Vitamin D attenuates pro-inflammatory TNF-α cytokine expression by inhibiting NF-кB/p65 signaling in hypertrophied rat hearts

Vitamin D supplementation: Biochemical and inflammatory effects in non-pathological Wistar rats

Vitamin D3 (VD3) is shown to be a biochemical and physiological modulator of the body. Debates about route of administration, prescribed dosage and serum levels have arisen, and thus the interaction of VD3 with the body in overdose. Using an experimental model of Wistar rats of both sexes, rats were subdivided into 5 groups, which represents a control group, and 4 groups with VD3 treatments (2.500, 7.000, 14.000 and 21.000 IU/kg/week) for one month. Thereafter biochemical, hormonal, inflammatory and histological analyses were performed. Regarding the biochemical findings, there was an increase in the levels of the AST in comparison of the control group with the treatments with higher doses (14.000 IU and 21.000 IU). Furthermore, changes in the inflammatory cytokine profile were identified at doses of 14,000 IU and 21,000 IU, with an increase in inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-α) and a decrease in the anti-inflammatory IL-10. Histological evaluation of the liver tissue also revealed changes at the highest doses. Finally, in the evaluation of a murine physiological model, it showed that the supplementation of VD3 in overdoses there was an inflammatory exacerbation in the body, suggesting that the VD3 supplementation should be administered with caution, and takes into account physiological factors of the individual.

The Molecular Basis of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome and Its Cardiometabolic Correlates: Exploring the Intersection and Its Clinical Implications-A Narrative Review

Recent studies have highlighted the association between polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and cardiometabolic diseases, leading to an improved understanding of the underlying mechanistic factors. PCOS significantly increases cardiovascular risk by predisposing individuals to various subclinical and clinical conditions, including atherosclerosis and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Additionally, it interacts synergistically with other traditional cardiovascular risk factors, such as obesity, hyperlipidemia, and insulin resistance. Several molecular mechanisms involving genetics, epigenetics, adipokine secretion, hyperandrogenemia, and hyperinsulinemia play a role in the relationship between PCOS and these comorbidities. For instance, androgen excess has been implicated in the development of hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus, endothelial dysfunction, and ultimately, broader cardiovascular disease. A deeper understanding of these underlying mechanisms facilitates the development of diagnostic, preventative, and therapeutic strategies directed at reducing cardiometabolic morbidity. This narrative review summarizes the current evidence, explores the potential clinical implications of these findings, and discusses emerging therapies to reduce cardiometabolic morbidity in women with PCOS.

Sirtuin 1 mediates the pro-survival effects of vitamin D in angiotensin II-induced hypertrophy of H9c2 cardiomyoblasts

BACKGROUND

The role of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin-D3 (VitD) and sirtuin-1 (SIRT1) in mitigating pathological cardiac remodeling is well recognized. However, the potential for SIRT1 to mediate the inhibitory effects of VitD on angiotensin II (Ang II) -induced hypertrophy in H9c2 cardiomyoblasts remains unclear.

METHODS

H9c2 cardiomyoblasts were exposed to Ang II or a combination of VitD and Ang II, both in the absence and presence of SIRT1-specific siRNA. In each cell group, cell viability, hypertrophy, and redox state were evaluated using relevant techniques.

RESULTS

In H9c2 cells transfected with SIRT1 siRNA, VitD failed to significantly counteract the Ang II-induced perturbations, which included a reduction in cell viability, decreased CAT and SOD activity/mRNA levels, diminished MnSOD mRNA levels, and increased MDA content. Conversely, VitD significantly inhibited Ang II-induced hypertrophy in H9c2 cells by reducing cell size and lowering ANP and BNP mRNA levels, regardless of SIRT1 status. Notably, neither Ang II nor VitD altered the expression of SIRT1 mRNA or protein in H9c2 cells.

CONCLUSION

SIRT1 serves as an important regulator of pro-survival, but not anti-hypertrophic functions of VitD in hypertrophied cardiomyoblasts. Indeed, the absence of SIRT1 jeopardizes the capabilities of VitD to confer its pro-survival activity in H9c2 cells. Therefore, SIRT1-centered activating compounds may augment the protective effects of VitD, providing a promising therapeutic strategy to reduce the risk of cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure.

Vitamin D as a modulator of molecular pathways involved in CVDs: Evidence from preclinical studies

Vitamin D deficiency (VDD) is a widespread global health issue, affecting nearly a billion individuals worldwide, and mounting evidence links it to an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases like hypertension, atherosclerosis, and heart failure. The discovery of vitamin D receptors and metabolizing enzymes in cardiac and vascular cells, coupled with experimental studies, underscores the complex relationship between vitamin D and cardiovascular health. This review aims to synthesize and critically evaluate the preclinical evidence elucidating the role of vitamin D in cardiovascular health. We examined diverse preclinical in vitro (cardiomyocyte cell line) models and in vivo models, including knockout mice, diet-induced deficiency, and disease-specific animal models (hypertension, hypertrophy and myocardial infarction). These studies reveal that vitamin D modulates vascular tone, and prevents fibrosis and hypertrophy through effects on major signal transduction pathways (NF-kB, Nrf2, PI3K/AKT/mTOR, Calcineurin/NFAT, TGF-β/Smad, AMPK) and influences epigenetic mechanisms governing inflammation, oxidative stress, and pathological remodeling. In vitro studies elucidate vitamin D's capacity to promote cardiomyocyte differentiation and inhibit pathological remodeling. In vivo studies further uncovered detrimental cardiac effects of VDD, while supplementation with vitamin D in cardiovascular disease (CVD) models demonstrated its protective effects by decreasing inflammation, attenuating hypertrophy, reduction in plaque formation, and improving cardiac function. Hence, this comprehensive review emphasizes the critical role of vitamin D in cardiovascular health and its potential as a preventive/therapeutic strategy in CVDs. However, further research is needed to translate these findings into clinical applications as there are discrepancies between preclinical and clinical studies.

Vitamin D supplementation does not alter inflammatory markers in overweight and obese individuals: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

Chronic low-grade inflammation is a common feature of obesity and plays a crucial role in the progression of its complications. Vitamin D (VitD) plays an important role in modulating the immune response and regulating inflammation. Thus, this systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the effects of isolated VitD supplementation on main inflammatory markers in overweight and obese individuals with no comorbidities and with VitD deficiency. We hypothesized that the increase in serum VitD concentrations after supplementation would significantly reduce the concentrations of inflammatory markers. The search was conducted in Medline/PubMed, SCOPUS, EMBASE, and Web of Science. Eleven randomized placebo-controlled studies were included in the final analysis, with a total of 504 participants and daily (1000-7000 international units) or bolus (100,000-200,000 international units) doses of VitD lasting from 2 to 26 weeks. The VitD supplementation did not influence C-reactive protein (mean difference [MD]: 0.01; 95% confidence interval [CI] -0.37, 0.39; P = .97), interleukin-6 (MD: -0.34; 95% CI -1.09, 0.42; P = .38), and tumor necrosis factor concentrations (MD: -0.02; 95% CI -0.23, 0.19; P = .85). In the analysis considering the studies with a significant increase in serum VitD concentrations, VitD supplementation also did not influence C-reactive protein (MD: -0.17; 95% CI -0.88, 0.54; P = .64), interleukin-6 (MD: -0.47; 95% CI -1.31, 0.37; P = .27), and tumor necrosis factor concentrations (MD: 0.01; 95% CI -1.34, 1.37; P = .98). This meta-analysis suggests that VitD supplementation does not significantly alter inflammatory markers in overweight and obese individuals.

