. The proposed method utilizes a spongy-like monolithic polymer (spongy monolith, SPM), which consists of poly(ethylene-co-glycidyl methacrylate) with continuous micropores and allows an efficient in situ protein reaction with epoxy groups. Two distinct lectins with different specificities, Sambucus sieboldiana agglutinin and concanavalin A, are effectively immobilized on SPM without impacting the binding activity. Moreover, high recovery rates of liposomal nanoparticles as a model of EVs are achieved due to the large flow-through pores (>10 μm) of SPM compared to a typical agarose gel. Finally, lectin-immobilized SPMs are employed to classify EVs based on the surface glycan structures and demonstrate different subpopulations by proteome profiling. This is the first approach to clarify the variation of protein contents in EVs by the difference of surface glycans via lectin immobilized media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eisuke Kanao
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto606-8501, Japan.,National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Ibaraki, Osaka567-0085, Japan
| | - Shuntaro Wada
- Department of Material Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto615-8510, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nishida
- National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Ibaraki, Osaka567-0085, Japan
| | - Takuya Kubo
- Department of Material Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto615-8510, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Tanigawa
- Department of Material Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto615-8510, Japan
| | - Koshi Imami
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto606-8501, Japan.,Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama332-0012, Japan
| | - Asako Shimoda
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto615-8510, Japan
| | - Kaori Umezaki
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto615-8510, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Sasaki
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto615-8510, Japan
| | - Kazunari Akiyoshi
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto615-8510, Japan
| | - Jun Adachi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto606-8501, Japan.,National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Ibaraki, Osaka567-0085, Japan
| | - Koji Otsuka
- Department of Material Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto615-8510, Japan
| | - Yasushi Ishihama
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto606-8501, Japan.,National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Ibaraki, Osaka567-0085, Japan
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Wang ZY, Wen ZJ, Xu HM, Zhang Y, Zhang YF. Exosomal noncoding RNAs in central nervous system diseases: biological functions and potential clinical applications. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:1004221. [PMID: 36438184 PMCID: PMC9681831 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.1004221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) disease is a general term for a series of complex and diverse diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), multiple sclerosis (MS), CNS tumors, stroke, epilepsy, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Interneuron and neuron-glia cells communicate with each other through their homeostatic microenvironment. Exosomes in the microenvironment have crucial impacts on interneuron and neuron-glia cells by transferring their contents, such as proteins, lipids, and ncRNAs, constituting a novel form of cell-to-cell interaction and communication. Exosomal noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), including microRNAs (miRNAs), long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), circular RNAs (circRNAs), and PIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNAs), regulate physiological functions and maintain CNS homeostasis. Exosomes are regarded as extracellular messengers that transfer ncRNAs between neurons and body fluids due to their ability to cross the blood-brain barrier. This review aims to summarize the current understanding of exosomal ncRNAs in CNS diseases, including prospective diagnostic biomarkers, pathological regulators, therapeutic strategies and clinical applications. We also provide an all-sided discussion of the comparison with some similar CNS diseases and the main limitations and challenges for exosomal ncRNAs in clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Yu Wang
- Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Zeng-Jin Wen
- Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Hai-Ming Xu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health and Management, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
- The Key Laboratory of Environmental Factors and Chronic Disease Control of Ningxia, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yin-Feng Zhang
- Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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Chen Y, Zhu J, Ji J, Liu Z, Ren G. The role of microglial exosomes in brain injury. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:1003809. [DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.1003809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are involved in immune responses to central nervous system (CNS) injury. Meanwhile, exosomes derived from microglia are important mediators of information and material exchange in brain, which play an important role in neuroprotective or damaging effects. Microglial exosomes contain a variety of molecular cargos, including microRNAs, soluble proteins, and lipids, which have regulatory effects on other types of cells and microenvironment in brain. In this review, we summarized microglial exosome characteristics, release patterns, pro-proliferative and pro-apoptotic effects on neurons and other glial cells, immunomodulatory effects, and regulation of the extracellular microenvironment. Understanding the relationship between microglia exosomes and brain injury can provide new targets for clinical treatment.
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11
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Xiao X, Li W, Xu Z, Sun Z, Ye H, Wu Y, Zhang Y, Xie L, Jiang D, Jia R, Wang X. Extracellular vesicles from human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells reduce lipopolysaccharide-induced spinal cord injury neuronal apoptosis by mediating miR-29b-3p/PTEN. Connect Tissue Res 2022; 63:634-649. [PMID: 35603476 DOI: 10.1080/03008207.2022.2060826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study investigated the molecular mechanism of whether hUC-MSCs-EVs repressed PTEN expression and activated the PI3K/AKT pathway through miR-29b-3p, thus inhibiting LPS-induced neuronal injury. METHODS hUC-MSCs were cultured and then identified. Cell morphology was observed. Alizarin red, oil red O, and alcian blue staining were used for inducing osteogenesis, adipogenesis, and chondrogenesis. EVs were extracted from hUC-MSCs and identified by transmission electron microscope observation and Western blot. SCI neuron model was established by 24h lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induction. After the cells were cultured with EVs without any treatment, uptake of EVs by SCI neurons, miR-29b-3p expression, cell viability, apoptosis, caspase-3, cleaved caspase-3, caspase 9, Bcl-2, PTEN, PI3K, AKT, and p-Akt protein levels, caspase 3 and caspase 9 activities, and inflammatory factors IL-6 and IL-1β levels were detected by immunofluorescence labeling, RT-qPCR, MTT, flow cytometry, Western blot, caspase 3 and caspase 9 activity detection kits, and ELISA. The binding sites between PTEN and miR-29b-3p were predicted by the database and verified by dual-luciferase assay. RESULTS LPS-induced SCI cell model was successfully established, and hUC-MSCs-EVs inhibited LPS-induced apoptosis of injured spinal cord neurons. EVs transferred miR-29b-3p into LPS-induced injured neurons. miR-29b-3p silencing reversed EV effects on reducing LPS-induced neuronal apoptosis. miR-29b-3p reduced LPS-induced neuronal apoptosis by targeting PTEN. After EVs-miR-inhi and si-PTEN treatment, inhibition of the PI3K/AKT pathway reversed hUC-MSCs-EVs effects on reducing LPS-induced neuronal apoptosis. CONCLUSION hUC-MSCs-EVs activated the PI3K/AKT pathway by carrying miR-29b-3p into SCI neurons and silencing PTEN, thus reducing neuronal apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Xiao
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Xiangya Hospital of Central-South University, Changsha City, Hunan Province, China
| | - Weiwei Li
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Xiangya Hospital of Central-South University, Changsha City, Hunan Province, China
| | - Zhenchao Xu
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Xiangya Hospital of Central-South University, Changsha City, Hunan Province, China
| | - Zhicheng Sun
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Xiangya Hospital of Central-South University, Changsha City, Hunan Province, China
| | - Hongru Ye
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Xiangya Hospital of Central-South University, Changsha City, Hunan Province, China
| | - Yunqi Wu
- Hunan Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Artificial Osteo-materials, Changsha City, Hunan Province, China
| | - Yilu Zhang
- Hunan Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Artificial Osteo-materials, Changsha City, Hunan Province, China
| | - Liqiong Xie
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Xiangya Hospital of Central-South University, Changsha City, Hunan Province, China
| | - Dingyu Jiang
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Xiangya Hospital of Central-South University, Changsha City, Hunan Province, China
| | - Runze Jia
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Xiangya Hospital of Central-South University, Changsha City, Hunan Province, China
| | - Xiyang Wang
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Xiangya Hospital of Central-South University, Changsha City, Hunan Province, China.,Hunan Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Artificial Osteo-materials, Changsha City, Hunan Province, China
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12
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Exosomes as New Generation Vehicles for Drug Delivery: Biomedical Applications and Future Perspectives. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27217289. [PMID: 36364116 PMCID: PMC9658823 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27217289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, particular interest among the scientific community is focused on exploring the use of exosomes for several pharmaceutical and biomedical applications. This is due to the identification of the role of exosomes as an excellent intercellular communicator by delivering the requisite cargo comprising of functional proteins, metabolites and nucleic acids. Exosomes are the smallest extracellular vesicles (EV) with sizes ranging from 30–100 nm and are derived from endosomes. Exosomes have similar surface morphology to cells and act as a signal transduction channel between cells. They encompass different biomolecules, such as proteins, nucleic acids and lipids, thus rendering them naturally as an attractive drug delivery vehicle. Like the other advanced drug delivery systems, such as polymeric nanoparticles and liposomes to encapsulate drug substances, exosomes also gained much attention in enhancing therapeutic activity. Exosomes present many advantages, such as compatibility with living tissues, low toxicity, extended blood circulation, capability to pass contents from one cell to another, non-immunogenic and special targeting of various cells, making them an excellent therapeutic carrier. Exosome-based molecules for drug delivery are still in the early stages of research and clinical trials. The problems and clinical transition issues related to exosome-based drugs need to be overcome using advanced tools for better understanding and systemic evaluation of exosomes. In this current review, we summarize the most up-to-date knowledge about the complex biological journey of exosomes from biogenesis and secretion, isolation techniques, characterization, loading methods, pharmaceutical and therapeutic applications, challenges and future perspectives of exosomes.
