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Anand AC, Acharya SK. The Story of Ammonia in Liver Disease: An Unraveling Continuum. J Clin Exp Hepatol 2024; 14:101361. [PMID: 38444405 PMCID: PMC10910335 DOI: 10.1016/j.jceh.2024.101361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Hyperammonemia and liver disease are closely linked. Most of the ammonia in our body is produced by transamination and deamination activities involving amino acid, purine, pyrimidines, and biogenic amines, and from the intestine by bacterial splitting of urea. The only way of excretion from the body is by hepatic conversion of ammonia to urea. Hyperammonemia is associated with widespread toxicities such as cerebral edema, hepatic encephalopathy, immune dysfunction, promoting fibrosis, and carcinogenesis. Over the past two decades, it has been increasingly utilized for prognostication of cirrhosis, acute liver failure as well as acute on chronic liver failure. The laboratory assessment of hyperammonemia has certain limitations, despite which its value in the assessment of various forms of liver disease cannot be negated. It may soon become an important tool to make therapeutic decisions about the use of prophylactic and definitive treatment in various forms of liver disease.
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Thanapirom K, Treeprasertsuk S, Choudhury A, Verma N, Dhiman RK, Al Mahtab M, Devarbhavi H, Shukla A, Hamid SS, Jafri W, Tan SS, Lee GH, Ghazinyan H, Sood A, Kim DJ, Eapen CE, Tao H, Yuemin N, Dokmeci AK, Sahu M, Arora A, Kumar A, Kumar R, Prasad VGM, Shresta A, Sollano J, Payawal DA, Lau G, Sarin SK. Ammonia is associated with liver-related complications and predicts mortality in acute-on-chronic liver failure patients. Sci Rep 2024; 14:5796. [PMID: 38461166 PMCID: PMC10924893 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-56401-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024] Open
Abstract
The relationship between ammonia and liver-related complications (LRCs) in acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) patients is not clearly established. This study aimed to evaluate the association between ammonia levels and LRCs in patients with ACLF. The study also evaluated the ability of ammonia in predicting mortality and progression of LRCs. The study prospectively recruited ACLF patients based on the APASL definition from the ACLF Research Consortium (AARC) from 2009 to 2019. LRCs were a composite endpoint of bacterial infection, overt hepatic encephalopathy (HE), and ascites. A total of 3871 cases were screened. Of these, 701 ACLF patients were enrolled. Patients with LRCs had significantly higher ammonia levels than those without. Ammonia was significantly higher in patients with overt HE and ascites, but not in those with bacterial infection. Multivariate analysis found that ammonia was associated with LRCs. Additionally, baseline arterial ammonia was an independent predictor of 30-day mortality, but it was not associated with the development of new LRCs within 30 days. In summary, baseline arterial ammonia levels are associated with 30-day mortality and LRCs, mainly overt HE and ascites in ACLF patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kessarin Thanapirom
- Division of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University and King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, Thailand.
- Center of Excellence in Hepatic Fibrosis and Cirrhosis, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
| | - Sombat Treeprasertsuk
- Division of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University and King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Ashok Choudhury
- Department of Hepatology, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Nipun Verma
- Department of Hepatology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Radha Krishan Dhiman
- Department of Hepatology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mamun Al Mahtab
- Department of Hepatology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Akash Shukla
- Department of Gastroenterology, Lokmanya Tilak Municipal General Hospital, and Lokmanya Tilak Municipal Medical College, Sion, Mumbai, India
| | - Saeed Sadiq Hamid
- Department of Medicine, Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Wasim Jafri
- Department of Medicine, Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Soek Siam Tan
- Department of Hepatology, Hospital Selayang, Bata Caves, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Guan H Lee
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hasmik Ghazinyan
- Department of Hepatology, Nork Clinical Hospital of Infectious Disease, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Ajit Sood
- Department of Gastroenterology, DMC, Ludhiana, India
| | - Dong Joon Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - C E Eapen
- Department of Hepatology, CMC, Vellore, India
| | - Han Tao
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, The Third Central Clinical College of Tianjin Medical University, No. 83, Jintang Road, Hedong District, Tianjin, 300170, China
| | - Nan Yuemin
