1
|
Chen Q, Wu M, Tang Q, Yan P, Zhu L. Age-Related Alterations in Immune Function and Inflammation: Focus on Ischemic Stroke. Aging Dis 2024; 15:1046-1074. [PMID: 37728582 PMCID: PMC11081165 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2023.0721-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The aging of the global population poses significant scientific challenges. Moreover, the biological process of aging is the most significant risk factor for most chronic illnesses; therefore, understanding the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying these aging-related challenges is crucial for extending the healthy lifespan of older individuals. Preventing brain aging remains a priority public health goal, and integrative and comprehensive aging analyses have revealed that immunosenescence is a potential cause of age-related brain damage and disease (e.g., stroke). Importantly, the neuroinflammatory and immune systems present two-way contact and thus can affect each other. Emerging evidence supports the numerous effects of immunosenescence- and inflammation-mediated immunity in neurologically injured brains. In this study, we briefly outline how aging alters the pathophysiology and transcriptional amplitude in patients who experienced stroke and then discuss how the immune system and its cellular components and molecular mechanisms are affected by age after stroke. Finally, we highlight emerging interventions with the potential to slow down or reduce aging and prevent stroke onset.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiuxin Chen
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150000, China
| | - Minmin Wu
- Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150000, China
| | - Qiang Tang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150000, China
| | - Peiyu Yan
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau 999078, China
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau 999078, China
| | - Luwen Zhu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150000, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kuang H, Zhu X, Chen H, Tang H, Zhao H. The immunomodulatory mechanism of acupuncture treatment for ischemic stroke: research progress, prospects, and future direction. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1319863. [PMID: 38756772 PMCID: PMC11096548 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1319863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke (IS) is one of the leading causes of death and disability. Complicated mechanisms are involved in the pathogenesis of IS. Immunomodulatory mechanisms are crucial to IS. Acupuncture is a traditional non-drug treatment that has been extensively used to treat IS. The exploration of neuroimmune modulation will broaden the understanding of the mechanisms underlying acupuncture treatment. This review summarizes the immune response of immune cells, immune cytokines, and immune organs after an IS. The immunomodulatory mechanisms of acupuncture treatment on the central nervous system and peripheral immunity, as well as the factors that influence the effects of acupuncture treatment, were summarized. We suggest prospects and future directions for research on immunomodulatory mechanisms of acupuncture treatment for IS based on current progress, and we hope that these will provide inspiration for researchers. Additionally, acupuncture has shown favorable outcomes in the treatment of immune-based nervous system diseases, generating new directions for research on possible targets and treatments for immune-based nervous system diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongjun Kuang
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Shenzhen Luohu Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Shenzhen Hospital of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Shenzhen, China
| | - Xinzhou Zhu
- The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute (BCBDI), Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, China
| | - Huan Chen
- Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, China Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Han Tang
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Shenzhen Luohu Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Shenzhen Hospital of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Shenzhen, China
| | - Hong Zhao
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Shenzhen Luohu Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Shenzhen Hospital of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Shenzhen, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Veeravalli KK. Implications of MMP-12 in the pathophysiology of ischaemic stroke. Stroke Vasc Neurol 2024; 9:97-107. [PMID: 37336584 PMCID: PMC11103161 DOI: 10.1136/svn-2023-002363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023] Open
Abstract
This article focuses on the emerging role of matrix metalloproteinase-12 (MMP-12) in ischaemic stroke (IS). MMP-12 expression in the brain increases dramatically in animal models of IS, and its suppression reduces brain damage and promotes neurological, sensorimotor and cognitive functional outcomes. Thus, MMP-12 could represent a potential target for the management of IS. This article provides an overview of MMP-12 upregulation in the brain following IS, its deleterious role in the post-stroke pathogenesis (blood-brain barrier disruption, inflammation, apoptosis and demyelination), possible molecular interactions and mechanistic insights, its involvement in post-ischaemic functional deficits and recovery as well as the limitations, perspectives, challenges and future directions for further research. Prior to testing any MMP-12-targeted therapy in patients with acute IS, additional research is needed to establish the effectiveness of MMP-12 suppression against IS in older animals and in animals with comorbidities. This article also examines the clinical implications of suppressing MMP-12 alone or in combination with MMP-9 for extending the currently limited tissue plasminogen activator therapy time window. Targeting of MMP-12 is expected to have a profound influence on the therapeutic management of IS in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Kumar Veeravalli
- Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria, Illinois, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Liu Y, Leng C, Li Y, Zhou M, Ye X, Li C, Xia X, Sun B, Shu X, Liu W. A novel p55PIK signaling peptide inhibitor alleviates neuroinflammation via the STAT3/NF-kB signaling pathway in experimental stroke. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2024; 33:107736. [PMID: 38679216 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2024.107736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ischemic stroke remains the predominant contributor to mortality and disability globally. Microglia undergo rapid activation and initiate inflammatory cascade reactions by phenotypic polarization, participating in the regulation of inflammatory injury and tissue repair post-ischemic stroke. Regulating microglia-mediated neuroinflammation is a promising therapeutic strategy for ischemic stroke. Previously, we designed and synthesized a novel p55PIK inhibitor, TAT-N15 polypeptide, which presents inhibitive activity on NF-κB signaling-mediated inflammation in acute conjunctivitis and allergic rhinitis. The present study aimed to explore the therapeutic effect and mechanism of TAT-N15 on ischemia stroke. METHODS The mouse model of transient cerebral ischemia was made using the intraluminal filament method. After being treated with daily intraperitoneal injections of TAT-N15 (10 mg/kg) for 7 d, the neurological outcomes and the cerebral infarction volume were evaluated. Histopathology of the ischemia cerebral hemisphere was observed by H&E and Nissl staining. Neuronal survival, astrogliosis, and co-labeling of CD86/Iba1 and CD206/Iba1 were detected by immunofluorescence. The cell apoptosis was estimated by TUNEL staining. The expression levels of apoptosis-associated proteins, proinflammatory cytokines, protein markers of M1 and M2 microglia, and the phosphorylation of NF-κB and STAT3 proteins in the ischemic penumbra were detected by Western blot. RESULTS TAT-N15 treatment significantly decreased the infarct volume and alleviated neurological functional impairment, neuronal injury, and neuron apoptosis. Meanwhile, TAT-N15 treatment restrained the activation of microglia and astrocytes as well as the protein expression of proinflammatory cytokine in ischemic penumbra. Additionally, the administration of TAT-N15 treatment resulted in a significant reduction in the density of M1 phenotype microglia while concurrently increasing the density of M2 phenotype microglia within the ischemic penumbra. Finally, mechanical analysis unveiled that TAT-N15 exerted a substantial inhibitory effect on the protein expression of phosphorylated STAT3 and NF-κB. CONCLUSION TAT-N15 may inhibit neuroinflammation via regulating microglia activation and polarization through the STAT3/NF-κB pathway, which exhibits the neuroprotection effect in ischemic stroke.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yujing Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cognitive and Affective Disorder, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China; Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Changlong Leng
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cognitive and Affective Disorder, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Youwei Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cognitive and Affective Disorder, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China; Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Meiling Zhou
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cognitive and Affective Disorder, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Xiansheng Ye
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cognitive and Affective Disorder, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Chaoxing Li
- Wuhan Yicheng Biotechnology Co., Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Xianmin Xia
- Wuhan Yicheng Biotechnology Co., Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Binlian Sun
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cognitive and Affective Disorder, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China; Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Xiji Shu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cognitive and Affective Disorder, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China; Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cognitive and Affective Disorder, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China; Institute of Cerebrovascular Disease, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Han L, Song Y, Xiang W, Wang Z, Wang Y, Zhou X, Zhu DS, Guan Y. Fibrinogen deposition promotes neuroinflammation and fibrin-derived γ 377-395 peptide ameliorates neurological deficits after ischemic stroke. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 131:111831. [PMID: 38489969 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.111831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fibrin(ogen) deposition in the central nervous system (CNS) contributes to neuropathological injury; however, its role in ischemic stroke is unknown. In this study, we identified fibrinogen as a novel proinflammatory regulator of post-stroke neuroinflammation and revealed the neuro-protection effect of fibrin-derived γ377-395peptide in stroke. METHODS Fibrinogen depletion and fibrinogen-derived γ377-395peptide treatment were performed 2 h after establishing a permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (pMCAO) model. The infarction volume, neurological score, fibrin(ogen) deposition, and inflammatory response were evaluated 24 h after occlusion. Both in vivo and in vitro studies were conducted to assess the therapeutic potential of the γ377-395peptide in blocking the interactions between fibrin(ogen) and neutrophils. RESULTS Fibrin(ogen) deposited in the infarct core promoted post-stroke inflammation and exacerbated neurological deficits in the acute phase after stroke onset. Reducing fibrinogen deposition resulted in a decrease in infarction volume, improved neurological scores, and reduced inflammation in the brain. Additionally, the presence of neutrophil accumulation near fibrin(ogen) deposits was observed in ischemic lesions, and the engagement of fibrin(ogen) by integrin receptor αMβ2 promoted neutrophil activation and post-stroke inflammation. Finally, inhibiting fibrin(ogen)-mediated neutrophil activation using a fibrinogen-derived γ377-395peptide significantly attenuated neurological deficits. CONCLUSIONS Fibrin(ogen) is a crucial regulator of post-stroke inflammation and contributes to secondary brain injury. The inflammation induced by fibrin(ogen) is primarily driven by neutrophils during acute ischemic stroke and can be ameliorated using the fibrin-derived γ377-395peptide. Targeting the fibrin(ogen)-mediated neuropathological process represents a promising approach for neuroprotective therapy after stroke while preserving its beneficial coagulation function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lu Han
- Department of Neurology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Yaying Song
- Department of Neurology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Weiwei Xiang
- Department of Neurology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Ze Wang
- Department of Neurology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Yishu Wang
- Department of Neurology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Xiajun Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - De-Sheng Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China; Department of Neurology, Baoshan Branch, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200444, China.