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Yang H, Chen J. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes carrying long noncoding RNA ZFAS1 alleviate oxidative stress and inflammation in ischemic stroke by inhibiting microRNA-15a-5p. Metab Brain Dis 2022; 37:2545-2557. [PMID: 35907132 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-022-00997-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell (BMSC)-derived exosomes can prevent oxidative stress and inflammation in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. This study intended to assess influences of BMSC-released exosomes on oxidative stress and inflammation following ischemic stroke. METHODS In vitro and in vivo models were developed using oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion (OGD/R) and middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO), respectively. After exosome isolation, co-culture experiments of BMSCs or BMSC-derived exosomes and OGD/R-treated BV-2 cells were implemented to evaluate the impacts of BMSCs or BMSC-secreted exosomes on proliferation, inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis. The gain-of-function experiments of ZFAS1 or microRNA (miR)-15a-5p were conducted to investigate the associated mechanisms. Besides, MCAO mice were injected with exosomes from BMSCs overexpressing ZFAS1 for in vivo verification. The binding of ZFAS1 to miR-15a-5p was assessed through dual-luciferase reporter gene assay. RESULTS Co-culture with BMSCs accelerated proliferation and downregulated IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α in OGD/R-exposed BV-2 cells, accompanied by increased SOD level and decreased MDA level and apoptosis, all of which were nullified by inhibiting exosome secretion. Mechanistically, ZFAS1 bound to miR-15a-5p to negatively orchestrate its expression. In addition, BMSC-released exosomes or BMSC-secreted exosomal ZFAS1 augmented proliferation but reduced oxidative stress, apoptosis, and inflammation in OGD/R-exposed BV-2 cells, whereas these impacts of BMSC-released exosomal ZFAS1 were nullified by overexpressing miR-15a-5p. Moreover, BMSC-derived exosomal ZFAS1 diminished MCAO-induced oxidative stress, cerebral infarction, and inflammation in mice. CONCLUSIONS Conclusively, BMSC-released exosomes might carry long noncoding RNA ZFAS1 to curb oxidative stress and inflammation related to ischemic stroke, which was possibly realized through miR-15a-5p inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaitao Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, No. 169, Donghu Road, Wuchang District, 430071, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Jincao Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, No. 169, Donghu Road, Wuchang District, 430071, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China.
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Mechanisms and Biomarker Potential of Extracellular Vesicles in Stroke. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11081231. [PMID: 36009857 PMCID: PMC9405035 DOI: 10.3390/biology11081231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary A stroke occurs when there is a lack of blood flow to the brain. Stroke injures the brain and can have devastating outcomes depending on the size and location of the brain tissue affected. Currently, there are only a limited number of treatment options for stroke. Extracellular vesicles are small vesicles secreted by cells. Importantly, extracellular vesicles have specific markers indicating the cell they were released from and can pass from the brain into the blood. For these reasons, assessing extracellular vesicles in the blood may create a window into changes occurring in the brain. Assessing changes in extracellular vesicles in the blood during stroke may produce new insight into the cellular changes in the brain causing injury during stroke. This in turn may generate potential targets for the development of future treatments. We summarize what is known about changes in brain-cell-specific extracellular vesicles during stroke and stress the importance of continuing to study these changes. Abstract Stoke is a prevalent and devastating neurologic condition with limited options for therapeutic management. Since brain tissue is rarely accessible clinically, peripheral biomarkers for the central nervous system’s (CNS’s) cellular response to stroke may prove critical for increasing our understanding of stroke pathology and elucidating novel therapeutic targets. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are cell-derived, membrane-enclosed vesicles secreted by all cell types within the CNS that can freely pass the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and contain unique markers and content linked to their cell of origin. These unique qualities make brain-derived EVs novel candidates for non-invasive blood-based biomarkers of both cell specificity and cell physiological state during the progression of stroke and recovery. While studies are continuously emerging that are assessing the therapeutic potential of EVs and profiling EV cargo, a vast minority of these studies link EV content to specific cell types. A better understanding of cell-specific EV release during the acute, subacute, and chronic stages of stroke is needed to further elucidate the cellular processes responsible for stroke pathophysiology. Herein, we outline what is known about EV release from distinct cell types of the CNS during stroke and the potential of these EVs as peripheral biomarkers for cellular function in the CNS during stroke.
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Gerber KS, Alvarez G, Alamian A, Behar-Zusman V, Downs CA. Biomarkers of Neuroinflammation in Traumatic Brain Injury. Clin Nurs Res 2022; 31:1203-1218. [PMID: 35770330 DOI: 10.1177/10547738221107081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is characterized by neuroinflammation and structural damage leading to symptoms and altered brain function. Biomarkers are useful in understanding neuroinflammation and correlations with TBI sequalae. The purpose of this paper is to identify and discuss biomarkers of neuroinflammation used to study TBI and its sequalae. A systematic review was conducted using PubMed, CINAHL, Embase, and Web of Science. A total of 350 articles met criteria; 70 used biomarkers. PRISMA criteria were used for Quality Assessment. Articles included reviews (n = 17), case-control (n = 25), cross-sectional (n = 25) studies, and randomized controlled trials (n = 3). Twenty-seven biomarkers were identified, including inflammasomes, cytokines, neuropeptides, complement complexes, miRNA and exosomes, and glial cell-specific proteins. Biomarkers aid in predicting morbidity and mortality and advance our understanding of neuroinflammation in TBI. This systematic review advances our understanding of the neuroinflammatory response to better enable nurses and clinicians to provide informed care of TBI patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn S Gerber
- University of Miami School of Nursing and Health Studies, Coral Gables, FL, USA
| | - Gema Alvarez
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL, USA
| | - Arsham Alamian
- University of Miami School of Nursing and Health Studies, Coral Gables, FL, USA
| | | | - Charles A Downs
- University of Miami School of Nursing and Health Studies, Coral Gables, FL, USA
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16
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Edwards KA, Leete JJ, Smith EG, Quick A, Modica CM, Wassermann EM, Polejaeva E, Dell KC, LoPresti M, Walker P, O'Brien M, Lai C, Qu BX, Devoto C, Carr W, Stone JR, Ahlers ST, Gill JM. Elevations in Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha and Interleukin 6 From Neuronal-Derived Extracellular Vesicles in Repeated Low-Level Blast Exposed Personnel. Front Neurol 2022; 13:723923. [PMID: 35528741 PMCID: PMC9070565 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.723923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The purpose of this pilot study was to determine if military service members with histories of hundreds to thousands of low-level blast exposures (i. e., experienced breachers) had different levels of serum and neuronal-derived extracellular vesicle (EV) concentrations of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), compared to matched controls, and if these biomarkers related to neurobehavioral symptoms. Methods Participants were experienced breachers (n = 20) and matched controls without blast exposures (n = 14). Neuronal-derived EVs were isolated from serum and identified with mouse anti-human CD171. Serum and neuronal-derived EVs were analyzed for IL-6, IL-10, and TNFα using an ultra-sensitive assay. Results Serum TNFα concentrations were decreased in breachers when compared to control concentrations (p < 0.01). There were no differences in serum concentrations of IL-6, IL-10, or the IL-6/IL-10 ratio between breachers and controls (p's > 0.01). In neuronal-derived EVs, TNFα and IL-6 levels were increased in breachers compared to controls (p's < 0.01), and IL-10 levels were decreased in the breacher group compared to controls (p < 0.01). In breachers the IL-6/IL-10 ratio in neuronal-derived EVs was higher compared to controls, which correlated with higher total Rivermead Post-concussion Questionnaire (RPQ) scores (p's < 0.05). Conclusions These findings suggest that exposure of personnel to high numbers of low-level blast over a career may result in enduring central inflammation that is associated with chronic neurological symptoms. The data also suggest that peripheral markers of inflammation are not necessarily adequate surrogates for central neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie A Edwards
- Biomarkers of Trauma, National Institute of Nursing Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Jacqueline J Leete
- Biomarkers of Trauma, National Institute of Nursing Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Ethan G Smith
- Biomarkers of Trauma, National Institute of Nursing Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Alycia Quick
- School of Psychology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Claire M Modica
- Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Eric M Wassermann
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Elena Polejaeva
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Kristine C Dell
- Department of Psychology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Matthew LoPresti
- Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Peter Walker
- Joint Artificial Intelligence Center, Arlington, VA, United States
| | - Meghan O'Brien
- Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Chen Lai
- Biomarkers of Trauma, National Institute of Nursing Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Bao-Xi Qu
- Biomarkers of Trauma, National Institute of Nursing Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Christina Devoto
- Biomarkers of Trauma, National Institute of Nursing Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Walter Carr
- Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States.,Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
| | - James R Stone
- Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Stephen T Ahlers
- Naval Medical Research Center, Operational and Undersea Medicine Directorate, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Jessica M Gill
- Biomarkers of Trauma, National Institute of Nursing Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States.,Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Uniformed Services of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
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Li S, Liao X, He Y, Chen R, Zheng WV, Tang M, Guo X, Chen J, Hu S, Sun J. Exosomes derived from NGF-overexpressing bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell sheet promote spinal cord injury repair in a mouse model. Neurochem Int 2022; 157:105339. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2022.105339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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18