- Department of Traditional and Western Medical Hepatology, Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - A Kadir Dokmeci
- Department of Medicine, Ankara University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Manoj Sahu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Sciences, IMS and SUM Hospital, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Anil Arora
- Institute of Liver Gastroenterology and Pancreatico Biliary Sciences, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Ashish Kumar
- Institute of Liver Gastroenterology and Pancreatico Biliary Sciences, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Ramesh Kumar
- Department of Gastroenterology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, Bihar, India
| | | | - Ananta Shresta
- Department of Hepatology, Alka Hospital Pvt Ltd, Jawalakhel, Lalitpur, Nepal
| | - Jose Sollano
- Department of Medicine, Cardinal Santos Medical Center, Manila, Philippines
| | | | - George Lau
- Department of Medicine, Humanity, and Health Medical Group, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
- Senior Department of Hepatology, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Shiv Kumar Sarin
- Department of Hepatology, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India
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Cai YJ, Dong JJ, Chen RC, Xiao QQ, Li XM, Chen DY, Cai C, Lin XL, Shi KQ, Lu MQ. Serum ammonia variation predicts mortality in patients with hepatitis B virus-related acute-on-chronic liver failure. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1282106. [PMID: 38111648 PMCID: PMC10725913 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1282106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Hyperammonemia is critical to the development of hepatic encephalopathy (HE) and is associated with mortality in end-stage liver disease. This study investigated the clinical value of ammonia variation in hepatitis B virus-related acute-on-chronic liver failure (HBV-ACLF) patients. Methods A total of 276 patients with HBV-ACLF were retrospectively recruited. Patients' ammonia levels were serially documented. Baseline ammonia, Peak ammonia (highest level), and Trough ammonia (lowest level) were particularly corrected to the upper limit of normal (AMM-ULN). The primary endpoint was 28-day mortality. Results The 28-day, 3-month, and 12-month mortality rates were 19.2, 25.7, and 28.2%, respectively. A total of 51 (18.4%) patients had overt HE (grade 2/3/4). Peak AMM-ULN was significantly higher in patients with overt HE and non-survivors compared with their counterparts (P < 0.001). Following adjustment for significant confounders, high Peak AMM-ULN was an independent predictor of overt HE (hazard ratio, 1.031, P < 0.001) and 28-day mortality (hazard ratio, 1.026, P < 0.001). The cut-off of Peak AMM-ULN was 1.8, determined by using the X-tile. Patients with Peak AMM-ULN appearing on days 1-3 after admission had a higher proportion of overt HE and mortality compared to other groups. Patients with decreased ammonia levels within 7 days had better clinical outcomes than those with increased ammonia. Conclusion Serum Peak ammonia was independently associated with overt HE and mortality in HBV-ACLF patients. Serial serum ammonia may have prognostic value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Jing Cai
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Translational Medicine Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jia-Jia Dong
- Department of Ultrasonography, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Rui-Cong Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qian-Qian Xiao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xu-Mei Li
- Translational Medicine Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - De-Yuan Chen
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chao Cai
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiu-Li Lin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ke-Qing Shi
- Translational Medicine Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ming-Qin Lu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Yuksek A, Acehan S, Satar S, Gulen M, Balcik M, Sevdimbas S, Ince C, Koca AN, Tas A. Predictors of 30-day mortality in patients diagnosed with hepatic encephalopathy on admission to the emergency department. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2023; 35:1402-1409. [PMID: 37695624 DOI: 10.1097/meg.0000000000002646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study is to compare the laboratory findings and disease severity scores of patients diagnosed with hepatic encephalopathy (HE) in the emergency department (ED) to predict 30-day mortality. METHOD The patients over 18 years old and diagnosed HE in the ED of a tertiary hospital were included in the study. Demographic and clinical characteristics, laboratory parameters, predisposing causes and outcomes of the patients included in the study were recorded in the data form. Severity of liver disease was assessed by Child Pugh Score (CPS), End-stage liver disease model (MELD), MELD-Na and MELD-Lactate scores. RESULTS Two hundred fifty-four patients diagnosed with HE were included in the study. 