Neuroprotective anticonvulsant and anxiolytic effects of octreotide in wistar rats

Somatostatin interneurons exhibited anti-epileptic activity. As a result, somatostatin agonists appear to be a promising target for antiepileptic drug development (AEDs). In this regard, we investigated the effects of octreotide, a somatostatin analog, on pentylenetetrazol (PTZ)-induced seizures in male Wistar rats. Animals were given octreotide at doses of 50 or 100 µg/kg for seven days. The anxiolytic effects of octreotide were then evaluated using open field and elevated plus-maze tests. Following that, mice were intraperitoneally given a single convulsive dosage of PTZ (60 mg/kg) and then monitored for 30 min for symptoms of seizures. Finally, the antioxidant capacity of brain tissue and histopathological changes in the hippocampus were investigated. Octreotide therapy for seven days at 50 or 100 µg/kg was more effective than diazepam in preventing acute PTZ-induced seizures (P < 0.05). Furthermore, both octreotide dosages revealed substantial anxiolytic effects in open-field and elevated plus-maze tests compared to untreated rats. Nonetheless, octreotide's anxiolytic impact was less effective than diazepam's. On the other hand, octreotide also suppressed neuronal apoptosis and attenuated oxidative stress. Our results suggest that chronic administration of octreotide has anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, and antioxidant activity in the male Wistar rat model.

The role of cadmium in the pathogenesis of myeloid leukemia in individuals with anemia, deficiencies in vitamin D, zinc, and low calcium dietary intake

Iron deficiency, vitamin D deficiency and low calcium diet are frequent health problems with severe long- term consequences. Upon absorption from the duodenum, cadmium binds to transferrin, and cells with the highest density of transferrin receptor 1 (TfR1) take up the majority of the circulating cadmium. Nowadays, it is clear that individuals with iron deficiency anemia have increased blood levels of cadmium because of higher absorption rate, mediated by divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1). However, the transient receptor potential vanilloid receptor 6 (TRPV6), known as a calcium carrier, is able to bind and transport cadmium as well. In the case of low calcium diet or vitamin D deficiency, TRPV6 may be overexpressed in the intestine and kidney tubules and absorbs (re-uptake in the case of renal tubules) cadmium in larger quantities, resulting in an increased cadmium blood levels. We speculate that the final event in the case of low calcium dietary diet and/or vitamin D deficiency is similar to what is observed in the case of iron deficiency, that cells with the highest levels of TfR1 (for example, megakaryocyte/erythrocyte progenitors and pro-erythroblasts) take up most of the circulating cadmium, which is powerful malignancy inductor, leading to appearance of acute myeloid leukemia (AML).

Genomic or Non-Genomic? A Question about the Pleiotropic Roles of Vitamin D in Inflammatory-Based Diseases

Vitamin D (vit D) is widely known for its role in calcium metabolism and its importance for the bone system. However, various studies have revealed a myriad of extra-skeletal functions, including cell differentiation and proliferation, antibacterial, antioxidant, immunomodulatory, and anti-inflammatory properties in various cells and tissues. Vit D mediates its function via regulation of gene expression by binding to its receptor (VDR) which is expressed in almost all cells within the body. This review summarizes the pleiotropic effects of vit D, emphasizing its anti-inflammatory effect on different organ systems. It also provides a comprehensive overview of the genetic and epigenetic effects of vit D and VDR on the expression of genes pertaining to immunity and anti-inflammation. We speculate that in the context of inflammation, vit D and its receptor VDR might fulfill their roles as gene regulators through not only direct gene regulation but also through epigenetic mechanisms.

Concurrent alteration in inflammatory biomarker gene expression and oxidative stress: how aerobic training and vitamin D improve T2DM

Background

Vitamin D (Vit D) supplementation and Aerobic Training (AT) exert several beneficial effects such as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory actions. The literature on the effects of AT and Vit D supplementation on the oxidative stress biomarkers and gene expression of inflammatory cytokines in patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is limited. The present study aimed to examine the effects of AT and Vit D supplementation on inflammation and oxidative stress signaling pathways in T2DM patients.

Materials and methods

In this single-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled trial, 48 men with T2DM (aged 35–50 years with Body Mass Index (BMI) of 25–30 kg/m2) were randomly allocated into four groups: AT+Vit D (n = 10); AT + placebo (AT; n = 10); Vit D (n = 10), and Control + placebo (C; n = 10). The eight-week AT program was executed for 20–40 min/day, at 60–75% of heart rate maximum (HRmax), for 3 days/wks. The Vit D group received 50,000 IU of Vit D supplement capsules per week for 8 weeks. The serum levels of oxidative stress biomarkers and gene expression of inflammatory cytokines in the Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMCs) were evaluated using the RT-PCR method. To analyze the data, paired t-tests and one-way analysis of variance and Tukey’s post hoc test were used at the significance level of P < 0.05.

Results

The result shows that serum 25-OH-Vit D, total nitrite, Total Glutathione (GSH), Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC), Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), Catalase (CAT), and Glutathione Peroxidase (GPX) increased; and insulin, Fasting Blood Glucose (FBG), Homeostasis Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR), High Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein (hs-CRP), Malondialdehyde (MDA), glycated albumin, and Urinary 8-hydroxydeoxyguanine (8-OHdG) decreased significantly in all groups after 8 weeks, except for C. In addition, results of RT-PCR showed that AT+Vit D, Vit D, and AT significantly downregulated the gene expression of Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha (TNF-α), Interleukin-1 Beta (IL-1β), Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases 1 (MAPK1), Nuclear Factor Kappa B (NF-κB) 1 (p50). It also upregulated Interleukin-4 (IL-4) gene expression, Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma (PPAR-γ) in T2DM patients compared to the C.

Conclusion

Additionally, the AT+Vit D group showed significantly lower insulin, FBG, HOMA-IR, hs-CRP, MDA, glycated albumin, urinary 8-OHdG, IL-1β, TNF-α, MAPK1, and NF-κB1 (p50) levels and significantly higher serum 25-OH-Vit D, total nitrite, GSH, TAC, CAT, SOD, GPX, IL-4, and PPAR-γ levels compared to the AT and Vit D groups. In T2DM patients, 8 weeks of AT+Vit D had a more significant impact on certain gene expressions related to inflammation and oxidative stress than Vit D or AT alone.