| | - Yangtai Guan
- Department of Neurology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Lian J, Liu W, Hu Q, Zhang X. Succinylation modification: a potential therapeutic target in stroke. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:781-787. [PMID: 37843212 PMCID: PMC10664134 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.382229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke is a leading cause of mortality and disability worldwide. Ischemic cell death triggered by the compromised supply of blood oxygen and glucose is one of the major pathophysiology of stroke-induced brain injury. Impaired mitochondrial energy metabolism is observed minutes after stroke and is closely associated with the progression of neuropathology. Recently, a new type of post-translational modification, known as lysine succinylation, has been recognized to play a significant role in mitochondrial energy metabolism after ischemia. However, the role of succinylation modification in cell metabolism after stroke and its regulation are not well understood. We aimed to review the effects of succinylation on energy metabolism, reactive oxygen species generation, and neuroinflammation, as well as Sirtuin 5 mediated desuccinylation after stroke. We also highlight the potential of targeting succinylation/desuccinylation as a promising strategy for the treatment of stroke. The succinylation level is dynamically regulated by the nonenzymatic or enzymatic transfer of a succinyl group to a protein on lysine residues and the removal of succinyl catalyzed by desuccinylases. Mounting evidence has suggested that succinylation can regulate the metabolic pathway through modulating the activity or stability of metabolic enzymes. Sirtuins, especially Sirtuin 5, are characterized for their desuccinylation activity and have been recognized as a critical regulator of metabolism through desuccinylating numerous metabolic enzymes. Imbalance between succinylation and desuccinylation has been implicated in the pathophysiology of stroke. Pharmacological agents that enhance the activity of Sirtuin 5 have been employed to promote desuccinylation and improve mitochondrial metabolism, and neuroprotective effects of these agents have been observed in experimental stroke studies. However, their therapeutic efficacy in stroke patients should be validated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Lian
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenwu Liu
- Department of Diving and Hyperbaric Medicine, Naval Medical Center, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qin Hu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaohua Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Song S, Oft H, Metwally S, Paruchuri S, Bielanin J, Fiesler V, Sneiderman C, Kohanbash G, Sun D. Deletion of Slc9a1 in Cx3cr1 + cells stimulated microglial subcluster CREB1 signaling and microglia-oligodendrocyte crosstalk. J Neuroinflammation 2024; 21:69. [PMID: 38509618 PMCID: PMC10953158 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-024-03065-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Microglial Na/H exchanger-1 (NHE1) protein, encoded by Slc9a1, plays a role in white matter demyelination of ischemic stroke brains. To explore underlying mechanisms, we conducted single cell RNA-seq transcriptome analysis in conditional Slc9a1 knockout (cKO) and wild-type (WT) mouse white matter tissues at 3 days post-stroke. Compared to WT, Nhe1 cKO brains expanded a microglial subgroup with elevated transcription of white matter myelination genes including Spp1, Lgals3, Gpnmb, and Fabp5. This subgroup also exhibited more acidic pHi and significantly upregulated CREB signaling detected by ingenuity pathway analysis and flow cytometry. Moreover, the Nhe1 cKO white matter tissues showed enrichment of a corresponding oligodendrocyte subgroup, with pro-phagocytosis and lactate shuffling gene expression, where activated CREB signaling is a likely upstream regulator. These findings demonstrate that attenuation of NHE1-mediated H+ extrusion acidifies microglia/macrophage and may underlie the stimulation of CREB1 signaling, giving rise to restorative microglia-oligodendrocyte interactions for remyelination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Song
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, 3501 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
- Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Disorders, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
| | - Helena Oft
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, 3501 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
- Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Disorders, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Shamseldin Metwally
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, 3501 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
- Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Disorders, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Satya Paruchuri
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, 3501 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
- Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Disorders, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - John Bielanin
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, 3501 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
- Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Disorders, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Victoria Fiesler
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, 3501 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
- Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Disorders, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Chaim Sneiderman
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Gary Kohanbash
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Dandan Sun
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, 3501 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
- Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Disorders, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Xu H, Xiong W, Liu X, Wang Y, Shi M, Shi Y, Shui J, Yu Y. Long noncoding RNA LINC00921 serves as a predictive biomarker for lung adenocarcinoma: An observational study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2024; 103:e37179. [PMID: 38363898 PMCID: PMC10869092 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000037179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) is usually diagnosed at advanced stages. Hence, there is an urgent need to seek an effective biomarker to predict LUAD status. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) play key roles in the development of tumors. However, the relationship between LINC00921 and LUAD remains unclear. The gene expression data of LUAD were downloaded from the Cancer Genome Atlas database to investigate the expression level of LINC00921 in LUAD. Diagnostic ability analysis, survival analysis, tumor mutational burden analysis, and immune cell infiltration analysis of LINC00921 in LUAD patients were performed simultaneously. According to the median expression value of LINC00921, patients were divided into LINC00921 high- and low-expression groups. The function of LINC00921 in LUAD was identified through difference analysis and enrichment analysis. Moreover, drugs that may be relevant to LUAD treatment were screened. Finally, blood samples were collected for real-time polymerase chain reaction. LINC00921 was significantly lower in LUAD tumor tissues. Notably, patients with low expression of LINC00921 had a shorter median survival time. Decreased immune cell infiltration in the tumor microenvironment in the low LINC00921 expression group may contribute to poorer patient outcomes. Tumor mutational burden was significantly different in survival between the LINC00921 high- and low-expression groups. In addition, LINC00921 may exert an influence on cancer development through its regulation of target genes transcription. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase-related drugs may be more likely to be therapeutically effective in LUAD. LINC00921 was able to be used as the potential diagnostic indicator for LUAD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Xu
- Department of Oncology, 363 Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Weijie Xiong
- Cancer Prevention and Treatment Institute of Chengdu, Department of Oncology, Chengdu Fifth People’s Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Affiliated Fifth People’s Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Chengdu, Sichuan, 610031, P.R. China
| | - Xianguo Liu
- Department of Oncology, 363 Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Oncology, 363 Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Maolin Shi
- Department of Oncology, 363 Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Yuhui Shi
- Department of Oncology, 363 Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Jia Shui
- Department of Oncology, 363 Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Yanxin Yu
- Department of Oncology, 363 Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Denorme F, Ajanel A, Campbell RA. Immunothrombosis in neurovascular disease. Res Pract Thromb Haemost 2024; 8:102298. [PMID: 38292352 PMCID: PMC10825058 DOI: 10.1016/j.rpth.2023.102298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
A State of the Art lecture titled "Immunothrombosis in Neurovascular Diseases" was presented at the International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis Congress in 2023. Despite significant clinical advancements in stroke therapy, stroke remains a prominent contributor to both mortality and disability worldwide. Brain injury resulting from an ischemic stroke is a dynamic process that unfolds over time. Initially, an infarct core forms due to the abrupt and substantial blockage of blood flow. In the subsequent hours to days, the surrounding tissue undergoes gradual deterioration, primarily driven by sustained hypoperfusion, programmed cell death, and inflammation. While anti-inflammatory strategies have proven highly effective in experimental models of stroke, their successful translation to clinical use has proven challenging. To overcome this translational hurdle, a better understanding of the distinct immune response driving ischemic stroke brain injury is needed. In this review article, we give an overview of current knowledge regarding the immune response in ischemic stroke and the contribution of immunothrombosis to this process. We discuss therapeutic approaches to overcome detrimental immunothrombosis in ischemic stroke and how these can be extrapolated to other neurovascular diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease and multiple sclerosis. Finally, we summarize relevant new data on this topic presented during the 2023 International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis Congress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frederik Denorme
- University of Utah Molecular Medicine Program, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
