Lactobacillus johnsonii BFE6154 Ameliorates Diet-Induced Hypercholesterolemia

Anti-hypercholesterolemic effects of small-molecule pectin from Premna ligustroides Hemsl leaves: Modulation of inflammatory markers and gut microbiota in mice

Small-molecule pectin (SMP) extracted from the leaves of Premna ligustroides Hemsl, with a molecular weight range of 5000-35,000 Da, has demonstrated anti-inflammatory and lipid-lowering properties in vitro. This study explored the effects of SMP on hypercholesterolemia in mice, with a focus on inflammation, lipid profiles, and cholesterol metabolism. Mice received SMP at doses of 607, 303, and 152 mg/kg body weight. Key biomarkers were assessed, including serum lipid levels, inflammatory factors in serum and liver, oxidative stress markers, short-chain fatty acids in cecal contents, cecal microbiota composition, and cholesterol metabolism-related gene expression. The results showed that SMP treatment normalized total cholesterol and alanine aminotransferase levels. In the medium-dose group, interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18 levels decreased by 35.08 % and 29.90 %, respectively, compared to the model group. Serum malondialdehyde levels declined by 52.35 %, while superoxide dismutase levels increased by 18.48 %. Tumor necrosis factor-α and IL-6 levels were reduced by 44.13 % and 89.32 %, respectively. Additionally, SMP promoted the growth of beneficial bacteria, such as Muribaculum and Akkermansia, while suppressing harmful bacteria, including Acetatifactor. These microbiota changes were associated with elevated propionic acid levels and regulation of the CYP7A1/FXR/SREBP-2/LDLR signaling pathway. These findings underscore SMP's potential to improve cholesterol metabolism and mitigate inflammation, positioning it as a promising dietary intervention for the management of hypercholesterolemia.

Lactobacillus johnsonii-derived leucic acid promotes fatty acid absorption and deposition by targeting CD36

Lactobacillus johnsonii is a microbial biomarker associated with lipid deposition, but the mechanism by which it accelerates fatty acid absorption and deposition remains unclear. In this study, we isolated a strain of L. johnsonii MS0621 from the feces of Ningxiang pigs, an obese animal model, and evaluated its probiotic properties with high resistance to temperature and intestinal fluids. Colonization by L. johnsonii MS0621 increased the abundance of gut Lactobacillus in lean DLY pigs, concomitant with increases in fatty acid absorption in the intestine and lipid depositions in the fat and muscle tissues. The lipid absorption-promoting effect was further detected in IPEC-J2 cells treated with live L. johnsonii MS0621 and the bacteria-free supernatants, as evidenced by high triglyceride synthesis and the expression of CD36, a key lipid transporter. Metabolomics analysis showed that (R)-leucic acid is a potential metabolite targeting CD36 expression to guarantee lipid absorption and deposition. The mechanism might involve direct interaction with CD36, as molecular docking and inhibition of CD36 blocked L. johnsonii MS0621 or derived metabolite-mediated lipid absorption. In conclusion, we uncovered an important role of L. johnsonii MS0621 derived (R)-leucic acid in regulating the absorption and deposition of intestinal fatty acids via regulation of CD36 expression.

Lactobacillus johnsonii CCFM1376 improves hypercholesterolemia in mice by regulating the composition of bile acids

Aim: Strains with high bile salt hydrolase (BSH) activity have the potential to regulate cholesterol metabolism. This study aimed to assess the alleviating effect of Lactobacillus johnsonii (L. johnsonii) CCFM1376, a strain with high BSH activity, on mice with hypercholesterolemia and explore the mechanism of its effect through the modulation of bile acid metabolism. Methods: The BSH activity was measured using the ninhydrin method. C57BL/6J mice were given a high-cholesterol diet to induce hypercholesterolemia with simultaneous gavage of L. johnsonii CCFM1376 for 8 weeks. The biochemical parameters in the serum and liver of hypercholesterolemic mice were measured to assess the alleviating effect of L. johnsonii CCFM1376 on hypercholesterolemia. Bile acid content in the mouse liver, serum, distal ileum contents, and feces was determined using liquid chromatograph mass spectrometer (LC-MS). RNA was extracted from mouse ileum and liver, and the expression levels of relative genes implicated in bile acid metabolism were measured by quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR). Results: Compared to the model group, the group treated with L. johnsonii CCFM1376 exhibited significantly reduced levels of serum total cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), along with a significant increase in high density lipoproteins cholesterol (HDL-C) level. Moreover, hepatic levels of TC and LDL-C in the CCFM1376 group also decreased significantly. Furthermore, the content and amount of unconjugated bile acids in the hepatic-enteric circulation of the L. johnsonii CCFM1376 group significantly increased, and the total bile acid content in the feces also significantly increased. In the L. johnsonii CCFM1376 group, the relative expression levels of ileal farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and fibroblast growth factor 15 (FGF15) were downregulated, while the relative expression level of CYP7A1 was upregulated. Conclusion: These results indicated L. johnsonii CCFM1376 improves hypercholesterolemia in mice by regulating the composition of bile acids. This provides a reference for probiotic strategy to regulate cholesterol metabolism.

