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Verma VK, Pandey A, Thirugnanavel A, Rymbai H, Dutta N, Kumar A, Bhutia TL, Jha AK, Mishra VK. Ecology, genetic diversity, and population structure among commercial varieties and local landraces of Capsicum spp. grown in northeastern states of India. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1379637. [PMID: 38638355 PMCID: PMC11024323 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1379637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Northeastern states of India are known for unique landraces of Capsicum spp. with geographical indications. However, little information is available about these valuable landraces of chillies. Surveys and collections were carried out in niche areas to find out their ecology and diversity through morphological traits and molecular analysis using microsatellite markers. Our result characterized the ecology of niche areas as cool (11.0°C-20.7°C) and humid (>60% relative humidity) climates for dalle-chilli (Capsicum annuum L.); mild-warm (12.2°C-28.6°C) and humid for king-chilli (C. chinense Jacq.); and cool to warm (11.3°C-33.1°C) and humid for bird's eye chilli (C. frutescens L.) during the crop period. The canonical correspondence analysis has shown the significant impact of temperature on the agro-morphological traits and distribution of the landraces in their niche areas. A wide variability was observed for different quantitative traits and yield attributing characters (fruit length, diameter, weight, and yield), showing high heritability (97.0%-99.0%), and genetic advance as a percentage of the mean (119.8%-434.0%). A total of 47 SSR markers used for the molecular analysis generated 230 alleles, ranging from 2 (HPMSE-7) to 10 (HPMSE-5), with an average of 4.89 alleles per locus. The average polymorphism information content was also high (0.61) and ranged from 0.20 (HPMSE-7) to 0.85 (CAMS-91). The observed average heterozygosity was lower than the expected value. Analysis of molecular variance has shown significant variation within (69%) and between (31%) of the populations of Capsicum spp. Based on Nei's genetic distance, bird's eye chilli and king-chilli were found to be closer to each other, whereas dalle-chilli, a tretraploid species, was closer to hot pepper (C. annuum). However, the flower size of dalle-chilli was large and found closer to king-chilli in color and differs from C. chinense due to the presence of calyx teeth. For quality traits, landraces king-chilli, dalle-chilli, and bird's eye chilli have shown 2.8, 2.0, and 1.4 times higher average capsaicin and 0.46, 0.25, and 0.22 times higher average oleoresin content over the hot pepper, respectively. The knowledge of ecology and diversity can be used in identifying new areas for production, selection of elite lines, conservation, and crop improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veerendra Kumar Verma
- Division of System Research & Engineering, ICAR Research Complex for North Eastern Hill Region, Umiam, Meghalaya, India
| | - Avinash Pandey
- School of Genomics and Molecular Breeding, ICAR-Indian Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India
| | | | - Heiplanmi Rymbai
- Division of System Research & Engineering, ICAR Research Complex for North Eastern Hill Region, Umiam, Meghalaya, India
| | - Niharika Dutta
- Division of System Research & Engineering, ICAR Research Complex for North Eastern Hill Region, Umiam, Meghalaya, India
| | - Amit Kumar
- Division of System Research & Engineering, ICAR Research Complex for North Eastern Hill Region, Umiam, Meghalaya, India
| | | | - Anjani Kumar Jha
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Bengaluru, India
| | - Vinay Kumar Mishra
- Division of System Research & Engineering, ICAR Research Complex for North Eastern Hill Region, Umiam, Meghalaya, India
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Baruah J, Munda S, Sarma N, Begum T, Pandey SK, Chanda SK, Sastry GN, Lal M. Estimation of genetic variation in yield, its contributing characters and capsaicin content of Capsicum chinense Jacq. (ghost pepper) germplasm from Northeast India. PeerJ 2023; 11:e15521. [PMID: 37366425 PMCID: PMC10290828 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Capsicum chinense Jacq. (ghost pepper), a naturally occurring chili species of Northeast India is known throughout the world for its high pungency and a pleasant aroma. The economic importance is due to the high capsaicinoid levels, the main source for pharmaceutical industries. The present study focused on identifying important traits necessary for increasing the yield and pungency of ghost pepper and to determine the parameters for the selection of superior genotypes. A total of 120 genotypes with more than 1.2% capsaicin content (>1,92,000 Scoville Heat Unit, w/w on dry weight basis) collected from different northeast Indian regions were subjected to variability, divergence and correlation studies. Levene's homogeneity test of variance studied for three environments did not show significant deviation and so homogeneity of variance was reasonably met for analysis of variance study. Genotypic and phenotypic coefficient of variation was highest for fruit yield per plant (33.702, 36.200, respectively), followed by number of fruits per plant (29.583, 33.014, respectively) and capsaicin content (25.283, 26.362, respectively). The trait number of fruits per plant had maximum direct contribution to fruit yield per plant and the trait fruit yield per plant towards capsaicin content in the correlation study. High heritability with high genetic advance, which is the most favored selection criteria was observed for fruit yield per plant, number of fruits per plant, capsaicin content, fruit length and fruit girth. The genetic divergence study partitioned the genotypes into 20 clusters, where fruit yield per plant contributed maximum towards total divergence. Principal components analysis (PCA) studied to determine the largest contributor of variation showed 73.48% of the total variability, of which the PC1 and PC2 contributed 34.59% and 16.81% respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyashree Baruah
