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Argano C, Torres A, Orlando V, Cangialosi V, Maggio D, Pollicino C, Corrao S. Molecular Insight into the Role of Vitamin D in Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2025; 26:4798. [PMID: 40429939 PMCID: PMC12112522 DOI: 10.3390/ijms26104798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2025] [Revised: 05/04/2025] [Accepted: 05/06/2025] [Indexed: 05/29/2025] Open
Abstract
In the last decades, it has become increasingly evident that the role of vitamin D extends beyond the regulation of calcium homeostasis and the maintenance of bone health. A significant extraskeletal function of vitamin D is its role in modulating the immune system, particularly highlighted in the context of immune-mediated inflammatory diseases, where correlations between vitamin D status and genetic variations in the vitamin D receptor have been observed about the incidence and severity of these conditions. Additionally, different studies have reported the existence of immunomodulatory effects of vitamin D, particularly the effects of vitamin D on dendritic cell function, maturation, cytokine production, and antigen presentation, and that its deficiency may be associated with a sub-inflammatory state. In this sense, different clinical trials have been conducted to assess the therapeutic efficacy of vitamin D in different immune-mediated inflammatory disorders, including asthma, atopic dermatitis (AD), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), psoriasis, thyroid diseases, infectious diseases, and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). This review will provide a comprehensive overview of the current understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying vitamin D's immunomodulatory properties, its role, and innovative therapeutic applications in patients with immune-mediated inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiano Argano
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Relevance and High Specialization Hospital Trust ARNAS Civico, Di Cristina, Benfratelli, 90127 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Alessandra Torres
- Department of Health Promotion Sciences, Maternal and Infant Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (PROMISE), University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy; (A.T.); (V.O.); (V.C.); (D.M.); (C.P.)
| | - Valentina Orlando
- Department of Health Promotion Sciences, Maternal and Infant Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (PROMISE), University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy; (A.T.); (V.O.); (V.C.); (D.M.); (C.P.)
| | - Virginia Cangialosi
- Department of Health Promotion Sciences, Maternal and Infant Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (PROMISE), University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy; (A.T.); (V.O.); (V.C.); (D.M.); (C.P.)
| | - Dalila Maggio
- Department of Health Promotion Sciences, Maternal and Infant Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (PROMISE), University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy; (A.T.); (V.O.); (V.C.); (D.M.); (C.P.)
| | - Chiara Pollicino
- Department of Health Promotion Sciences, Maternal and Infant Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (PROMISE), University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy; (A.T.); (V.O.); (V.C.); (D.M.); (C.P.)
| | - Salvatore Corrao
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Relevance and High Specialization Hospital Trust ARNAS Civico, Di Cristina, Benfratelli, 90127 Palermo, Italy;
- Department of Health Promotion Sciences, Maternal and Infant Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (PROMISE), University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy; (A.T.); (V.O.); (V.C.); (D.M.); (C.P.)
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Kawada K, Sato C, Ishida T, Nagao Y, Yamamoto T, Jobu K, Hamada Y, Izawa Ishizawa Y, Ishizawa K, Abe S. Vitamin D Supplementation and Allergic Rhinitis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2025; 61:355. [PMID: 40005471 PMCID: PMC11857834 DOI: 10.3390/medicina61020355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2025] [Revised: 02/11/2025] [Accepted: 02/14/2025] [Indexed: 02/27/2025]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Vitamin D supplementation is effective for allergic rhinitis; however, its usefulness is unclear. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to examine the conditions in which vitamin D supplementation was effective in allergic rhinitis management. Materials and Methods: Randomized controlled trials of vitamin D supplementation used for patients with allergic rhinitis were searched for across different databases. We extracted scores on patients' symptoms and the medication types used as the baseline treatments and performed a meta-analysis to evaluate the effect of vitamin D supplementation on allergic rhinitis symptoms. Meta-regression and subgroup analyses were performed for the average age, proportion of female participants, concomitant medications, vitamin D administration durations, and baseline serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels. Results: In total, 2389 articles were screened, and 5 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were included in the meta-analysis. Compared with placebos, vitamin D supplementation alleviated allergic rhinitis symptoms, although the difference was not significant; there was significant heterogeneity among studies (standardized mean difference [SMD] = -2.69, 95% confidence interval [CI]: -6.20 to 0.82, I2 = 98%, p < 0.01). The proportion of female participants in the RCTs (slope: 0.21, p = 0.026) and concomitant corticosteroid use (slope: -9.16, p = 0.005) influenced the vitamin D response. Compared with the placebos, vitamin D supplementation without corticosteroids alleviated the allergic rhinitis symptoms (SMD = -0.56, 95% CI: -0.90 to -0.23). Combination treatment with corticosteroids also non-significantly alleviated symptoms. Additionally, the heterogeneity between studies was significant (SMD = -5.97, 95% CI: -13.55 to 1.16, I2 = 99%, p < 0.01). Conclusions: The study results suggest that vitamin D supplementation alleviates allergic rhinitis symptoms, although the effects differ according to the patient's sex and concomitant medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Kawada
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy Practice Pedagogy, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan; (K.K.); (C.S.); (Y.N.); (T.Y.); (S.A.)