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Fan B, Gu J, Wu J, Sun Y, Huang R, Shen H, Zhang X, Li Z. Circulating Abnormal Extracellular Vesicles: Their Mechanism for Crossing Blood-Brain Barrier, Effects on Central Nervous System and Detection Methods. J Biomed Nanotechnol 2022; 18:640-659. [PMID: 35715917 DOI: 10.1166/jbn.2022.3293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) diseases are difficult to treat and harmful. Many CNS diseases are secondary to peripheral diseases, such as tumor brain metastases (BMS), viral infections and inflammation of the brain, and their pathogenic factors travel through the circulatory system to the brain, eventually leading to lesions. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) play an important role in this process. Recent studies have shown that, extracellular EVs can effectively cross the blood- brain barrier (BBB) through endocytosis and they transmit molecular signals in cell-to-cell communication. Abnormal EVs produced in the lesion portion transport pathogenic factors, including miRNAs, proteins, and virions into the CNS. These pathogenic factors participate in cellular pathways to interfere with homeostasis or are themselves pathogens that directly damage CNS. In addition, different or specific pathological molecules in EVs are potential disease markers. We herein reviewed pathways through which the abnormal EVs cross BBB and adverse effects of abnormal exosomes. We also and summarized their existing detection techniques, so as to provide basis for prevention and early diagnosis of secondary diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyue Fan
- Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Jiangsu University, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Jiaqi Gu
- Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Jiangsu University, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Jie Wu
- Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Jiangsu University, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Yifan Sun
- Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Jiangsu University, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Rongrong Huang
- Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Jiangsu University, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Han Shen
- Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Jiangsu University, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Jiangsu University, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Zhiyang Li
- Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Jiangsu University, Nanjing, 210008, China
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Jankovic M, Petrovic B, Novakovic I, Brankovic S, Radosavljevic N, Nikolic D. The Genetic Basis of Strokes in Pediatric Populations and Insight into New Therapeutic Options. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031601. [PMID: 35163523 PMCID: PMC8835808 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Strokes within pediatric populations are considered to be the 10th leading cause of death in the United States of America, with over half of such events occurring in children younger than one year of life. The multifactorial etiopathology that has an influence on stroke development and occurrence signify the importance of the timely recognition of both modifiable and non-modifiable factors for adequate diagnostic and treatment approaches. The early recognition of a stroke and stroke risk in children has the potential to advance the application of neuroprotective, thrombolytic, and antithrombotic interventions and rehabilitation strategies to the earliest possible timepoints after the onset of a stroke, improving the outcomes and quality of life for affected children and their families. The recent development of molecular genetic methods has greatly facilitated the analysis and diagnosis of single-gene disorders. In this review, the most significant single gene disorders associated with pediatric stroke are presented, along with specific therapeutic options whenever they exist. Besides monogenic disorders that may present with stroke as a first symptom, genetic polymorphisms may contribute to the risk of pediatric and perinatal stroke. The most frequently studied genetic risk factors are several common polymorphisms in genes associated with thrombophilia; these genes code for proteins that are part of the coagulation cascade, fibrolysis, homocystein metabolism, lipid metabolism, or platelets. Single polymorphism frequencies may not be sufficient to completely explain the stroke causality and an analysis of several genotype combinations is a more promising approach. The recent steps forward in our understanding of the disorders underlying strokes has given us a next generation of therapeutics and therapeutic targets by which to improve stroke survival, protect or rebuild neuronal connections in the brain, and enhance neural function. Advances in DNA sequencing and the development of new tools to correct human gene mutations have brought genetic analysis and gene therapy into the focus of investigations for new therapeutic options for stroke patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Jankovic
- Neurology Clinic, Clinical Center of Serbia, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Bojana Petrovic
- Clinic of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Clinical Center of Serbia, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Ivana Novakovic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Slavko Brankovic
- Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics, University of Priština in Kosovska Mitrovica, 38220 Kosovska Mitrovica, Serbia;
| | - Natasa Radosavljevic
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, King Abdulaziz Specialist Hospital, Taif 26521, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Dejan Nikolic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Department, University Children’s Hospital, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
- Correspondence:
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20
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Cui L, Saeed Y, Li H, Yang J. Regenerative medicine and traumatic brain injury: from stem cell to cell-free therapeutic strategies. Regen Med 2021; 17:37-53. [PMID: 34905963 DOI: 10.2217/rme-2021-0069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a serious health concern, yet there is a lack of standardized treatment to combat its long-lasting effects. The objective of the present study was to provide an overview of the limitation of conventional stem-cell therapy in the treatment of TBI and to discuss the application of novel acellular therapies and their advanced strategies to enhance the efficacy of stem cells derived therapies in the light of published study data. Moreover, we also discussed the factor to optimize the therapeutic efficiency of stem cell-derived acellular therapy by overcoming the challenges for its clinical translation. Hence, we concluded that acellular therapy possesses the potential to bring a breakthrough in the field of regenerative medicine to treat TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianxu Cui
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First People's Hospital of Foshan, 81 North Lingnan Road, Foshan, Guangdong, 528300, PR China
| | - Yasmeen Saeed
- Guangdong VitaLife Biotechnology Co., LTD, 61 Xiannan Road, Nanhai District, Foshan, Guangdong, 528200, PR China
| | - Haomin Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First People's Hospital of Foshan, 81 North Lingnan Road, Foshan, Guangdong, 528300, PR China
| | - Jingli Yang
- School of medicine, Foshan University, 18 Jiangwan Road, Foshan, Guangdong, 528000, PR China
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21
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Mattingly J, Li Y, Bihl JC, Wang J. The promise of exosome applications in treating central nervous system diseases. CNS Neurosci Ther 2021; 27:1437-1445. [PMID: 34636491 PMCID: PMC8611778 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes (EXs), a type of extracellular vesicles, are secreted from virtually all types of cells. EXs serve as cell-to-cell communicators by conveying proteins and nucleic acids with regulatory functions. Increasing evidence shows that EXs are implicated in the pathogenesis of central nervous system (CNS) diseases. Moreover, EXs have recently been highlighted as a new promising therapeutic strategy for in vivo delivery of nucleotides and drugs. Studies have revealed that infusion of EXs elicits beneficial effects on the CNS injury animal models. As compared to cell-based therapy, EXs-based therapy for CNS diseases has unique advantages, opening a new path for neurological medicine. In this review, we summarized the current state of knowledge of EXs, the roles and applications of EXs as a viable pathological biomarker, and EX-based therapy for CNS diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared Mattingly
- Department of Biomedical SciencesJoan C. Edwards School of MedicineMarshall UniversityHuntingtonWest VirginiaUSA
| | - Yuchen Li
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyBoonshoft School of MedicineWright State UniversityDaytonOhioUSA
| | - Ji C. Bihl
- Department of Biomedical SciencesJoan C. Edwards School of MedicineMarshall UniversityHuntingtonWest VirginiaUSA
| | - Jinju Wang
- Department of Biomedical SciencesJoan C. Edwards School of MedicineMarshall UniversityHuntingtonWest VirginiaUSA
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22
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Exosomes Derived Neuronal Markers: Immunoaffinity Isolation and Characterization. Neuromolecular Med 2021; 24:339-351. [PMID: 34811658 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-021-08696-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal exosomes play a crucial role in intercellular communication in the brain and represent a promising biomarker for neurological diseases, including stroke. However, limited techniques are available for isolating neuronal exosomes due to their small number in the serum exosomes. Thus, the development of efficient tools with brain-specific markers is needed. Here, we show the optimization of an immunoaffinity assay-based isolation protocol for specific exosomes or neuronally derived exosomes (NDE). Our results demonstrated that one-micron functionalized magnetic beads successfully separated CD63+ and L1CAM+ exosomes from serum. The size and shape of exosomes or exosomes pulled by beads were confirmed by Dynamic light scattering and Transmission electron microscopy; also, beads were well resolved in conventional flow cytometry analysis, which revealed that CD63-pulled serum exosomes had 5% expression of L1CAM. Furthermore, transmission electron microscopy showed that exosomes eluted from magnetic beads retained their original size, shape, and form without any damage. Furthermore, we showed isolation of NDE using GluR2/3-capturing antibody (α-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid (AMPA) receptor) using an optimized immunoaffinity bead assay utilizing 100 µl serum of stroke patients or age-matched healthy group. GluR2/3-captured exosomes were confirmed by western blot analysis. The western blot analysis showed a significant increase in the 35KDa subunit of GluR2/3 receptor protein in the exosomes of stroke patients compared to the healthy group. In addition, the multimeric GluR2/3 receptor protein in exosomes was further validated by the presence of the GluR2 subunit. Thus, our study shows GluR3/2 may be an effective candidate to isolate neuronal exosomes.
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Ginsenoside Rg1 ameliorates blood-brain barrier disruption and traumatic brain injury via attenuating macrophages derived exosomes miR-21 release. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:3493-3507. [PMID: 34900532 PMCID: PMC8642604 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
During the traumatic brain injury (TBI), improved expression of circulatory miR-21 serves as a diagnostic feature. Low levels of exosome-miR-21 in the brain can effectively improve neuroinflammation and blood–brain barrier (BBB) permeability, reduce nerve apoptosis, restore neural function and ameliorate TBI. We evaluated the role of macrophage derived exosomes-miR-21 (M-Exos-miR-21) in disrupting BBB, deteriorating TBI, and Rg1 interventions. IL-1β-induced macrophages (IIM)-Exos-miR-21 can activate NF-κB signaling pathway and induce the expressions of MMP-1, -3 and -9 and downregulate the levels of tight junction proteins (TJPs) deteriorating the BBB. Rg1 reduced miR-21-5p content in IIM-Exos (RIIM-Exos). The interaction of NMIIA–HSP90 controlled the release of Exos-miR-21, this interaction was restricted by Rg1. Rg1 could inhibit the Exos-miR-21 release in peripheral blood flow to brain, enhancing TIMP3 protein expression, MMPs proteolysis, and restricting TJPs degradation thus protected the BBB integrity. Conclusively, Rg1 can improve the cerebrovascular endothelial injury and hold the therapeutic potential against TBI disease.