Cooperative action of non-digestible oligosaccharides improves lipid metabolism of high-fat diet-induced mice

Non-digestible oligosaccharides are known to exert health-promoting effects. However, the specific mechanisms by which they regulate host physiology remain unclear. Understanding these mechanisms will facilitate the development of non-digestible oligosaccharide compositions that can achieve synergistic effects. This study selected three representative non-digestible oligosaccharides, namely xylo-oligosaccharides (XOS), galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS), and isomalto-oligosaccharides (IMO), to investigate their effects as dietary interventions on mice fed a high-fat diet. The results demonstrated that XOS and IMO synergistically mitigated weight gain and ectopic lipid deposition. Further analysis revealed that XOS significantly altered the composition of the gut microbiota, while IMO significantly enhanced insulin sensitivity via the PI3K/Akt pathway. Moreover, the combination of XOS and IMO synergistically promoted the oxidation and breakdown of fatty acids and increased the abundance of acetate and propionate-producing bacteria, such as Lactobacillus. These findings suggest a novel strategy for obesity management based on dietary intervention with XOS and IMO.

Genomic analysis and functional properties of Lactobacillus johnsonii GJ231 isolated from healthy beagles

Probiotics are one of the management tools to improve the host's healthy microbiota. The positive effects of probiotics on host health are species-specific, so probiotics isolated from host's own gut may be most beneficial. Many of the metabolites (e.g., short-chain fatty acids, bacteriocins, and hydrogen peroxide) produced by Lactobacillus johnsonii have specific inhibitory profiles against invading pathogens. In this study, we isolated L. johnsonii GJ231 from the intestinal tract of healthy female beagles. The genome size of 1.763 M encoded a total of 1,691 predicted genes. Many carbohydrate-active enzymes responsible for carbohydrate degradation and the production of short-chain fatty acids were also predicted. The metabolic profile of short-chain fatty acids in L. johnsonii GJ231 was determined using LC-MS/MS. The bacteriocin-producing gene bacteriocin (lactacin F) in L. johnsonii GJ231 was also predicted. In vitro, experiments demonstrated that GJ231 can thrive in weak acids, 0.3% bile salts, and artificial gastrointestinal fluid models. It was tolerant of to high temperatures up to 70°C, was non- hemolytic, inhibited pathogenic bacteria, and had a high antioxidant capacity. In vivo safety experiments conducted in mice revealed that oral administration of GJ231 not only had no toxic side effect but also increased their antioxidant capacity. In conclusion, combining the above test results, which collectively demonstrate that canine-derived L. johnsonii GJ231 was a non-pathogenic, acid-tolerant and bile-salt-tolerant probiotic strain that inhibits pathogenic bacteria and improves host antioxidant function. This may make it a promising candidate for the development of innovative functional foods for pets.

Research advances in the therapy of metabolic syndrome

Metabolic syndrome refers to the pathological state of metabolic disorder of protein, fat, carbohydrate, and other substances in the human body. It is a syndrome composed of a group of complex metabolic disorders, whose pathogenesis includes multiple genetic and acquired entities falling under the category of insulin resistance and chronic low-grade inflammationand. It is a risk factor for increased prevalence and mortality from diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Cardiovascular diseases are the predominant cause of morbidity and mortality globally, thus it is imperative to investigate the impact of metabolic syndrome on alleviating this substantial disease burden. Despite the increasing number of scientists dedicating themselves to researching metabolic syndrome in recent decades, numerous aspects of this condition remain incompletely understood, leaving many questions unanswered. In this review, we present an epidemiological analysis of MetS, explore both traditional and novel pathogenesis, examine the pathophysiological repercussions of metabolic syndrome, summarize research advances, and elucidate the mechanisms underlying corresponding treatment approaches.