Protective actions of vitamin D, anandamide and melatonin during vascular inflammation: Epigenetic mechanisms involved

Vascular inflammation is one of the main activating stimuli of cardiovascular disease and its uncontrolled development may worsen the progression and prognosis of these pathologies. Therefore, the search for new therapeutic options to treat this condition is undoubtedly needed. In this regard, it may be better to repurpose endogenous anti-inflammatory compounds already known, in addition to synthesizing new compounds for therapeutic purposes. It is well known that vitamin D, anandamide, and melatonin are promising endogenous substances with powerful and wide-spread anti-inflammatory properties. Currently, the epigenetic mechanisms underlying these effects are often unknown. This review summarizes the potential epigenetic mechanisms by which vitamin D, anandamide, and melatonin attenuate vascular inflammation. This information could contribute to the improvement in the therapeutic management of multiple pathologies associated with blood vessel inflammation, through the pharmacological manipulation of new target sites that until now have not been addressed.

Vitamin D modulates cortical transcriptome and behavioral phenotypes in an Mecp2 heterozygous Rett syndrome mouse model

Rett syndrome (RTT) is an X-linked neurological disorder caused by mutations in the transcriptional regulator MECP2. Mecp2 loss-of-function leads to the disruption of many cellular pathways, including aberrant activation of the NF-κB pathway. Genetically attenuating the NF-κB pathway in Mecp2-null mice ameliorates hallmark phenotypes of RTT, including reduced dendritic complexity, raising the question of whether NF-κB pathway inhibitors could provide a therapeutic avenue for RTT. Vitamin D is a known inhibitor of NF-κB signaling; further, vitamin D deficiency is prevalent in RTT patients and male Mecp2-null mice. We previously demonstrated that vitamin D rescues the aberrant NF-κB activity and reduced neurite outgrowth of Mecp2-knockdown cortical neurons in vitro, and that dietary vitamin D supplementation rescues decreased dendritic complexity and soma size of neocortical projection neurons in both male hemizygous Mecp2-null and female heterozygous mice in vivo. Here, we have identified over 200 genes whose dysregulated expression in the Mecp2+/- cortex is modulated by dietary vitamin D. Genes normalized with vitamin D supplementation are involved in dendritic complexity, synapses, and neuronal projections, suggesting that the rescue of their expression could underpin the rescue of neuronal morphology. Further, there is a disruption in the homeostasis of the vitamin D synthesis pathway in Mecp2+/- mice, and motor and anxiety-like behavioral phenotypes in Mecp2+/- mice correlate with circulating vitamin D levels. Thus, our data indicate that vitamin D modulates RTT pathology and its supplementation could provide a simple and cost-effective partial therapeutic for RTT.

The Association of Sleep Quality and Vitamin D Levels in Hemodialysis Patients

Background

To date, hemodialysis (HD) is the most common therapy for chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. However, it causes different complications such as sleep disorders. Sleep regulation is connected to vitamin D; hence, its deficiency might influence the quality and duration of sleep. This study is aimed at evaluating the correlation of sleep quality and vitamin D levels in 80 HD patients.

Methods

This cross-sectional study was performed on 80 hemodialysis patients admitted to 29 Bahman hospitals in Tabriz, Iran. Before beginning of dialysis, serum 25 (OH) D levels were assessed among patients and the sleep patterns and sleep quality of patients were accurately calculated by the Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI) standard questionnaire.

Results

Our results showed that 22 HD patients (27.5%) had severe sleep disorders. In addition, it was found that serum levels of vitamin D had significant correlation with sleep quality (r = −0.341, p = 0.002) in general, even after adjusting confounding factors such as calcium (Ca), phosphate (P), and parathyroid hormone (PTH) level. In poor sleepers (PSQI ≤ 5), a negative correlation was observed between the levels of vitamin D and PSQI score (r = −0.397, p = 0.004). PSQI scores in the normal range of PTH (r = −0.377, p = 0.006) and in >600 pg/ml of PTH (r = −0.675, p = 0.011) had a correlation with vitamin D levels. The level of vitamin D was the single independent predictor of sleep efficiency (β coefficient = −0.386, p = 0.001).

Conclusion

The present project reported that the positive effect of vitamin D is associated with sleep disorder in HD patients. In future studies, normal levels of Ca and P should be considered along with normal vitamin D levels among the included patients.

Impact of nutritional status on prevalence of left ventricular hypertrophy in children undergoing liver transplant

OBJECTIVE

We sought to (1) determine the prevalence of cardiac changes in patients with ESLD awaiting OLT (2) determine relationship between nutritional indices and cardiac changes.

METHODS

Retrospective review of transthoracic ECHO, clinical and nutritional information of pediatric patients evaluated for OLT. ECHO was analyzed for LVH, defined as LVMI > 95 g/m^2.7 and/or RWT > 0.42. These findings were correlated with age, ESLD etiology, growth and nutritional parameters as well as pre- and post-OLT.

RESULTS

Sixty-five patients were included, all had normal left ventricular systolic function. Nine patients (14%) had LVMI > 95 g/m^2.7 , five patients (8%) had RWT > 0.42, none met both criteria. None had thickened interventricular septal wall. Fourteen patients (20%) had significant left ventricular dilation. Nutritional deprivation was modestly present-weight under third percentile in 22%, length under third percentile in 24%, and both weight and length under third percentile in 17%. There were 12 patients (17%) with MUAC below two standard deviations for age; of these one had an elevated LVMI and another had an RWT > 0.42.

CONCLUSIONS

In this contemporary cross-sectional evaluation, a smaller proportion of patients with ESLD had LVH in contrast to prior studies. Despite a comparable disease burden, our cohort had better nutritional status. Though there was a trend between nutritional and LVH indices, this correlation may be better assessed prospectively in a larger cohort.

Health implication of vitamin D on the cardiovascular and the renal system

Vitamin D regulates the calcium and phosphorus balance in the body. The activated form of vitamin D (1 α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D) binds to vitamin D receptor which regulates genes that control cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. In the cardiovascular system, the vitamin D receptor is present in cardiomyocytes and the arterial wall. A clear correlation between vitamin D level and cardiovascular diseases is established. Vitamin D deficiency affects the renin-angiotensin system leading to ventricular hypertrophy and eventually to stroke. While clinical trials highlighted the positive effects of vitamin D supplements on cardiovascular disease these still need to be confirmed. This review outlines the association between vitamin D and cardiovascular and renal disease summarising the experimental data of selective cardiovascular disorders.

Effect of Hypovitaminosis D on Lipid Profile in Hypothyroid Patients in Saudi Arabia

BACKGROUND

Hypothyroidism is believed to be associated with dyslipidemia and is considered a risk factor for the development of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases (ASCVD). Vitamin D, due to its steroid hormone action, retains cell function and controls the metabolism of lipids. Therefore, the present study was carried out to show the association of the risk factors of ASCVD and deficiency of thyroid hormones and vitamin D levels since no previous studies have been performed on Saudi patients before. Methodology. A retrospective cohort study was carried out on 400 hypothyroid patients. Medical records of those patients were followed up and were classified as normal and hypothyroid patients according to their thyroid-stimulating hormone levels. TSH, vitamin D, and lipid profiles were determined using the ELISA technique.

