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Ruel J, Guitton MJ, Gratias P, Lenoir M, Shen S, Puel JL, Brabet P, Wang J. Endogenous Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide (PACAP) Plays a Protective Effect Against Noise-Induced Hearing Loss. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:658990. [PMID: 33828461 PMCID: PMC8019930 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.658990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pituitary adenylyl cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a member of the vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP)-the secretin-glucagon family of neuropeptides. They act through two classes of receptors: PACAP type 1 (PAC1) and type 2 (VPAC1 and VPAC2). Among their pleiotropic effects throughout the body, PACAP functions as neuromodulators and neuroprotectors, rescuing neurons from apoptosis, mostly through the PAC1 receptor. To explore the potential protective effect of endogenous PACAP against Noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL), we used a knockout mouse model lacking PAC1 receptor expression (PACR1−/−) and a transgenic humanized mouse model expressing the human PAC1 receptor (TgHPAC1R). Based on complementary approaches combining electrophysiological, histochemical, and molecular biological evaluations, we show PAC1R expression in spiral ganglion neurons and in cochlear apical cells of the organ of Corti. Wild-type (WT), PAC1R−/−, and TgHPAC1R mice exhibit similar auditory thresholds. For most of the frequencies tested after acute noise damage, however, PAC1R−/− mice showed a larger elevation of the auditory threshold than did their WT counterparts. By contrast, in a transgene copy number-dependent fashion, TgHPAC1R mice showed smaller noise-induced elevations of auditory thresholds compared to their WT counterparts. Together, these findings suggest that PACAP could be a candidate for endogenous protection against noise-induced hearing loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Ruel
- Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier (INM), University Montpellier, INSERM, Montpellier, France.,Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives, UMR7291 CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Matthieu J Guitton
- CERVO Brain Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Paul Gratias
- Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier (INM), University Montpellier, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Marc Lenoir
- Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier (INM), University Montpellier, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Sanbing Shen
- Regenerative Medicine Institute, National University of Ireland (NUI), Galway, Ireland
| | - Jean-Luc Puel
- Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier (INM), University Montpellier, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Philippe Brabet
- Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier (INM), University Montpellier, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Jing Wang
- Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier (INM), University Montpellier, INSERM, Montpellier, France
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The Novel Peptide Vaccine GV1001 Protects Hearing in a Kanamycin-induced Ototoxicity Mouse Model. Otol Neurotol 2019; 39:e731-e737. [PMID: 30015752 DOI: 10.1097/mao.0000000000001911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS We tested whether GV1001 has any ototoxic side effects at different doses and whether it protects hearing in an aminoglycoside-induced ototoxicity mouse model. BACKGROUND GV1001, a novel peptide vaccine currently being examined in a Phase 3 clinical trial to treat pancreatic cancer, also has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. METHODS In the first experiment, C57/BL6 mice were injected with GV1001 preparations at concentrations of 0.1 to 100 mg/kg for 7 days to evaluate the toxicity of GV1001 on the inner ear and kidneys. In the second experiment, the protective effect of GV1001 was tested in an ototoxicity mouse model that was generated by injecting 800 mg/kg kanamycin (KM) for 2 weeks. The hearing threshold and hair cell loss were compared between the KM + GV1001 group (treated with 10 mg/kg GV1001 for 2 wk) and the KM + saline group. The hearing threshold was measured before, and 7, 14, and 21 days after the initial treatment. The blood urea nitrogen level was measured. RESULTS No ototoxicity or renal toxicity was found following treatment with different doses of GV1001 (0.1-100 mg/kg). The KM + saline group showed impaired auditory function and markedly disoriented and missing cochlear hair cells, while the KM + GV1001 group showed significant hearing and hair cell preservation in comparison (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION GV1001 itself did not have any detrimental effects on the inner ear or kidney. In the KM induced ototoxicity model, concomitant administration of GV1001 protected against cochlear hair cell damage and preserve hearing.