59.1% of the patients were male. The mean age of the patients was 65.2 ± 12.6 years. The mortality rate of the patients was 47.2%. When the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis, which determines the predictive properties of laboratory parameters and disease severity scores, was examined, the area under curve value of the MELD-Lactate score (0.858 95% CI 0.812-0.904, P < 0.001) was the highest. Binary logistic regression analysis for the estimation of patients' 30-day mortality showed that CPS and MELD-Lactate scores and blood ammonia and B-type natriuretic peptide levels were independent predictors of mortality. CONCLUSION According to the study data, MELD-Lactate and BNP levels in patients diagnosed with HE in the ED may help the clinician in the prediction of 30-day mortality in the early period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Yuksek
- Hatay City Training and Research Hospital, Emergency Medicine Clinic, Hatay
| | - Selen Acehan
- Health Sciences University, Adana City Training and Research Hospital, Emergency Medicine Clinic, Adana
| | - Salim Satar
- Health Sciences University, Adana City Training and Research Hospital, Emergency Medicine Clinic, Adana
| | - Muge Gulen
- Health Sciences University, Adana City Training and Research Hospital, Emergency Medicine Clinic, Adana
| | - Muhammet Balcik
- Ministry of Health Kahramanmaras Necip Fazil City Hospital, Department of Emergency Medicine, Kahramanmaraş
| | - Sarper Sevdimbas
- Health Sciences University, Adana City Training and Research Hospital, Emergency Medicine Clinic, Adana
| | - Cagdas Ince
- Health Sciences University, Adana City Training and Research Hospital, Emergency Medicine Clinic, Adana
| | - Ahmet Naci Koca
- Ministry of Health Samandag Hospital, Department of Emergency Medicine, Hatay
| | - Adnan Tas
- Medipark Hospital, Department of Gastroenterology, Adana, Turkey
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Ballester MP, Carbonell-Asins JA, Balcar L, Reiberger T, Jalan R. Reply to: "Ammonia predicts clinical outcomes in cirrhosis - but there are caveats to consider". J Hepatol 2023; 79:e239-e241. [PMID: 37625482 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2023.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Pilar Ballester
- Digestive Disease Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia, Spain; INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Lorenz Balcar
- Vienna Hepatic Hemodynamic Laboratory, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Reiberger
- Vienna Hepatic Hemodynamic Laboratory, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rajiv Jalan
- Liver Failure Group, Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, Royal Free Campus, London, United Kingdom; European Foundation for the Study of Chronic Liver Failure (EF Clif), Spain.
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Goel A, Zachariah U, Daniel D, Eapen CE. Growing Evidence for Survival Benefit with Plasma Exchange to Treat Liver Failure. J Clin Exp Hepatol 2023; 13:1061-1073. [PMID: 37975044 PMCID: PMC10643514 DOI: 10.1016/j.jceh.2023.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasma exchange (PLEX) to treat liver failure patients is gaining increasing momentum in recent years. Most reports have used PLEX to treat patients with acute liver failure (ALF) or acute on chronic liver failure (ACLF). Etiology of liver disease has an important bearing on the prognosis of the illness in these patients. The accruing data suggest survival benefit with PLEX compared with standard medical treatment to treat ALF and ACLF patients, in randomised controlled trials done world-over. The American College of Apheresis now recommends high-volume PLEX as first-line treatment for ALF patients. Most matched cohort studies done from India which recruited patients with a specific etiology of ALF or ACLF report survival benefit with PLEX compared to standard medical treatment. The survival benefit with PLEX appears more pronounced in ALF patients rather than in ACLF patients. Systematic analysis of the efficacy of PLEX to treat ALF and ACLF patients is needed. There is also a need to identify dynamic predictive scores to assess which patients with ALF or ACLF will respond to PLEX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Goel
- Departments of Hepatology and Transfusion Medicine and Immunohaematology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Uday Zachariah
- Departments of Hepatology and Transfusion Medicine and Immunohaematology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Dolly Daniel
- Departments of Hepatology and Transfusion Medicine and Immunohaematology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Chundamannil E. Eapen
- Departments of Hepatology and Transfusion Medicine and Immunohaematology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