RESULT

Total cholesterol, triglyceride, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels were significantly higher in hypothyroid patients than those in the normal group. We have found a significant correlation between TSH levels and the risk factors of ASCVD (total cholesterol, triglycerides, and LDL-C). Moreover, a significant correlation between vitamin D levels and the risk factors of ASCVD (total cholesterol, triglycerides, and LDL-C) has been found. In addition, there is a correlation between deficiency of Vit D and low-TSH levels (95% CI 1.092-4.05) indicating a higher risk for the development of ASCVD among those patients.

CONCLUSION

Hypothyroid and vitamin D-deficient patients must be screened regularly at an early stage to predict and also to prevent cardiovascular diseases. Moreover, an adequate supply of vitamin D and TH should be given to those patients to prevent cardiovascular diseases at an early stage.

Vitamin D status influences cytokine production and MALAT1 expression from the PBMCs of patients with coronary artery disease and healthy controls

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to investigate the long non-coding RNA metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1 (lncRNA MALAT1) expression and its role in cytokine production from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) and non-CAD participants (NCAD).

METHODS

Blood samples were taken from 15 patients with CAD and 15 NCAD individuals. The plasma was used for biochemical analyses. MALAT1 and CD36 expressions were evaluated in the isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) by real-time PCR. Furthermore, the levels of inflammatory cytokines e.g. interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, and IL-22 were measured in the supernatants of the cultured PBMCs by flow cytometry.

RESULTS

The levels of MALAT1 and CD36 were not significantly different between the CAD and NCAD groups. However, a lower level of MALAT1 and CD36 was observed in PBMCs of vitamin D deficient (<15 ng/ml) CAD and NCAD participants. Furthermore, the vitamin D deficient (<15 ng/ml) group showed a significantly higher plasma level of IL-6, IL-10, and IL-22 compared to the non-deficient (≥15 ng/ml) group. In addition, significant positive correlations were found between CD36, IL-22, and fasting blood sugar (FBS) with MALAT1.

CONCLUSION

Given that in vitamin D deficient individuals a decreased level of MALAT1 was associated with CD36 expression and increased IL-22 production, vitamin D supplementation may play a role in reducing MALAT1/CD36/IL-22 mediated complications such as T2DM and CAD, especially in vitamin D deficiency.

Physical exercise associated with vitamin D chronic supplementation reduces kidney injury induced by monosodium glutamate

The aim was to evaluate the effects of chronic vitamin D (VD) supplementation associated with regular swimming over renal histomorphometric aspects in obese rats. Thirty Wistar male rats (5 days old) were used. Twenty four rats were given subcutaneous injections of monosodium glutamate (MSG; 4 g/kg), and six control rats were given an equimolar saline solution. At 21-days-old, the MSG-treated rats were randomly distributed among sedentary animals (S) and exercised (E, swimming; 3x/week). These groups were subdivided into groups orally supplemented with VD (12 μg/kg; 3x/week) or not supplemented (NS), totaling Five experimental groups (n = 6 rats/group): MSG, MSG-SVD, MSG-ENS, MSG-EVD and control groups. In MSG-obese rats, there was such as a decrease in the diameter of the, glomerular tuft, Bowman's capsule, Bowman's space areas, and renal cortical thickness, compared to the control group. In MSG-SVD, MSG-ENS, and MSG-EVD animals, there was an increase in the cortical thickness in relation to the MSG group. In MSG-ENS and MSG-EVD animals, there was a reduction of tubular degeneration in relation to the MSG group. We conclude that physical exercise associated with Vitamin D supplementation can prevent of renal injury, increasing the thickness of the renal cortex and decrease the tubular degeneration.

Vitamin D exerts neuroprotection via SIRT1/nrf-2/ NF-kB signaling pathways against D-galactose-induced memory impairment in adult mice

Vitamin D (Vt. D) is one of the vital hormone having multiple functions in various tissues, including brain. Several evidences reported that Vt. D plays a significant part in memory and cognition as its inadequate amount may accelerate cognitive impairment. This study shows for the first time the antioxidant potential of Vt. D against D-Galactose (D-gal) induced oxidative stress mediated Alzheimer disease (AD) pathology in male adult albino mice. The result reveals that the mice exposed to D-gal (120 mg/kg) for eight weeks have pre-and post-synaptic dysfunction and impaired memory investigated through Morris water maze and Y-maze tests. This is followed by the suppressed Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2), Heme Oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and elevated expressions of Nuclear Factor kappa B (NF-kB), Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha (TNF-α) and Interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β) proteins in the brain homogenates evaluated through western blotting technique. On the other hand Vt. D (100 μg/kg) administration (three times a week for 4 weeks) activated Silent mating type information regulation 2 homolog 1 (SIRT1) and significantly improved both the neuronal synapse and memory, reduced oxidative stress by upregulating NRF-2 and HO-1 and downregulating NF-kB, TNF-α and IL-1β proteins expression. Most importantly, Vt. D significantly abrogate the amyloidogenic pathway of amyloid beta (Aβ) production against D-gal in the brains of adult male albino mice. These results reveal that Vt. D being an antioxidant agent plays a vital role in reducing the AD pathophysiology in D-gal induced animal model of aging, therefore act as a potential drug candidate in neurodegenerative diseases.

Vitamin D can be effective on the prevention of COVID-19 complications: A narrative review on molecular aspects

The widespread COVID-19 pandemic has been, currently, converted to a catastrophic human health challenge. Vitamin D (VD) and its metabolites have been used as a palliative treatment for chronic inflammatory and infectious diseases from ancient times. In the current study, some molecular aspects of the potential effects of VD against COVID-19 side-effects have been discussed. An arguable role in autophagy or apoptosis control has been suggested for VD through calcium signaling at the mitochondrial and ER levels. 1,25(OH)2D3 is also an immunomodulator that affects the development of B-cells, T-cells, and NK cells in both innate and acquired immunity. The production of some anti-microbial molecules such as defensins and cathelicidins is also stimulated by VD. The overexpression of glutathione, glutathione peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase, and down-regulation of NADPH oxidase are induced by VD to reduce the oxidative stress. Moreover, the multi-organ failure due to a cytokine storm induced by SARS-CoV2 in COVID-19 may be prevented by the immunomodulatory effects of VD. It can also downregulate the renin-angiotensin system which has a protective role against cardiovascular complications induced by COVID-19. Given the many experimental and molecular evidences due to the potential protective effects of VD on the prevention of the COVID-19-induced morbidities, a VD supplementation is suggested to prevent the lethal side-effects of the infection. It is particularly recommended in VD-deficient patients or those at greater risk of serious or critical effects of COVID-19, including the elderly, and patients with pre-existing chronic diseases, especially those in nursing homes, care facilities, and hospitals.