- Department of Botany, Eastern Karbi Anglong College, Sarihajan, Assam, India
- Agrotechnology and Rural Development Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat, Assam, India
| | - Sunita Munda
- Agrotechnology and Rural Development Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat, Assam, India
| | - Neelav Sarma
- Agrotechnology and Rural Development Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat, Assam, India
| | - Twahira Begum
- Agrotechnology and Rural Development Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat, Assam, India
| | - Sudin Kumar Pandey
- Agrotechnology and Rural Development Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat, Assam, India
| | - Sanjoy Kumar Chanda
- Agrotechnology and Rural Development Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat, Assam, India
| | - G. Narahari Sastry
- Advances Computation and Data Science Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat, Assam, India
| | - Mohan Lal
- Agrotechnology and Rural Development Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat, Assam, India
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Culver KD, Allen JL, Shaw LN, Hicks LM. Too Hot to Handle: Antibacterial Peptides Identified in Ghost Pepper. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2021; 84:2200-2208. [PMID: 34445876 PMCID: PMC8600445 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.1c00281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Capsicum spp. (hot peppers) demonstrate a range of interesting bioactive properties spanning anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activities. While several species within the genus are known to produce antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), AMP sequence mining of genomic data indicates this space remains largely unexplored. Herein, in silico AMP predictions were paired with peptidomics to identify novel AMPs from the interspecific hybrid ghost pepper (Capsicum chinense × frutescens). AMP prediction algorithms revealed 115 putative AMPs within the Capsicum chinense genome, of which 14 were identified in the aerial tissue peptidome. PepSAVI-MS, de novo sequencing, and complementary approaches were used to fully molecularly characterize two novel AMPs, CC-AMP1 and CC-AMP2, including elucidation of a pyroglutamic acid post-translational modification of CC-AMP1 and disulfide bond connectivity of both. Both CC-AMP1 and CC-AMP2 have little homology with known AMPs and exhibited low μM antimicrobial activity against Gram-negative bacteria, including Escherichia coli. These findings demonstrate the complementary nature of peptidomics, bioactivity-guided discovery, and bioinformatics-based investigations to characterize plant AMP profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin D. Culver
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Jessie L. Allen
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology and Molecular Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Lindsey N. Shaw
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology and Molecular Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Leslie M. Hicks
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
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Ince AG, Karaca M. Tissue and/or developmental stage specific methylation of nrDNA in Capsicum annuum. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2021; 134:841-855. [PMID: 33886005 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-021-01287-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The nuclear ribosomal DNA (nrDNA) sequences are often used for phylogenetic analysis among organisms. Because DNA cytosine methylation and nucleolar dominancy are two common epigenetic mechanisms of nrDNA, we hypothesized that internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1), 5.8S rRNA and ITS2 of nrDNA sequences could be used as epigenetic biomarkers. Thus, this research was undertaken to study level and pattern of site-specific cytosine methylation of ITS1, 5.8S and ITS2 in nine tissues and/or developmental stage of pepper Capsicum annuum L. cultivar Demre Sivrisi. Tissues studied consisted of young and old roots at 30 and 90 days after sowing (das), mature dry seeds and seeds at 26 days of post anthesis (dpa), flowering buds at 1 day before flowering, pericarps at 3, 15 and 65 dpa. Levels and patterns of DNA cytosine methylation were identified at single base resolution using bisulfite conversion sequencing. Results of this study revealed that DNA cytosine level and pattern of ITS1, 5.8S and ITS2 were different in most tissues and/or developmental stages studied. In addition, methylation levels of CG, CHG and CHH contexts were also significantly different among the regions. Based on the findings of this study, it was concluded that high level of methylation of nrDNA sequences was relatively higher as observed in transposable element and promoter. On the other hand, its tissue-specific gene expression was effective as that of gene body and promoter methylation. Overall findings revealed that methylation levels of nrDNA could be used as biomarkers for tissue identification or age estimation in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayse Gul Ince
- Vocational School of Technical Sciences, Akdeniz University, 07059, Antalya, Turkey.