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Essing T, Bock H, Wieland B, Fluegen G, Bednarsch J, Bode JG, Neumann UP, Roderburg C, Loosen SH, Luedde T. Clinical determinants of hospital mortality in liver failure: a comprehensive analysis of 62,717 patients. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR GASTROENTEROLOGIE 2023; 61:1472-1483. [PMID: 36972596 DOI: 10.1055/a-2016-9061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Liver failure (LF) is characterised by a loss of the synthetic and metabolic liver function and is associated with a high mortality. Large-scale data on recent developments and hospital mortality of LF in Germany are missing. A systematic analysis and careful interpretation of these datasets could help to optimise outcomes of LF. METHODS We used standardised hospital discharge data of the Federal Statistical Office to evaluate current trends, hospital mortality and factors associated with an unfavourable course of LF in Germany between 2010 and 2019. RESULTS A total of 62,717 hospitalised LF cases were identified. Annual LF frequency decreased from 6716 (2010) to 5855 (2019) cases and was higher among males (60.51%). Hospital mortality was 38.08% and significantly declined over the observation period. Mortality significantly correlated with patients' age and was highest among individuals with (sub)acute LF (47.5%). Multivariate regression analyses revealed pulmonary (ORARDS: 2.76, ORmechanical ventilation: 6.46) and renal complications (ORacute kidney failure: 2.04, ORhepatorenal syndrome: 2.92) and sepsis (OR: 1.92) as factors for increased mortality. Liver transplantation reduced mortality in patients with (sub)acute LF. Hospital mortality significantly decreased with the annual LF case volume and ranged from 47.46% to 29.87% in low- or high-case-volume hospitals, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Although incidence rates and hospital mortality of LF in Germany have constantly decreased, hospital mortality has remained at a very high level. We identified a number of variables associated with increased mortality that could help to improve framework conditions for the treatment of LF in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Essing
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty of Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Paracelsus Medical University, Klinikum Nürnberg, Nürnberg, Germany
| | - Hans Bock
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty of Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Björn Wieland
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty of Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Georg Fluegen
- Department of Surgery (A), University Hospital Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty of Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jan Bednarsch
- Department of Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Johannes G Bode
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty of Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ulf P Neumann
- Department of Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Christoph Roderburg
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty of Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Sven H Loosen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty of Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Tom Luedde
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty of Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
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Phinder-Puente ME, Pérez-Nieto OR, Hernández-Velázquez NN, Mondragón-Labelle TO, Deloya-Tomas E. Utility of serum ammonia in critically ill hospitalized patients with hepatic encephalopathy. REVISTA DE GASTROENTEROLOGIA DE MEXICO (ENGLISH) 2023; 88:455-456. [PMID: 37833135 DOI: 10.1016/j.rgmxen.2023.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M E Phinder-Puente
- Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos, Hospital General San Juan del Río, Querétaro, Mexico.
| | - O R Pérez-Nieto
- Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos, Hospital General San Juan del Río, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - N N Hernández-Velázquez
- Departamento de Gastroenterología y Endoscopía, Hospital General San Juan del Río, Querétaro, Mexico
| | | | - E Deloya-Tomas
- Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos, Hospital General San Juan del Río, Querétaro, Mexico
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Velarde-Ruiz Velasco JA, Aldana-Ledesma JM, Higuera-de-la-Tijera F. Response to Phinder-Puente ME et al., regarding "Current vision on diagnosis and comprehensive care in hepatic encephalopathy". REVISTA DE GASTROENTEROLOGIA DE MEXICO (ENGLISH) 2023; 88:457-459. [PMID: 38102014 DOI: 10.1016/j.rgmxen.2023.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J A Velarde-Ruiz Velasco
- Departamento de Gastroenterología, Hospital Civil de Guadalajara «Fray Antonio Alcalde», Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - J M Aldana-Ledesma
- Departamento de Gastroenterología, Hospital Civil de Guadalajara «Fray Antonio Alcalde», Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - F Higuera-de-la-Tijera
- Servicio de Gastroenterología y Hepatología, Hospital General de México «Dr. Eduardo Liceaga», Mexico City, Mexico.