Diabetes Mellitus and Vitamin D Deficiency:Comparable Effect on Survival and a DeadlyAssociation after a Myocardial Infarction

Survivors after a myocardial infarction (MI), especially those with diabetes mellitus (DM),remain at high risk of further events. Identifying and treating factors that may influence survivalmay open new therapeutic strategies. We assessed the impact on prognosis of DM andhypovitaminosis D (hypovitD), alone or combined. In this prospective, observational study, 1081patients were enrolled surviving an MI and divided into four groups according to their diabetic andVitD status. The primary end-point was composite of all-cause mortality, angina/MI and heartfailure (HF). Secondary outcomes were mortality, HF and angina/MI. During a follow-up of 26.1months (IQR 6.6-64.5), 391 subjects experienced the primary end-point. Patients with DM orhypovitD had similar rate of the composite end-point. Patients with only hypovitD or DM did notdiffer regarding components of composite end-point (angina p = 0.97, HF p = 0.29, mortality p = 0.62).DM and VitD deficiency had similarly adjusted risks for primary end-point (HR 1.3, 95%CI 1.05-1.61; HR 1.3, 95% CI 1.04-1.64). The adjusted HR for primary composite end-point for patients withhypovitD and DM was 1.69 (95%CI 1.25-2.29, p = 0.001) in comparison to patients with neitherhypoD nor DM. In conclusion, DM and hypovitD, individually and synergistically, are associatedwith a worse outcome after MI.

Vitamin D and Cardiovascular Risk: which Implications in Children?

Vitamin D (25OHD) pleiotropic effects are widely recognized and studied. Recently, vitamin D cardiovascular effects are gaining interest, especially in children, although the studies present conflicting data. Some randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have demonstrated that cardiovascular risk markers, such as lipid parameters, inflammation markers, blood pressure, and arterial stiffness, are unaffected by vitamin D supplementation. By contrast, other studies show that low vitamin D levels are associated with higher risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and mortality, and support that increased risk of these diseases occurs primarily in people with vitamin D deficiency. An update on these points in pediatric patients is certainly of interest to focus on possible benefits of its supplementation.

Daily and seasonal mitochondrial protection: Unraveling common possible mechanisms involving vitamin D and melatonin

From an evolutionary point of view, vitamin D and melatonin appeared very early and share functions related to defense mechanisms. In the current clinical setting, vitamin D is exclusively associated with phosphocalcic metabolism. Meanwhile, melatonin has chronobiological effects and influences the sleep-wake cycle. Scientific evidence, however, has identified new actions of both molecules in different physiological and pathological settings. The biosynthetic pathways of vitamin D and melatonin are inversely related relative to sun exposure. A deficiency of these molecules has been associated with the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases, including arterial hypertension, neurodegenerative diseases, sleep disorders, kidney diseases, cancer, psychiatric disorders, bone diseases, metabolic syndrome, and diabetes, among others. During aging, the intake and cutaneous synthesis of vitamin D, as well as the endogenous synthesis of melatonin are remarkably depleted, therefore, producing a state characterized by an increase of oxidative stress, inflammation, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Both molecules are involved in the homeostatic functioning of the mitochondria. Given the presence of specific receptors in the organelle, the antagonism of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), the decrease of reactive species of oxygen (ROS), in conjunction with modifications in autophagy and apoptosis, anti-inflammatory properties inter alia, mitochondria emerge as the final common target for melatonin and vitamin D. The primary purpose of this review is to elucidate the common molecular mechanisms by which vitamin D and melatonin might share a synergistic effect in the protection of proper mitochondrial functioning.

Gas6 negatively regulates the Staphylococcus aureus-induced inflammatory response via TLR signaling in the mouse mammary gland

Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus)-induced mastitis is the most frequent, pathogenic, and prevalent infection of the mammary gland. The ligand growth arrest-specific 6 (Gas6) is a secretory protein that binds to and activates Tyro3, Axl, and MerTK receptors. This study explored the role of Gas6 in S. aureus-induced mastitis. Our results revealed that TLR receptors initiate the innate immune response in mammary gland tissues and epithelial cells and that introducing S. aureus activates TLR2 and TLR6 to drive multiple intracellular mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) pathways. Moreover, S. aureus also induces Gas6, which then activates the TAM receptor kinase pathway, which is related to the inhibition of TLR2- and TLR6-mediated inflammatory pathways through SOCS1 and SOCS3 induction. Gas6 absence alone was found to be involved in the downregulation of TAM receptor-mediated anti-inflammatory effects by inducing significantly prominent expression of TRAF6 and low protein and messenger RNA expression of SOCS1 and SOCS3. S. aureus-induced MAPK and NF-ĸB p65 phosphorylation were also dependent on Gas6, which negatively regulated the production of Pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α) in S. aureus-treated mammary tissues and mammary epithelial cells. Our in vivo and in vitro study uncovered the Gas6-mediated negative feedback mechanism, which inhibits TLR2- and TLR6-mediated MAPK and NF-ĸB signaling by activating TAM receptor kinase (MerTK, Axl, and Tyro3) through the induction of SOCS1/SOCS3 proteins.

Neuroprotection of Rotenone-Induced Parkinsonism by Ursolic Acid in PD Mouse Model

BACKGROUND

Parkinson's Disease (PD) is characterized by both motor and non-motor symptoms. The presynaptic neuronal protein, α-Synuclein, plays a pivotal role in PD pathogenesis and is associated with both genetic and sporadic origin of the disease. Ursolic Acid (UA) is a well-known bioactive compound found in various medicinal plants, widely studied for its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities.

OBJECTIVE

In this research article, the neuroprotective potential of UA has been further explored in the Rotenone-induced mouse model of PD.

METHODS

To investigate our hypothesis, we have divided mice into 4 different groups, control, drug only control, Rotenone-intoxicated group, and Rotenone-intoxicated mice treated with UA. After the completion of dosing, behavioral parameters were estimated. Then mice from each group were sacrificed and the brains were isolated. Further, the biochemical tests were assayed to check the balance between the oxidative stress and endogenous anti-oxidants; and TH (Tyrosine Hydroxylase), α-Synuclein, Akt (Serine-threonine protein kinase), ERK (Extracellular signal-regulated kinase) and inflammatory parameters like Nuclear Factor-κB (NF-κB) and Tumor Necrosis Factor- α (TNF-α) were assessed using Immunohistochemistry (IHC). Western blotting was also done to check the expressions of TH and α-Synuclein. Moreover, the expression levels of PD related genes like α-Synuclein, β-Synuclein, Interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and Interleukin-10 (IL-10) were assessed by using Real-time PCR.

RESULTS

The results obtained in our study suggested that UA significantly reduced the overexpression of α-Synuclein and regulated the phosphorylation of survival-related kinases (Akt and ERK) apart from alleviating the behavioral abnormalities and protecting the dopaminergic neurons from oxidative stress and neuroinflammation.