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Huang W, Lin M, Yang C, Wang F, Zhang M, Gao J, Yu X. Rat Bone Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes Loaded with miR-494 Promoting Neurofilament Regeneration and Behavioral Function Recovery after Spinal Cord Injury. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:1634917. [PMID: 34635862 PMCID: PMC8501401 DOI: 10.1155/2021/1634917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes (Exo) exhibit numerous advantages (e.g., good encapsulation, high targeting efficiency, and easy to penetrate the blood-brain barrier to the central nervous system). Exosomes are recognized as prominent carriers of mRNAs, siRNAs, miRNAs, proteins, and other bioactive molecules. As confirmed by existing studies, miR-494 is important to regulate the occurrence, progression, and repair of spinal cord injury (SCI). We constructed miR-494-modified exosomes (Exo-miR-494). As indicated from related research in vitro and vivo, Exo-miR-494 is capable of effectively inhibiting the inflammatory response and neuronal apoptosis in the injured area, as well as upregulating various anti-inflammatory factors and miR-494 to protect neurons. Moreover, it can promote the regeneration of the neurofilament and improve the recovery of behavioral function of SCI rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Huang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian 116001, China
- Department of Orthopaedics, Dongguan Tungwah Hospital, Dongguan 523000, China
| | - Miaoman Lin
- Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian 116001, China
| | - Cunheng Yang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian 116001, China
| | - Fumin Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian 116001, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian 116001, China
| | - Junxiao Gao
- Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian 116001, China
| | - Xiaobing Yu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian 116001, China
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Edwards KA, Greer K, Leete J, Lai C, Devoto C, Qu BX, Yarnell AM, Polejaeva E, Dell KC, LoPresti ML, Walker P, Wassermann EM, Carr W, Stone JR, Ahlers ST, Vorn R, Martin C, Gill JM. Neuronally-derived tau is increased in experienced breachers and is associated with neurobehavioral symptoms. Sci Rep 2021; 11:19527. [PMID: 34593828 PMCID: PMC8484560 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-97913-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Military and law enforcement breachers are exposed to many low-level blasts during their training and occupational experiences in which they detonate explosives to force entry into secured structures. There is a concern that exposure to these repetitive blast events in career breachers could result in cumulative neurological effects. This study aimed to determine concentrations of neurofilament light (NF-L), tau, and amyloid-beta 42 (Aβ42) in serum and in neuronal-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) in an experienced breacher population, and to examine biomarker associations with neurobehavioral symptoms. Thirty-four participants enrolled in the study: 20 experienced breachers and 14 matched military or civilian law enforcement controls. EV tau concentrations were significantly elevated in experienced breachers (0.3301 ± 0.5225) compared to controls (-0.4279 ± 0.7557; F = 10.43, p = 0.003). No statistically significant changes were observed in EV levels of NF-L or Aβ42 or in serum levels of NF-L, tau, or Aβ42 (p's > 0.05). Elevated EV tau concentrations correlated with increased Neurobehavioral Symptom Inventory (NSI) score in experienced breachers (r = 0.596, p = 0.015) and predicted higher NSI score (F(1,14) = 7.702, p = 0.015, R2 = 0.355). These findings show that neuronal-derived EV concentrations of tau are significantly elevated and associated with neurobehavioral symptoms in this sample of experienced breachers who have a history of many low-level blast exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie A Edwards
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Nursing Research, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, 20817, USA
| | - Kisha Greer
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Nursing Research, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | - Jacqueline Leete
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Nursing Research, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | - Chen Lai
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Nursing Research, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | - Christina Devoto
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Nursing Research, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, 20817, USA
| | - Bao-Xi Qu
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Nursing Research, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, 20817, USA
| | - Angela M Yarnell
- Military Emergency Medicine Department, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | - Elena Polejaeva
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, University of Florida, Gainsville, FL, 32603, USA
| | - Kristine C Dell
- Department of Psychology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16801, USA
| | - Matthew L LoPresti
- Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, 20910, USA
| | - Peter Walker
- Joint Artificial Intelligence Center, Arlington, VA, 2220, USA
| | - Eric M Wassermann
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | - Walter Carr
- Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, 20910, USA.,Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN, 37830, USA
| | - James R Stone
- Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22903, USA
| | - Stephen T Ahlers
- Operational and Undersea Medicine Directorate, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD, 20910, USA
| | - Rany Vorn
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Nursing Research, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | - Carina Martin
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Nursing Research, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | - Jessica M Gill
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Nursing Research, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA. .,Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA.
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26
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Pan D, Li Y, Yang F, Lv Z, Zhu S, Shao Y, Huang Y, Ning G, Feng S. Increasing toll-like receptor 2 on astrocytes induced by Schwann cell-derived exosomes promotes recovery by inhibiting CSPGs deposition after spinal cord injury. J Neuroinflammation 2021; 18:172. [PMID: 34372877 PMCID: PMC8353762 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-021-02215-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) is a severely disabling disease that leads to loss of sensation, motor, and autonomic function. As exosomes have great potential in diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of SCI because of their ability to easily cross the blood–brain barrier, the function of Schwann cell-derived exosomes (SCDEs) is still largely unknown. Methods A T10 spinal cord contusion was established in adult female mice. SCDEs were injected into the tail veins of mice three times a week for 4 weeks after the induction of SCI, and the control group was injected with PBS. High-resolution transmission electron microscope and western blot were used to characterize the SCDEs. Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) expression on astrocytes, chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) deposition and neurological function recovery were measured in the spinal cord tissues of each group by immunofluorescence staining of TLR2, GFAP, CS56, 5-HT, and β-III-tublin, respectively. TLR2f/f mice were crossed to the GFAP-Cre strain to generate astrocyte specific TLR2 knockout mice (TLR2−/−). Finally, western blot analysis was used to determine the expression of signaling proteins and IKKβ inhibitor SC-514 was used to validate the involved signaling pathway. Results Here, we found that TLR2 increased significantly on astrocytes post-SCI. SCDEs treatment can promote functional recovery and induce the expression of TLR2 on astrocytes accompanied with decreased CSPGs deposition. The specific knockout of TLR2 on astrocytes abolished the decreasing CSPGs deposition and neurological functional recovery post-SCI. In addition, the signaling pathway of NF-κB/PI3K involved in the TLR2 activation was validated by western blot. Furthermore, IKKβ inhibitor SC-514 was also used to validate this signaling pathway. Conclusion Thus, our results uncovered that SCDEs can promote functional recovery of mice post-SCI by decreasing the CSPGs deposition via increasing the TLR2 expression on astrocytes through NF-κB/PI3K signaling pathway. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12974-021-02215-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayu Pan
- Department, of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, People's Republic of China.,International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Spinal Cord Injury, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongjin Li
- Department, of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, People's Republic of China.,International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Spinal Cord Injury, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Fuhan Yang
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200072, People's Republic of China
| | - Zenghui Lv
- Department, of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, People's Republic of China.,International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Spinal Cord Injury, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Shibo Zhu
- Department, of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, People's Republic of China.,International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Spinal Cord Injury, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yixin Shao
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ying Huang
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Guangzhi Ning
- Department, of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, People's Republic of China. .,International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Spinal Cord Injury, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shiqing Feng
- Department, of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, People's Republic of China. .,International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Spinal Cord Injury, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, People's Republic of China.
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27
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Hinson HE, Jacobs J, McWeeney S, Wachana A, Shi T, Martin K, Rodland K. Antibody-Free Mass Spectrometry Identification of Vascular Integrity Markers in Major Trauma. Neurotrauma Rep 2021; 2:322-329. [PMID: 34318300 PMCID: PMC8310742 DOI: 10.1089/neur.2021.0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody mediated strategies for protein biomarker detection are common, but may limit discovery. We hypothesized that the use of antibody-free proteomics is feasible for detecting protein biomarkers in plasma of patients sustaining major trauma. A subset of subjects with major trauma from a prospective observational trial were analyzed. Patients were assigned to one of four groups based on their presenting Abbreviated Injury Severity Score (AIS). Sensitive, antibody-free selective reaction monitoring (SRM) mass spectrometry (MS), with spiked-in isotopically labeled synthetic peptides, was used for targeted protein quantification of a panel of 10 prospective targets. An overall tiered sensitivity analytical approach was used for peptide detection and quantification based upon plasma immunoaffinity depletion and PRISM fractionation. Forty-four patients were included in the analysis, of which 82% were men with a mean age of 50 (±19) years. Half had isolated head injury (n = 22), with the remaining patients experiencing multiple injuries or polytrauma (n = 14), isolated body injury (n = 2), or minor injury (n = 6). Peptides from 3 proteins (vascular adhesion molecule 1 [VCAM1], intercellular adhesion molecule 1 [ICAM1], and matrix metalloproteinase 9 [MMP9]) were detected and quantified in non-depleted processed plasma. Peptides from 2 proteins (angiopoietin 2 [Ang2] and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 [PAI1]) were detected and quantification in depleted plasma, whereas the remaining 5 of the 10 prospective targets were undetected. VCAM1 (p = 0.02) and MMP9 (p = 0.03) were significantly upregulated in in the major trauma groups (1–3) versus mild injury group (4), whereas the others were not. There were no differences in protein expression between patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI; groups 1 and 2) versus those without TBI (groups 3 and 4). We detected non-specific upregulation of proteins reflecting blood–brain barrier breakdown in severely injured patients, indicating label-free MS techniques are feasible and may be informative.