- Division of Vascular Neurology, Department of Neurology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Abigail Ajanel
- University of Utah Molecular Medicine Program, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
- Division of Microbiology and Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Robert A. Campbell
- University of Utah Molecular Medicine Program, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
- Division of Microbiology and Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
- Division of Hematology and Hematologic Malignancies, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Goodman GW, Do TH, Tan C, Ritzel RM. Drivers of Chronic Pathology Following Ischemic Stroke: A Descriptive Review. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2023; 44:7. [PMID: 38112809 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-023-01437-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Stroke is the third leading cause of death and long-term disability in the world. Considered largely a disease of aging, its global economic and healthcare burden is expected to rise as more people survive into advanced age. With recent advances in acute stroke management, including the expansion of time windows for treatment with intravenous thrombolysis and mechanical thrombectomy, we are likely to see an increase in survival rates. It is therefore critically important to understand the complete pathophysiology of ischemic stroke, both in the acute and subacute stages and during the chronic phase in the months and years following an ischemic event. One of the most clinically relevant aspects of the chronic sequelae of stroke is its extended negative effect on cognition. Cognitive impairment may be related to the deterioration and dysfunctional reorganization of white matter seen at later timepoints after stroke, as well as ongoing progressive neurodegeneration. The vasculature of the brain also undergoes significant insult and remodeling following stroke, undergoing changes which may further contribute to chronic stroke pathology. While inflammation and the immune response are well established drivers of acute stroke pathology, the chronicity and functional role of innate and adaptive immune responses in the post-ischemic brain and in the peripheral environment remain largely uncharacterized. In this review, we summarize the current literature on post-stroke injury progression, its chronic pathological features, and the putative secondary injury mechanisms underlying the development of cognitive impairment and dementia. We present findings from clinical and experimental studies and discuss the long-term effects of ischemic stroke on both brain anatomy and functional outcome. Identifying mechanisms that occur months to years after injury could lead to treatment strategies in the chronic phase of stroke to help mitigate stroke-associated cognitive decline in patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Grant W Goodman
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Trang H Do
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Chunfeng Tan
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Rodney M Ritzel
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Thougaard E, Carney B, Wlodarczyk A, Brambilla R, Lambertsen KL. Peripherally derived myeloid cells induce disease-dependent phenotypic changes in microglia. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1295840. [PMID: 38155863 PMCID: PMC10752942 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1295840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023] Open
Abstract
In central nervous system (CNS) injury and disease, peripherally derived myeloid cells infiltrate the CNS parenchyma and interact with resident cells, propagating the neuroinflammatory response. Because peripheral myeloid populations differ profoundly depending on the type and phase of injury, their crosstalk with CNS resident cells, particularly microglia, will lead to different functional outcomes. Thus, understanding how peripheral myeloid cells affect the phenotype and function of microglia in different disease conditions and phases may lead to a better understanding of disease-specific targetable pathways for neuroprotection and neurorepair. To this end, we set out to develop an in vitro system to investigate the communication between peripheral myeloid cells and microglia, with the goal of uncovering potential differences due to disease type and timing. We isolated peripheral myeloid cells from mice undergoing experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a model of multiple sclerosis, or acute cerebral ischemia by permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (pMCAO) at different times after disease and probed their ability to change the phenotype of primary microglia isolated from the brain of adult mice. We identified changes not only dependent on the disease model, but also on the timepoint after disease onset from which the myeloid cells were isolated. Peripheral myeloid cells from acute EAE induced morphological changes in microglia, followed by increases in expression of genes involved in inflammatory signaling. Conversely, it was the peripheral myeloid cells from the chronic phase of pMCAO that induced gene expression changes in genes involved in inflammatory signaling and phagocytosis, which was not followed by a change in morphology. This underscores the importance of understanding the role of infiltrating myeloid cells in different disease contexts and phases. Furthermore, we showed that our assay is a valuable tool for investigating myeloid cell interactions in a range of CNS neuroinflammatory conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Estrid Thougaard
- Neurobiology Research, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- BRIDGE - Brain Research - Inter Disciplinary Guided Excellence, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Brianna Carney
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Agnieszka Wlodarczyk
- Neurobiology Research, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- BRIDGE - Brain Research - Inter Disciplinary Guided Excellence, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Roberta Brambilla
- Neurobiology Research, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- BRIDGE - Brain Research - Inter Disciplinary Guided Excellence, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Kate Lykke Lambertsen
- Neurobiology Research, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- BRIDGE - Brain Research - Inter Disciplinary Guided Excellence, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Neurology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Lecordier S, Menet R, Allain AS, ElAli A. Non-classical monocytes promote neurovascular repair in cerebral small vessel disease associated with microinfarctions via CX3CR1. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2023; 43:1873-1890. [PMID: 37340860 PMCID: PMC10676133 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x231183742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
Cerebral small vessel disease (cSVD) constitutes a major risk factor for dementia. Monocytes play important roles in cerebrovascular disorders. Herein, we aimed to investigate the contribution of non-classical C-X3-C motif chemokine receptor (CX3CR)1 monocytes to cSVD pathobiology and therapy. To this end, we generated chimeric mice in which CX3CR1 in non-classical monocytes was either functional (CX3CR1GFP/+) or dysfunctional (CX3CR1GFP/GFP). cSVD was induced in mice via the micro-occlusion of cerebral arterioles, and novel immunomodulatory approaches targeting CX3CR1 monocyte production were used. Our findings demonstrate that CX3CR1GFP/+ monocytes transiently infiltrated the ipsilateral hippocampus and were recruited to the microinfarcts 7 days after cSVD, inversely associated with neuronal degeneration and blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption. Dysfunctional CX3CR1GFP/GFP monocytes failed to infiltrate the injured hippocampus and were associated with exacerbated microinfarctions and accelerated cognitive decline, accompanied with an impaired microvascular structure. Pharmacological stimulation of CX3CR1GFP/+ monocyte generation attenuated neuronal loss and improved cognitive functions by promoting microvascular function and preserving cerebral blood flow (CBF). These changes were associated with elevated levels of pro-angiogenic factors and matrix stabilizers in the blood circulation. The results indicate that non-classical CX3CR1 monocytes promote neurovascular repair after cSVD and constitute a promising target for the development of new therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Lecordier
- Neuroscience Axis, Research Center of CHU de Quebec – Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Romain Menet
- Neuroscience Axis, Research Center of CHU de Quebec – Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Anne-Sophie Allain
- Neuroscience Axis, Research Center of CHU de Quebec – Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Ayman ElAli
- Neuroscience Axis, Research Center of CHU de Quebec – Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Li Y, Schappell LE, Polizu C, DiPersio J, Tsirka SE, Halterman MW, Nadkarni NA. Evolving Clinical-Translational Investigations of Cerebroprotection in Ischemic Stroke. J Clin Med 2023; 12:6715. [PMID: 37959180 PMCID: PMC10649331 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12216715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a highly morbid disease, with over 50% of large vessel stroke (middle cerebral artery or internal carotid artery terminus occlusion) patients suffering disability despite maximal acute reperfusion therapy with thrombolysis and thrombectomy. The discovery of the ischemic penumbra in the 1980s laid the foundation for a salvageable territory in ischemic stroke. Since then, the concept of neuroprotection has been a focus of post-stroke care to (1) minimize the conversion from penumbra to core irreversible infarct, (2) limit secondary damage from ischemia-reperfusion injury, inflammation, and excitotoxicity and (3) to encourage tissue repair. However, despite multiple studies, the preclinical-clinical research enterprise has not yet created an agent that mitigates post-stroke outcomes beyond thrombolysis and mechanical clot retrieval. These translational gaps have not deterred the scientific community as agents are under continuous investigation. The NIH has recently promoted the concept of cerebroprotection to consider the whole brain post-stroke rather than just the neurons. This review will briefly outline the translational science of past, current, and emerging breakthroughs in cerebroprotection and use of these foundational ideas to develop a novel paradigm for optimizing stroke outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yinghui Li
- Department of Neurology, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8651, USA; (Y.L.); (L.E.S.); (C.P.); (J.D.); (M.W.H.)
| | - Laurel E. Schappell
- Department of Neurology, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8651, USA; (Y.L.); (L.E.S.); (C.P.); (J.D.); (M.W.H.)