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Xiong Y, Xia Z, Yang L, Huang J. A novel nomogram to predict 90-day mortality in patients with hepatitis B virus-related acute-on-chronic liver failure: a single-center retrospective study. BMC Gastroenterol 2023; 23:86. [PMID: 36964486 PMCID: PMC10039517 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-023-02727-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) is a critical illness with high mortality. Herein, we developed and validated a new and simple prognostic nomogram to predict 90-day mortality in hepatitis B virus-related ACLF (HBV-ACLF) patients. METHODS This single-center retrospective study collected data from 181 HBV-ACLF patients treated between June 2018 and March 2020. The correlation between clinical data and 90-day mortality in patients with HBV-ACLF was assessed using univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses. RESULTS Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that age (p = 0.011), hepatic encephalopathy (p = 0.001), total bilirubin (p = 0.007), international normalized ratio (p = 0.006), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (p = 0.011) were independent predictors of 90-day mortality in HBV-ACLF patients. A nomogram was created to predict 90-day mortality using these risk factors. The C-index for the prognostic nomogram was calculated as 0.866, and confirmed to be 0.854 via bootstrapping verification. The area under the curve was 0.870 in the external validation cohort. The predictive value of the nomogram was similar to that of the Chinese Group on the Study of Severe Hepatitis B score, and exceeded the performance of other prognostic scores. CONCLUSION The prognostic nomogram constructed using the factors identified in multivariate regression analysis might serve as a beneficial tool to predict 90-day mortality in HBV-ACLF patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Xiong
- The Department of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Zuoxun Xia
- Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Lu Yang
- The Department of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Jianrong Huang
- The Department of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, China.
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Ma L, Liu S, Xing H, Jin Z. Research progress on short-term prognosis of acute-on-chronic liver failure. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2023; 17:45-57. [PMID: 36597928 DOI: 10.1080/17474124.2023.2165063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) is a clinical syndrome characterized as a severe condition with rapid progression, poor therapeutic response and poor prognosis. Early and timely evaluation of the prognosis is helpful for providing appropriate clinical intervention and prolonging patient survival. AREAS COVERED Currently, there are no specific dynamic and comprehensive approaches to assess the prognosis of patients with ACLF. This article reviews the progress in evaluating the short-term prognosis of ACLF to provide future directions for more dynamic prospective large-scale multicenter studies and a basis for individualized and precise treatment for ACLF patients. We searched PubMed and Web of Science with the term 'acute on chronic liver failure' and 'prognosis.' There was no date or language restriction, and our final search was on 26 October 2022. EXPERT OPINION ACLF is a dynamic process, and the best prognostic marker is the clinical evolution of organ failure over time. New prognostic markers are developing not only in the fields of genetics and histology but also toward diversification combined with imaging. Determining which patients will benefit from continued advanced life support is a formidable challenge, and accurate short-term prognostic assessments of ACLF are a good approach to addressing this issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luyao Ma
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Medicine, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun City, Jilin Province, China
| | - Siqi Liu
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Medicine, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun City, Jilin Province, China
| | - Hao Xing
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Medicine, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun City, Jilin Province, China
| | - Zhenjing Jin
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Medicine, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun City, Jilin Province, China
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Huang L, Yu Q, Peng H, Zhen Z. Alterations of gut microbiome and effects of probiotic therapy in patients with liver cirrhosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2022; 101:e32335. [PMID: 36595801 PMCID: PMC9794299 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000032335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alterations in the gut microbiome usually occur in liver cirrhosis. Gut microbiome dysregulation damages the liver and accelerates the development of liver fibrosis. Probiotic treatment has gradually become a major method for improving the prognosis of liver cirrhosis and reducing its complications. However, alterations in the gut microbiome have revealed different results, and the therapeutic effects of various probiotics are inconsistent. METHODS We searched the PubMed, Medline, EMBASE, ScienceDirect, and Cochrane databases up to August 2022 and conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of 17 relevant studies. RESULTS The counts of Enterobacter (standardized mean difference [SMD] -1.79, 95% confidence interval [CI]: -3.08 to -0.49) and Enterococcus (SMD -1.41, 95% CI: -2.26 to -0.55) increased significantly in patients with cirrhosis, while the counts of Lactobacillus (SMD 0.63, 95% CI: 0.12-1.15) and Bifidobacterium (SMD 0.44, 95% CI: 0.12-0.77) decreased significantly. Blood ammonia (weighted mean difference [WMD] 14.61, 95% CI: 7.84-21.37) and the incidence of hepatic encephalopathy (WMD 0.40, 95% CI: 0.27-0.61) were significantly decreased in the probiotic group. As for mortality (MD 0.75, 95% CI: 0.48-1.16) and the incidence of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (WMD -0.02, 95% CI: -0.07 to 0.03), no significant differences were found between the probiotic and placebo groups. CONCLUSION In summary, the gut microbiome in cirrhosis manifests as decreased counts of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium and increased counts of Enterobacter and Enterococcus. Targeted supplementation of probiotics in cirrhosis, including Lactobacillus combined with Bifidobacterium or Bifidobacterium alone, can reduce blood ammonia and the incidence of hepatic encephalopathy. The effect is similar to that of lactulose, but it has no obvious effect on mortality and spontaneous bacterial peritonitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Huang