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Affiliation(s)
- H E Hinson
- Departments of Neurology, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health & Sciences University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Jon Jacobs
- Environmental and Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratories, Richland, Washington, USA
| | - Shannon McWeeney
- Division of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Department of Medical Informatics and Clinical Epidemiology, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health & Sciences University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Ann Wachana
- Portland State University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Tujin Shi
- Environmental and Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratories, Richland, Washington, USA
| | - Kendall Martin
- Environmental and Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratories, Richland, Washington, USA
| | - Karin Rodland
- Environmental and Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratories, Richland, Washington, USA.,Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health & Sciences University, Portland, Oregon, USA
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28
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Zhao L, Ye Y, Gu L, Jian Z, Stary CM, Xiong X. Extracellular vesicle-derived miRNA as a novel regulatory system for bi-directional communication in gut-brain-microbiota axis. J Transl Med 2021; 19:202. [PMID: 33975607 PMCID: PMC8111782 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-021-02861-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut-brain-microbiota axis (GBMAx) coordinates bidirectional communication between the gut and brain, and is increasingly recognized as playing a central role in physiology and disease. MicroRNAs are important intracellular components secreted by extracellular vesicles (EVs), which act as vital mediators of intercellular and interspecies communication. This review will present current advances in EV-derived microRNAs and their potential functional link with GBMAx. We propose that EV-derived microRNAs comprise a novel regulatory system for GBMAx, and a potential novel therapeutic target for modifying GBMAx in clinical therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zhao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yingze Ye
- Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lijuan Gu
- Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhihong Jian
- Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Creed M Stary
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
| | - Xiaoxing Xiong
- Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
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29
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Ali A, Zambrano R, Duncan MR, Chen S, Luo S, Yuan H, Chen P, Benny M, Schmidt A, Young K, Kerr N, de Rivero Vaccari JP, Keane RW, Dietrich WD, Wu S. Hyperoxia-activated circulating extracellular vesicles induce lung and brain injury in neonatal rats. Sci Rep 2021; 11:8791. [PMID: 33888735 PMCID: PMC8062626 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87706-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperoxia-induced lung injury plays a key role in the development of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), characterized by inflammatory injury and impaired lung development in preterm infants. Although BPD is a predictor of poor neurodevelopmental outcomes, currently it is uncertain how lung injury contributes to brain injury in preterm infants. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a heterogeneous group of cell-derived membranous structures that regulate intercellular and inter-organ communications. Gasdermin D (GSDMD) has emerged as a key executor of inflammasome-mediated cell death and inflammation. In this study, we utilized a neonatal rat model of BPD to assess if hyperoxia stimulates lung release of circulating EVs and if these EVs induce lung and brain injury. We found that hyperoxia-exposed rats had elevated numbers of plasma-derived EVs compared to rats maintained in room air. These EVs also had increased cargos of surfactant protein C, a marker of type II alveolar epithelial cells (AEC), and the active (p30) form of GSDMD. When these EVs were adoptively transferred into normal newborn rats via intravenous injection, they were taken up both by lung and brain tissues. Moreover, EVs from hyperoxic animals induced not only the pathological hallmarks of BPD, but also brain inflammatory injury in recipient rats, as well as inducing cell death in cultured pulmonary vascular endothelial cells and neural stem cells (NSC). Similarly, hyperoxia-exposed cultured AEC-like cells released EVs that also contained increased GSDMD-p30 and these EVs induced pyroptotic cell death in NSC. Overall, these data indicate that hyperoxia-activated circulating EVs mediate a lung to brain crosstalk resulting in brain injury and suggest a mechanism that links lung injury and neurodevelopmental impairment in BPD infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anum Ali
- Division of Neonatology and Batchelor Children's Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, P. O. Box 016960, Miami, FL, 33101, USA
| | - Ronald Zambrano
- Division of Neonatology and Batchelor Children's Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, P. O. Box 016960, Miami, FL, 33101, USA
| | - Matthew R Duncan
- Division of Neonatology and Batchelor Children's Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, P. O. Box 016960, Miami, FL, 33101, USA
| | - Shaoyi Chen
- Division of Neonatology and Batchelor Children's Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, P. O. Box 016960, Miami, FL, 33101, USA
| | - Shihua Luo
- Division of Neonatology and Batchelor Children's Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, P. O. Box 016960, Miami, FL, 33101, USA
| | - Huijun Yuan
- Division of Neonatology and Batchelor Children's Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, P. O. Box 016960, Miami, FL, 33101, USA
| | - Pingping Chen
- Division of Neonatology and Batchelor Children's Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, P. O. Box 016960, Miami, FL, 33101, USA
| | - Merline Benny
- Division of Neonatology and Batchelor Children's Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, P. O. Box 016960, Miami, FL, 33101, USA
| | - Augusto Schmidt
- Division of Neonatology and Batchelor Children's Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, P. O. Box 016960, Miami, FL, 33101, USA
| | - Karen Young
- Division of Neonatology and Batchelor Children's Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, P. O. Box 016960, Miami, FL, 33101, USA
| | - Nadine Kerr
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, USA.,Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Juan Pablo de Rivero Vaccari
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, USA.,Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Robert W Keane
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, USA.,Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - W Dalton Dietrich
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, USA
| | - Shu Wu
- Division of Neonatology and Batchelor Children's Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, P. O. Box 016960, Miami, FL, 33101, USA.
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30
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Sun H, Su X, Li S, Mu D, Qu Y. Roles of glia-derived extracellular vesicles in central nervous system diseases: an update. Rev Neurosci 2021; 32:833-849. [PMID: 33792214 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2020-0144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a heterogeneous group of cell-derived membranous vesicles secreted by various cells in the extracellular space. Accumulating evidence shows that EVs regulate cell-to-cell communication and signaling in the pathological processes of various diseases by carrying proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids to recipient cells. Glia-derived EVs act as a double-edged sword in the pathogenesis of central nervous system (CNS) diseases. They may be vectors for the spread of diseases or act as effective clearance systems to protect tissues. In this review, we summarize recent studies on glia-derived EVs with a focus on their relationships with CNS diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Sun
- Department of Pediatrics, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Ministry of Education), West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu610041, China
| | - Xiaojuan Su
- Department of Pediatrics, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Ministry of Education), West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu610041, China
| | - Shiping Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Ministry of Education), West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu610041, China
| | - Dezhi Mu
- Department of Pediatrics, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Ministry of Education), West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu610041, China
| | - Yi Qu
- Department of Pediatrics, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Ministry of Education), West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu610041, China
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31
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Xiao L, Hareendran S, Loh YP. Function of exosomes in neurological disorders and brain tumors. EXTRACELLULAR VESICLES AND CIRCULATING NUCLEIC ACIDS 2021; 2:55-79. [PMID: 34368812 PMCID: PMC8341051 DOI: 10.20517/evcna.2021.04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes are a subtype of extracellular vesicles released from different cell types including those in the nervous system, and are enriched in a variety of bioactive molecules such as RNAs, proteins and lipids. Numerous studies have indicated that exosomes play a critical role in many physiological and pathological activities by facilitating intercellular communication and modulating cells' responses to external environments. Particularly in the central nervous system, exosomes have been implicated to play a role in many neurological disorders such as abnormal neuronal development, neurodegenerative diseases, epilepsy, mental disorders, stroke, brain injury and brain cancer. Since exosomes recapitulate the characteristics of the parental cells and have the capacity to cross the blood-brain barrier, their cargo can serve as potential biomarkers for early diagnosis and clinical assessment of disease treatment. In this review, we describe the latest findings and current knowledge of the roles exosomes play in various neurological disorders and brain cancer, as well as their application as promising biomarkers. The potential use of exosomes to deliver therapeutic molecules to treat diseases of the central nervous system is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Xiao
- Section on Cellular Neurobiology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sangeetha Hareendran
- Section on Cellular Neurobiology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Y Peng Loh
- Section on Cellular Neurobiology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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32
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Mendonça MCP, Kont A, Aburto MR, Cryan JF, O'Driscoll CM. Advances in the Design of (Nano)Formulations for Delivery of Antisense Oligonucleotides and Small Interfering RNA: Focus on the Central Nervous System. Mol Pharm 2021; 18:1491-1506. [PMID: 33734715 PMCID: PMC8824433 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c01238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
![]()
RNA-based therapeutics have emerged
as one of the most powerful
therapeutic options used for the modulation of gene/protein expression
and gene editing with the potential to treat neurodegenerative diseases.
However, the delivery of nucleic acids to the central nervous system
(CNS), in particular by the systemic route, remains a major hurdle.