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8651, USA;
| | - Claire Polizu
- Department of Neurology, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8651, USA; (Y.L.); (L.E.S.); (C.P.); (J.D.); (M.W.H.)
| | - James DiPersio
- Department of Neurology, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8651, USA; (Y.L.); (L.E.S.); (C.P.); (J.D.); (M.W.H.)
| | - Stella E. Tsirka
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8651, USA;
| | - Marc W. Halterman
- Department of Neurology, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8651, USA; (Y.L.); (L.E.S.); (C.P.); (J.D.); (M.W.H.)
| | - Neil A. Nadkarni
- Department of Neurology, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8651, USA; (Y.L.); (L.E.S.); (C.P.); (J.D.); (M.W.H.)
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Cho K. Neutrophil-Mediated Progression of Mild Cognitive Impairment to Dementia. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14795. [PMID: 37834242 PMCID: PMC10572848 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Cognitive impairment is a serious condition that begins with amnesia and progresses to cognitive decline, behavioral dysfunction, and neuropsychiatric impairment. In the final stage, dysphagia and incontinence occur. There are numerous studies and developed drugs for cognitive dysfunction in neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD); however, their clinical effectiveness remains equivocal. To date, attempts have been made to overcome cognitive dysfunction and understand and delay the aging processes that lead to degenerative and chronic diseases. Cognitive dysfunction is involved in aging and the disruption of inflammation and innate immunity. Recent reports have indicated that the innate immune system is prevalent in patients with AD, and that peripheral neutrophil markers can predict a decline in executive function in patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Furthermore, altered levels of pro-inflammatory interleukins have been reported in MCI, which have been suggested to play a role in the peripheral immune system during the process from early MCI to dementia. Neutrophils are the first responders of the innate immune system. Neutrophils eliminate harmful cellular debris via phagocytosis, secrete inflammatory factors to activate host defense systems, stimulate cytokine production, kill pathogens, and regulate extracellular proteases and inhibitors. This review investigated and summarized the regulation of neutrophil function during cognitive impairment caused by various degenerative diseases. In addition, this work elucidates the cellular mechanism of neutrophils in cognitive impairment and what is currently known about the effects of activated neutrophils on cognitive decline.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- KyoungJoo Cho
- Department of Life Science, Kyonggi University, Suwon 16227, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Liu X, Yang L, Zhang G, Ling J. Neuroprotective Effects of Phenolic Antioxidant Tert-butylhydroquinone (tBHQ) in Brain Diseases. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:4909-4923. [PMID: 37191855 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03370-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Human life and health are gravely threatened by brain diseases. The onset and progression of the illnesses are influenced by a variety of factors, including pathogenic causes, environmental factors, mental issues, etc. According to scientific studies, neuroinflammation and oxidative stress play a significant role in the development and incidence of brain diseases by producing pro-inflammatory cytokines and oxidative tissue damage to induce inflammation and apoptosis. Neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and oxidative stress-related changes are inseparable factors in the etiology of several brain diseases. Numerous neurodegenerative diseases have undergone substantial research into the therapeutic alternatives that target oxidative stress, the function of oxidative stress, and the possible therapeutic use of antioxidants. Formerly, tBHQ is a synthetic phenolic antioxidant, which has been widely used as a food additive. According to recent researches, tBHQ can suppress the processes that lead to neuroinflammation and oxidative stress, which offers a fresh approach to treating brain diseases. In order to achieve the goal of decreasing inflammation and apoptosis, tBHQ is a specialized nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor (Nrf2) activator that decreases oxidative stress and enhances antioxidant status by upregulating the Nrf2 gene and reducing nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) activity. This article reviews the effects of tBHQ on neuroinflammation and oxidative stress in recent years and looks into how tBHQ inhibits neuroinflammation and oxidative stress through human, animal, and cell experiments to play a neuroprotective role in Alzheimer's disease (AD), stroke, depression, and Parkinson's disease (PD). It is anticipated that this article will be useful as a reference for upcoming research and the creation of drugs to treat brain diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojin Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Shandong Medical College, Linyi, 276000, China
| | - Luodan Yang
- College of Physical Education and Sports Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Guoying Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China.
| | - Jianya Ling
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Laaker C, Baenen C, Kovács KG, Sandor M, Fabry Z. Immune cells as messengers from the CNS to the periphery: the role of the meningeal lymphatic system in immune cell migration from the CNS. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1233908. [PMID: 37662908 PMCID: PMC10471710 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1233908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent decades there has been a large focus on understanding the mechanisms of peripheral immune cell infiltration into the central nervous system (CNS) in neuroinflammatory diseases. This intense research led to several immunomodulatory therapies to attempt to regulate immune cell infiltration at the blood brain barrier (BBB), the choroid plexus (ChP) epithelium, and the glial barrier. The fate of these infiltrating immune cells depends on both the neuroinflammatory environment and their type-specific interactions with innate cells of the CNS. Although the fate of the majority of tissue infiltrating immune cells is death, a percentage of these cells could become tissue resident immune cells. Additionally, key populations of immune cells can possess the ability to "drain" out of the CNS and act as messengers reporting signals from the CNS toward peripheral lymphatics. Recent data supports that the meningeal lymphatic system is involved not just in fluid homeostatic functions in the CNS but also in facilitating immune cell migration, most notably dendritic cell migration from the CNS to the meningeal borders and to the draining cervical lymph nodes. Similar to the peripheral sites, draining immune cells from the CNS during neuroinflammation have the potential to coordinate immunity in the lymph nodes and thus influence disease. Here in this review, we will evaluate evidence of immune cell drainage from the brain via the meningeal lymphatics and establish the importance of this in animal models and humans. We will discuss how targeting immune cells at sites like the meningeal lymphatics could provide a new mechanism to better provide treatment for a variety of neurological conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Collin Laaker
- Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Cameron Baenen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Kristóf G. Kovács
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Matyas Sandor
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Zsuzsanna Fabry
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Liu Y, Chen S, Liu S, Wallace KL, Zille M, Zhang J, Wang J, Jiang C. T-cell receptor signaling modulated by the co-receptors: Potential targets for stroke treatment. Pharmacol Res 2023; 192:106797. [PMID: 37211238 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2023.106797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Stroke is a severe and life-threatening disease, necessitating more research on new treatment strategies. Infiltrated T lymphocytes, an essential adaptive immune cell with extensive effector function, are crucially involved in post-stroke inflammation. Immediately after the initiation of the innate immune response triggered by microglia/macrophages, the adaptive immune response associated with T lymphocytes also participates in the complex pathophysiology of stroke and partially informs the outcome of stroke. Preclinical and clinical studies have revealed the conflicting roles of T cells in post-stroke inflammation and as potential therapeutic targets. Therefore, exploring the mechanisms that underlie the adaptive immune response associated with T lymphocytes in stroke is essential. The T-cell receptor (TCR) and its downstream signaling regulate T lymphocyte differentiation and activation. This review comprehensively summarizes the various molecules that regulate TCR signaling and the T-cell response. It covers both the co-stimulatory and co-inhibitory molecules and their roles in stroke. Because immunoregulatory therapies targeting TCR and its mediators have achieved great success in some proliferative diseases, this article also summarizes the advances in therapeutic strategies related to TCR signaling in lymphocytes after stroke, which can facilitate translation. DATA AVAILABILITY: No data was used for the research described in the article.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Liu
- Department of Neurology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 450052, Zhengzhou, P. R. China
| | - Shuai Chen
- Department of Neurology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 450052, Zhengzhou, P. R. China
| | - Simon Liu
- Medical Genomics Unit, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | - Kevin L Wallace
- College of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Marietta Zille
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jiewen Zhang
- Department of Neurology, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 450000, Zhengzhou, P. R. China.
