1
|
Sun Z, Li M, Qian S, Gu Y, Huang J, Li J. Development of a detection method for 10 non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs residues in four swine tissues by ultra-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2023; 1223:123722. [PMID: 37099884 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2023.123722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
The ultra-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) detection method was developed for the residues of 10 NSAIDs (salicylic acid, acetylsalicylic acid, acetaminophen, diclofenac, tolfenamic acid, antipyrine, flunixin meglumine, aminophenazone, meloxicam, metamizole sodium) in swine muscle, liver, kidney, and fat. Swine tissue samples were extracted by phosphorylated acetonitrile with the addition of an appropriate amount of internal standard working solution, defatted with acetonitrile-saturated n-hexane, and purified by Hydrophile-Lipophile Balance (HLB) solid-phase extraction column, then separated by UPLC BEH shield RP18 column with 0.1% formic acid in water/0.1% formic acid in acetonitrile with gradient elution, which was detected in the multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) modes. The correlation coefficient of the standard curve equation is greater than 0.99, and the coefficient of variation within and between batches is less than 14.4%. We evaluated the analytical method using two green assessment tools. The method established in this study met the requirements of NSAID residue analysis and provides analytical tools for determining and confirming NSAIDs in swine tissue samples. This is the first report on the simultaneous determination of 10 NSAIDs in four swine tissues by the UPLC-MS/MS method and accurate quantification using deuterated internal standards.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhixuan Sun
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Miao Li
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Sixuan Qian
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yani Gu
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jingjie Huang
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jiancheng Li
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Nazlawy HN, Zaazaa HE, Merey HA, Atty SA. Green validated chromatographic methods for simultaneous determination of co-formulated oxytetracycline HCl and flunixin meglumine in the presence of their impurities in different matrices. JOURNAL OF THE IRANIAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13738-022-02699-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
AbstractGreen analytical chemistry is an important area of chemical sciences. So, developing competent eco-friendly analytical tools is a big challenge. This study devotes two chromatographic techniques for the simultaneous determination of a binary formulated mixture of oxytetracycline HCl (OXY) and flunixin meglumine (FLU), and their impurities tetracycline (TRC) and 2-chloronicotinic acid (CNA), respectively. Primarily, a TLC densitometric method is proposed and validated using TLC plates sprayed with 5% EDTA of pH 9 as a stationary phase and (acetonitrile/ distilled water/ ethanol 7:2:1, by volume) as a developing system. Well-separated spots are detected at 267 nm where linear relations have been achieved at 0.05–2 μg/band and 0.01–2 μg/band for OXY and FLU, respectively. The second developed and validated method is HPLC which is fulfilled on Hypersil BDS column-C18. A mobile phase of distilled water with 0.1%TFA/ acetonitrile in a ratio of 82: 18, v/v firstly then 70: 30, v/v after 9 min is used in a sequential isocratic elution at 210 nm for FLU and 267 nm for OXY, TRC, and CNA. Sensitive and wide linearity ranges are achieved at 0.05–200 μg/mL for both drugs. The two methods are applied successfully in cattle meat and milk for cited drugs determination. According to ICH guidelines, a validation study has been accomplished for the proposed methods. Statistical comparison has been carried out with official and reported methods. Eventually, the greenness of both procedures is evaluated using Eco-Scale which gives eco-friendly results.