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Fulop DB, Humli V, Szepesy J, Ott V, Reglodi D, Gaszner B, Nemeth A, Szirmai A, Tamas L, Hashimoto H, Zelles T, Tamas A. Hearing impairment and associated morphological changes in pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP)-deficient mice. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14598. [PMID: 31601840 PMCID: PMC6787024 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50775-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a regulatory and cytoprotective neuropeptide, its deficiency implies accelerated aging in mice. It is present in the auditory system having antiapoptotic effects. Expression of Ca2+-binding proteins and its PAC1 receptor differs in the inner ear of PACAP-deficient (KO) and wild-type (WT) mice. Our aim was to elucidate the functional role of PACAP in the auditory system. Auditory brainstem response (ABR) tests found higher hearing thresholds in KO mice at click and low frequency burst stimuli. Hearing impairment at higher frequencies showed as reduced ABR wave amplitudes and latencies in KO animals. Increase in neuronal activity, demonstrated by c-Fos immunolabeling, was lower in KO mice after noise exposure in the ventral and dorsal cochlear nuclei. Noise induced neuronal activation was similar in further relay nuclei of the auditory pathway of WT and KO mice. Based on the similar inflammatory and angiogenic protein profile data from cochlear duct lysates, neither inflammation nor disturbed angiogenesis, as potential pathological components in sensorineural hearing losses, seem to be involved in the pathomechanism of the presented functional and morphological changes in PACAP KO mice. The hearing impairment is probably concomitant with the markedly accelerated aging processes in these animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Balazs Fulop
- Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pecs Medical School, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Viktoria Humli
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Judit Szepesy
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Virag Ott
- Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pecs Medical School, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Dora Reglodi
- Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pecs Medical School, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Balazs Gaszner
- Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pecs Medical School, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Adrienn Nemeth
- Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pecs Medical School, Pecs, Hungary.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Pecs Medical School, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Agnes Szirmai
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Laszlo Tamas
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Hitoshi Hashimoto
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan.,Molecular Research Center for Children's Mental Development, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Kanazawa University, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Chiba University and University of Fukui, Suita, Osaka, Japan.,Division of Bioscience, Institute for Datability Science, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tibor Zelles
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary. .,Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Andrea Tamas
- Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pecs Medical School, Pecs, Hungary.
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Fischer N, Johnson Chacko L, Majerus A, Potrusil T, Riechelmann H, Schmutzhard J, Schrott-Fischer A, Glueckert R. Age-Dependent Calcium-Binding Protein Expression in the Spiral Ganglion and Hearing Performance of C57BL/6J and 129/SvJ Mice. ORL J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec 2019; 81:138-154. [PMID: 31170714 DOI: 10.1159/000499472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Calcium-binding proteins in neurons buffer intracellular free Ca2+ ions, which interact with proteins controlling enzymatic and ion channel activity. The heterogeneous distribution of calretinin, calbindin, and parvalbumin influences calcium homeostasis, and calcium-related neuronal processes play an important role in neuronal aging and degeneration. This study evaluated age-related changes in calretinin, calbindin, and parvalbumin immune reactivity in spiral ganglion cells. METHODS A total of 16 C57BL/6J and 16 129/SvJ mice at different ages (2, 4, 7, and 12 months) were included in the study. Hearing thresholds were assessed using auditory brainstem response before inner ears were excised for further evaluation. Semiquantitative immunohistochemistry for the aforementioned calcium-binding proteins was performed at the cellular level. RESULTS The hearing thresholds of C57BL/6J and 129/SvJ mice increased significantly by 7 months of age. The average immune reactivity of calbin-din as well as the relative number of positive cells increased significantly with aging, but no significant alterations in calretinin or parvalbumin were observed. CONCLUSIONS Upregulation of calbindin could serve as a protection to compensate for functional deficits that occur with aging. Expression of both calretinin and parvalbumin seem to be stabilizing factors in murine inner ears up to the age of 12 months in C57BL/6J and 129/SvJ mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Fischer
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Lejo Johnson Chacko
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Alexandra Majerus
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Thomas Potrusil
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Herbert Riechelmann
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Joachim Schmutzhard