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 450052, Zhengzhou, P. R. China; Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 450001, Zhengzhou, P. R. China.
| | - Chao Jiang
- Department of Neurology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 450052, Zhengzhou, P. R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Geng L, Zheng LZ, Kang YF, Pan CL, Wang T, Xie C, Liang B, Liao HL. Zhilong Huoxue Tongyu Capsule attenuates hemorrhagic transformation through the let-7f/TLR4 signaling pathway. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 312:116521. [PMID: 37080368 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Hemorrhagic transformation after acute ischemic stroke is a life-threatening disease that currently has no effective chemotherapy. Zhilong Huoxue Tongyu Capsule (ZL) is an empirical prescription of traditional Chinese medicine that is used to prevent and treat cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases in China. However, only a few studies have addressed the mechanisms of ZL in treating hemorrhagic transformation. AIM OF THE STUDY To evaluate the anti-inflammatory effects of ZL on hemorrhagic transformation model rats and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW264.7 macrophages and to explore the underlying molecular mechanisms. MATERIALS AND METHODS Murine RAW264.7 cells were treated with ZL and LPS (1 μg/mL), and cell viability was detected by cell counting kit-8 assay. RT-qPCR was used to detect the expression of inflammatory chemokines, microRNA let-7a/e/i/f, toll like receptor 4 (TLR4), myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88), and nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) p65. The protein expression levels of TLR4, MyD88, NF-κB p65, and apoptosis related molecules were determined by Western blotting. The apoptosis rate of RAW264.7 macrophages was detected by Annexin V-FITC/PI double staining. A hemorrhagic transformation model in rats was established by intraperitoneal injection of high glucose solution combined with thread embolization. Then, the model rats were observed behaviourally, pathologically, and molecularly. The gene expression of TLR4, MyD88, and NF-κB p65 was measured by RT-qPCR and used to evaluate the protective effect of ZL against hemorrhagic transformation in rats. RESULTS ZL (5, 20, 40 μg/mL) was beneficial in cell proliferation. LPS (1 μg/mL) stimulated the production of inflammatory chemokines and inhibited the production of let-7a/e/i/f, with let-7f being influenced most strongly. Moreover, overexpression of let-7f decreased the gene and protein levels of TLR4, MyD88, and NF-κB p65, downregulated TLR4, and inhibited its transcriptional activity. ZL (5, 20, and 40 μg·mL-1) inhibited the production of TLR4, MyD88, and NF-κB p65 and promoted the production of let-7f in a concentration-dependent manner. Furthermore, the blockade of TLR4 antagonized the promoting effects of TLR4 pathway activation in cell inflammation and apoptosis by downregulating let-7f. Critically, it was confirmed in vivo and in vitro that ZL upregulated the expression of let-7f and inhibited the gene expression of TLR4, MyD88, and NF-κB p65 to reduce inflammatory cell infiltration, which determined the occurrence of hemorrhagic transformation. CONCLUSIONS ZL can reduce inflammatory response by upregulating let-7f and subsequently inhibiting the TLR4 signaling pathway, thereby decreasing the occurrence of hemorrhagic transformation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lu Geng
- The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China; Internal Medicine Department One, Wenjiang Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Chengdu, Chengdu, China
| | - Li-Zhu Zheng
- The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China; Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Long Chang City, Neijiang, China
| | - Ya-Fei Kang
- Bazhong Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Bazhong, China
| | - Chuan-Ling Pan
- The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China; College of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Tao Wang
- The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China; College of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Chen Xie
- The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China; College of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Bo Liang
- Department of Nephrology, The Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Treatment of Chronic Kidney Disease of Chongqing, Chongqing Clinical Research Center of Kidney and Urology Diseases, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China.
| | - Hui-Ling Liao
- The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China; College of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Harris WJ, Asselin MC, Hinz R, Parkes LM, Allan S, Schiessl I, Boutin H, Dickie BR. In vivo methods for imaging blood-brain barrier function and dysfunction. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2023; 50:1051-1083. [PMID: 36437425 PMCID: PMC9931809 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-022-05997-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is the interface between the central nervous system and systemic circulation. It tightly regulates what enters and is removed from the brain parenchyma and is fundamental in maintaining brain homeostasis. Increasingly, the BBB is recognised as having a significant role in numerous neurological disorders, ranging from acute disorders (traumatic brain injury, stroke, seizures) to chronic neurodegeneration (Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia, small vessel disease). Numerous approaches have been developed to study the BBB in vitro, in vivo, and ex vivo. The complex multicellular structure and effects of disease are difficult to recreate accurately in vitro, and functional aspects of the BBB cannot be easily studied ex vivo. As such, the value of in vivo methods to study the intact BBB cannot be overstated. This review discusses the structure and function of the BBB and how these are affected in diseases. It then discusses in depth several established and novel methods for imaging the BBB in vivo, with a focus on MRI, nuclear imaging, and high-resolution intravital fluorescence microscopy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William James Harris
- Geoffrey Jefferson Brain Research Centre, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Northern Care Alliance & University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Division of Neuroscience, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, M13 9PL, Manchester, UK
| | - Marie-Claude Asselin
- Division of Informatics, Imaging and Data Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Rainer Hinz
- Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Laura Michelle Parkes
- Geoffrey Jefferson Brain Research Centre, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Northern Care Alliance & University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Division of Neuroscience, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, M13 9PL, Manchester, UK
| | - Stuart Allan
- Geoffrey Jefferson Brain Research Centre, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Northern Care Alliance & University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Division of Neuroscience, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, M13 9PL, Manchester, UK
| | - Ingo Schiessl
- Geoffrey Jefferson Brain Research Centre, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Northern Care Alliance & University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Division of Neuroscience, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, M13 9PL, Manchester, UK
| | - Herve Boutin
- Geoffrey Jefferson Brain Research Centre, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Northern Care Alliance & University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
- Division of Neuroscience, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, M13 9PL, Manchester, UK.
- Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
| | - Ben Robert Dickie
- Geoffrey Jefferson Brain Research Centre, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Northern Care Alliance & University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Division of Informatics, Imaging and Data Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Li F, Zhang Y, Li R, Li Y, Ding S, Zhou J, Huang T, Chen C, Lu B, Yu W, Boltze J, Li P, Wan J. Neuronal Serpina3n is an endogenous protector against blood brain barrier damage following cerebral ischemic stroke. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2023; 43:241-257. [PMID: 36457151 PMCID: PMC9903218 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x221113897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke results in blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption, during which the reciprocal interaction between ischemic neurons and components of the BBB appears to play a critical role. However, the underlying mechanisms for BBB protection remain largely unknown. In this study, we found that Serpina3n, a serine protease inhibitor, was significantly upregulated in the ischemic brain, predominantly in ischemic neurons from 6 hours to 3 days after stroke. Using neuron-specific adeno-associated virus (AAV), intranasal delivery of recombinant protein, and immune-deficient Rag1-/- mice, we demonstrated that Serpina3n attenuated BBB disruption and immune cell infiltration following stroke by inhibiting the activity of granzyme B (GZMB) and neutrophil elastase (NE) secreted by T cells and neutrophils. Furthermore, we found that intranasal delivery of rSerpina3n significantly attenuated the neurologic deficits after stroke. In conclusion, Serpina3n is a novel ischemic neuron-derived proteinase inhibitor that counterbalances BBB disruption induced by peripheral T cell and neutrophil infiltration after ischemic stroke. These findings reveal a novel endogenous protective mechanism against BBB damage with Serpina3n being a potential therapeutic target in ischemic stroke.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fengshi Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yueman Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruqi Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shenghao Ding
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianpo Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Tianchen Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Bingwei Lu
- Department of Anesthesiology, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Weifeng Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Johannes Boltze
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Peiying Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jieqing Wan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Xie M, Hao Y, Feng L, Wang T, Yao M, Li H, Ma D, Feng J. Neutrophil Heterogeneity and its Roles in the Inflammatory Network after Ischemic Stroke. Curr Neuropharmacol 2023; 21:621-650. [PMID: 35794770 PMCID: PMC10207908 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x20666220706115957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
As the first peripheral immune cells to enter the brain after ischemic stroke, neutrophils are important participants in stroke-related neuroinflammation. Neutrophils are quickly mobilized from the periphery in response to a stroke episode and cross the blood-brain barrier to reach the ischemic brain parenchyma. This process involves the mobilization and activation of neutrophils from peripheral immune organs (including the bone marrow and spleen), their chemotaxis in the peripheral blood, and their infiltration into the brain parenchyma (including disruption of the blood-brain barrier, inflammatory effects on brain tissue, and interactions with other immune cell types). In the past, it was believed that neutrophils aggravated brain injuries through the massive release of proteases, reactive oxygen species, pro-inflammatory factors, and extracellular structures known as neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). With the failure of early clinical trials targeting neutrophils and uncovering their underlying heterogeneity, our view of their role in ischemic stroke has become more complex and multifaceted. As neutrophils can be divided into N1 and N2 phenotypes in tumors, neutrophils have also been found to have similar phenotypes after ischemic stroke, and play different roles in the development and prognosis of ischemic stroke. N1 neutrophils are dominant during the acute phase of stroke (within three days) and are responsible for the damage to neural structures via the aforementioned mechanisms. However, the proportion of N2 neutrophils gradually increases in later phases, and this has a beneficial effect through the release of anti-inflammatory factors and other neuroprotective mediators. Moreover, the N1 and N2 phenotypes are highly plastic and can be transformed into each other under certain conditions. The pronounced differences in their function and their high degree of plasticity make these neutrophil subpopulations promising targets for the treatment of ischemic stroke.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meizhen Xie