| | - Mehmet Karaca
- Department of Field Crops, Faculty of Agriculture, Akdeniz University, 07059, Antalya, Turkey
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Deka D, Swami Hulle NR. Supercritical fluid extraction of Bhut Jolokia oleoresin and its quality analysis. SN APPLIED SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-021-04218-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
AbstractThe present study focuses on the standardization of the supercritical fluid extraction of the Bhut Jolokia (Capsicum chinense) which is abundantly grown in the north eastern region of India. The effect of process parameters pressure (75–225 bar), temperature (40–60 °C) and time (30–90 min) of oleoresin extraction process was studied. The standardized condition to obtain maximum extraction of Bhut Jolokia oleoresin was found to be 207 bar, 60 °C and 73 min. The oleoresin extract was analyzed for its antimicrobial, antioxidant and total phenolics content. Four strains of bacteria namely Escherichia coli (ATCC -11,229), Bacillus subtilis (ATCC- 11,774), Salmonella typhimurium (ATCC- 14,028) and Staphylococcus aureus (12,600) were used for the antimicrobial assay. It was observed that the highest inhibition was seen against E. coli, moderate inhibition was seen against S.aureus and S. typhi and partial/no zone of inhibition was observed against B. subtilis. The extract of Bhut Jolokia oleoresin showed radical scavenging activity of 58.6 ± 3.86% and total phenolics content of 4250 ± 2.26 mg GAE/100 g sample indicating Bhut Jolokia oleoresin as a good antioxidant and is also a good source of phenolic compounds.
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Phylogenetic Analysis and Molecular Diversity of Capsicum Based on rDNA-ITS Region. HORTICULTURAE 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae6040087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The genus Capsicum is comprised of 5 domesticated and more than 30 wild species. The region of nuclear ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacers (rDNA-ITS) has widely been used for species identification, but has rarely been used in Capsicum. In this study, the evaluation of genetic diversity and a phylogenetic analysis were conducted using rDNA-ITS of 28 Capsicum accessions, including five domesticated and two wild species. We surveyed six conventional keys of domesticated species and another five traits in Capsicum accessions. Specific morphological characteristics were found in C. annuum, C. baccatum, and C.pubescens. Three subclones of each accession were sequenced, and rDNA-ITS polymorphisms were detected in all accessions excluding C. annuum, suggesting that incomplete concerted evolution occurred in rDNA-ITS of Capsicum. The genetic diversity was evaluated using nucleotide polymorphism and diversity. C. annuum had the lowest genetic diversity of all species in this study. The phylogenetic tree formed a species-specific clade for C. annuum, C. baccatum, and C. pubescens. The C. chinense clade existed in the C. frutescens clade, implying that it was a cultivated variant of C. frutescens. C. chacoense likely belonged to the C. baccatum complex according to its morphologic and genetic features. This study indicated that the rDNA-ITS region can be used for simple identification of domesticated Capsicum species.