- Department of No. 1 Surgery, The First Hospital Affiliated to Anhui University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
- * Correspondence: Long Huang, The First Hospital Affiliated to Anhui University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 117 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui Province 230031, China (e-mail: )
| | - Qingsheng Yu
- Department of No. 1 Surgery, The First Hospital Affiliated to Anhui University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Hui Peng
- Department of No. 1 Surgery, The First Hospital Affiliated to Anhui University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Zhou Zhen
- Department of Surgery, The Second Hospital Affiliated to Anhui University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
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Tranah TH, Ballester MP, Carbonell-Asins JA, Ampuero J, Alexandrino G, Caracostea A, Sánchez-Torrijos Y, Thomsen KL, Kerbert AJC, Capilla-Lozano M, Romero-Gómez M, Escudero-García D, Montoliu C, Jalan R, Shawcross DL. Plasma ammonia levels predict hospitalisation with liver-related complications and mortality in clinically stable outpatients with cirrhosis. J Hepatol 2022; 77:1554-1563. [PMID: 35872326 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2022.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Hyperammonaemia is central in the pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy. It also has pleiotropic deleterious effects on several organ systems, such as immune function, sarcopenia, energy metabolism and portal hypertension. This study was performed to test the hypothesis that severity of hyperammonaemia is a risk factor for liver-related complications in clinically stable outpatients with cirrhosis. METHODS We studied 754 clinically stable outpatients with cirrhosis from 3 independent liver units. Baseline ammonia levels were corrected to the upper limit of normal (AMM-ULN) for the reference laboratory. The primary endpoint was hospitalisation with liver-related complications (a composite endpoint of bacterial infection, variceal bleeding, overt hepatic encephalopathy, or new onset or worsening of ascites). Multivariable competing risk frailty analyses using fast unified random forests were performed to predict complications and mortality. External validation was carried out using prospective data from 130 patients with cirrhosis in an independent tertiary liver centre. RESULTS Overall, 260 (35%) patients were hospitalised with liver-related complications. On multivariable analysis, AMM-ULN was an independent predictor of both liver-related complications (hazard ratio 2.13; 95% CI 1.89-2.40; p <0.001) and mortality (hazard ratio 1.45; 95% CI 1.20-1.76; p <0.001). The AUROC of AMM-ULN was 77.9% for 1-year liver-related complications, which is higher than traditional severity scores. Statistical differences in survival were found between high and low levels of AMM-ULN both for complications and mortality (p <0.001) using 1.4 as the optimal cut-off from the training set. AMM-ULN remained a key variable for the prediction of complications within the random forests model in the derivation cohort and upon external validation. CONCLUSION Ammonia is an independent predictor of hospitalisation with liver-related complications and mortality in clinically stable outpatients with cirrhosis and performs better than traditional prognostic scores in predicting complications. LAY SUMMARY We conducted a prospective cohort study evaluating the association of blood ammonia levels with the risk of adverse outcomes in 754 patients with stable cirrhosis across 3 independent liver units. We found that ammonia is a key determinant that helps to predict which patients will be hospitalised, develop liver-related complications and die; this was confirmed in an independent cohort of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas H Tranah
- Institute of Liver Studies, Dept of Inflammation Biology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - María-Pilar Ballester
- Digestive Disease Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia, Spain; INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Javier Ampuero
- Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Universidad de Sevilla, Ciberehd, Spain
| | - Gonçalo Alexandrino
- Institute of Liver Studies, Dept of Inflammation Biology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Gastroenterology and Hepatology Department, Hospital Prof. Doutor Fernando Fonseca, Amadora, Portugal
| | - Andra Caracostea
- Institute of Liver Studies, Dept of Inflammation Biology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Yolanda Sánchez-Torrijos
- Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Universidad de Sevilla, Ciberehd, Spain
| | - Karen L Thomsen
- Liver Failure Group, Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, Royal Free Campus, United Kingdom; Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 99, 8200, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Annarein J C Kerbert
- Liver Failure Group, Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, Royal Free Campus, United Kingdom
| | | | - Manuel Romero-Gómez
- Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Universidad de Sevilla, Ciberehd, Spain
| | | | - Carmina Montoliu
- INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Valencia, Spain; Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Spain
| | - Rajiv Jalan
- Liver Failure Group, Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, Royal Free Campus, United Kingdom; European Foundation for the Study of Chronic Liver Failure (EF Clif), Spain.