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Xinmin, Changchun, Jilin Province 130021, China
| | - Yulei Hao
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Xinmin, Changchun, Jilin Province 130021, China
| | - Liangshu Feng
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Xinmin, Changchun, Jilin Province 130021, China
| | - Tian Wang
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Xinmin, Changchun, Jilin Province 130021, China
| | - Mengyue Yao
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Xinmin, Changchun, Jilin Province 130021, China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Xinmin, Changchun, Jilin Province 130021, China
| | - Di Ma
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Xinmin, Changchun, Jilin Province 130021, China
| | - Jiachun Feng
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Xinmin, Changchun, Jilin Province 130021, China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Van Avondt K, Strecker J, Tulotta C, Minnerup J, Schulz C, Soehnlein O. Neutrophils in aging and aging‐related pathologies. Immunol Rev 2022; 314:357-375. [PMID: 36315403 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Over the past millennia, life expectancy has drastically increased. While a mere 25 years during Bronze and Iron ages, life expectancy in many European countries and in Japan is currently above 80 years. Such an increase in life expectancy is a result of improved diet, life style, and medical care. Yet, increased life span and aging also represent the most important non-modifiable risk factors for several pathologies including cardiovascular disease, neurodegenerative diseases, and cancer. In recent years, neutrophils have been implicated in all of these pathologies. Hence, this review provides an overview of how aging impacts neutrophil production and function and conversely how neutrophils drive aging-associated pathologies. Finally, we provide a perspective on how processes of neutrophil-driven pathologies in the context of aging can be targeted therapeutically.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristof Van Avondt
- Institute of Experimental Pathology (ExPat), Centre of Molecular Biology of Inflammation (ZMBE) University of Münster Münster Germany
| | - Jan‐Kolja Strecker
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology University Hospital Münster Münster Germany
| | - Claudia Tulotta
- Institute of Experimental Pathology (ExPat), Centre of Molecular Biology of Inflammation (ZMBE) University of Münster Münster Germany
| | - Jens Minnerup
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology University Hospital Münster Münster Germany
| | - Christian Schulz
- Department of Medicine I University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Munich Heart Alliance Munich Germany
| | - Oliver Soehnlein
- Institute of Experimental Pathology (ExPat), Centre of Molecular Biology of Inflammation (ZMBE) University of Münster Münster Germany
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (FyFa) Karolinska Institute Stockholm Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Steubing RD, Szepanowski F, David C, Mohamud Yusuf A, Mencl S, Mausberg AK, Langer HF, Sauter M, Deuschl C, Forsting M, Fender AC, Hermann DM, Casas AI, Langhauser F, Kleinschnitz C. Platelet depletion does not alter long-term functional outcome after cerebral ischaemia in mice. Brain Behav Immun Health 2022; 24:100493. [PMID: 35928516 PMCID: PMC9343933 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2022.100493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelets are key mediators of thrombus formation and inflammation during the acute phase of ischaemic stroke. Particularly, the platelet glycoprotein (GP) receptors GPIbα and GPVI have been shown to mediate platelet adhesion and activation in the ischaemic brain. GPIbα and GPVI blockade could reduce infarct volumes and improve functional outcome in mouse models of acute ischaemic stroke, without concomitantly increasing intracerebral haemorrhage. However, the functional role of platelets during long-term stroke recovery has not been elucidated so far. Thus, we here examined the impact of platelet depletion on post-stroke recovery after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) in adult male mice. Platelet depleting antibodies or isotype control were applied from day 3–28 after tMCAO in mice matched for infarct size. Long-term functional recovery was assessed over the course of 28 days by behavioural testing encompassing motor and sensorimotorical functions, as well as anxiety-like or spontaneous behaviour. Whole brain flow cytometry and light sheet fluorescent microscopy were used to identify resident and infiltrated immune cell types, and to determine the effects of platelet depletion on the cerebral vascular architecture, respectively. We found that delayed platelet depletion does not improve long-term functional outcome in the tMCAO stroke model. Immune cell abundance, the extent of thrombosis and the organisation of the cerebral vasculature were also comparable between platelet-depleted and control mice. Our study demonstrates that, despite their critical role in the acute stroke setting, platelets appear to contribute only marginally to tissue reorganisation and functional recovery at later stroke stages. Stable and safe global platelet depletion can be achieved for a prolonged period. Platelets only play a minor role in neurological recovery during the chronic phase. Platelet depletion after infarct maturation does not alter inflammatory response. Cerebral architecture after stroke is not influenced by delayed platelet depletion.
Collapse
|
24
|
Stoll G, Schuhmann MK, Nieswandt B, Kollikowski AM, Pham M. An intravascular perspective on hyper-acute neutrophil, T-cell and platelet responses: Similarities between human and experimental stroke. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2022; 42:1561-1567. [PMID: 35676801 PMCID: PMC9441733 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x221105764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In stroke patients, local sampling of pial blood within the occluded vasculature before recanalization by mechanical thrombectomy emerged as powerful tool enabling insights into ultra-early stroke pathophysiology. Thereby, a strong intravascular inflammatory response hallmarked by hyper-acute neutrophil recruitment, altered lymphocyte composition and platelet activation could be observed. These human findings mirror experimental stroke. Here, neutrophil and T-cell activation are driven by platelets involving engagement of platelet glycoprotein receptor (GP)Ib, GPVI and CD84 as well as α-granule release orchestrating infarct progression. Thus, targeting of early intravascular inflammation may evolve as a new therapeutic strategy to augment the effects of recanalization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guido Stoll
- Department of Neurology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | | | - Bernhard Nieswandt
- Institute for Experimental Biomedicine and Rudolf-Virchow-Center, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | | | - Mirko Pham
- Department of Neuroradiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Cao C, Ding J, Cao D, Li B, Wu J, Li X, Li H, Cui G, Shen H, Chen G. TREM2 modulates neuroinflammation with elevated IRAK3 expression and plays a neuroprotective role after experimental SAH in rats. Neurobiol Dis 2022; 171:105809. [PMID: 35781003 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The modulation of neuroinflammation is a new direction that may alleviate the early brain injury after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Brain resident microglia/macrophages (Mi/MΦ) are the key drivers of neuroinflammation. Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) has been reported to play a neuroprotective role by activating phagocytosis and suspending inflammatory response in experimental ischemic stroke and intracerebral hemorrhage. This study was designed to investigate the role of TREM2 on neuroinflammation and neuroprotective effects in a rat SAH model. METHODS Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were induced SAH through endovascular perforation. Lentivirus vectors were administered by i.c.v. to induce TREM2 overexpression or knockdown 7 days before SAH induction. Short- and long-term neurobehavioral tests, western blotting, immunofluorescence, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling and Nissl staining were performed to explore the neuroprotective role of TREM2 after SAH. RESULTS The expression of TREM2 elevated in a rat SAH model with a peak at 48 h after SAH and mainly expressed in Mi/MΦ in brain. TREM2 overexpression improved short- and long-term neurological deficits induced by SAH in rats, while TREM2 knockdown worsened neurological dysfunction. The rats with TREM2 overexpressed presented less neuronal apoptosis and more neuronal survival at 48 h after SAH, while the rats with TREM2 knockdown presented on the contrary. TREM2 overexpression manifested activated phagocytosis and suppressed inflammatory response, with the increase of CD206+/CD11b+ cells and IL-10 expression as well as the decrease of the infiltration of MPO+ cells and the expression of TNF-α, IL-1β. While TREM2 knockdown abolished these effects. The protein level of IRAK3, a negative regulatory factor of inflammation, was significantly elevated after TREM2 overexpression and declined after TREM2 knockdown. CONCLUSIONS Our research suggested TREM2 played a neuroprotective role and improved the short- and long-term neurological deficits by modulating neuroinflammation after SAH. The modulation on neuroinflammation of TREM2 after SAH was related with the elevated protein level of IRAK3.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Cao
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou 215006, Jiangsu Province, China; Department of Neurocritical Intensive Care Unit, The Affiliated Jiangyin Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Jiangyin City 214400, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jiasheng Ding
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou 215006, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Demao Cao
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou 215006, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Bing Li
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou 215006, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jiang Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou 215006, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou 215006, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Haiying Li
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou 215006, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Gang Cui
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou 215006, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Haitao Shen
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou 215006, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou 215006, Jiangsu Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Rifaximin Improves Spatial Learning and Memory Impairment in Rats with Liver Damage-Associated Neuroinflammation. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10061263. [PMID: 35740285 PMCID: PMC9219896 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10061263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) may show mild cognitive impairment. Neuroinflammation in the hippocampus mediates cognitive impairment in rat models of minimal hepatic encephalopathy (MHE). Treatment with rifaximin reverses cognitive impairment in a large proportion of cirrhotic patients with MHE. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. The aims of this work were to assess if rats with mild liver damage, as a model of NAFLD, show neuroinflammation in the hippocampus and impaired cognitive function, if treatment with rifaximin reverses it, and to study the underlying mechanisms. Mild liver damage was induced with carbon-tetrachloride. Infiltration of immune cells, glial activation, and cytokine expression, as well as glutamate receptors expression in the hippocampus and cognitive function were assessed. We assessed the effects of daily treatment with rifaximin on the alterations showed by these rats. Rats with mild liver damage showed hippocampal neuroinflammation, reduced membrane expression of glutamate N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor subunits, and impaired spatial memory. Increased C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 2 (CCL2), infiltration of monocytes, microglia activation, and increased tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) were reversed by rifaximin, that normalized NMDA receptor expression and improved spatial memory. Thus, rifaximin reduces neuroinflammation and improves cognitive function in rats with mild liver damage, being a promising therapy for patients with NAFLD showing mild cognitive impairment.