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Seki T, Ota M, Hirano H, Nakagawa K. Characterization of newly developed pepper cultivars ( Capsicum chinense) 'Dieta0011-0301', 'Dieta0011-0602', 'Dieta0041-0401', and 'Dieta0041-0601' containing high capsinoid concentrations and a strong fruity aroma. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2020; 84:1870-1885. [PMID: 32471326 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2020.1771168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Capsaicinoids are responsible for the pungent flavor of peppers (Capsicum sp.). The cultivar CH-19 Sweet is a non-pungent pepper mutant that biosynthesizes the low-pungent capsaicinoid analogs, capsinoids. Capsinoids possess important pharmaceutical properties. However, capsinoid concentrations are very low in CH-19 Sweet, and Capsicum cultivars with high content capsinoids are desirable for industrial applications of capsinoids. Habanero, Bhut Jolokia, and Infinity are species of Capsicum chinense, and have strong pungency and intense fruity flavors. In the present study, we report new cultivars with high concentrations of capsinoids (more than ten-fold higher than in CH-19 Sweet), and showed that these cultivars (Dieta0011-0301 and Dieta0011-0602 from Bhut Jolokia, Dieta0041-0401 and Dieta0041-0601 from Infinity) are of nutritional and medicinal value and have fruity aromas. We also obtained a vanilla bean flavor, vanillyl alcohol, and vanillyl ethyl ether from capsinoids in the fruit of these cultivars following the addition of ethanol at room temperature. ABBREVIATIONS p-AMT: putative aminotransferase; C. annuum: Capsicum annuum; C. chinense: Capsicum chinense; dCAPS: derived Cleaved Amplified Polymorphic Sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Seki
- Research Institute for Bioscience Products & Fine Chemicals, Ajinomoto Co., Inc ., Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Masafumi Ota
- Research Institute for Bioscience Products & Fine Chemicals, Ajinomoto Co., Inc ., Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Hiroto Hirano
- Research Institute for Bioscience Products & Fine Chemicals, Ajinomoto Co., Inc ., Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Kiyotaka Nakagawa
- Division of Bioscience and Biotechnology for Future Bioindustries, Department of Applied Bioorganic Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University , Sendai, Japan
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Sanabam R, Chanu NT, Sharma SK, Roy SS, Ansari MA, Prakash N. Genetic diversity of Chilli veinal mottle virus infecting different chilli landraces in North East India indicates the possibility of transboundary movement of virus. 3 Biotech 2018; 8:357. [PMID: 30105182 PMCID: PMC6081837 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-018-1382-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Diverse chilli genetic resources of North East India occupy a unique niche in the Nation's chilli gene pool. Widely cultivated chilli landraces (King chilli: Capsicum chinense, bird eye chilli: Capsicum frutescens and Capsicum annuum) of North East India in general and Manipur in particular suffer from decline complex due to high incidence of viral diseases. With this background and the known prominent distribution of Chilli veinal mottle virus (ChiVMV) in Asian region, we studied its prevalence and association with diverse symptoms of chilli landraces. Molecular indexing of samples from 40 chilli plantation groves of Manipur using reverse transcription (RT)-PCR targeting the coat protein (CP) region of ChiVMV genome revealed a high incidence and wide prevalence. Out of a total of 127 chilli samples collected from different groves of Manipur, 81 chilli samples (63.78%) were positive for ChiVMV. Interestingly, ChiVMV infection rate was comparatively higher in the hilly groves (69.23% samples positive) compared to the valley groves (60% samples positive). Present study through the extensive surveys and molecular indexing work, conclusively reported the association of ChiVMV with diverse symptoms like cupping of leaf lamina with mottling, vein banding and puckering in different chilli landraces. Further, five representative ChiVMV isolates sampled from different groves of Manipur upon mechanical inoculation showed significant variation in symptom expression, indicating wide pathogenic diversity among them. Partial coat protein (CP) sequence analysis of five ChiVMV isolates from Manipur although indicated genetic homogeneity among them, but distinctiveness from ChiVMV isolates reported from the other parts of India. Phylogenetic clustering of ChiVMV isolates from Manipur near Chinese isolates rather than other Indian isolates suggested the possibility of transboundary movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh Sanabam
- ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Manipur Centre, Lamphelpat, Imphal, 795004 India
| | | | - Susheel Kumar Sharma
- ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Manipur Centre, Lamphelpat, Imphal, 795004 India
| | - S. S. Roy
- ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Manipur Centre, Lamphelpat, Imphal, 795004 India
| | - M. A. Ansari
- ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Manipur Centre, Lamphelpat, Imphal, 795004 India
| | - N. Prakash
- ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Manipur Centre, Lamphelpat, Imphal, 795004 India