CONCLUSION

Thus, our study shows the neuroprotective potential of UA, which can further be explored for possible clinical intervention.

Regular Aerobic Exercise and Vitamin D3 Supplementation-Reduced Anthropometric Measures and the Hydrogen Peroxide-Induced Expression of TNF-α in Rats

Introduction: Inflammation, oxidative stress (OS), and obesity are documented to play key roles in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Accordingly, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ), as a main innate immunity pro-inflammatory cytokine and a main free radical, respectively, are the main risk factors for CVDs. The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of OS, regular aerobic exercise (RAE), and vitamin D3 (VD3) on the expression of TNF-α in the myocardial cells in a rat model. Methods: In this experimental study, 48 male Wistar rats were divided into 8 groups (6 in each group) including healthy controls, sham (injected with dimethyl sulfoxide [DMSO] + saline), H2 O2 (either 1 or 2 mmol/kg), H2 O2 (1 mmol/kg) + VD3, H2 O2 (2 mmol/kg) + VD3, H2O2 (1 mmol/kg) + RAE, and H2 O2 (2 mmol/kg) + RAE. TNF-α level of myocardial cells was evaluated after 8 weeks using the ELISA technique. Results: The results of the study demonstrated that exposure to 2 mmol/kg of H2 O2 significantly increased TNF-α level of myocardial cells compared to the rats which were exposed to one mmol/ kg H2 O2 (P=0.039). Furthermore, RAE (P=0.040), and the combination of RAE+VD3 (P=0.049) significantly reduced the expression of myocardial TNF-α. Conclusion: In general, VD3 and RAE were found to suppress TNF-α expression induced by H2 O2 in the rat myocardium. Therefore, they can be considered as potential therapeutic interventions for reducing OS-induced inflammation in the damaged myocardial cells.

Vitamin D and probiotic co-supplementation affects mental health, hormonal, inflammatory and oxidative stress parameters in women with polycystic ovary syndrome

Objective

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of vitamin D and probiotic co-administration on mental health, hormonal, inflammatory and oxidative stress parameters in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).

Methods

This randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial was carried out on 60 subjects, aged 18–40 years old. Subjects were randomly allocated to take either 50,000 IU vitamin D every 2 weeks plus 8 × 10⁹ CFU/day probiotic (n = 30) or placebo (n = 30) for 12 weeks.

Results

Vitamin D and probiotic co-supplementation, compared with the placebo, significantly improved beck depression inventory [β (difference in the mean of outcomes measures between treatment groups) − 0.58; 95% CI, − 1.15, − 0.02; P = 0.04], general health questionnaire scores (β − 0.93; 95% CI, − 1.78, − 0.08; P = 0.03) and depression, anxiety and stress scale scores (β − 0.90; 95% CI, − 1.67, − 0.13; P = 0.02). Vitamin D and probiotic co-supplementation was associated with a significant reduction in total testosterone (β − 0.19 ng/mL; 95% CI, − 0.28, − 0.10; P < 0.001), hirsutism (β − 0.95; 95% CI, − 1.39, − 0.51; P < 0.001), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) (β − 0.67 mg/L; 95% CI, − 0.97, − 0.38; P < 0.001) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels (β − 0.25 μmol/L; 95% CI, − 0.40, − 0.10; P = 0.001), and a significant increase in total antioxidant capacity (TAC) (β 82.81 mmol/L; 95% CI, 42.86, 122.75; P < 0.001) and total glutathione (GSH) levels (β 40.42 μmol/L; 95% CI, 4.69, 76.19; P = 0.02), compared with the placebo.

Conclusions

Overall, the co-administration of vitamin D and probiotic for 12 weeks to women with PCOS had beneficial effects on mental health parameters, serum total testosterone, hirsutism, hs-CRP, plasma TAC, GSH and MDA levels.

Trial Registration

This study was retrospectively registered in the Iranian website (www.irct.ir) for registration of clinical trials (IRCT20170513033941N37).

Dynamic protein expression of NF-κB following rat intracerebral hemorrhage and its association with apoptosis

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the dynamic protein expression of nuclear factor (NF)-κB and apoptosis in the cerebral tissue surrounding hematoma following intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) in rats. A total of 80 healthy male Wistar rats were divided into a sham-surgery group and an ICH group. The ICH model was established by injecting autogenous non-heparin anticoagulant arterial blood into the caudate putamen. NF-κB levels were assessed by immunohistochemistry at different time points subsequent to surgery, and apoptosis condition was investigated by terminal deoxynucleotidyl-transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling. Different levels of NF-κB were expressed in the cerebral tissue around the ICH at each time point in the ICH group. NF-κB protein expression was detected at 3 h following hemorrhage, mainly in the cytoplasm. Following 6 h, NF-κB was identified in the nucleus. Its expression peaked at 72 h following hemorrhage, and persisted for 5 days. Apoptosis was observed 6 h following hemorrhage, and had increased significantly by 12 h. The rate of apoptosis continued to rise from 72-120 h following hemorrhage. Correlation analysis revealed a significant positive correlation between NF-κB expression and apoptosis (r=0.753; P<0.01). The enhancement of NF-κB expression and apoptosis around ICH, and the significant positive correlation between NF-κB expression and apoptosis, indicates that NF-κB activation may enhance cerebral apoptosis in rats following ICH.

Role of Vitamin D in Cardiovascular Diseases

Vitamin D is critical in mineral homeostasis and skeletal health and plays a regulatory role in nonskeletal tissues. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with chronic inflammatory diseases, including diabetes and obesity, both strong risk factors for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). CVDs, including coronary artery disease, myocardial infarction, hypertrophy, cardiomyopathy, cardiac fibrosis, heart failure, aneurysm, peripheral arterial disease, hypertension, and atherosclerosis, are major causes of morbidity and mortality. The association of these diseases with vitamin D deficiency and improvement with vitamin D supplementation suggest its therapeutic benefit. The authors review the findings on the association of vitamin D deficiency and CVDs.

Effect of Two Different Doses of Vitamin D Supplementation on Metabolic Profiles of Insulin-Resistant Patients with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

This study was carried out to evaluate the effects of vitamin D supplementation on the metabolic profiles of insulin-resistant subjects with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). This randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was conducted on 90 insulin-resistant women with PCOS. Participants were randomly assigned to three groups to intake either 4000 IU of vitamin D or 1000 IU of vitamin D or placebo (n = 30 each group) daily for 12 weeks. Vitamin D supplementation (4000 IU), compared with vitamin D (1000 IU) and placebo, led to significant reductions in total testosterone (-0.2 ± 0.2 vs. -0.1 ± 0.6 and +0.1 ± 0.2 ng/mL, respectively, p = 0.02), free androgen index (FAI) (-0.06 ± 0.12 vs. -0.02 ± 0.12 and +0.004 ± 0.04, respectively, p = 0.04), hirsutism (-1.1 ± 1.1 vs. -0.8 ± 1.2 and -0.1 ± 0.4, respectively, p = 0.001) and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) (-0.7 ± 1.4 vs. -0.5 ± 0.9 and +0.5 ± 2.4 mg/L, respectively, p = 0.01). In addition, we found significant elevations in mean change of sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) (+19.1 ± 23.0 vs. +4.5 ± 11.0 and +0.7 ± 10.4 nmol/L, respectively, p < 0.001) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) (+130 ± 144 vs. +33 ± 126 and -36 ± 104 mmol/L, respectively, p < 0.001) in the high-dose vitamin D group compared with low-dose vitamin D and placebo groups. Overall, high-dose vitamin D administration for 12 weeks to insulin-resistant women with PCOS had beneficial effects on total testosterone, SHBG, FAI, serum hs-CRP and plasma TAC levels compared with low-dose vitamin D and placebo groups.