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan; (Y.I.I.); (K.I.)
| | - Chiemi Sato
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy Practice Pedagogy, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan; (K.K.); (C.S.); (Y.N.); (T.Y.); (S.A.)
| | - Tomoaki Ishida
- Department of Pharmacy, Kochi Medical School Hospital, Nankoku 783-8505, Kochi, Japan; (K.J.); (Y.H.)
| | - Yui Nagao
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy Practice Pedagogy, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan; (K.K.); (C.S.); (Y.N.); (T.Y.); (S.A.)
| | - Takaaki Yamamoto
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy Practice Pedagogy, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan; (K.K.); (C.S.); (Y.N.); (T.Y.); (S.A.)
| | - Kohei Jobu
- Department of Pharmacy, Kochi Medical School Hospital, Nankoku 783-8505, Kochi, Japan; (K.J.); (Y.H.)
| | - Yukihiro Hamada
- Department of Pharmacy, Kochi Medical School Hospital, Nankoku 783-8505, Kochi, Japan; (K.J.); (Y.H.)
| | - Yuki Izawa Ishizawa
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan; (Y.I.I.); (K.I.)
- Department of General Medicine, Taoka Hospital, Tokushima 770-0941, Japan
| | - Keisuke Ishizawa
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan; (Y.I.I.); (K.I.)
- Department of Pharmacy, Tokushima University Hospital, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
- Clinical Research Centre for Developmental Therapeutics, Tokushima University Hospital, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Shinji Abe
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy Practice Pedagogy, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan; (K.K.); (C.S.); (Y.N.); (T.Y.); (S.A.)
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Shukla S, Awasthi SK, Bhati P, Rizvi S. The Impact of Vitamin-D Supplementation on Individuals with Allergic Rhinitis. Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2025; 77:715-719. [PMID: 40070750 PMCID: PMC11890835 DOI: 10.1007/s12070-024-05227-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2024] [Accepted: 11/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2025] Open
Abstract
Introduction Allergic rhinitis is a common disease affecting 10 percent people. Sleep, quality of life, and productivity at work are all significantly impacted by severe allergic rhinitis. An increase in allergic diseases has been associated with a lack of vitamin D. Methods It is a case control study in which all patients with allergic rhinitis were included and their vitamin d levels were evaluated. Case group was given vitamin d supplementation weekly and their TNSS score was evaluated against those control group where no supplementation was given. Results A total of 80 individuals were diagnosed with Allergic Rhinitis. At the time of presentation, the average age of the people was 24.5 years. The average TNSS value before therapy for the study group that took oral vitamin D3 medicine was 11.10 ± 2.10, and after treatment it dropped to 3.2 ± 0.5. The average TNSS score before to therapy was 12.40 ± 2.50 in the control group, which utilised medicines devoid of oral vitamin D3. Discussion The link between low vitamin D levels and an increased incidence of allergic disorders has recently attracted more attention on a worldwide scale. But studies on this area have shown contradictory results. The purpose of this study was to determine whether or not supplementing with vitamin D3 helped individuals suffering from allergic rhinitis. Conclusion Vitamin D3 significantly improves the clinical manifestations of allergic rhinitis when administered. Noticeable clinical benefits are achieved when the therapy method for allergic rhinitis is changed by injecting vitamin D3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuti Shukla
- Department of ENT, School of Medical Sciences and Research, Sharda Hospital, Sharda University, Knowledge Park III, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201310 India
| | - Sanjeev Kumar Awasthi
- Department of ENT, School of Medical Sciences and Research, Sharda Hospital, Sharda University, Knowledge Park III, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201310 India
| | - Pooja Bhati
- Department of ENT, School of Medical Sciences and Research, Sharda Hospital, Sharda University, Knowledge Park III, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201310 India
| | - Sama Rizvi
- Department of ENT, School of Medical Sciences and Research, Sharda Hospital, Sharda University, Knowledge Park III, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201310 India
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Rivero-Yeverino D, Payan-Diaz JH, López-García AI, Papaqui-Tapia JS, Caballero-López CG, Ríos-López JJ, López-Romero CD, Sánchez-Villalobos JY, Ortega Jordá-Rodríguez E, Álvarez-Rivera A, Villada-Villada E. [Therapeutic effect of vitamin D supplementation in mexican patients with allergic rhinitis]. REVISTA ALERGIA MÉXICO 2024; 71:85-90. [PMID: 39298119 DOI: 10.29262/ram.v71i2.1282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2024] [Indexed: 10/20/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJETIVES To evaluate the impact of cholecalciferol (D₃) supplementation using clinical and paraclinical variables in patients with RA and vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency. METHODS A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study included patients from 5 to 40 years with a diagnosis of RA and vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency. They were supplemented for 8 weeks with 4000 or 5000 IU, depending on age. Total nasal symptoms score (TNSS) was measured monthly and 25(OH)D₃ levels at baseline and at the end of the study. RESULTS A total of 31 patients were included, with a mean age of 18.19 years. In the active group, there was a significant improvement in symptomatology with respect to the TNSS score and an increase in serum vitamin D levels (p < 0.01). There were no adverse reactions with cholecalciferol or placebo. CONCLUSIONS Supplementing patients with vitamin D₃, at the evaluated dose, together with conventional treatent for allergic rhinitis results in symptoms and quality of life improvement in patients with this disease.