Cholesterol-Lowering Effect of Polysaccharides from Cyclocarya paliurus In Vitro and in Hypercholesterolemia Mice

In this study, a new component of Cyclocarya paliurus polysaccharides (CPP20) was precipitated by the gradient ethanol method, and the protective effect of CPP20 on hypercholesterolemia mice was investigated. In vitro, CPP20 had the ability to bind bile salts and inhibit cholesterol micelle solubility, and it could effectively clear free radicals (DPPH•, •OH, and ABTS+). In vivo, CPP20 effectively alleviated hypercholesterolemia and liver damage in mice. After CPP20 intervention, the activity of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, and GSH-Px) and the level of HDL-C in liver and serum were increased, and the activity of aminotransferase (ALT and AST) and the level of MDA, TC, TG, LDL-C, and TBA were decreased. Molecular experiments showed that CPP20 reduced cholesterol by regulating the mRNA expression of antioxidation-related genes (SOD, GSH-Px, and CAT) and genes related to the cholesterol metabolism (CYP7A1, CYP27A1, SREBP-2, HMGCR, and FXR) in liver. In addition, CPP20 alleviated intestinal microbiota disturbances in mice with hypercholesterolemia and increased levels of SCFAs. Therefore, CPP20 alleviates hypercholesterolemia by alleviating oxidative damage, maintaining cholesterol homeostasis, and regulating gut microbiota.

Dynamic changes of gut microbiota in mouse models of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis and its transition to hepatocellular carcinoma

Dysbiosis of gut microbiota may account for pathobiology in simple fatty liver (SFL), metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH), fibrotic progression, and transformation to MASH-associated hepatocellular carcinoma (MASH-HCC). The aim of the present study is to investigate gut dysbiosis in this progression. Fecal microbial rRNA-16S sequencing, absolute quantification, histopathologic, and biochemical tests were performed in mice fed high fat/calorie diet plus high fructose and glucose in drinking water (HFCD-HF/G) or control diet (CD) for 2, 16 weeks, or 14 months. Histopathologic examination verified an early stage of SFL, MASH, fibrotic, or MASH-HCC progression with disturbance of lipid metabolism, liver injury, and impaired gut mucosal barrier as indicated by loss of occludin in ileum mucosa. Gut dysbiosis occurred as early as 2 weeks with reduced α diversity, expansion of Kineothrix, Lactococcus, Akkermansia; and shrinkage in Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, etc., at a genus level. Dysbiosis was found as early as MAHS initiation, and was much more profound through the MASH-fibrotic and oncogenic progression. Moreover, the expansion of specific species, such as Lactobacillus johnsonii and Kineothrix alysoides, was confirmed by an optimized method for absolute quantification. Dynamic alterations of gut microbiota were characterized in three stages of early SFL, MASH, and its HCC transformation. The findings suggest that the extent of dysbiosis was accompanied with MASH progression and its transformation to HCC, and the shrinking or emerging of specific microbial species may account at least in part for pathologic, metabolic, and immunologic alterations in fibrogenic progression and malignant transition in the liver.

Limosilactobacillus fermentum TY-S11 ameliorates hypercholesterolemia via promoting cholesterol excretion and regulating gut microbiota in high-cholesterol diet-fed apolipoprotein E-deficient mice

Hypercholesterolemia is a metabolic disease characterized by elevated cholesterol level in the blood, which is a risk factor for many diseases. Probiotic intervention may be one of the ways to improve hypercholesterolemia. In this study, three strains with better cholesterol removal ability were selected from 60 strains of lactic acid bacteria, and were orally administered to apolipoprotein E-deficient mice on a high-cholesterol diet. Among the three strains, only Limosilactobacillus fermentum TY-S11, which was isolated from the intestine of a longevity person, significantly improved serum and liver lipid levels in hypercholesterolemic mice. Further study found that L. fermentum TY-S11 promoted the excretion of cholesterol in the feces and inhibited the absorption of cholesterol in the small intestine. As for gut microbiota, the results showed that L. fermentum TY-S11 not only prevented the reduction of diversity caused by high-cholesterol diet, but also increased the contents of short-chain fatty acids in feces. These results confirmed the ameliorative effect of L. fermentum TY-S11 on hypercholesterolemia.