Mechanisms of Action of Vitamin D as Supplemental Therapy for Pneumocystis Pneumonia

The combination of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) is the most effective regimen for therapy of Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP). As many patients with PCP are allergic or do not respond to it, efforts have been devoted to develop alternative therapies for PCP. We have found that the combination of vitamin D₃ (VitD3) (300 IU/kg/day) and primaquine (PMQ) (5 mg/kg/day) was as effective as TMP-SMX for therapy of PCP. In this study, we investigated the mechanisms by which vitamin D enhances the efficacy of PMQ. C57BL/6 mice were immunosuppressed by CD4⁺ cell depletion, infected with Pneumocystismurina for 8 weeks, and then treated for 9 days with the combination of VitD3 and PMQ (VitD3-PMQ) or with TMP-SMX or PMQ to serve as controls. The results showed that vitamin D supplementation increased the number of CD11c⁺ cells, suppressed the production of proinflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor alpha [TNF-α], gamma interferon [IFN-γ], and interleukin-6 [IL-6]) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and enhanced the expression of genes related to antioxidation (glutathione reductase and glutamate-cysteine ligase modifier subunit), antimicrobial peptides (cathelicidin), and autophagy (ATG5 and beclin-1). These results suggest that the main action of vitamin D is enhancing the ability of the host to defend against Pneumocystis infection.

Cardiac tissue oxidative stress and inflammation after vitamin D administrations in high fat- diet induced obese rats

BACKGROUND

Obesity is associated with numerous metabolic and inflammatory disorders. The current study was aimed to evaluate the effects of vitamin D administration on the markers of oxidative stress and inflammation in the cardiac tissue of high-fat diet induced obese rats.

METHODS

In the beginning of the study, 40 male Wistar rats were divided into two groups: normal diet (ND) and high fat diet (HFD) for 16 weeks; then each group subdivided into two groups including: ND, ND + vitamin D, HFD and HFD + vitamin D. Vitamin D supplementation was done for 5 weeks at 500 IU/kg dosage. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α concentration and markers of oxidative stress including glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA) and catalase (CAT) concentrations in the cardiac tissue and serum concentrations of lipids in rats were determined using ELISA kits and spectrophotometry methods respectively.

RESULTS

According to our results, GPx activity in ND and ND + vitamin D group was significantly higher compared with HFD group. Similarly, SOD activity was also significantly increased in ND + vitamin D group compared with ND and HFD groups. Moreover, vitamin D administration, significantly reduced catalase activity in ND + vitamin D and HFD + vitamin D groups (P < 0.05). TNF-α concentration in heart tissue in ND + vitamin D group significantly reduced compared with ND group. Cardiac tissue MDA concentration in baseline or after vitamin D administration did not changed significantly.

CONCLUSION

Vitamin D improved cardiac oxidative stress and inflammatory markers in HFD induced obese rats. Further studies in human models are needed to further confirm the use of this nutrient in daily clinical practice.

Potential Cardiovascular and Renal Protective Effects of Vitamin D and Coenzyme Q10 in l-NAME-Induced Hypertensive Rats

BACKGROUND

Hypertension is one of the primary modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Adequate vitamin D (vit D) levels have been shown to reduce vascular smooth muscle contraction and to increase arterial compliance, which may be beneficial in hypertension. Further, coenzyme Q10 (COQ10) through its action to lower oxidative stress has been reported to have beneficial effects on hypertension and heart failure. This study examined the possible cardiac and renal protective effects of vit D and COQ10 both separately and in combination with an angiotensin II receptor blocker, valsartan (vals) in l-NAME hypertensive rats.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Hypertension was induced in rats by l-NAME administration. Following induction of hypertension, the rats were assigned into the following 6 subgroups: an l-NAME alone group and treated groups receiving the following drugs intraperitoneally for 6 weeks; vals, vit D, COQ10 and combination of vals with either vit D or COQ10. A group of normotensive rats were used as negative controls. At the end of the treatment period, blood pressure, serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, lipids and serum, cardiac and renal parameters of oxidative stress were measured.

RESULTS

Compared to the l-NAME only group, all treatments lowered systolic, diastolic, mean arterial pressure, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and creatinine levels as well as TNF-α and malondialdehyde. Further, the agents increased serum, cardiac and renal total antioxidant capacity. Interestingly, the combination of agents had further effects on all the parameters compared to treatment with each single agent.

CONCLUSIONS

The study suggests that the additive protective effects of vit D and COQ10 when used alone or concurrent with vals treatment in hypertensive rats may be due to their effects as antioxidants, anticytokines and blood pressure conservers.

Association between Serum Vitamin D Levels and Sleep Disturbance in Hemodialysis Patients

Sleep disturbance is a frequent and serious complication of hemodialysis (HD). Low serum vitamin D levels have been associated with sleep quality in non-HD subjects. Our aim was to examine the possible association between serum vitamin D levels and the presence of sleep disturbance in HD patients. We recruited 141 HD patients at the HD center of the First Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University during 2014–2015. Serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) were determined by the competitive protein-binding assay. Sleep quality was measured using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Demographic, clinical and laboratory data were recorded. Meanwhile, 117 healthy control subjects were also recruited and underwent measurement of 25(OH)D. Eighty-eight patients (62.4%) had sleep disturbance (PSQI scores ≥ 5). Patients with sleep disturbance showed lower levels of 25(OH)D as compared to those without sleep disturbance (85.6 ± 37.4 vs. 39.1 ± 29.1 nmol/L, p < 0.001). In multivariate analyses, serum levels of 25(OH)D (≤48.0 nmol/L) were independently associated with sleep disturbance in HD patients (OR 9.897, 95% CI 3.356–29.187, p < 0.001) after adjustment for possible variables. Our study demonstrates that low serum levels of vitamin D are independently associated with sleep disturbance in HD patients, but the finding needs to be confirmed in future experimental and clinical studies.

Impact of micronutrients supplementation on bone repair around implants: microCT and counter-torque analysis in rats

The use of natural substances and micronutritional approaches has been suggested as a therapeutic alternative to benefit the bone healing associated with no side effects. Nevertheless, the influence of micronutritional interventions with therapeutic proprieties on the bone repair has yet to be intensely evaluated, and no evidence is available exploring the impact of micronutrient supplementation on the peri-implant bone healing.