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Al-Allaff RGM, Bakr Al-Sawaf TM. Correlation Between a Deficiency of D3 Levels and the Development of Allergic Rhinitis. Pak J Biol Sci 2024; 27:27-34. [PMID: 38413395 DOI: 10.3923/pjbs.2024.27.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
<b>Background and Objective:</b> Allergic rhinitis (AR) is a common disorder characterized by sneezing, runny nose, nasal congestion and lacrimation, which negatively affects the quality of life to a large extent. The study aimed to find a link between the effect of vitamin D3 levels on Immunoglobulin (IgE) levels in patients with allergic AR. <b>Materials and Methods:</b> This study included 30 patients with AR, with ages ranging from 18 to 35, of both sexes. For vitamin D levels, <u>></u>30 ng/mL is considered sufficient and <u><</u>20 ng/mL is a deficiency. The second group includes 30 people with adequate levels of vitamin D3 as a control group. All results were analyzed statistically by ANOVA, in addition to using the regression coefficient test to test the extent of the effect of D3 on the development of allergic rhinitis at a significant level of p<u><</u>0.05 using the SPSS program 24. <b>Results:</b> The results showed a significant decrease in the levels of vitamin D3 in the serum of the AR patients compared with the control group and a substantial increase in the levels of IgE in the serum of the AR patients compared with the control group at a significant level of p<u><</u>0.05. Additionally, the results showed in the regression coefficient an inverse and significant effect of vitamin D3 concentration on serum IgE levels, which is significant in terms of the p-value, which appeared equal to 0.010. By observing the value of the R<sup>2</sup> coefficient of determination, it is clear that a change in the concentration of vitamin D3 causes 58% of the changes in IgE levels. <b>Conclusion:</b> Through linear regression correlation, an inverse linear relationship emerged linking low vitamin D3 levels to increased IgE levels with an effect rate of 58%.
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He X, Zhang S, Wu J, Fu Q, Zhang Q, Peng W. The global/local (limited to some regions) effect of cesarean delivery on the risk of pediatric allergic rhinitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Pediatr 2023; 11:1228737. [PMID: 37601128 PMCID: PMC10435734 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2023.1228737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Allergic rhinitis is a chronic and refractory disease that can be affected by a variety of factors. Studies have shown an association between cesarean section and the risk of pediatric allergic rhinitis. Methods The PubMed, Springer, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science databases were searched to retrieve all studies published from January 2000 to November 2022, focusing on the relationship between cesarean section and the risk of pediatric allergic rhinitis. A meta-analysis was conducted to find a correlation between cesarean section and the risk of pediatric allergic rhinitis. A subgroup analysis was performed, considering the region and family history of allergy, after adjusting for confounding factors. Pooled odds ratios (ORs) were calculated, publication bias was assessed using a funnel plot, and heterogeneity between study-specific relative risks was taken into account. Results The results showed that cesarean section was significantly associated with an increased risk of pediatric allergic rhinitis (OR: 1.27, 95% CI: 1.20-1.35). Subgroup analysis stratified by region indicated that cesarean section increased the risk of pediatric allergic rhinitis, with the highest increase in South America (OR: 1.67, 95% CI: 1.10-2.52) and the lowest in Europe (OR: 1.13, 95% CI: 1.02-1.25). The results of the subgroup analysis stratified by family history of allergy indicate that family history of allergy was not associated with the risk of pediatric allergic rhinitis. Conclusion An association exists between cesarean section as the mode of delivery and the increased risk of pediatric allergic rhinitis, and cesarean section is a risk factor for allergic rhinitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyi He
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- School of Clinical Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Shipeng Zhang
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiamin Wu
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- School of Clinical Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Qinwei Fu
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Qinxiu Zhang
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- School of Clinical Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- School of Medical and Life Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre (WHOCC), Chengdu, China
| | - Wenyu Peng
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- School of Clinical Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