Cholesterol lowering in diet-induced hypercholesterolemic mice using Lactobacillus bile salt hydrolases with different substrate specificities

The cholesterol-lowering effect of lactic acid bacteria with high activity of bile salt hydrolase (BSH) is unclear. We believe that distinguishing BSH substrate specificity is necessary to study the effect of various BSH enzymes. We engineered a BSH mutant enzyme recombinant strain named F67A, which exclusively hydrolyzes taurocholic acid (TCA) using site-directed mutagenesis, and a previously lab-constructed BSH recombinant strain, YB81 that exclusively hydrolyzes glycocholic acid (GCA). We also constructed the recombinant strain named NB5462, which carries the empty pSIP411 plasmid and was used as a blank control strain. The intestinal flora in pseudo-germ-free (PGF) mice in which intestinal flora were eliminated via antibiotics, and F67A successfully reduced serum cholesterol levels in high-cholesterol diet-fed mice, whereas YB81 did not yield the same results. However, YB81 regained its cholesterol-lowering capacity in specific pathogen-free (SPF) mice with intact intestinal flora. The cholesterol-lowering mechanism of F67A involved modifying the bile acid pool through BSH enzyme activity. This adjustment regulated the expression of intestinal farnesoid X receptor and subsequently elevated hepatic cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase (CYP7A1), effectively reducing cholesterol levels. Conversely, GCA, the substrate of YB81, was found in minimal quantities in mice, preventing it from inducing changes in bile acid pools. In the presence of intestinal flora, the YB81 BSH enzyme induced notable alterations in bile acids by regulating changes in the intestinal flora and BSH within the flora, ultimately resulting in cholesterol reduction. This is the first study investigating the substrate specificity of BSH, demonstrating that different substrate-specific BSH enzymes exhibit cholesterol-lowering properties. Additionally, we elaborate on the mechanism of BSH-mediated enterohepatic axis regulation.

Genome Analysis for Cholesterol-Lowing Action and Bacteriocin Production of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum WLPL21 and ZDY04 from Traditional Chinese Fermented Foods

Lactiplantibacillus plantarum, a typical ecological species against pathogens, used due to its bacteriocin yield in fermented foods, was proven to have the capacity to lower cholesterol. In this study, using L. plantarum ATCC8014 as the control, L. plantarum WLPL21 and ZDY04 were probed with whole-genome sequencing to ascertain their potential ability to lower cholesterol and yield bacteriocins, as well as to further evaluate their survival capacity in vitro. Our results showed 386 transport-system genes in both L. plantarum WLPL21 and ZDY04. Correspondingly, the in vitro results showed that L. plantarum WLPL21 and ZDY04 could remove cholesterol at 49.23% and 41.97%, respectively, which is 1.89 and 1.61 times that of L. plantarum ATCC8014. The survival rates of L. plantarum WLPL21 and ZDY04 in 1% H2O2, pH 3.0, and 0.3% bile salt were higher than those of L. plantarum ATCC8014. Our results exhibited a complete gene cluster for bacteriocin production encoded by L. plantarum WLPL21 and ZDY04, including plnJKR, plnPQAB, plnEFI, plnSUVWY, and plnJK; and plnMN, plnPQA and plnEFI, respectively, compared with only plnEF in L. plantarum ATCC8014. The present study suggests that the combination of genomic analysis with in vitro evaluations might be useful for exploring the potential functions of probiotics.

Traditional Medicine Pien Tze Huang Suppresses Colorectal Tumorigenesis Through Restoring Gut Microbiota and Metabolites

BACKGROUND & AIMS

Pien Tze Huang (PZH) is a well-established traditional medicine with beneficial effects against inflammation and cancer. We aimed to explore the chemopreventive effect of PZH in colorectal cancer (CRC) through modulating gut microbiota.

METHODS

CRC mouse models were established by azoxymethane plus dextran sulfate sodium treatment or in Apcmin/+ mice treated with or without PZH (270 mg/kg and 540 mg/kg). Gut barrier function was determined by means of intestinal permeability assays and transmission electron microscopy. Fecal microbiota and metabolites were analyzed by means of metagenomic sequencing and liquid chromatography mass spectrometry, respectively. Germ-free mice or antibiotic-treated mice were used as models of microbiota depletion.

