1
|
Petrone L, Najafi-Fard S, Falasca L, Sbarra S, Teggi A, Nicastri E, Grillo LR, Burocchi M, Ettorre GM, Ludovisi A, Colombo D, Del Nonno F, Goletti D. Evaluation of the Local and Peripheral Immune Responses in Patients with Cystic Echinococcosis. Pathogens 2024; 13:477. [PMID: 38921775 PMCID: PMC11206897 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13060477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cystic echinococcosis (CE) cysts may persist for decades because of immune modulation mechanisms. Here, we characterize the cysts and the blood immune responses in patients with CE. METHODS We enrolled 61 patients with CE and 19 control subjects. We received tissue samples from seven patients with CE and a control subject requiring liver cystectomy. The immunohistochemistry evaluation of the immune cell subtypes and cytokines in the pericysts and surrounding liver and the antigen B (AgB)-specific response analysis of whole blood were performed. RESULTS In CE, the pericyst and the surrounding liver parenchyma showed aggregates of CD3+ T lymphocytes, mainly CD4+. B lymphocyte aggregates were present in the liver tissue. Monocytes/granulocytes were rarely observed. Th2 cytokine expression was scarce, whereas IFN-γ expression was present in the CE tissues. The control subject did not show an inflammatory infiltrate. The IL-4-specific response to AgB was increased in the patients with CE compared to the control, and this result was confirmed in a larger cohort (p = 0.003), whereas the IFN-γ-response was similar between the two groups (p = 0.5570). CONCLUSION In patients with CE, CD4+ lymphocytes infiltrate the pericyst and the surrounding liver tissue with a low IL-4/IL-13 expression level and a moderate IFN-γ expression level; moreover, an IL-4 parasite-specific response is detected in the periphery. These results support adventitia involvement in CE immunopathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linda Petrone
- Translational Research Unit, National Institute for Infectious Diseases (INMI) “Lazzaro Spallanzani”—IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy
| | - Saeid Najafi-Fard
- Translational Research Unit, National Institute for Infectious Diseases (INMI) “Lazzaro Spallanzani”—IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Falasca
- Laboratory of Electron Microscopy, National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Lazzaro Spallanzani”—IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy
| | - Settimia Sbarra
- Translational Research Unit, National Institute for Infectious Diseases (INMI) “Lazzaro Spallanzani”—IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy
| | - Antonella Teggi
- Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Sant’Andrea Hospital University of Rome “Sapienza”, 00189 Rome, Italy
| | - Emanuele Nicastri
- Clinical Division of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Lazzaro Spallanzani”—IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy
| | | | - Mirco Burocchi
- Division of General Surgery and Liver Transplantation, San Camillo-Forlanini Hospital, 00152 Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Maria Ettorre
- Division of General Surgery and Liver Transplantation, San Camillo-Forlanini Hospital, 00152 Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Ludovisi
- Foodborne and Neglected Parasitoses Unit, Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Daniele Colombo
- Pathology Unit, National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Lazzaro Spallanzani”—IRCCS, 00149 Roma, Italy
| | - Franca Del Nonno
- Pathology Unit, National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Lazzaro Spallanzani”—IRCCS, 00149 Roma, Italy
| | - Delia Goletti
- Translational Research Unit, National Institute for Infectious Diseases (INMI) “Lazzaro Spallanzani”—IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Atmaca HT. Determination of macrophage types by immunohistochemical methods in the local immune response to liver hydatid cysts in sheep. Acta Trop 2022; 229:106364. [PMID: 35149039 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2022.106364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis is a zoonotic parasitic disease caused by Echinococcus granulosus. The main hosts in the life cycle of this parasite are dogs and other carnivores; The intermediate hosts are human, sheep, goat, cattle, pig, buffalo, horse and camel. The parasite damages the tissue by forming lesions in the form of fluid-filled cysts in the liver. These lesions are bounded by a layer of local inflammatory cells formed by the host. In the layer formed by this inflammatory response, there are lymphocytes, neutrophils and eosinophil leukocytes, including macrophages. Samples taken from sheep with hydatid cysts in their livers were followed for pathological analysis, and then histopathological and immunohistochemical examinations were performed. After histopathological examinations, the types of macrophages involved in the local immune response against cysts in the liver were determined by immunohistochemical methods using anti-INOS and anti-IL-10 antibodies. INOS and IL-10 immunopositivity were detected in all samples. Statistically, no significant difference was observed between these immunopositivity. This showed that both macrophage types are involved in the local immune response to hydatid cyst, and that Th1 and Th2 immune response stimulation continues together. It was concluded that in future studies that will be planned and experimentally, it will be possible to reveal more clearly how these macrophage types take part in the local immune response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Tarik Atmaca