Graphical abstract
Collapse
|
3
|
Božić Luburić Đ, Bilandžić N, Varenina I, Varga I, Solomun Kolanović B, Vratarić D, Radojčić Redovniković I. The analysis of acidic and basic non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in milk and muscle samples: a comprehensive analytical approach using UHPLC-MS/MS. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2021; 39:256-271. [PMID: 34732108 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2021.1994157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
In animal husbandry for food production, the administration of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) as anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic agents, has seen an increase due to raised awareness of animal welfare issues. Residues of NSAIDs may be present in animal products that are intended for human consumption, and since some may pose a certain risk to human health, there is a need to monitor NSAID residues at low levels via routine and targeted surveillance. In analytical chemistry, NSAIDs are usually differentiated using their acid-base properties. Within this study, a method for simultaneous analysis of 27 NSAIDs, including both groups, in milk and muscle samples in 12.5 min is described. Sample processing consisted of enzymatic hydrolysis and acetonitrile extraction, followed by a clean-up of the extract by SPE, and measurement by UHPLC-MS/MS. The in-house validation study (alternative approach), covering trueness, precision, sensitivity, decision limit (CCα), detection capability (CCβ) and matrix effect, was designed and evaluated with the help of validation software to meet the demands of regulatory compliance. The method recovery for milk and muscle matrix was in the range of 98.1% to 106.5% and 98.8% to 102.7%, whereas the CCβ as the parameter for screening analysis, ranged from 0.07 to 46.7 µg/kg and 1.19 to 69.7 µg/kg, and the CCα, as the parameter for confirmatory analysis, from 0.11 to 56.7 µg/kg and 1.12 to 518.6 µg/kg, respectively. The occurrence of NSAID residues in milk and muscle samples was assessed using the developed method within the Croatian National Residue Control Plan, revealing quantifiable residues for diclofenac, ketoprofen, and salicylic acid mostly in milk samples. The most abundant NSAID in analysed samples was salicylic acid, which may be introduced into the food chain and be present in various types of matrices due to its natural occurrence in plants as a phytohormone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Nina Bilandžić
- Laboratory for Residue Control, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivana Varenina
- Laboratory for Residue Control, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ines Varga
- Laboratory for Residue Control, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Darija Vratarić
- Veterinary and Food Safety Directorate, Ministry of Agriculture of Republic of Croatia, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivana Radojčić Redovniković
- Laboratory for Cell Culture Technology and Biotransformations, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
LC-MS/MS Determination of 21 Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs Residues in Animal Milk and Muscles. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26195892. [PMID: 34641436 PMCID: PMC8512709 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26195892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The presented procedure combines experience from two LC-MS/MS methods previously developed by our team for NSAIDs determination in meat and milk. The novelty was a modification of sample preparation and combining LC-MS/MS method for milk and muscle. The clean-up procedure was investigated, leading to a change from SPE to dSPE with C18 bulk sorbent. Unlike most of the existing methods, chromatographic separation was achieved on a C8 chromatographic column. This method was developed and validated under European Commission Decision 2002/657/EC. Recovery for milk samples values between 86.3% to 108%, with the coefficient of variation, varied from 5.51% to 16.2%. The recovery for muscle was calculated to be between 85.0% and 109%, and the coefficient of variation was—4.73% to 16.6%. The validation results prove that the method is suitable for confirmatory purposes in milk and muscle. Of 452 samples tested in 2019 and 2020, two have been identified as non-compliant.
Collapse
|
5
|
Parmar JK, Chaubey KK, Gupta V, Bharath MN. Assessment of various veterinary drug residues in animal originated food products. Vet World 2021; 14:1650-1664. [PMID: 34316216 PMCID: PMC8304421 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2021.1650-1664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The veterinary drugs are broad-spectrum antibacterial antibiotics; it uses to cure the animal disease. Many countries have banned veterinary drug residues like nitrofurans metabolites, chloramphenicol. However, the people were administrated veterinary drugs to animals as illegal to increase the milk production in animals for economic benefit. The results of illegally use of veterinary drugs remain as a residue in animal product like milk and it is very harmful to whom consume it cause cancer and allergic for human being which has entered the concern among milk consumers. To control illegal use of veterinary drugs, the government of India has restricted its use in animals. For the identification and confirmation of veterinary drug residues in animal products, analytical techniques such as liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry are available. These are very sophisticated equipments which are available nowadays and their methodologies for the analytical method validation are described by European commission 2002/657/EC. The use of veterinary drugs is a big challenge to effectively identify and authorization of their use. There are so many analytical techniques are using very effectively and taking very less time to protect the consumers from their adverse effects. These techniques take very less time to identify more groups of compounds such as tetracycline, sulfonamides, anthelmintic, and macrolides in single multi-residue method. These methods having validation parameters include system precision, calibration curve, accuracy, limit of detection, and quantification. Therefore, improvement in the existing technologies and accessibility of new screening methodologies will give opportunities for automation that helps in obtaining the results in very less time and improved sensitivity and specificity which contribute to better safety assurance, standard, and quality of various food products of animal origin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jagdish Kumar Parmar