RESULTS

PZH inhibited colorectal tumorigenesis in azoxymethane plus dextran sulfate sodium-treated mice and in Apcmin/+ mice in a dose-dependent manner. PZH treatment altered the gut microbiota profile, with an increased abundance of probiotics Pseudobutyrivibrio xylanivorans and Eubacterium limosum, while pathogenic bacteria Aeromonas veronii, Campylobacter jejuni, Collinsella aerofaciens, and Peptoniphilus harei were depleted. In addition, PZH increased beneficial metabolites taurine and hypotaurine, bile acids, and unsaturated fatty acids, and significantly restored gut barrier function. Transcriptomic profiling revealed that PZH inhibited PI3K-Akt, interleukin-17, tumor necrosis factor, and cytokine-chemokine signaling. Notably, the chemopreventive effect of PZH involved both microbiota-dependent and -independent mechanisms. Fecal microbiota transplantation from PZH-treated mice to germ-free mice partly recapitulated the chemopreventive effects of PZH. PZH components ginsenoside-F2 and ginsenoside-Re demonstrated inhibitory effects on CRC cells and primary organoids, and PZH also inhibited tumorigenesis in azoxymethane plus dextran sulfate sodium-treated germ-free mice.

CONCLUSIONS

PZH manipulated gut microbiota and metabolites toward a more favorable profile, improved gut barrier function, and suppressed oncogenic and pro-inflammatory pathways, thereby suppressing colorectal carcinogenesis.

The Effects of Lactobacillus johnsonii on Diseases and Its Potential Applications

Lactobacillus johnsonii has been used as a probiotic for decades to treat a wide range of illnesses, and has been found to have specific advantages in the treatment of a number of ailments. We reviewed the potential therapeutic effects and mechanisms of L. johnsonii in various diseases based on PubMed and the Web of Science databases. We obtained the information of 149 L. johnsonii from NCBI (as of 14 February 2023), and reviewed their comprehensive metadata, including information about the plasmids they contain. This review provides a basic characterization of different L. johnsonii and some of their potential therapeutic properties for various ailments. Although the mechanisms are not fully understood yet, it is hoped that they may provide some evidence for future studies. Furthermore, the antibiotic resistance of the various strains of L. johnsonii is not clear, and more complete and in-depth studies are needed. In summary, L. johnsonii presents significant research potential for the treatment or prevention of disease; however, more proof is required to justify its therapeutic application. An additional study on the antibiotic resistance genes it contains is also needed to reduce the antimicrobial resistance dissemination.

Hermetia illucens Fermented with Lactobacillus plantarum KCCM12757P Alleviates Dextran Sodium Sulfate-Induced Colitis in Mice

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) can severely affect humans and animals and is difficult to treat. Black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens; Hi) larvae (BSFL) are a sustainable source of protein. However, no studies exist on the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory functions of BSFL or fermented BSFL with respect to IBD. In this study, riboflavin-producing Lactobacillus plantarum KCCM12757P was isolated from a fish farm tank, and in conjunction with hot water-extracted Hi (HeHi) (termed HeHi_Lp), was used to determine optimal fermentation conditions to increase vitamin B2 concentration. This in vivo study investigated the therapeutic effects and mechanistic role of HeHi_Lp in chronic colitis-induced murine models. Histological changes, inflammatory cytokine levels, and intestinal barrier function were explored. Gut microbial communities and gene expression in the nuclear factor (NF)-κB signaling pathway were also studied. HeHi_Lp remarkably reduced the disease activity index, inflammatory cytokine (inducible nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxygenase 2, tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin (IL-6 and IL-1β) levels, and increased body weight and colon length. HeHi_Lp administration significantly raised zonula occludens 1, occludin and claudin 1 and improved the composition of the gut microbiota and beneficial intestinal bacteria. These results suggest that HeHi_Lp can be used as a dietary supplement in pet food to alleviate colitis.

Lactobacillus johnsonii Attenuates Liver Steatosis and Bile Acid Dysregulation in Parenteral Nutrition-Fed Rats

Parenteral nutrition (PN), a vital therapy for patients with intestinal failure, can lead to the development of parenteral nutrition-associated liver disease (PNALD). In this study, we aimed to investigate the role of Lactobacillus johnsonii (L. johnsonii) in a rat model of PNALD. Total parenteral nutrition (TPN)-fed rats were used to assess the role of L. johnsonii in liver steatosis, bile acid metabolism, gut microbiota, and hepatocyte apoptosis. We observed a depletion of L. johnsonii that was negatively correlated with the accumulation of glycochenodeoxycholic acid (GCDCA), a known apoptosis inducer, in rats subjected to TPN. L. johnsonii attenuated TPN-induced liver steatosis by inhibiting fatty acid synthesis and promoting fatty acid oxidation. TPN resulted in a decrease in bile acid synthesis and biliary bile secretion, which were partially restored by L. johnsonii treatment. The gut microbial profile revealed depletion of pathogenic bacteria in L. johnsonii-treated rats. L. johnsonii treatment reduced both hepatic GCDCA levels and hepatocyte apoptosis compared with the TPN group. In vitro, L. johnsonii treatment inhibited GCDCA-induced hepatocyte apoptosis via its bile salt hydrolase (BSH) activity. Our findings suggest that L. johnsonii protects against liver steatosis, bile acid dysregulation, and hepatocyte apoptosis in TPN-fed rats.