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Balikesir University, Turkey.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wang C, Yang SH, Niu N, Tao J, Du XC, Yang JH, Zhu MX, Wang YN, Zhao W. lncRNA028466 regulates Th1/Th2 cytokine expression and associates with Echinococcus granulosus antigen P29 immunity. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:295. [PMID: 34082780 PMCID: PMC8173744 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-04795-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a parasitic disease that is caused by Echinococcus granulosus (Eg). The recombinant Echinococcus granulosus antigen P29 (rEg.P29) was shown to confer effective immunity to sheep and mice during E. granulosus secondary infection in our previous study. In this study, we sought to investigate the ability of long noncoding RNA 028466 (lncRNA028466) as a regulator for the protective immunity mediated by rEg.P29 vaccination and to study the effects of lncRNA028466 on CD4+T cell differentiation in mice spleen. Methods Female BALB/c mice were divided into two groups and were vaccinated subcutaneously with rEg.P29 antigen and PBS as a control (12 mice each group). Following prime-boost vaccination, CD4+T, CD8+T, and B cells from the spleen were isolated by flow cytometry. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) was performed to measure the expression of lncRNA028466 in these three kinds of cells. Then, lncRNA028466 was overexpressed and knocked down in naive CD4+T cells, and Th1 and Th2 cytokine expression was detected. qRT-PCR, western blot, and ELISA were performed to evaluate the production of IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-4, and IL-10, and flow cytometry was performed to detect the differentiation of Th1 and Th2 subgroups. Results lncRNA028466 was significantly decreased after the second week of immunization with rEg.P29 antigen. The proportion of CD4+ T cells was increased after rEg.P29 immunization. Overexpression of lncRNA028466 facilitated the production of IL-4, IL-10 and suppressed the production of IFN-γ, IL-2. Furthermore, after transfection with siRNA028466, IL-2 production was facilitated and IL-10 production was suppressed in naive CD4+ T cells. Conclusions Immunization with rEg.P29 downregulated the expression of lncRNA028466, which was related to a higher Th1 immune response and a lower Th2 immune response. Our results suggest that lncRNA028466 may be involved in rEg.P29-mediated immune response by regulating cytokine expression of Th1 and Th2. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13071-021-04795-2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chan Wang
- Department of Medical genetics and Cell biology, School of Basic Medical Science of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China.,Ningxia Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Common Infectious Diseases of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Song-Hao Yang
- Department of Medical genetics and Cell biology, School of Basic Medical Science of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China.,Ningxia Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Common Infectious Diseases of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Nan Niu
- Department of Medical genetics and Cell biology, School of Basic Medical Science of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China.,Ningxia Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Common Infectious Diseases of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia Tao
- Department of Medical genetics and Cell biology, School of Basic Medical Science of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China.,Ningxia Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Common Infectious Diseases of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Xian-Cai Du
- Department of Medical genetics and Cell biology, School of Basic Medical Science of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China.,Ningxia Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Common Infectious Diseases of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Ji-Hui Yang
- Center of Scientific Technology of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China.,Ningxia Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Common Infectious Diseases of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming-Xing Zhu
- Department of Medical genetics and Cell biology, School of Basic Medical Science of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China.,Center of Scientific Technology of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China.,Ningxia Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Common Infectious Diseases of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Ya-Na Wang