| | - Debbie L Shawcross
- Institute of Liver Studies, Dept of Inflammation Biology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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14
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Yu Z, Zhang Y, Li Y, Zhou F, Xu M, You S, Chen Y, Zhu B, Kong M, Song F, Xin S, Duan Z, Han T. Development of a Widely Applicable and Simple Prognostic Score for Patients with Acute-on-chronic Liver Failure. J Clin Transl Hepatol 2022; 10:867-878. [PMID: 36304497 PMCID: PMC9547268 DOI: 10.14218/jcth.2021.00328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) tends to progress rapidly with high short-term mortality. We aimed to create a widely applicable, simple prognostic (WASP) score for ACLF patients. METHODS A retrospective cohort of ACLF cases recruited from three centers in China were divided into training and validation sets to develop the new score. A prospective longitudinal cohort was recruited for further validation. RESULTS A total of 541 cases were included in the training set, and seven independent ACLF prognostic factors were screened to construct a new quantitative WASP-ACLF table. In the validation set of 671 cases, WASP-ACLF showed better predictive ability for 28-day and 90-day mortality than the currently used prognostic scores at baseline, day 3, week 1, and week 2. The predictive efficacy and clinical validity of the model improved over time. Patients were assigned to low-, intermediate-, and high-risk groups by their WASP-ACLF scores. Compared with the other two groups, intermediate-risk patients had a more uncertain prognosis, with a 90-day mortality of 44.4-50.6%. Sequential assessments at weeks 1 and 2 found the 90-day mortality of intermediate-risk groups was <20% for patients with a ≥2 point decrease in WASP-ACLF and was up to 56% for patients with a ≥2 points increase. Similar results were observed in prospective data. CONCLUSIONS The new ACLF prognostic score was simple, widely applicable, and had good predictive efficacy. Continuous assessments and trend of change in WASP-ACLF need to be considered, especially for intermediate-risk patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenjun Yu
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, The Third Central Clinical College of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, The Third Central Clinical College of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuhan Li
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, The Third Central Clinical College of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Feng Zhou
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, The Third Central Clinical College of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Manman Xu
- Liver Disease Center (Difficult and Complicated Liver Diseases and Artificial Liver Center), Beijing You’an Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Shaoli You
- Liver Failure Treatment and Research Center, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Liver Disease Center (Difficult and Complicated Liver Diseases and Artificial Liver Center), Beijing You’an Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Bing Zhu
- Liver Failure Treatment and Research Center, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ming Kong
- Liver Disease Center (Difficult and Complicated Liver Diseases and Artificial Liver Center), Beijing You’an Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Fangjiao Song
- Liver Failure Treatment and Research Center, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Shaojie Xin
- Liver Failure Treatment and Research Center, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhongping Duan
- Liver Disease Center (Difficult and Complicated Liver Diseases and Artificial Liver Center), Beijing You’an Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Han
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, The Third Central Clinical College of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Union Medical Center Affiliated to Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- Correspondence to: Tao Han, Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, The Third Central Clinical College of Tianjin Medical University. Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Union Medical Center Affiliated to Nankai University, NO. 190 Jieyuan Road, Hongqiao District, Tianjin 300121, China. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4216-6968. Tel: +86-222-7557228, Fax: +86-222-4316799, E-mail:
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15
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Jalan R, Rose CF. Heretical thoughts into hepatic encephalopathy. J Hepatol 2022; 77:539-548. [PMID: 35358618 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2022.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Clinical progress in the development of new diagnostic modalities and therapeutic strategies for the management of patients with hepatic encephalopathy has lagged behind the vast knowledge that has been generated from basic studies. In this article, we critically assess matters that should be revisited, such as definition, classification, diagnosis and grading of hepatic encephalopathy, which are difficult to apply reproducibly using the current criteria. Many lines of investigation have confirmed that hepatic encephalopathy is irreversible in many patients and suggest the need for further studies focussing on mechanisms of neuronal injury and death, to guide future drug development for these patients. The clinical evidence behind using lactulose for all severities of hepatic encephalopathy, which is currently considered the standard of care, is poor and placebo-controlled trials for hepatic encephalopathy should be considered ethically sound. This expert opinion identifies current challenges in hepatic encephalopathy and highlights areas which require further debate and investigation in order to help advance the field both scientifically and clinically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajiv Jalan
- Liver Failure Group, Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, Royal Free Campus, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Christopher F Rose
- Hepato-Neuro Laboratory, CRCHUM, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada.