Lactobacillus johnsonii alleviates colitis by TLR1/2-STAT3 mediated CD206+ macrophagesIL-10 activation

Imbalance of gut microbiota homeostasis is related to the occurrence of ulcerative colitis (UC), and probiotics are thought to modulate immune microenvironment and repair barrier function. Here, in order to reveal the interaction between UC and gut microbiota, we screened a new probiotic strain by 16S rRNA sequencing from Dextran Sulfate Sodium (DSS)-induced colitis mice, and explored the mechanism and clinical relevance. Lactobacillus johnsonii (L. johnsonii), as a potential anti-inflammatory bacterium was decreased colonization in colitis mice. Gavage L. johnsonii could alleviate colitis by specifically increasing the proportion of intestinal macrophages and the secretion of Il-10 with macrophages depleted model and in Il10^-/- mice. We identified this subset of immune cells activated by L. johnsonii as CD206⁺ macrophages^IL-10. Mechanistically, L. johnsonii supplementation enhanced the mobilization of CD206⁺ macrophages^IL-10 through the activation of STAT3 in vivo and in vitro. In addition, we revealed that TLR1/2 was essential for the activation of STAT3 and the recognition of L. johnsonii by macrophages. Clinically, there was positive correlation between the abundance of L. johnsonii and the expression level of MRC1, IL10 and TLR1/2 in UC tissues. L. johnsonii could activate native macrophages into CD206⁺ macrophages and release IL-10 through TLR1/2-STAT3 pathway to relieve experimental colitis. L. johnsonii may serve as an immunomodulator and anti-inflammatory therapeutic target for UC.

The ameliorative effect of probiotics on diet-induced lipid metabolism disorders: A review

High-fat diet induces lipid metabolism disorders that has become one of the grievous public health problems and imposes a serious economic and social burden worldwide. Safety probiotics isolated from nature are regarded as a novel supplementary strategy for preventing and improving diet-induced lipid metabolism disorders and related chronic diseases. The present review summarized the latest researches of probiotics in high fat diet induced lipid metabolism disorders to provide a critical perspective on the regulatory function of probiotics for future research. Furthermore, the screening criteria and general sources of probiotics with lipid-lowering ability also outlined to enlarge microbial species resource bank instantly, which promoted the development of functional foods with lipid-lowering strains from nature. After critically reviewing the lipid-lowering potential of probiotics both in vitro and in vivo and even in clinical data of humans, we provided a perspective that probiotics activated AMPK signaling pathway to regulate fat synthesis and decomposition, as well as affected positively the gut microbiota structure, intestinal barrier function and systemic inflammatory response, then these beneficial effects are amplified along Gut-liver axis, which regulated intestinal flora metabolites such as SCFAs and BAs by HMGCR/FXR/SHP signaling pathway to improve high fat diet induced lipid metabolism disorders effectively.

Effects of the Probiotic Lactiplantibacillus plantarum KU15120 Derived from Korean Homemade Diced-Radish Kimchi Against Oxidation and Adipogenesis

Intestinal microflora can influence abnormal adipocyte growth. Therefore, this study was aimed to investigate the probiotic properties and antioxidant and antiobesity effects of isolated strains from homemade kimchi. Among the isolated strains, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum KU15120 showed high tolerance to artificial gastric juice and bile salt conditions, high adhesion to HT-29 cells, nonproduction of β-glucuronidase, nonhemolysis, and acceptable resistance to antibiotics. It showed high antioxidant activity, including DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging and antioxidant activity, as determined by the β-carotene bleaching assay. Oil red O staining and intracellular triglyceride levels revealed reduced lipid accumulation, which confirmed the anti-adipogenic activity of L. plantarum KU15120. In addition, the expression levels of fatty acid synthase, CCAAT/enhance-binding protein α, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ, were significantly lower in the probiotic-treated group than in the control group. These results suggest that L. plantarum KU15120 has probiotic properties, antioxidant, and antiobesity effects and could be used as a therapeutic probiotics.