This review will focus on the strategies for systemic delivery of
therapeutic nucleic acids designed to overcome these barriers. Pathways
and mechanisms of transport across the blood–brain barrier
which could be exploited for delivery are described, focusing in particular
on smaller nucleic acids including antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs)
and small interfering RNA (siRNA). Approaches used to enhance delivery
including chemical modifications, nanocarrier systems, and target
selection (cell-specific delivery) are critically analyzed. Learnings
achieved from a comparison of the successes and failures reported
for CNS delivery of ASOs versus siRNA will help identify opportunities
for a wider range of nucleic acids and accelerate the clinical translation
of these innovative therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique C P Mendonça
- Pharmacodelivery Group, School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, T12 YT20 Cork, Ireland
| | - Ayse Kont
- Pharmacodelivery Group, School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, T12 YT20 Cork, Ireland
| | - Maria Rodriguez Aburto
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, T12 YT20 Cork, Ireland.,Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, T12 XF62 Cork, Ireland
| | - John F Cryan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, T12 YT20 Cork, Ireland.,Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, T12 XF62 Cork, Ireland
| | - Caitriona M O'Driscoll
- Pharmacodelivery Group, School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, T12 YT20 Cork, Ireland
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33
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Abstract
Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) results in direct and indirect damage to neural tissues, which results in motor and sensory dysfunction, dystonia, and pathological reflex that ultimately lead to paraplegia or tetraplegia. A loss of cells, axon regeneration failure, and time-sensitive pathophysiology make tissue repair difficult. Despite various medical developments, there are currently no effective regenerative treatments. Stem cell therapy is a promising treatment for SCI due to its multiple targets and reactivity benefits. The present review focuses on SCI stem cell therapy, including bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells, umbilical mesenchymal stem cells, adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells, neural stem cells, neural progenitor cells, embryonic stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells, and extracellular vesicles. Each cell type targets certain features of SCI pathology and shows therapeutic effects via cell replacement, nutritional support, scaffolds, and immunomodulation mechanisms. However, many preclinical studies and a growing number of clinical trials found that single-cell treatments had only limited benefits for SCI. SCI damage is multifaceted, and there is a growing consensus that a combined treatment is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyi Huang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine Center, 34753West China Hospital/West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Medicine in Sichuan Province, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, PR China
| | - Chenying Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, 34753West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Feng Xiong
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine Center, 34753West China Hospital/West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Medicine in Sichuan Province, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, PR China
| | - Chengqi He
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine Center, 34753West China Hospital/West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Medicine in Sichuan Province, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, PR China
| | - Quan Wei
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine Center, 34753West China Hospital/West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Medicine in Sichuan Province, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, PR China
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34
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Brain-Derived Extracellular Vesicles in Health and Disease: A Methodological Perspective. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22031365. [PMID: 33573018 PMCID: PMC7866382 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are double membrane structures released by presumably all cell types that transport and deliver lipids, proteins, and genetic material to near or distant recipient cells, thereby affecting their phenotype. The basic knowledge of their functions in healthy and diseased brain is still murky and many questions about their biology are unsolved. In neurological diseases, EVs are regarded as attractive biomarkers and as therapeutic tools due to their ability to cross the blood–brain barrier (BBB). EVs have been successfully isolated from conditioned media of primary brain cells and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), but protocols allowing for the direct study of pathophysiological events mediated or influenced by EVs isolated from brain have only recently been published. This review aims to give a brief overview of the current knowledge of EVs’ functions in the central nervous system (CNS) and the current protocols to isolate brain-derived EVs (BDEVs) used in different publications. By comparing the proteomic analysis of some of these publications, we also assess the influence of the isolation method on the protein content of BDEVs.
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Yousif G, Qadri S, Haik M, Haik Y, Parray AS, Shuaib A. Circulating Exosomes of Neuronal Origin as Potential Early Biomarkers for Development of Stroke. Mol Diagn Ther 2021; 25:163-180. [DOI: 10.1007/s40291-020-00508-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Qiu H, Qian T, Wu T, Wang X, Zhu C, Chen C, Wang L. Umbilical cord blood cells for the treatment of preterm white matter injury: Potential effects and treatment options. J Neurosci Res 2020; 99:778-792. [PMID: 33207392 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Preterm birth is a global public health problem. A large number of preterm infants survive with preterm white matter injury (PWMI), which leads to neurological deficits, and has multifaceted etiology, clinical course, monitoring, and outcomes. The principal upstream insults leading to PWMI initiation are hypoxia-ischemia and infection and/or inflammation and the key target cells are late oligodendrocyte precursor cells. Current PWMI treatments are mainly supportive, and thus have little effect in terms of protecting the immature brain or repairing injury to improve long-term outcomes. Umbilical cord blood (UCB) cells comprise abundant immunomodulatory and stem cells, which have the potential to reduce brain injury, mainly due to anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory mechanisms, and also through their release of neurotrophic or growth factors to promote endogenous neurogenesis. In this review, we briefly summarize PWMI pathogenesis and pathophysiology, and the specific properties of different cell types in UCB. We further explore the potential mechanism by which UCB can be used to treat PWMI, and discuss the advantages of and potential issues related to UCB cell therapy. Finally, we suggest potential future studies of UCB cell therapy in preterm infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Neonatal Diseases of Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Shanghai, China.,Department of Neonatology, National Children's Medical Center/Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tianyang Qian
- Key Laboratory of Neonatal Diseases of Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Shanghai, China.,Department of Neonatology, National Children's Medical Center/Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Neonatal Diseases of Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Shanghai, China.,Department of Neonatology, National Children's Medical Center/Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoyang Wang
- Center of Perinatal Medicine and Health, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Henan Key Laboratory of Child Brain Injury, Institute of Neuroscience and Third Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Changlian Zhu
- Center of Perinatal Medicine and Health, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Henan Key Laboratory of Child Brain Injury, Institute of Neuroscience and Third Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Chao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Neonatal Diseases of Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Shanghai, China.,Department of Neonatology, National Children's Medical Center/Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Laishuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Neonatal Diseases of Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Shanghai, China.,Department of Neonatology, National Children's Medical Center/Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Proteomic Investigations of Two Pakistani Naja Snake Venoms Species Unravel the Venom Complexity, Posttranslational Modifications, and Presence of Extracellular Vesicles. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12110669. [PMID: 33105837 PMCID: PMC7690644 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12110669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Latest advancement of omics technologies allows in-depth characterization of venom compositions. In the present work we present a proteomic study of two snake venoms of the genus Naja i.e., Naja naja (black cobra) and Naja oxiana (brown cobra) of Pakistani origin. The present study has shown that these snake venoms consist of a highly diversified proteome. Furthermore, the data also revealed variation among closely related species. High throughput mass spectrometric analysis of the venom proteome allowed to identify for the N. naja venom 34 protein families and for the N. oxiana 24 protein families. The comparative evaluation of the two venoms showed that N. naja consists of a more complex venom proteome than N. oxiana venom. Analysis also showed N-terminal acetylation (N-ace) of a few proteins in both venoms. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study revealing this posttranslational modification in snake venom. N-ace can shed light on the mechanism of regulation of venom proteins inside the venom gland. Furthermore, our data showed the presence of other body proteins, e.g., ankyrin repeats, leucine repeats, zinc finger, cobra serum albumin, transferrin, insulin, deoxyribonuclease-2-alpha, and other regulatory proteins in these venoms. Interestingly, our data identified Ras-GTpase type of proteins, which indicate the presence of extracellular vesicles in the venom. The data can support the production of distinct and specific anti-venoms and also allow a better understanding of the envenomation and mechanism of distribution of toxins. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD018726.
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Odegaard KE, Chand S, Wheeler S, Tiwari S, Flores A, Hernandez J, Savine M, Gowen A, Pendyala G, Yelamanchili SV. Role of Extracellular Vesicles in Substance Abuse and HIV-Related Neurological Pathologies. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E6765. [PMID: 32942668 PMCID: PMC7554956 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a broad, heterogeneous class of membranous lipid-bilayer vesicles that facilitate intercellular communication throughout the body. As important carriers of various types of cargo, including proteins, lipids, DNA fragments, and a variety of small noncoding RNAs, including miRNAs, mRNAs, and siRNAs, EVs may play an important role in the development of addiction and other neurological pathologies, particularly those related to HIV. In this review, we summarize the findings of EV studies in the context of methamphetamine (METH), cocaine, nicotine, opioid, and alcohol use disorders, highlighting important EV cargoes that may contribute to addiction. Additionally, as HIV and substance abuse are often comorbid, we discuss the potential role of EVs in the intersection of substance abuse and HIV. Taken together, the studies presented in this comprehensive review shed light on the potential role of EVs in the exacerbation of substance use and HIV. As a subject of growing interest, EVs may continue to provide information about mechanisms and pathogenesis in substance use disorders and CNS pathologies, perhaps allowing for exploration into potential therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Sowmya V. Yelamanchili
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; (K.E.O.); (S.C.); (S.W.); (S.T.); (A.F.); (J.H.); (M.S.); (A.G.); (G.P.)
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Rahmani A, Saleki K, Javanmehr N, Khodaparast J, Saadat P, Nouri HR. Mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicle-based therapies protect against coupled degeneration of the central nervous and vascular systems in stroke. Ageing Res Rev 2020; 62:101106. [PMID: 32565329 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2020.101106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Stem cell-based treatments have been suggested as promising candidates for stroke. Recently, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been reported as potential therapeutics for a wide range of diseases. In particular, clinical trial studies have suggested MSCs for stroke therapy. The focus of MSC treatments has been directed towards cell replacement. However, recent research has lately highlighted their paracrine actions. The secretion of extracellular vesicles (EVs) is offered to be the main therapeutic mechanism of MSC therapy. However, EV-based treatments may provide a wider therapeutic window compared to tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), the traditional treatment for stroke. Exosomes are nano-sized EVs secreted by most cell types, and can be isolated from conditioned cell media or body fluids such as plasma, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Exosomes apply their effects through targeting their cargos such as microRNAs (miRs), DNAs, messenger RNAs, and proteins at the host cells, which leads to a shift in the behavior of the recipient cells. It has been indicated that exosomes, in particular their functional cargoes, play a significant role in the coupled pathogenesis and recovery of stroke through affecting the neurovascular unit (NVU). Therefore, it seems that exosomes could be utilized as diagnostic and therapeutic tools in stroke treatment. The miRs are small endogenous non-coding RNA molecules which serve as the main functional cargo of exosomes, and apply their effects as epigenetic regulators. These versatile non-coding RNA molecules are involved in various stages of stroke and affect stroke-related factors. Moreover, the involvement of aging-induced changes to specific miRs profile in stroke further highlights the role of miRs. Thus, miRs could be utilized as diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic tools in stroke. In this review, we discuss the roles of stem cells, exosomes, and their application in stroke therapy. We also highlight the usage of miRs as a therapeutic choice in stroke therapy.