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Rudolf Glueckert
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Tirol Kliniken, University Clinics of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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Protective effects of pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide against neurotoxic agents. Neurotoxicology 2018; 66:185-194. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2018.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2017] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Reglodi D, Cseh S, Somoskoi B, Fulop BD, Szentleleky E, Szegeczki V, Kovacs A, Varga A, Kiss P, Hashimoto H, Tamas A, Bardosi A, Manavalan S, Bako E, Zakany R, Juhasz T. Disturbed spermatogenic signaling in pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide-deficient mice. Reproduction 2017; 155:129-139. [PMID: 29101268 DOI: 10.1530/rep-17-0470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PACAP is a neuropeptide with diverse functions in various organs, including reproductive system. It is present in the testis in high concentrations, and in addition to the stage-specific expression within the seminiferous tubules, PACAP affects spermatogenesis and the functions of Leydig and Sertoli cells. Mice lacking endogenous PACAP show reduced fertility, but the possibility of abnormalities in spermatogenic signaling has not yet been investigated. Therefore, we performed a detailed morphological analysis of spermatozoa, sperm motility and investigated signaling pathways that play a role during spermatogenesis in knockout mice. No significant alterations were found in testicular morphology or motility of sperm in homozygous and heterozygous PACAP-deficient mice in spite of the moderately increased number of severely damaged sperms. However, we found robust changes in mRNA and/or protein expression of several factors that play an important role in spermatogenesis. Protein kinase A expression was markedly reduced, while downstream phospho-ERK and p38 were elevated in knockout animals. Expression of major transcription factors, such as Sox9 and phospho-Sox9, was decreased, while that of Sox10, as a redundant factor, was increased in PACAP-deficient mice. The reduced phospho-Sox9 expression was partly due to increased expression and activity of phosphatase PP2A in knockout mice. Targets of Sox transcription factors, such as collagen type IV, were reduced in knockout mice. In summary, our results show that lack of PACAP leads to disturbed signaling in spermatogenesis, which could be a factor responsible for reduced fertility in PACAP knockout mice, and further support the role of PACAP in reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Reglodi
- Department of AnatomyMTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - S Cseh
- Department and Clinic of ReproductionUniversity of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - B Somoskoi
- Department and Clinic of ReproductionUniversity of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - B D Fulop
- Department of AnatomyMTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - E Szentleleky
- Department of AnatomyHistology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - V Szegeczki
- Department of AnatomyHistology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - A Kovacs
- Department of AnatomyMTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - A Varga
- Department of AnatomyMTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - P Kiss
- Department of AnatomyMTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - H Hashimoto
- Laboratory of Molecular NeuropharmacologyGraduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan.,Molecular Research Center for Children's Mental DevelopmentUnited Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Kanazawa University, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Chiba University and University of Fukui, Suita, Osaka, Japan.,Division of BioscienceInstitute for Datability Science, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - A Tamas
- Department of AnatomyMTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - A Bardosi
- MVZ für HistologieZytologie und Molekulare Diagnostik, Trier, Germany
| | - S Manavalan
- Department of Basic SciencesNational University of Health Sciences, Pinellas Park, Florida, USA
| | - E Bako
- Cell Biology and Signalling Research Group of the Hungarian Academy of SciencesDepartment of Medical Chemistry, Research Centre for Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - R Zakany
- Department of AnatomyHistology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - T Juhasz
- Department of AnatomyHistology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
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Novel tactics for neuroprotection in Parkinson's disease: Role of antibiotics, polyphenols and neuropeptides. Prog Neurobiol 2017; 155:120-148. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2015.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2015] [Revised: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Farkas J, Sandor B, Tamas A, Kiss P, Hashimoto H, Nagy AD, Fulop BD, Juhasz T, Manavalan S, Reglodi D. Early Neurobehavioral Development of Mice Lacking Endogenous PACAP. J Mol Neurosci 2017; 61:468-478. [PMID: 28168413 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-017-0887-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a multifunctional neuropeptide. In addition to its diverse physiological roles, PACAP has important functions in the embryonic development of various tissues, and it is also considered as a trophic factor during development and in the case of neuronal injuries. Data suggest that the development of the nervous system is severely affected by the lack of endogenous PACAP. Short-term neurofunctional outcome correlates with long-term functional deficits; however, the early neurobehavioral development of PACAP-deficient mice has not yet been evaluated. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to describe the postnatal development of physical signs and neurological reflexes in mice partially or completely lacking PACAP. We examined developmental hallmarks during the first 3 weeks of the postnatal period, during which period most neurological reflexes and motor coordination show most intensive development, and we describe the neurobehavioral development using a complex battery of tests. In the present study, we found that PACAP-deficient mice had slower weight gain throughout the observation period. Interestingly, mice partially lacking PACAP weighed significantly less than homozygous mice. There was no difference between male and female mice during the first 3 weeks. Some other signs were also more severely affected in the heterozygous mice than in the homozygous mice, such as air righting, grasp, and gait initiation reflexes. Interestingly, incisor teeth erupted earlier in mice lacking PACAP. Motor coordination, shown by the number of foot-faults on an elevated grid, was also less developed in PACAP-deficient mice. In summary, our results show that mice lacking endogenous PACAP have slower weight gain during the first weeks of development and slower neurobehavioral development regarding a few developmental hallmarks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jozsef Farkas
- Department of Anatomy, Medical School, University of Pecs, Szigeti u 12, 7624, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Balazs Sandor
- Department of Anatomy, Medical School, University of Pecs, Szigeti u 12, 7624, Pecs, Hungary.,Department of Dentistry, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Andrea Tamas
- Department of Anatomy, Medical School, University of Pecs, Szigeti u 12, 7624, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Peter Kiss
- Department of Anatomy, Medical School, University of Pecs, Szigeti u 12, 7624, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Hitoshi Hashimoto
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Molecular Research Center for Children's Mental Development, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Andras D Nagy
- Department of Anatomy, Medical School, University of Pecs, Szigeti u 12, 7624, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Balazs D Fulop
- Department of Anatomy, Medical School, University of Pecs, Szigeti u 12, 7624, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Tamas Juhasz
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Sridharan Manavalan
- Department of Anatomy, Medical School, University of Pecs, Szigeti u 12, 7624, Pecs, Hungary.,Department of Basic Sciences, National University of Health Sciences, Florida, USA
| | - Dora Reglodi
- Department of Anatomy, Medical School, University of Pecs, Szigeti u 12, 7624, Pecs, Hungary.
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Kasica N, Podlasz P, Sundvik M, Tamas A, Reglodi D, Kaleczyc J. Protective Effects of Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide (PACAP) Against Oxidative Stress in Zebrafish Hair Cells. Neurotox Res 2016; 30:633-647. [PMID: 27557978 PMCID: PMC5047952 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-016-9659-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Revised: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a pleiotropic neuropeptide, with known antiapoptotic functions. Our previous in vitro study has demonstrated the ameliorative role of PACAP-38 in chicken hair cells under oxidative stress conditions, but its effects on living hair cells is now yet known. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate in vivo the protective role of PACAP-38 in hair cells found in zebrafish (Danio rerio) sense organs-neuromasts. To induce oxidative stress the 5-day postfertilization (dpf) zebrafish larvae were exposed to 1.5 mM H2O2 for 15 min or 1 h. This resulted in an increase in caspase-3 and p-38 MAPK level in the hair cells as well as in an impairment of the larvae basic behavior. To investigate the ameliorative role of PACAP-38, the larvae were incubated with a mixture of 1.5 mM H2O2 and 100 nM PACAP-38 following 1 h preincubation with 100 nM PACAP-38 only. PACAP-38 abilities to prevent hair cells from apoptosis were investigated. Whole-mount immunohistochemistry and confocal microscopy analyses revealed that PACAP-38 treatment decreased the cleaved caspase-3 level in the hair cells, but had no influence on p-38 MAPK. The analyses of basic locomotor activity supported the protective role of PACAP-38 by demonstrating the improvement of the fish behavior after PACAP-38 treatment. In summary, our in vivo findings demonstrate that PACAP-38 protects zebrafish hair cells from oxidative stress by attenuating oxidative stress-induced apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Kasica
- Department of Animal Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, Oczapowskiego 13, box 105J, 10-719, Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Piotr Podlasz
- Department of Pathophysiology, Forensic Veterinary and Administration, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, Oczapowskiego 13, 10-719, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Maria Sundvik
- Department of Anatomy, Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 8 (Biomedicum Helsinki), 00290, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Andrea Tamas
- Department of Anatomy, University of Pecs, Szigeti 12, 7624, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Dora Reglodi
- Department of Anatomy, University of Pecs, Szigeti 12, 7624, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Jerzy Kaleczyc
- Department of Animal Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, Oczapowskiego 13, box 105J, 10-719, Olsztyn, Poland
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