Collapse
|
27
|
Optimising the photothrombotic model of stroke in the C57BI/6 and FVB/N strains of mouse. Sci Rep 2022; 12:7598. [PMID: 35534531 PMCID: PMC9085761 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-11793-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The photothrombotic stroke model relies on the interaction between photosensitive-dye and light for clot formation. Interestingly, the relationship between the length of light exposure and stroke-outcome has never been examined. This model has yet to be established in the FVB/N strain, even though stroke-outcomes are strain-specific. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the effect of different lengths of light exposure in two strains of mice on photothrombotic stroke. Male FVB/N and C57Bl/6 mice were subjected to stroke using 15, 18, or 20-min light exposure. Mice underwent functional testing for up to 7 days. Infarct volume was assessed with thionin staining, and cellular responses to injury analysed via immunofluorescence at 7-days post-stroke. Blood brain barrier (BBB) breakdown was assessed using Evans blue dye at 4.5-h post-stroke. Increasing light exposure from 15 to 20-min increased infarct volume but not functional deficit. Interestingly, there were strain-specific differences in functional outcomes, with FVB/N mice having less deficit on the hanging wire test than C57BI/6 after 15-min of light exposure. The opposite was seen in the adhesive removal test. There was no difference in the number of neurons, astrocytes, microglia, macrophages, and T cells between the strains, despite FVB/N mice demonstrating greater BBB breakdown and an enlarged spleen post-stroke. Increasing light exposure systematically increases infarct volume but does not worsen functional outcomes. FVB/N and C57Bl/6 mice exhibit subtle differences in functional outcomes post stroke, which highlights the need to choose tests which are appropriate for the mouse strain being used.
Collapse
|
28
|
Bourhy L, Mazeraud A, Bozza FA, Turc G, Lledo PM, Sharshar T. Neuro-Inflammatory Response and Brain-Peripheral Crosstalk in Sepsis and Stroke. Front Immunol 2022; 13:834649. [PMID: 35464410 PMCID: PMC9022190 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.834649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite recent therapeutic advances, ischemic stroke is still a leading cause of death and disability. There is renewed attention on peripheral inflammatory signaling as a way of modulating the post-ischemic neuro-inflammatory process. The immune-brain crosstalk has long been the focus for understanding the mechanisms of sickness behavior, which is an adaptive autonomic, neuroendocrine, and behavioral response to a peripheral inflammation. It is mediated by humoral and neural pathways that mainly involve the circumventricular organs and vagal nerve, respectively. In this review we address the question of how sepsis and stroke can dysregulate this adaptive response, notably by impairing the central integration of peripheral signaling, but also by efferent control of the immune response. We highlight the potential role of gut–brain and brain–spleen signaling in stroke.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lena Bourhy
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Centre National de Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche (CNRS UMR) 3571, Perception and Memory Unit, Paris, France
| | - Aurélien Mazeraud
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Centre National de Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche (CNRS UMR) 3571, Perception and Memory Unit, Paris, France.,Neuro-Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Groupe Hospitalier Universitaire (GHU) Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Fernando A Bozza
- National Institute of Infectious Disease Evandro Chagas (INI), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,D'Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Guillaume Turc
- Department of Neurology, GHU Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Pierre-Marie Lledo
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Centre National de Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche (CNRS UMR) 3571, Perception and Memory Unit, Paris, France
| | - Tarek Sharshar
- Neuro-Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Groupe Hospitalier Universitaire (GHU) Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Bim Deletion Reduces Functional Deficits Following Ischemic Stroke in Association with Modulation of Apoptosis and Inflammation. Neuromolecular Med 2022; 24:405-414. [PMID: 35149957 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-022-08703-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cellular apoptosis is a key pathological mechanism contributing to neuronal death following ischemic stroke. The pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 family protein, Bim, is an important regulator of apoptosis. In this study we investigated the effect of Bim expression on post-stroke functional outcomes, brain injury and inflammatory mechanisms. Wild type (WT) and Bim-deficient mice underwent 1-h middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) followed by 23 h of reperfusion. At 24-h post-stroke, we assessed functional deficit, infarct volume, immune cell death, as well as the number of infiltrating immune cells in the brain and circulating immune cells. Bim deficiency did not affect infarct volume (P > 0.05), but resulted in less motor impairment (~ threefold greater latency to fall in hanging grip strength test, P < 0.05) and a lower median clinical score than WT mice (P < 0.05). Additionally following MCAO, Bim-deficient mice exhibited fewer myeloid cells (particularly neutrophils) in the ischemic brain hemisphere and less apoptosis of CD3+ T cells in the spleen and thymus compared with WT (all P < 0.05). After MCAO, Bim-deficient mice also tended to have more M2-polarised macrophages in the brain than WT mice. In sham-operated mice, we found that Bim deficiency resulted in greater numbers of circulating total CD45+ leukocytes, Ly6Clo+ monocytes and CD3+ T cells, although MCAO did not affect the number of circulating cells at 24 h in either genotype. Our findings suggest that Bim deficiency modulates post-stroke outcomes, including reductions in motor impairment, brain inflammation and systemic post-stroke leukocyte apoptosis. Bim could therefore serve as a potential therapeutic target for stroke.