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M S, Gaur R, Sharma V, Chhapekar SS, Das J, Kumar A, Yadava SK, Nitin M, Brahma V, Abraham SK, Ramchiary N. Comparative Analysis of Fruit Metabolites and Pungency Candidate Genes Expression between Bhut Jolokia and Other Capsicum Species. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0167791. [PMID: 27936081 PMCID: PMC5147997 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Bhut jolokia, commonly known as Ghost chili, a native Capsicum species found in North East India was recorded as the naturally occurring hottest chili in the world by the Guinness Book of World Records in 2006. Although few studies have reported variation in pungency content of this particular species, no study till date has reported detailed expression analysis of candidate genes involved in capsaicinoids (pungency) biosynthesis pathway and other fruit metabolites. Therefore, the present study was designed to evaluate the diversity of fruit morphology, fruiting habit, capsaicinoids and other metabolite contents in 136 different genotypes mainly collected from North East India. Significant intra and inter-specific variations for fruit morphological traits, fruiting habits and 65 fruit metabolites were observed in the collected Capsicum germplasm belonging to three Capsicum species i.e., Capsicum chinense (Bhut jolokia, 63 accessions), C. frutescens (17 accessions) and C. annuum (56 accessions). The pungency level, measured in Scoville Heat Unit (SHU) and antioxidant activity measured by 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging assay showed maximum levels in C. chinense accessions followed by C. frutescens accessions, while C. annuum accessions showed the lowest value for both the traits. The number of different fruit metabolites detected did not vary significantly among the different species but the metabolite such as benzoic acid hydroxyl esters identified in large percentage in majority of C. annuum genotypes was totally absent in the C. chinense genotypes and sparingly present in few genotypes of C. frutescens. Significant correlations were observed between fruit metabolites capsaicin, dihydrocapsaicin, hexadecanoic acid, cyclopentane, α-tocopherol and antioxidant activity. Furthermore, comparative expression analysis (through qRT-PCR) of candidate genes involved in capsaicinoid biosynthesis pathway revealed many fold higher expression of majority of the genes in C. chinense compared to C. frutescens and C. annuum suggesting that the possible reason for extremely high pungency might be due to the higher level of candidate gene(s) expression although nucleotide variation in pungency related genes may also be involved in imparting variations in level of pungency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarpras M
- Translational and Evolutionary Genomics Lab, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Rashmi Gaur
- Translational and Evolutionary Genomics Lab, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Vineet Sharma
- Translational and Evolutionary Genomics Lab, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Sushil Satish Chhapekar
- Translational and Evolutionary Genomics Lab, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Jharna Das
- Department of Biological Science, Gauhati University, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Ajay Kumar
- Translational and Evolutionary Genomics Lab, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
- Department of Plant Science, School of Biological Sciences, Central University of Kerala, Periya, Kasaragod, Kerala, India
| | - Satish Kumar Yadava
- Centre for Genetic Manipulation of Crop Plants, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi, India
| | - Mukesh Nitin
- Translational and Evolutionary Genomics Lab, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Vijaya Brahma
- School of Computational and Integrative Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Suresh K. Abraham
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Nirala Ramchiary
- Translational and Evolutionary Genomics Lab, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
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Esophageal Rupture After Ghost Pepper Ingestion. J Emerg Med 2016; 51:e141-e143. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jemermed.2016.05.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Revised: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Genetic diversity and molecular evolution of Naga King Chili inferred from internal transcribed spacer sequence of nuclear ribosomal DNA. Meta Gene 2015; 7:56-63. [PMID: 26862481 PMCID: PMC4707246 DOI: 10.1016/j.mgene.2015.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Revised: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Sequences of the Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS1-5.8S-ITS2) of nuclear ribosomal DNAs were explored to study the genetic diversity and molecular evolution of Naga King Chili. Our study indicated the occurrence of nucleotide polymorphism and haplotypic diversity in the ITS regions. The present study demonstrated that the variability of ITS1 with respect to nucleotide diversity and sequence polymorphism exceeded that of ITS2. Sequence analysis of 5.8S gene revealed a much conserved region in all the accessions of Naga King Chili. However, strong phylogenetic information of this species is the distinct 13 bp deletion in the 5.8S gene which discriminated Naga King Chili from the rest of the Capsicum sp. Neutrality test results implied a neutral variation, and population seems to be evolving at drift–mutation equilibrium and free from directed selection pressure. Furthermore, mismatch analysis showed multimodal curve indicating a demographic equilibrium. Phylogenetic relationships revealed by Median Joining Network (MJN) analysis denoted a clear discrimination of Naga King Chili from its closest sister species (Capsicumchinense and Capsicumfrutescens). The absence of star-like network of haplotypes suggested an ancient population expansion of this chili. The phylogenetic relationship of Naga King Chili showed a clear grouping from C. chinense and C. frutescens. Naga King Chili population seems to be evolving at drift-mutation equilibrium and free from directed selection pressure. Our findings revealed an ancient evolutionary history of this species.