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Upadhya D, Shetty AK. Extracellular Vesicles as Therapeutics for Brain Injury and Disease. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 25:3500-3505. [PMID: 31612823 DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666191014164950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are gaining tremendous importance in comprehending central nervous system (CNS) function and treating neurological disorders because of their role in intercellular communication and reparative processes, and suitability as drug delivery vehicles. Since EVs have lipid membranes, they cross the blood-brain barrier easily and communicate with target neurons and glia even deep inside the brain. EVs from various sources have been isolated, characterized, and tailored for promoting beneficial effects in conditions, such as brain injury and disease. Particularly, EVs isolated from mesenchymal stem cells and neural stem cells have shown promise for alleviating brain dysfunction after injury or disease. Such properties of stem cell-derived EVs have great importance for clinical applications, as EV therapy can avoid several concerns typically associated with cell therapy. This minireview confers the competence of EVs for improving brain function by modulating CNS injury and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh Upadhya
- Centre for Molecular Neurosciences, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Ashok K Shetty
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, College Station, TX, United States
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Wang MM, Feng YS, Tan ZX, Xing Y, Dong F, Zhang F. The role of exosomes in stroke. Mol Biol Rep 2020; 47:6217-6228. [PMID: 32514999 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-05569-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Stroke is induced by a partial disruption of cerebral blood flow to the brain and is related to high morbidity and mortality. In the central nervous system, exosomes have been proven to exert neuroprotective effects, reducing brain damage following a stroke. This review was performed by searching the relevant articles in the SCIENCEDIRECT, PUBMED, and Web of Science databases from respective inception to November 2018. We review the relationship between exosomes and angiogenesis, neurogenesis, antiapoptosis, autophagy, and the blood-brain barrier in stroke. Moreover, exosomes are found to be a promising tool for the diagnosis and treatment of stroke. In summary, exosomes provide a novel way to alleviate brain damage following a stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man-Man Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No. 139 Ziqiang Road, Shijiazhuang, 050051, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Ya-Shuo Feng
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No. 139 Ziqiang Road, Shijiazhuang, 050051, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Zi-Xuan Tan
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No. 139 Ziqiang Road, Shijiazhuang, 050051, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Xing
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No. 139 Ziqiang Road, Shijiazhuang, 050051, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Dong
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050051, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No. 139 Ziqiang Road, Shijiazhuang, 050051, Hebei, People's Republic of China. .,Hebei Provincial Orthopedic Biomechanics Key Laboratory, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050051, People's Republic of China.
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Abstract
Exosomes are small endosome-derived lipid nanoparticles (50-120 nm in diameter), actively secreted by exocytosis in most living cells. Recently, there is a growing interest of research focused on studying the exosome functions and to understand ways to use them for therapeutic applications in a wide variety of disorders, such as cancer, cardiovascular, neurodegenerative, and musculoskeletal diseases. Recently, a number of techniques have been developed for the isolation of exosomes such as ultracentrifugation, micro-filtration centrifugation, gradient centrifugation, and size-exclusion chromatography. In this chapter, we reveal the protocol and key insights into the isolation, purification, and characterization of exosomes using ultracentrifugation method.
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Tan N, Hu S, Hu Z, Wu Z, Wang B. Quantitative proteomic characterization of microvesicles/exosomes from the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with acute bilirubin encephalopathy. Mol Med Rep 2020; 22:1257-1268. [PMID: 32468033 PMCID: PMC7339682 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2020.11194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe hyperbilirubinemia causes neurotoxicity and may lead to acute bilirubin encephalopathy (ABE) during the critical period of central nervous system development. The aim of the present study was to identify differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) in microvesicles/exosomes (MV/E) isolated from the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with ABE. Co-precipitation was used to isolate the MV/E from the CSF of patients with ABE and age-matched controls. Isobaric tagging for relative and absolute quantification-based proteomic technology combined with liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry was used to identify DEPs in the MV/E. Bioinformatics analysis was subsequently performed to investigate Gene Ontology functional annotation and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enriched signaling pathways of these DEPs. A total of four proteins were selected for further validation via western blotting. A total of 291 dysregulated proteins were identified by comparing the patients with ABE with the controls. Bioinformatics analysis indicated the involvement of immune-inflammation-associated cellular processes and signaling pathways in the pathophysiology of ABE. In conclusion, the present study identified the proteomic profile of MV/E isolated from the CSF of patients with ABE. These results may provide an improved understanding of the pathogenesis of ABE and may help to identify early diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Tan
- Department of Pediatrics, Zhujiang Hospital, The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510280, P.R. China
| | - Shuiwang Hu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Department of Pathophysiology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Zhen Hu
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for High‑through Molecular Diagnosis Technology, Translational Medicine Institute, Collaborative Research Center for Post‑doctoral Mobile Stations of Central South University, Affiliated The First People's Hospital of Chenzhou, Southern Medical University, University of South China, Chenzhou, Hunan 423000, P.R. China
| | - Zhouli Wu
- Department of Neonatology, Affiliated The First People's Hospital of Chenzhou, Southern Medical University, University of South China, Chenzhou, Hunan 423000, P.R. China
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Zhujiang Hospital, The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510280, P.R. China
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Gupta K, Vuckovic I, Zhang S, Xiong Y, Carlson BL, Jacobs J, Olson I, Petterson XM, Macura SI, Sarkaria J, Burns TC. Radiation Induced Metabolic Alterations Associate With Tumor Aggressiveness and Poor Outcome in Glioblastoma. Front Oncol 2020; 10:535. [PMID: 32432031 PMCID: PMC7214818 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.00535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is uniformly fatal with a 1-year median survival, despite best available treatment, including radiotherapy (RT). Impacts of prior RT on tumor recurrence are poorly understood but may increase tumor aggressiveness. Metabolic changes have been investigated in radiation-induced brain injury; however, the tumor-promoting effect following prior radiation is lacking. Since RT is vital to GBM management, we quantified tumor-promoting effects of prior RT on patient-derived intracranial GBM xenografts and characterized metabolic alterations associated with the protumorigenic microenvironment. Human xenografts (GBM143) were implanted into nude mice 24 hrs following 20 Gy cranial radiation vs. sham animals. Tumors in pre-radiated mice were more proliferative and more infiltrative, yielding faster mortality (p < 0.0001). Histologic evaluation of tumor associated macrophage/microglia (TAMs) revealed cells with a more fully activated ameboid morphology in pre-radiated animals. Microdialyzates from radiated brain at the margin of tumor infiltration contralateral to the site of implantation were analyzed by unsupervised liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). In pre-radiated animals, metabolites known to be associated with tumor progression (i.e., modified nucleotides and polyols) were identified. Whole-tissue metabolomic analysis of pre-radiated brain microenvironment for metabolic alterations in a separate cohort of nude mice using 1H-NMR revealed a significant decrease in levels of antioxidants (glutathione (GSH) and ascorbate (ASC)), NAD+, Tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) intermediates, and rise in energy carriers (ATP, GTP). GSH and ASC showed highest Variable Importance on Projection prediction (VIPpred) (1.65) in Orthogonal Partial least square Discriminant Analysis (OPLS-DA); Ascorbate catabolism was identified by GC-MS. To assess longevity of radiation effects, we compared survival with implantation occurring 2 months vs. 24 hrs following radiation, finding worse survival in animals implanted at 2 months. These radiation-induced alterations are consistent with a chronic disease-like microenvironment characterized by reduced levels of antioxidants and NAD+, and elevated extracellular ATP and GTP serving as chemoattractants, promoting cell motility and vesicular secretion with decreased levels of GSH and ASC exacerbating oxidative stress. Taken together, these data suggest IR induces tumor-permissive changes in the microenvironment with metabolomic alterations that may facilitate tumor aggressiveness with important implications for recurrent glioblastoma. Harnessing these metabolomic insights may provide opportunities to attenuate RT-associated aggressiveness of recurrent GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kshama Gupta
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Ivan Vuckovic
- Metabolomics Core Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Song Zhang
- Metabolomics Core Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Yuning Xiong
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Brett L Carlson
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Joshua Jacobs
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Ian Olson
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | | | - Slobodan I Macura
- Metabolomics Core Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Jann Sarkaria
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Terry C Burns
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
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Zhou W, Lian Y, Jiang J, Wang L, Ren L, Li Y, Yan X, Chen Q. Differential expression of microRNA in exosomes derived from endometrial stromal cells of women with endometriosis-associated infertility. Reprod Biomed Online 2020; 41:170-181. [PMID: 32593507 DOI: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2020.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
RESEARCH QUESTION What is the expression pattern of microRNA (miRNA) in exosomes isolated from eutopic endometrial stromal cells (EuESC) of women with endometriosis-associated infertility? DESIGN Small RNA sequencing was conducted in exosomes isolated from EuESC of women with endometriosis-associated infertility (n = 3) and normal endometrial stromal cells (NESC) of fertile women without endometriosis (n = 3). The differentially expressed miRNA in exosomes derived from EuESC and NESC were identified. The functions of the differentially expressed miRNA were analysed by gene ontology enrichment analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis. RESULTS Small RNA sequencing showed that the percentages of exosomal miRNA in the total small RNA isolated from EuESC and NESC were not significantly different (P = 0.7804). A total of 49 differentially expressed miRNA (fold change >1.5 and P < 0.05) were identified, including 26 up-regulated and 23 down-regulated in EuESC exosomes as compared with NESC exosomes. Functional analysis revealed that 12 miRNA were predicted to target homeobox A10 (HOXA10) and/or the leukaemia inhibitory factor (LIF) 3' untranslated region (UTR). Both HOXA10 and LIF mRNA expression levels were significantly decreased in EuESC compared with NESC (P = 0.0222 and 0.0395, respectively). In addition, the predicated target genes of these differentially expressed exosomal miRNA were significantly (P < 0.05) enriched in 76 pathways, including the MAPK and Wnt signalling pathways. CONCLUSIONS The differential expression patterns of exosomal miRNA were identified. Many exosomal miRNA may be involved in regulating the endometrial receptivity of women with endometriosis-associated infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weidong Zhou
- Reproductive Medicine Centre, First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China; School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.
| | - Yikai Lian
- Reproductive Medicine Centre, First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China; School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Jinna Jiang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Reproductive Medicine Centre, First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Lulu Ren
- Reproductive Medicine Centre, First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Youzhu Li
- Reproductive Medicine Centre, First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Xiaohong Yan
- Reproductive Medicine Centre, First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Qionghua Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.