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16
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Häussinger D, Dhiman RK, Felipo V, Görg B, Jalan R, Kircheis G, Merli M, Montagnese S, Romero-Gomez M, Schnitzler A, Taylor-Robinson SD, Vilstrup H. Hepatic encephalopathy. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2022; 8:43. [PMID: 35739133 DOI: 10.1038/s41572-022-00366-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a prognostically relevant neuropsychiatric syndrome that occurs in the course of acute or chronic liver disease. Besides ascites and variceal bleeding, it is the most serious complication of decompensated liver cirrhosis. Ammonia and inflammation are major triggers for the appearance of HE, which in patients with liver cirrhosis involves pathophysiologically low-grade cerebral oedema with oxidative/nitrosative stress, inflammation and disturbances of oscillatory networks in the brain. Severity classification and diagnostic approaches regarding mild forms of HE are still a matter of debate. Current medical treatment predominantly involves lactulose and rifaximin following rigorous treatment of so-called known HE precipitating factors. New treatments based on an improved pathophysiological understanding are emerging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieter Häussinger
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Radha K Dhiman
- Department of Hepatology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, (Uttar Pradesh), India
| | - Vicente Felipo
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Centro de Investigación Principe Felipe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Boris Görg
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Rajiv Jalan
- Liver Failure Group ILDH, Division of Medicine, UCL Medical School, Royal Free Campus, London, UK.,European Foundation for the Study of Chronic Liver Failure, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gerald Kircheis
- Department of Gastroenterology, Diabetology and Hepatology, University Hospital Brandenburg an der Havel, Brandenburg Medical School, Brandenburg an der Havel, Germany
| | - Manuela Merli
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Universita' degli Studi di Roma - Sapienza, Roma, Italy
| | | | - Manuel Romero-Gomez
- UCM Digestive Diseases, Virgen del Rocío University Hospital, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (HUVR/CSIC/US), University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Alfons Schnitzler
- Institute of Clinical Neuroscience and Medical Psychology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Simon D Taylor-Robinson
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, St. Mary's Hospital Campus, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Hendrik Vilstrup
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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17
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Role of SIRT1 in Hepatic Encephalopathy: In Vivo and In Vitro Studies Focusing on the NLRP3 Inflammasome. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:5522708. [PMID: 34676022 PMCID: PMC8526203 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5522708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a neuropsychiatric disorder resulting from acute or chronic liver failure. This study is aimed at investigating the therapeutic effects and mechanisms of SIRT1 in thioacetamide- (TAA-) induced rat HE models. A selective activator (CAY10602) and inhibitor (EX527) of SIRT1 were used in this study. All male rats were separated into control, TAA, CAY10602+TAA, and EX527+TAA groups. Histological damage, liver function, serum ammonia, behavioral changes, and brain oxidative stress were measured in each group. Western blotting was used to measure SIRT1, NLRP3, ASC, and IL-1β protein expression. The results showed that CAY10602 alleviated liver injury, improved neurological decline, reduced microglial activation and brain oxidative stress, and improved the survival rates of HE rats. Moreover, CAY10602 inhibited activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome in microglia of the brain cortex in HE rats. Next, cell experiments confirmed that CAY10602 inhibited activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome in BV2 microglial cells. However, inhibition of SIRT1 by EX527 or lentivirus could enhance activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome in this process. Finally, CAY10602 reduced the neurotoxicity induced by high levels of ammonia in HT22 cells. Taken together, CAY10602 alleviates TAA-induced HE by suppressing microglial activation and the NLRP3 inflammasome and reducing the neurotoxicity of NH4Cl in HT22 cells. A pharmacologic activator of SIRT1 may be a promising approach for the treatment of HE.
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