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Parkash V, Saikia AJ. Production and Multiplication of Native Compost Fungal Activator by Using Different Substrates and Its Influence on Growth and Development of Capsicum chinensis Jacq. "Bhut Jolokia". BIOTECHNOLOGY RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:481363. [PMID: 25632354 PMCID: PMC4303005 DOI: 10.1155/2015/481363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Revised: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In vitro experiment was carried out to see the effect of saw dusts of Pinus kesiya, Shorea robusta, and Callicarpa arborea on Trichoderma harzianum, isolate TH-13 mass production, along with its biotization effect on Capsicum chinensis Jacq. "Bhut Jolokia." Early mycelium initiation (2 days) occurred in S. robusta followed by P. kesiya and C. arborea (3.5 days). The sporulation was observed earlier in S. robusta (100% after 6 days) than P. kesiya (33.4% after 8 days) and C. arborea (16.7% after 9 days) but no sporulation was observed in control. The complete sporulation was also earlier in S. robusta (100% after 10 days) than P. kesiya (33.4% after 15 days) and C. arborea (16.4% after 18 days). Higher conidial yield (86 × 10(6)) was also in S. robusta than P. kesiya (70 × 10(6)) and C. arborea (45 × 10(6)), respectively. The increase in height (60-70 cm), number of leaves (600-650), and yield of chili (120-150 fruits) were also more in inoculated C. chinensis seedlings than control. It is concluded that S. robusta saw dust is the best substrate for mass production of compost fungal activator and can be used in nursery practices for quality stock production of various crops/plantations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vipin Parkash
- Mycology and Soil Microbiology Research Laboratory, Rain Forest Research Institute (ICFRE), An Autonomous Council of Ministry of Environment & Forests, Government of India, Deovan, Jorhat, Assam 785001, India
| | - Ankur Jyoti Saikia
- Mycology and Soil Microbiology Research Laboratory, Rain Forest Research Institute (ICFRE), An Autonomous Council of Ministry of Environment & Forests, Government of India, Deovan, Jorhat, Assam 785001, India
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Rai VP, Kumar R, Kumar S, Rai A, Kumar S, Singh M, Singh SP, Rai AB, Paliwal R. Genetic diversity in Capsicum germplasm based on microsatellite and random amplified microsatellite polymorphism markers. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2013; 19:575-586. [PMID: 24431527 PMCID: PMC3781276 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-013-0185-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A sound knowledge of the genetic diversity among germplasm is vital for strategic germplasm collection, maintenance, conservation and utilisation. Genomic simple sequence repeats (SSRs) and random amplified microsatellite polymorphism (RAMPO) markers were used to analyse diversity and relationships among 48 pepper (Capsicum spp.) genotypes originating from nine countries. These genotypes covered 4 species including 13 germplasm accessions, 30 improved lines of 4 domesticated species and 5 landraces derived from natural interspecific crosses. Out of 106 SSR markers, 25 polymorphic SSR markers (24 %) detected a total of 76 alleles (average, 3.04; range, 2-5). The average polymorphic information content (PIC) was 0.69 (range, 0.29-0.92). Seventeen RAMPO markers produced 87 polymorphic fragments with average PIC of 0.63 (range, 0.44-0.81). Dendrograms based on SSRs and RAMPOs generated two clusters. All 38 Capsicum annuum genotypes and an interspecific landrace clustered together, whereas nine non-annuum (three Capsicum frutescens, one Capsicum chinense, one Capsicum baccatum and four interspecific landraces) genotypes clustered separately. Genetic variation within non-annuum genotypes was greater than the C. annuum genotypes. Distinctness of interspecific derivative landraces grown in northeast India was validated; natural crossing between sympatric Capsicum species has been proposed as the mechanism of their origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ved Prakash Rai
- />Department of Genetics & Plant Breeding, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005 India
| | - Rajesh Kumar
- />Indian Institute of Vegetable Research, Varanasi, 221305 India
| | - Sanjay Kumar
- />Department of Genetics & Plant Breeding, Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Jabalpur, 482004 India
| | - Ashutosh Rai
- />Indian Institute of Vegetable Research, Varanasi, 221305 India
| | - Sanjeet Kumar
- />AVRDC—The World Vegetable Center, P.O. Box 42, Shanhua Tainan, 74199 Taiwan
| | - Major Singh
- />Indian Institute of Vegetable Research, Varanasi, 221305 India
| | - Sheo Pratap Singh
- />Department of Genetics & Plant Breeding, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005 India
| | | | - Rajneesh Paliwal
- />Department of Genetics & Plant Breeding, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005 India
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