Heat shock factor 4 regulates the expression of HSP25 and alpha B-crystallin by associating with DEXD/H-box RNA helicase UAP56

Genetic mutation in HSF4 is associated with retinal degeneration in mice

Genetic mutations in Hsf4 cause developmental defect of lens at postnatal age. However, the regulatory effect of Hsf4 mutations on retinal homeostasis have not been elucidated. Here we found that HSF4 expresses in retinal and its expression level decrease with age increase. Using Hsf4del mice, which express a Hsf4 mutant with deletion of 42 amino acids in-frame- in the N-terminal hydrophobic region and develop cataracts at P27, we found that Hsf4del mutation downregulated the expression of visual cycle regulatory proteins, RPE65, RDH5 and RLBP1 and heat shock proteins HSP25 and HSP90, but upregulated retinal gliosis and senescence-associated proteins such as cycle-inhibitors P21 and P16 in P10 retina without change retinal structure. With age increase Hsf4del mice undergo retinal degeneration, characterized by thinner ONL, disorganized INL, disconnected RPE, neovascularization, and lipofuscin deposits. ERG results showed that the amplitudes of a- and b-waves at dark adaption were reduced in Hsf4del mice at P15, worsening with age. Intravitreal injection of AAV-Flag-Hsf4b in one-month-old Hsf4del mice partially restored the expression of visual cycle proteins and ERG responses and reduced the gliosis. Studies in vitro indicated that Hsf4 is able to bind to promoters of RPE65 and RDH5. Altogether, these data suggest that Hsf4 participates in regulating the expression of retinal visual cycle-regulatory proteins in addition to heat shock proteins during early retinal development. Genetic mutations in Hsf4 is associated with not only congenital cataracts but also retinal degeneration.

More Than Meets the Eye: Revisiting the Roles of Heat Shock Factor 4 in Health and Diseases

Cells encounter a myriad of endogenous and exogenous stresses that could perturb cellular physiological processes. Therefore, cells are equipped with several adaptive and stress-response machinery to overcome and survive these insults. One such machinery is the heat shock response (HSR) program that is governed by the heat shock factors (HSFs) family in response towards elevated temperature, free radicals, oxidants, and heavy metals. HSF4 is a member of this HSFs family that could exist in two predominant isoforms, either the transcriptional repressor HSFa or transcriptional activator HSF4b. HSF4 is constitutively active due to the lack of oligomerization negative regulator domain. HSF4 has been demonstrated to play roles in several physiological processes and not only limited to regulating the classical heat shock- or stress-responsive transcriptional programs. In this review, we will revisit and delineate the recent updates on HSF4 molecular properties. We also comprehensively discuss the roles of HSF4 in health and diseases, particularly in lens cell development, cataract formation, and cancer pathogenesis. Finally, we will posit the potential direction of HSF4 future research that could enhance our knowledge on HSF4 molecular networks as well as physiological and pathophysiological functions.

HSP4 triggers epithelial-mesenchymal transition and promotes motility capacities of hepatocellular carcinoma cells via activating AKT

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

Heat shock factor (HSF4) plays a vital role in carcinogenesis and tumour progression. However, its clinical significance implications in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remained elusive.

METHODS

RT-PCR and western blot were used to detect the HSF4 expression levels in HCC cells and tissues. Immunohistochemistry staining was performed on a tissue microarray containing 104 HCC patients received radical resection. In vitro effects of HSF4 on proliferation, migration and invasion were determined by colony formation and transwell assays in HCCLM3, Huh7, MHCC97L and SMMC7721 cells. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) was identified by RT-PCR, WB and immunofluorescence in HCCLM3 and MHCC97L cells. AKT pathway activation was detected by WB and dual luciferase report system in HCCLM3 and MHCC97L cells.

RESULTS

HSF4 expression was higher in primary HCC tissues derived from recurrent patients, and positively correlated with invasiveness potentials of cell lines. Clinically, patients with high HSF4 expression had significant poorer prognosis. In vitro experiments showed HSF4 silencing inhibited HCC cell proliferation, migration and invasion, whereas HSF4 overexpression had inverse effects. Moreover, silence of HSF4 induced an epithelial-like phenotype, whereas the overexpression of HSF4 resulted in a mesenchymal-like phenotype in HCC by activating AKT pathway. Further experiments showed that HSF4 could activate AKT pathway in a hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) dependent, but transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) independent manner.

CONCLUSIONS

HSF4 is upregulated in HCC, resulting in greater proliferation, migration and invasion capacities. Moreover, high HSF4 expression is a promising predictive indicator of poor outcome after radical resection. HSF4 may promote aggressive tumour behaviour by enhancing EMT through activating AKT pathway in a HIF1α-dependent manner.

Heat shock factor 4 regulates lysosome activity by modulating the αB-crystallin-ATP6V1A-mTOR complex in ocular lens

BACKGROUND

Germline mutations in heat shock factor 4 (HSF4) cause congenital cataracts. Previously, we have shown that HSF4 is involved in regulating lysosomal pH in mouse lens epithelial cell in vitro. However, the underlying mechanism remains unclear.

METHODS

HSF4-deficient mouse lens epithelial cell lines and zebrafish were used in this study. Immunoblotting and quantitative RT-PCR were used for expression analysis. The protein-protein interactions were tested with GST-pull downs. The lysosomes were fractioned by ultracentrifugation.

RESULTS

HSF4 deficiency or knock down of αB-crystallin elevates lysosomal pH and increases the ubiquitination and degradation of ATP6V1A by the proteasome. αB-crystallin localizes partially in the lysosome and interacts solely with the ATP6V1A protein of the V1 complex of V-ATPase. Furthermore, αB-crystallin can co-precipitate with mTORC1 and ATP6V1A in GST pull down assays. Inhibition of mTORC1 by rapamycin or siRNA can lead to dissociation of αB-crystallin from the ATP6V1A and mTORC1complex, shortening the half-life of ATP6V1A and increasing the lysosomal pH. Mutation of ATP6V1A/S441A (the predicted mTOR phosphorylation site) reduces its association with αB-crystallin. In the zebrafish model, HSF4 deficiency reduces αB-crystallin expression and elevates the lysosomal pH in lens tissues.

CONCLUSION

HSF4 regulates lysosomal acidification by controlling the association of αB-crystallin with ATP6V1A and mTOR and regulating ATP6V1A protein stabilization.

GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE

This study uncovers a novel function of αB-crystallin, demonstrating that αB-crystallin can regulate lysosomal ATP6V1A protein stabilization by complexing to ATP6V1A and mTOR. This highlights a novel mechanism by which HSF4 regulates the proteolytic process of organelles during lens development.