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Mondello S, Guedes VA, Lai C, Czeiter E, Amrein K, Kobeissy F, Mechref Y, Jeromin A, Mithani S, Martin C, Wagner CL, Czigler A, Tóth L, Fazekas B, Buki A, Gill J. Circulating Brain Injury Exosomal Proteins following Moderate-To-Severe Traumatic Brain Injury: Temporal Profile, Outcome Prediction and Therapy Implications. Cells 2020; 9:E977. [PMID: 32326450 PMCID: PMC7227241 DOI: 10.3390/cells9040977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain injury exosomal proteins are promising blood biomarker candidates in traumatic brain injury (TBI). A better understanding of their role in the diagnosis, characterization, and management of TBI is essential for upcoming clinical implementation. In the current investigation, we aimed to explore longitudinal trajectories of brain injury exosomal proteins in blood of patients with moderate-to-severe TBI, and to evaluate the relation with the free-circulating counterpart and patient imaging and clinical parameters. Exosomal levels of glial (glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)) and neuronal/axonal (ubiquitin carboxy-terminal hydrolase L1 (UCH-L1), neurofilament light chain (NFL), and total-tau (t-tau)) proteins were measured in serum of 21 patients for up 5 days after injury using single molecule array (Simoa) technology. Group-based trajectory analysis was used to generate distinct temporal exosomal biomarker profiles. We found altered profiles of serum brain injury exosomal proteins following injury. The dynamics and levels of exosomal and related free-circulating markers, although correlated, showed differences. Patients with diffuse injury displayed higher acute exosomal NFL and GFAP concentrations in serum than those with focal lesions. Exosomal UCH-L1 profile characterized by acutely elevated values and a secondary steep rise was associated with early mortality (n = 2) with a sensitivity and specificity of 100%. Serum brain injury exosomal proteins yielded important diagnostic and prognostic information and represent a novel means to unveil underlying pathophysiology in patients with moderate-to-severe TBI. Our findings support their utility as potential tools to improve patient phenotyping in clinical practice and therapeutic trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Mondello
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy
- Oasi Research Institute-IRCCS, 94018 Troina, Italy
| | - Vivian A. Guedes
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Nursing Research, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA (J.G.)
| | - Chen Lai
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Nursing Research, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA (J.G.)
| | - Endre Czeiter
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pecs, H-7623 Pecs, Hungary
- János Szentágothai Research Centre; University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
- MTA-PTE Clinical Neuroscience MR Research Group, H-7623 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Krisztina Amrein
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pecs, H-7623 Pecs, Hungary
- János Szentágothai Research Centre; University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
- MTA-PTE Clinical Neuroscience MR Research Group, H-7623 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Firas Kobeissy
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32606, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Yehia Mechref
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | | | - Sara Mithani
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Nursing Research, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA (J.G.)
| | - Carina Martin
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Nursing Research, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA (J.G.)
| | - Chelsea L. Wagner
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Nursing Research, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA (J.G.)
| | - András Czigler
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pecs, H-7623 Pecs, Hungary
- János Szentágothai Research Centre; University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
- MTA-PTE Clinical Neuroscience MR Research Group, H-7623 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Luca Tóth
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pecs, H-7623 Pecs, Hungary
- János Szentágothai Research Centre; University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
- MTA-PTE Clinical Neuroscience MR Research Group, H-7623 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Bálint Fazekas
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pecs, H-7623 Pecs, Hungary
- János Szentágothai Research Centre; University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
- MTA-PTE Clinical Neuroscience MR Research Group, H-7623 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Andras Buki
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Nursing Research, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA (J.G.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pecs, H-7623 Pecs, Hungary
- János Szentágothai Research Centre; University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Jessica Gill
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Nursing Research, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA (J.G.)
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Tschuschke M, Kocherova I, Bryja A, Mozdziak P, Angelova Volponi A, Janowicz K, Sibiak R, Piotrowska-Kempisty H, Iżycki D, Bukowska D, Antosik P, Shibli JA, Dyszkiewicz-Konwińska M, Kempisty B. Inclusion Biogenesis, Methods of Isolation and Clinical Application of Human Cellular Exosomes. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9020436. [PMID: 32041096 PMCID: PMC7074492 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9020436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2019] [Revised: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are a heterogenous subpopulation of extracellular vesicles 30–150 nm in range and of endosome-derived origin. We explored the exosome formation through different systems, including the endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) and ESCRT-independent system, looking at the mechanisms of release. Different isolation techniques and specificities of exosomes from different tissues and cells are also discussed. Despite more than 30 years of research that followed their definition and indicated their important role in cellular physiology, the exosome biology is still in its infancy with rapidly growing interest. The reasons for the rapid increase in interest with respect to exosome biology is because they provide means of intercellular communication and transmission of macromolecules between cells, with a potential role in the development of diseases. Moreover, they have been investigated as prognostic biomarkers, with a potential for further development as diagnostic tools for neurodegenerative diseases and cancer. The interest grows further with the fact that exosomes were reported as useful vectors for drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Tschuschke
- Department of Anatomy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-781 Poznań, Poland; (M.T.); (I.K.); (A.B.); (K.J.); (M.D.-K.)
| | - Ievgeniia Kocherova
- Department of Anatomy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-781 Poznań, Poland; (M.T.); (I.K.); (A.B.); (K.J.); (M.D.-K.)
| | - Artur Bryja
- Department of Anatomy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-781 Poznań, Poland; (M.T.); (I.K.); (A.B.); (K.J.); (M.D.-K.)
| | - Paul Mozdziak
- Physiology Graduate Program, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA;
| | - Ana Angelova Volponi
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, Faculty for Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, King’s College University of London, London SE1 9RT, UK;
| | - Krzysztof Janowicz
- Department of Anatomy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-781 Poznań, Poland; (M.T.); (I.K.); (A.B.); (K.J.); (M.D.-K.)
- The School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Rafał Sibiak
- Division of Reproduction, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Gynecologic Oncology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-535 Poznan, Poland;
| | | | - Dariusz Iżycki
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-866 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Dorota Bukowska
- Department of Diagnostics and Clinical Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 87-100 Toruń, Poland;
| | - Paweł Antosik
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 87-100 Toruń, Poland;
| | - Jamil A. Shibli
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Implantology, Dental Research Division, University of Guarulhos, Guarulhos 07030-010, Brazil;
| | - Marta Dyszkiewicz-Konwińska
- Department of Anatomy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-781 Poznań, Poland; (M.T.); (I.K.); (A.B.); (K.J.); (M.D.-K.)
- Department of Biomaterials and Experimental Dentistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-701 Poznan, Poland
| | - Bartosz Kempisty
- Department of Anatomy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-781 Poznań, Poland; (M.T.); (I.K.); (A.B.); (K.J.); (M.D.-K.)
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-781 Poznań, Poland
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Hospital and Masaryk University, 601 77 Brno, Czech Republic
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-6185-464-18; Fax: +48-6185-464-40
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van den Berg M, Krauskopf J, Ramaekers J, Kleinjans J, Prickaerts J, Briedé J. Circulating microRNAs as potential biomarkers for psychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders. Prog Neurobiol 2020; 185:101732. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2019.101732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Zhu Z, Kalyan BS, Chen L. Therapeutic potential role of exosomes for ischemic stroke. BRAIN SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/2096595820902588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are extracellular vesicles with a diameter of 30–100 nm, which are released into the extracellular space by fusion of multivesicular and plasma membranes. These vesicles actually play a distinct role in cell communication, although they were considered as membrane debris in the past. The endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT)-dependent and ESCRT-independent mechanisms are currently considered to be involved in the sorting of exosomes, and the release of exosomes is related to the members of Rab protein family and SNARE family. In recent years, the therapeutic potential of exosomes has become apparent. For example, via the direct transplantation of exosomes, the ischemic area after stroke is reduced, and the neurological function is improved significantly. Furthermore, they can be used as effective drug delivery vehicles due to their unique characteristics such as low immunogenicity and nanometer size. In conclusion, exosomes provide a cell-free treatment for ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihan Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bikram Shah Kalyan
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lukui Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510310, Guangdong, China
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50
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Cell-to-Cell Communication in Learning and Memory: From Neuro- and Glio-Transmission to Information Exchange Mediated by Extracellular Vesicles. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 21:ijms21010266. [PMID: 31906013 PMCID: PMC6982255 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21010266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Most aspects of nervous system development and function rely on the continuous crosstalk between neurons and the variegated universe of non-neuronal cells surrounding them. The most extraordinary property of this cellular community is its ability to undergo adaptive modifications in response to environmental cues originating from inside or outside the body. Such ability, known as neuronal plasticity, allows long-lasting modifications of the strength, composition and efficacy of the connections between neurons, which constitutes the biochemical base for learning and memory. Nerve cells communicate with each other through both wiring (synaptic) and volume transmission of signals. It is by now clear that glial cells, and in particular astrocytes, also play critical roles in both modes by releasing different kinds of molecules (e.g., D-serine secreted by astrocytes). On the other hand, neurons produce factors that can regulate the activity of glial cells, including their ability to release regulatory molecules. In the last fifteen years it has been demonstrated that both neurons and glial cells release extracellular vesicles (EVs) of different kinds, both in physiologic and pathological conditions. Here we discuss the possible involvement of EVs in the events underlying learning and memory, in both physiologic and pathological conditions.
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