OBJECTIVE

This study investigated the effect of micronutrients supplementation on the bone repair around implants.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

One screw-shaped titanium implant was inserted in each tibia of each rat, which were assigned to: daily administration, for 30 d, of the placebo solution (Placebo group-n:18) or micronutrients supplementation (Micronutrients group-n:18), based on calcium, magnesium, zinc, and vitamin D3 intake. After, the animals were sacrificed. One of the implants was removed by applying a counter-torque force to evaluate the force to rupture the bone-implant interface. The other implant was evaluated by microcomputed tomography (CT) examination to determine the bone-to-implant contact (BIC) and the bone volume (BV/TV).

RESULTS

No statistically significant differences were observed between the groups for both counter-torque values and microCT parameters (p>0.05).

CONCLUSION

Within the limits of this study, micronutrients supplementation did not provide additional benefits to the bone healing around dental implants.

U-shaped relationship between vitamin D levels and long-term outcome in large cohort of survivors of acute myocardial infarction

BACKGROUND

Previous studies in the setting of patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) have demonstrated that hypovitaminosis D is associated with increased mortality risk during a follow-up whose median did not exceed two years.

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the impact of vitamin D levels on long-term mortality in patients with AMI.

RESULTS

In our study 477 patients with AMI were included. During a median follow-up period of 57 (IQR 53-64) months, 93 patients (20%) died. A non-linear U-shaped relationship between 25(OH)D levels and long-term mortality was observed; patients with vitamin D<10ng/mL and >30ng/mL had higher mortality rate than those with intermediate values. After adjustment for differences in baseline features and treatment, it was confirmed that extreme values of vitamin D (<10 or >30ng/mL) are independent predictors of mortality with HR of 3.02 (95% CI 1.78-5.11). Other independent predictors of outcome were age, NYHA class at discharge, treatment with ACE inhibitors and statins. The estimated time-dependent ROC curve of the multivariable model including vitamin D showed an AUC significantly higher than the model without vitamin D: AUC 0.82 (95% CI 0.76-0.87) vs. 0.77 (95% CI 0.71-0.83), p=0.005. Addition of vitamin D to the model that included all significant factors for mortality improved the prognostic accuracy as showed by the metrics of reclassification (NRI 0.34 (95% CI 0.14-0.48), p=0.003 and IDI 0.06 (95% CI 0.01-0.12, p=0.005 p=0.03).

CONCLUSIONS

We report a U-shaped relationship between vitamin D levels and long-term outcome of patients surviving AMI.

Transcription Factor NF-κB: An Update on Intervention Strategies

The nuclear factor (NF)-κB family of transcription factors are ubiquitous and pleiotropic molecules that regulate the expression of more than 150 genes involved in a broad range of processes including inflammation, immunity, cell proliferation, differentiation, and survival. The chronic activation or dysregulation of NF-κB signaling is the central cause of pathogenesis in many disease conditions and, therefore, NF-κB is a major focus of therapeutic intervention. Because of this, understanding the relationship between NF-κB and the induction of various downstream signaling molecules is imperative. In this review, we provide an updated synopsis of the role of NF-κB in DNA repair and in various ailments including cardiovascular diseases, HIV infection, asthma, herpes simplex virus infection, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and cancer. Furthermore, we also discuss the specific targets for selective inhibitors and future therapeutic strategies.

The effect of calcitriol on high mobility group box 1 expression in periodontal ligament cells during orthodontic tooth movement in rats

High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is a late inflammatory cytokine that plays an important role in periodontal tissue remodeling during orthodontic tooth movement. Calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1α,25 (OH)2D3]) is a systemic calcium-regulating hormone shown to downregulate expression of multiple proinflammatory cytokines in human periodontal ligament cells in response to orthodontic force. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of 1α,25(OH)2D3 on the expression of HMGB1 in periodontal ligament (PDL) cells during orthodontic tooth movement. Seven-week-old male Wistar rats were used for experimentation. Tooth movement was assessed using a nickel-titanium coil spring to apply mechanical loading to the tooth for 5 days. This was followed by administration of either 1α,25(OH)2D3 or normal saline by gavage every other day for up to 28 days. Immunohistochemistry was used to analyze the expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-6 and HMGB1. After discontinuation of orthodontic force, expression of the early inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-α were time-dependently reduced in the 1α,25(OH)2D3 group compared with the control group at each time point. Similarly, expression of HMGB1 was decreased over time in both the 1α,25(OH)2D3 and normal saline groups, and 1α,25(OH)2D3 administration enhanced this decline. These findings indicate that administration of 1α,25(OH)2D3 might provide a favorable microenvironment for orthodontic tooth movement by downregulating expression of HMGB1 in PDL cells.

The Non-Genomic Actions of Vitamin D

Since its discovery in 1920, a great deal of effort has gone into investigating the physiological actions of vitamin D and the impact its deficiency has on human health. Despite this intense interest, there is still disagreement on what constitutes the lower boundary of adequacy and on the Recommended Dietary Allowance. There has also been a major push to elucidate the biochemistry of vitamin D, its metabolic pathways and the mechanisms that mediate its action. Originally thought to act by altering the expression of target genes, it was realized in the mid-1980s that some of the actions of vitamin D were too rapid to be accounted for by changes at the genomic level. These rapid non-genomic actions have attracted as much interest as the genomic actions and they have spawned additional questions in an already busy field. This mini-review attempts to summarise the in vitro and in vivo work that has been conducted to characterise the rapid non-genomic actions, the mechanisms that give rise to these properties and the roles that these play in the overall action of vitamin D at the cellular level. Understanding the effects of vitamin D at the cellular level should enable the design of elegant human studies to extract the full potential of vitamin D to benefit human health.

Betulin suppresses S. aureus-induced mammary gland inflammatory injury by regulating PPAR-γ in mice

Mastitis is a postpartum disease in both humans and animals. Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) can induce mastitis by infection of the lactiferous ducts. There is no efficacious treatment for S. aureus-induced mastitis. Betulin has been confirmed to have multiple biological activities, including anti-inflammatory properties. The present study was to determine the anti-inflammatory effect of betulin on S. aureus-induced mastitis and to confirm the mechanism of action involved. In vivo, betulin ameliorated the histopathological changes that were induced by S. aureus. ELISA and qPCR results showed that betulin inhibited TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 production. Western blotting results demonstrated that betulin inhibited NF-κB phosphorylation but promoted the expression of PPAR-γ. Further investigations were performed in vitro with mouse Mammary Epithelial Cells (mMECs). The results indicated the betulin inhibited the activity of the NF-κB pathway and increased PPAR-γ expression and transcriptional activity. All of the results in the present study demonstrated that betulin played a protective anti-inflammatory role against S. aureus infection in mammary gland tissues and cells by activating PPAR-γ and inhibiting the activation of NF-κB.