- Department of Biotechnology, GLA University, Chaumuhan, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India.,TUV India Pvt. Ltd., Sus Rd, Mulshi, Pune, Maharashtra, India.,EUREKA Analytical Services Pvt. Ltd. 31 Milestone, Main GT Road, Kundli, Sonepat, Haryana, India
| | - Kundan Kumar Chaubey
- Department of Biotechnology, GLA University, Chaumuhan, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Vikas Gupta
- TUV India Pvt. Ltd., Sus Rd, Mulshi, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Manthena Nava Bharath
- Department of Biotechnology, GLA University, Chaumuhan, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Izadi P, Izadi P, Salem R, Papry SA, Magdouli S, Pulicharla R, Brar SK. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in the environment: Where were we and how far we have come? ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 267:115370. [PMID: 33254637 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are among the most well-known pharmaceuticals with a broad scope of properties that are widely used in human and veterinary medicine. Because of their extensive utilization, NSAIDs are commonly identified in the environment as trace emerging contaminants. Regardless of vast experience with these drugs, NSAIDs are full of contradictions that trigger major concerns for environmental researchers. A limited understanding on NSAID's occurrence, distribution and eco-toxicological effects have led to an escalated dilemma in the last decade. Thus, a broad-spectrum study covering all aspects of occurrence, detection and removal is required to meet the fundamental levels of knowledge on the effects of NSAIDs in all exposed environmental aspects. Therefore, this paper focuses on classifying the sources and entry points of residual NSAIDs. Further, detecting and regulating their concentrations in both input streams and receiving environments, along with the removal processes of this specific class of emerging compounds, in the direction of developing a management policy is comprehensively reviewed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Parnian Izadi
- Lassonde School of Engineering, Civil Engineering, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, M3J 1P3, ON, Canada.
| | - Parin Izadi
- Lassonde School of Engineering, Civil Engineering, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, M3J 1P3, ON, Canada.
| | - Rana Salem
- Lassonde School of Engineering, Civil Engineering, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, M3J 1P3, ON, Canada.
| | - Sifat Azad Papry
- Lassonde School of Engineering, Civil Engineering, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, M3J 1P3, ON, Canada.
| | - Sara Magdouli
- Lassonde School of Engineering, Civil Engineering, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, M3J 1P3, ON, Canada.
| | - Rama Pulicharla
- École Supérieure D'aménagement Du Territoire et de Développement Régional, Pavillon Félix-Antoine-Savard, Bureau 1616, 2325, Rue des Bibliothèques, Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada.
| | - Satinder Kaur Brar
- Lassonde School of Engineering, Civil Engineering, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, M3J 1P3, ON, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Liang S, Jian N, Cao J, Zhang H, Li J, Xu Q, Wang C. Rapid, simple and green solid phase extraction based on polyaniline nanofibers-mat for detecting non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug residues in animal-origin food. Food Chem 2020; 328:127097. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|
8
|
Göktaş EF, Kabil E, Arıöz F. Quantification and validation of nine nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in equine urine using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for doping control. Drug Test Anal 2020; 12:1065-1077. [PMID: 32449838 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are commonly used in therapeutic doses in human and veterinary medicine for the treatment of inflammation, pain, and fever. A method for the simultaneous determination of nine NSAIDs, known as therapeutic prohibited substances, in equine urine was developed and fully validated according to the European Commission Decision 2002/657/EC and Association of Official Racing Chemists criteria. The validation was performed for naproxen, flunixin, ketoprofen, diclofenac, eltenac, meclofenamic acid, phenylbutazone, vedaprofen, and carprofen in equine urine in accordance with the International Screening Limits (ISL) regulated by International Federation of Horseracing Authorities. After basic hydrolysis, samples were extracted with a C18 cartridge using automated solid-phase extraction. Several derivatization reagents were investigated, and trimethylphenylammonium hydroxide/methanol (20/80, v/v) was selected. Analyses were carried out using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with selected ion monitoring mode, but the method can be applied to a large number of analytes. The within-laboratory reproducibility was not more than 12.8% (≤15%), and mean relative recoveries ranged from 91.1% to 104.1% for inter-day and intra-day precision. The decision limits (CCα) and detection capabilities (CCβ) were evaluated at concentrations near the ISL for each therapeutic substance. The validation results demonstrated that the method is highly reproducible, easily applicable, and suitable for the analysis of some NSAIDs in equine urine that have not been previously published. Finally, the method was also applied to known positive samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eylem Funda Göktaş