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Tabassum A, Ali A, Zahedi FD, Ismail NAS. Immunomodulatory Role of Vitamin D on Gut Microbiome in Children. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11051441. [PMID: 37239112 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11051441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D plays a role in regulating the immune system and can be linked to the alteration of the gut microbiome, which leads to several immunological diseases. This systematic review aims to explore the relationship between Vitamin D and children's gut microbiome, as well as its impact towards the immune system. We have systematically collated relevant studies from different databases concerning changes in the gut microbiome of children from infants to 18 years old associated with Vitamin D and the immunological pathways. The studies utilized 16S rRNA sequencing analysis of fecal matter with or without Vitamin D supplementation and Vitamin D levels. Ten studies were selected for the review, among which eight studies showed significant alterations in the gut microbiome related to Vitamin D supplementation or Vitamin D levels. The taxa of the phylum Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, and Proteobacteria are the most altered in these studies. The alteration of the taxa alters the Th1 and Th2 pathways and changes the immune response. We will discuss how Vitamin D may contribute to the activation of immune pathways via its effects on intestinal barrier function, microbiome composition, and/or direct effects on immune responses. In conclusion, the studies examined in this review have provided evidence that Vitamin D levels may have an impact on the composition of children's gut microbiomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anika Tabassum
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
| | - Adli Ali
- Department of Pediatric, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
| | - Farah Dayana Zahedi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
| | - Noor Akmal Shareela Ismail
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
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Shrestha P, Kaur J, Gupta Y, Verma H. The Long-Term Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on Quality of Life in Persistent (Perennial) Allergic Rhinitis Patients. Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2022; 74:212-216. [DOI: 10.1007/s12070-021-02938-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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Peng LY, Li BB, Deng KB, Wang WG. MicroRNA-214-3p facilitates M2 macrophage polarization by targeting GSK3B. Kaohsiung J Med Sci 2022; 38:347-356. [PMID: 35005835 DOI: 10.1002/kjm2.12487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Allergic rhinitis (AR) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the nasal mucosa. M2 macrophage polarization can reduce inflammation and repair tissue injury during AR development. Studies have substantiated the involvement of miRNAs in AR pathogenesis. Herein, the molecular mechanism of miR-214-3p in AR development was explored. To mimic the AR environment, ovalbumin (OVA) was used to treat macrophages. MiR-214-3p and glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK3B) expression in nasal mucus tissues and macrophages was assessed by RT-qPCR. The M2 phenotypic signature of CD206 in macrophages was assessed by flow cytometry. The protein expression of GSK3B and M2 macrophage markers (ARG-1 and IL-10) was evaluated by western blotting. The correlation between miR-214-3p and GSK3B was validated by a luciferase reporter assay. We found that miR-214-3p was overexpressed in macrophages and nasal mucus tissues from AR patients. MiR-214-3p facilitated M2 polarization of macrophages upon OVA stimulation. Mechanistically, miR-214-3p targeted the GSK3B 3' untranslated region in macrophages. In addition, GSK3B was downregulated in macrophages and nasal mucus tissues from AR patients. In rescue assays, GSK3B downregulation reversed the inhibitory effects of miR-214-3p silencing on M2 polarization of macrophages treated with OVA. Overall, miR-214-3p facilitates M2 macrophage polarization by targeting GSK3B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Yan Peng
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Hubei Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Bi-Bao Li
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Hubei Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Ke-Bin Deng
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Hubei Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Wen-Guang Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Hubei Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
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Wu AC, Dahlin A, Wang AL. The Role of Environmental Risk Factors on the Development of Childhood Allergic Rhinitis. CHILDREN 2021; 8:children8080708. [PMID: 34438599 PMCID: PMC8391414 DOI: 10.3390/children8080708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Revised: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Environmental factors play an important role in the development and exacerbation of allergic rhinitis (AR) in childhood. Indoor air pollution, such as house dust mites and secondhand smoke, can significantly increase the onset of AR, while pet dander may affect the exacerbation of AR symptoms in children. Furthermore, traffic related air pollution and pollen are outdoor air pollutants that can affect immune competency and airway responsiveness, increasing the risk of AR in children. Climate change has increased AR in children, as growth patterns of allergenic species have changed, resulting in longer pollen seasons. More extreme and frequent weather events also contribute to the deterioration of indoor air quality due to climate change. Additionally, viruses provoke respiratory tract infections, worsening the symptoms of AR, while viral infections alter the immune system. Although viruses and pollution influence development and exacerbation of AR, a variety of treatment and prevention options are available for AR patients. The protective influence of vegetation (greenness) is heavily associated with air pollution mitigation, relieving AR exacerbations, while the use of air filters can reduce allergic triggers. Oral antihistamines and intranasal corticosteroids are common pharmacotherapy for AR symptoms. In this review, we discuss the environmental risk factors for AR and summarize treatment strategies for preventing and managing AR in children.
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