- Department of Medical genetics and Cell biology, School of Basic Medical Science of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China.,Ningxia Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Common Infectious Diseases of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Center of Scientific Technology of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China. .,Ningxia Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Common Infectious Diseases of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Hidalgo C, Stoore C, Hernández M, Paredes R. Fasciola hepatica coinfection modifies the morphological and immunological features of Echinococcus granulosus cysts in cattle. Vet Res 2020; 51:76. [PMID: 32503674 PMCID: PMC7275569 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-020-00799-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyparasitism occurs when animals harbour multiple parasites concomitantly. It is a common occurrence but is generally understudied in wild and domestic animals. Fasciola hepatica and Echinococcus granulosus, which are helminths of ungulates, frequently coinfect cattle. The effects of this particular type of polyparasitism are not well documented. The metacestode of Echinococcus granulosus is surrounded by the adventitial layer, which constitutes the host immune response to the parasite. This layer in cattle is produced by a granulomatous reaction and is involved in echinococcal cyst (EC) fertility. Due to the systemic immune-modulating abilities of Fasciola hepatica, coinfection possibly generates a favourable environment for EC growth. A total of 203 Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto cysts were found in 82 cattle, of which 42 ECs were found in 31 animals coinfected with Fasciola hepatica. The overall infection intensity was 3 cysts per animal. Coinfection with Fasciola hepatica decreased the mean infection intensity to 1.4 cysts per animal. Regarding EC size, coinfection resulted in smaller ECs (15.91 vs 22.09 mm), especially for infertile lung cysts. The adventitial layer of ECs in coinfected animals lacked lymphoid follicles and palisading macrophages, which are generally hallmarks of the granulomatous immune response. The ECs in coinfected animals had organized laminated layers, whereas those in animals without coinfection did not. Although coinfection was not statistically associated with EC fertility, we did not find fertile cysts in the livers of coinfected animals. We concluded that coinfection with Fasciola hepatica and Echinococcus granulosus has a detrimental effect on ECs, particularly infertile cysts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Hidalgo
- Laboratorio de Medicina Veterinaria, Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile.,Instituto de Ciencias Agroalimentarias, Animales y Ambientales (ICA3), Universidad de O'Higgins, San Fernando, Chile
| | - Caroll Stoore
- Laboratorio de Medicina Veterinaria, Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Marcela Hernández
- Laboratorio de Biología Periodontal y Departamento de Patología y Medicina Oral, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rodolfo Paredes
- Laboratorio de Medicina Veterinaria, Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
New insights of the local immune response against both fertile and infertile hydatid cysts. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0211542. [PMID: 30699191 PMCID: PMC6353198 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0211542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cystic echinococcosis is caused by the metacestode of the zoonotic flatworm Echinococcus granulosus. Within the viscera of the intermediate host, the metacestode grows as a unilocular cyst known as hydatid cyst. This cyst is comprised of two layers of parasite origin: germinal and laminated layers, and one of host origin: the adventitial layer, that encapsulates the parasite. This adventitial layer is composed of collagen fibers, epithelioid cells, eosinophils and lymphocytes. To establish itself inside the host, the germinal layer produces the laminated layer, and to continue its life cycle, generates protoscoleces. Some cysts are unable to produce protoscoleces, and are defined as infertile cysts. The molecular mechanisms involved in cyst fertility are not clear, however, the host immune response could play a crucial role. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We collected hydatid cysts from both liver and lungs of slaughtered cattle, and histological sections of fertile, infertile and small hydatid cysts were stained with haematoxylin-eosin. A common feature observed in infertile cysts was the disorganization of the laminated layer by the infiltration of host immune cells. These infiltrating cells eventually destroy parts of laminated layer. Immunohistochemical analysis of both parasite and host antigens, identify these cells as cattle macrophages and are present inside the cysts associated to germinal layer. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE This is the first report that indicates to cell from immune system present in adventitial layer of infertile bovine hydatid cysts could disrupt the laminated layer, infiltrating and probably causing the infertility of cyst.
Collapse
|
6
|
Tamarozzi F, Mariconti M, Neumayr A, Brunetti E. The intermediate host immune response in cystic echinococcosis. Parasite Immunol 2016; 38:170-81. [DOI: 10.1111/pim.12301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F. Tamarozzi
- Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Paediatric Sciences; University of Pavia; Pavia Italy
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Clinical Management of Cystic Echinococcosis; Pavia Italy
| | - M. Mariconti
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Clinical Management of Cystic Echinococcosis; Pavia Italy
- Division of Infectious and Tropical Diseases; San Matteo Hospital Foundation; Pavia Italy
| | - A. Neumayr
- Medical Services and Diagnostic; Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute; Basel Switzerland
- University of Basel; Basel Switzerland
| | - E. Brunetti
- Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Paediatric Sciences; University of Pavia; Pavia Italy
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Clinical Management of Cystic Echinococcosis; Pavia Italy
- Division of Infectious and Tropical Diseases; San Matteo Hospital Foundation; Pavia Italy
| |
Collapse
|