- Doping Control Laboratory, Istanbul Pendik Veterinary Control Institute, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Erol Kabil
- Doping Control Laboratory, Istanbul Pendik Veterinary Control Institute, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Wang Y, Ou Y, Xie S, Chen D, Wang X, Pan Y, Wang Y, Huang L, Cheng G, Qu W, Liu Z, Tao Y, Yuan Z. Magnetic Graphene Solid-Phase Extraction for the Determination of 47 Kinds of Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drug Residues in Animal Food with Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-019-01440-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
10
|
Zheng W, Yoo KH, Choi JM, Park DH, Kim SK, Kang YS, Abd El-Aty AM, Hacımüftüoğlu A, Wang J, Shim JH, Shin HC. Residual detection of naproxen, methyltestosterone and 17α-hydroxyprogesterone caproate in aquatic products by simple liquid-liquid extraction method coupled with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Biomed Chromatogr 2018; 33:e4396. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Weijia Zheng
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine; Konkuk University; Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Hee Yoo
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine; Konkuk University; Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Min Choi
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine; Konkuk University; Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Da-Hee Park
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine; Konkuk University; Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Kwan Kim
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine; Konkuk University; Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Sun Kang
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine; Konkuk University; Seoul Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Science and Technology; Konkuk University; Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - A. M. Abd El-Aty
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Cairo University; Giza Egypt
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Medical Faculty; Ataturk University; Erzurum Turkey
| | - Ahmet Hacımüftüoğlu
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Medical Faculty; Ataturk University; Erzurum Turkey
| | - Jing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety; Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Product, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Beijing China
| | - Jae-Han Shim
- Natural Products Chemistry Laboratory, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences; Chonnam National University; Gwangju Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Chul Shin
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine; Konkuk University; Seoul Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Pietruk K, Olejnik M, Posyniak A. Coccidiostats in milk: development of a multi-residue method and transfer of salinomycin and lasalocid from contaminated feed. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2018; 35:1508-1518. [PMID: 29648988 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2018.1461256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
A confirmatory multi-residue method was developed for the determination in milk of 19 coccidiostats (amprolium, arprinocid, clazuril, clopidol, decoquinate, diclazuril, ethopabate, halofuginone, lasalocid, maduramicin, monensin, narasin, nicarbazin, nequinate, robenidine, salinomycin, semduramicin, toltrazuril sulfone and toltrazuril sulfoxide). Sample preparation utilising extraction with organic solvent and clean up by SPE and freezing was found reliable and time-efficient. Optimised chromatography and MS conditions with positive and negative ESI achieved sufficient sensitivity and selectivity. Validation experiments has proven method usefulness for routine analysis of coccidiostats in milk samples. An on-farm study conducted on dairy cows fed with experimentally contaminated feed with salinomycin and lasalocid showed negligible transfer to milk. No residues of lasalocid were found in collected samples. Salinomycin was found only in 5 of 168 samples analysed, while the concentrations of salinomycin in those samples (0.119-0.179 µg kg-1) was significantly below the limit of salinomycin in milk set by European Union legislation. Such low concentrations of both coccidiostats cannot be explained by conjugation during dairy cows' metabolism, as shown by experiments with enzymatic hydrolysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Konrad Pietruk
- a Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology , National Veterinary Research Institute , Pulawy , Poland
| | - Małgorzata Olejnik
- a Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology , National Veterinary Research Institute , Pulawy , Poland
| | - Andrzej Posyniak
- a Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology , National Veterinary Research Institute , Pulawy , Poland
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Castilhos TS, Barreto F, Meneghini L, Bergold AM. Development of high-throughput multi-residue method for non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs monitoring in swine muscle by LC-MS/MS. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2016; 33:1166-74. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2016.1198497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tamara S. Castilhos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento, Laboratório Nacional Agropecuário-LANAGRO/RS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Fabiano Barreto
- Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento, Laboratório Nacional Agropecuário-LANAGRO/RS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Meneghini
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento, Laboratório Nacional Agropecuário-LANAGRO/RS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Ana Maria Bergold
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|