Collapse
|
30
|
Amu S, Malone K. Flow cytometry and stroke: from current methodology to future applications. Neural Regen Res 2022; 17:1748-1750. [PMID: 35017430 PMCID: PMC8820698 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.332138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Amu
- Cancer Research , Ireland.,UCC, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Kyle Malone
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Western Gateway Building; School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Schlecht A, Vallon M, Wagner N, Ergün S, Braunger BM. TGFβ-Neurotrophin Interactions in Heart, Retina, and Brain. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11091360. [PMID: 34572573 PMCID: PMC8464756 DOI: 10.3390/biom11091360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic insults to the heart and brain, i.e., myocardial and cerebral infarction, respectively, are amongst the leading causes of death worldwide. While there are therapeutic options to allow reperfusion of ischemic myocardial and brain tissue by reopening obstructed vessels, mitigating primary tissue damage, post-infarction inflammation and tissue remodeling can lead to secondary tissue damage. Similarly, ischemia in retinal tissue is the driving force in the progression of neovascular eye diseases such as diabetic retinopathy (DR) and age-related macular degeneration (AMD), which eventually lead to functional blindness, if left untreated. Intriguingly, the easily observable retinal blood vessels can be used as a window to the heart and brain to allow judgement of microvascular damages in diseases such as diabetes or hypertension. The complex neuronal and endocrine interactions between heart, retina and brain have also been appreciated in myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke, and retinal diseases. To describe the intimate relationship between the individual tissues, we use the terms heart-brain and brain-retina axis in this review and focus on the role of transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) and neurotrophins in regulation of these axes under physiologic and pathologic conditions. Moreover, we particularly discuss their roles in inflammation and repair following ischemic/neovascular insults. As there is evidence that TGFβ signaling has the potential to regulate expression of neurotrophins, it is tempting to speculate, and is discussed here, that cross-talk between TGFβ and neurotrophin signaling protects cells from harmful and/or damaging events in the heart, retina, and brain.
Collapse
|
32
|
Strinitz M, Pham M, März AG, Feick J, Weidner F, Vogt ML, Essig F, Neugebauer H, Stoll G, Schuhmann MK, Kollikowski AM. Immune Cells Invade the Collateral Circulation during Human Stroke: Prospective Replication and Extension. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:9161. [PMID: 34502070 PMCID: PMC8430889 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
It remains unclear if principal components of the local cerebral stroke immune response can be reliably and reproducibly observed in patients with acute large-vessel-occlusion (LVO) stroke. We prospectively studied a large independent cohort of n = 318 consecutive LVO stroke patients undergoing mechanical thrombectomy during which cerebral blood samples from within the occluded anterior circulation and systemic control samples from the ipsilateral cervical internal carotid artery were obtained. An extensive protocol was applied to homogenize the patient cohort and to standardize the procedural steps of endovascular sample collection, sample processing, and laboratory analyses. N = 58 patients met all inclusion criteria. (1) Mean total leukocyte counts were significantly higher within the occluded ischemic cerebral vasculature (I) vs. intraindividual systemic controls (S): +9.6%, I: 8114/µL ± 529 vs. S: 7406/µL ± 468, p = 0.0125. (2) This increase was driven by neutrophils: +12.1%, I: 7197/µL ± 510 vs. S: 6420/µL ± 438, p = 0.0022. Leukocyte influx was associated with (3) reduced retrograde collateral flow (R2 = 0.09696, p = 0.0373) and (4) greater infarct extent (R2 = 0.08382, p = 0.032). Despite LVO, leukocytes invade the occluded territory via retrograde collateral pathways early during ischemia, likely compromising cerebral hemodynamics and tissue integrity. This inflammatory response can be reliably observed in human stroke by harvesting immune cells from the occluded cerebral vascular compartment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marc Strinitz
- Department of Neuroradiology, University Hospital of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany; (M.S.); (M.P.); (A.G.M.); (J.F.); (F.W.); (M.L.V.)
| | - Mirko Pham
- Department of Neuroradiology, University Hospital of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany; (M.S.); (M.P.); (A.G.M.); (J.F.); (F.W.); (M.L.V.)
| | - Alexander G. März
- Department of Neuroradiology, University Hospital of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany; (M.S.); (M.P.); (A.G.M.); (J.F.); (F.W.); (M.L.V.)
| | - Jörn Feick
- Department of Neuroradiology, University Hospital of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany; (M.S.); (M.P.); (A.G.M.); (J.F.); (F.W.); (M.L.V.)
| | - Franziska Weidner
- Department of Neuroradiology, University Hospital of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany; (M.S.); (M.P.); (A.G.M.); (J.F.); (F.W.); (M.L.V.)
| | - Marius L. Vogt
- Department of Neuroradiology, University Hospital of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany; (M.S.); (M.P.); (A.G.M.); (J.F.); (F.W.); (M.L.V.)
| | - Fabian Essig
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany; (F.E.); (H.N.); (G.S.); (M.K.S.)
| | - Hermann Neugebauer
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany; (F.E.); (H.N.); (G.S.); (M.K.S.)
| | - Guido Stoll
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany; (F.E.); (H.N.); (G.S.); (M.K.S.)
| | - Michael K. Schuhmann
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany; (F.E.); (H.N.); (G.S.); (M.K.S.)
| | - Alexander M. Kollikowski
- Department of Neuroradiology, University Hospital of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany; (M.S.); (M.P.); (A.G.M.); (J.F.); (F.W.); (M.L.V.)
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Jeon MT, Kim KS, Kim ES, Lee S, Kim J, Hoe HS, Kim DG. Emerging pathogenic role of peripheral blood factors following BBB disruption in neurodegenerative disease. Ageing Res Rev 2021; 68:101333. [PMID: 33774194 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The responses of central nervous system (CNS) cells such as neurons and glia in neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) suggest that regulation of neuronal and glial functions could be a strategy for ND prevention and/or treatment. However, attempts to develop such therapeutics for NDs have been hindered by the challenge of blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability and continued constitutive neuronal loss. These limitations indicate the need for additional perspectives for the prevention/treatment of NDs. In particular, the disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) that accompanies NDs allows brain infiltration by peripheral factors, which may stimulate innate immune responses involved in the progression of neurodegeneration. The accumulation of blood factors like thrombin, fibrinogen, c-reactive protein (CRP) and complement components in the brain has been observed in NDs and may activate the innate immune system in the CNS. Thus, strengthening the integrity of the BBB may enhance its protective role to attenuate ND progression and functional loss. In this review, we describe the innate immune system in the CNS and the contribution of blood factors to the role of the CNS immune system in neurodegeneration and neuroprotection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min-Tae Jeon
- Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), 61, Cheomdan-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu, 41062, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu-Sung Kim
- Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), 61, Cheomdan-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu, 41062, Republic of Korea; Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science & Technology (DGIST), 333, Techno jungang-daero, Hyeonpung-eup, Dalseong-gun, Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Seon Kim
- Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), 61, Cheomdan-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu, 41062, Republic of Korea; Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science & Technology (DGIST), 333, Techno jungang-daero, Hyeonpung-eup, Dalseong-gun, Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Suji Lee
- Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), 61, Cheomdan-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu, 41062, Republic of Korea; Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, 16 De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Jieun Kim
- Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), 61, Cheomdan-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu, 41062, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyang-Sook Hoe
- Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), 61, Cheomdan-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu, 41062, Republic of Korea; Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science & Technology (DGIST), 333, Techno jungang-daero, Hyeonpung-eup, Dalseong-gun, Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea.
| | - Do-Geun Kim
- Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), 61, Cheomdan-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu, 41062, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Durán-Laforet V, Peña-Martínez C, García-Culebras A, Alzamora L, Moro MA, Lizasoain I. Pathophysiological and pharmacological relevance of TLR4 in peripheral immune cells after stroke. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 228:107933. [PMID: 34174279 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Stroke is a very common disease being the leading cause of death and disability worldwide. The immune response subsequent to an ischemic stroke is a crucial factor in its physiopathology and outcome. This response is not limited to the injury site. In fact, the immune response to the ischemic process mobilizes mainly circulating cells which upon activation will be recruited to the injury site. When a stroke occurs, molecules that are usually retained inside the cell bodies are released into the extracellular space by uncontrolled cell death. These molecules can bind to the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) in circulating immune cells which are then activated, eliciting, although not exclusively, the inflammatory response to the stroke. In this review, we present an up-to-date summary of the role of the different peripheral immune cells in stroke as well as the role of TLR4 in the function of each cell type in ischemia. Also, we summarize the different antagonists developed against TLR4 and their potential as a pharmacological tool for stroke treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V Durán-Laforet
- Unidad de Investigación Neurovascular, Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Instituto de Investigación Hospital, 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain.
| | - C Peña-Martínez
- Unidad de Investigación Neurovascular, Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Instituto de Investigación Hospital, 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - A García-Culebras
- Neurovascular Pathophysiology Group, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - L Alzamora
- Unidad de Investigación Neurovascular, Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Instituto de Investigación Hospital, 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - M A Moro
- Neurovascular Pathophysiology Group, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - I Lizasoain
- Unidad de Investigación Neurovascular, Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Instituto de Investigación Hospital, 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|