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Lu J, Liu Y, Song M, Xi Y, Yang H, Liu W, Li X, Norvienyeku J, Zhang Y, Miao W, Lin C. The CsPbs2-interacting protein oxalate decarboxylase CsOxdC3 modulates morphosporogenesis, virulence, and fungicide resistance in Colletotrichum siamense. Microbiol Res 2024; 284:127732. [PMID: 38677265 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2024.127732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
The HOG MAPK pathway mediates diverse cellular and physiological processes, including osmoregulation and fungicide sensitivity, in phytopathogenic fungi. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying HOG MAPK pathway-associated stress homeostasis and pathophysiological developmental events are poorly understood. Here, we demonstrated that the oxalate decarboxylase CsOxdC3 in Colletotrichum siamense interacts with the protein kinase kinase CsPbs2, a component of the HOG MAPK pathway. The expression of the CsOxdC3 gene was significantly suppressed in response to phenylpyrrole and tebuconazole fungicide treatments, while that of CsPbs2 was upregulated by phenylpyrrole and not affected by tebuconazole. We showed that targeted gene deletion of CsOxdC3 suppressed mycelial growth, reduced conidial length, and triggered a marginal reduction in the sporulation characteristics of the ΔCsOxdC3 strains. Interestingly, the ΔCsOxdC3 strain was significantly sensitive to fungicides, including phenylpyrrole and tebuconazole, while the CsPbs2-defective strain was sensitive to tebuconazole but resistant to phenylpyrrole. Additionally, infection assessment revealed a significant reduction in the virulence of the ΔCsOxdC3 strains when inoculated on the leaves of rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis). From these observations, we inferred that CsOxdC3 crucially modulates HOG MAPK pathway-dependent processes, including morphogenesis, stress homeostasis, fungicide resistance, and virulence, in C. siamense by facilitating direct physical interactions with CsPbs2. This study provides insights into the molecular regulators of the HOG MAPK pathway and underscores the potential of deploying OxdCs as potent targets for developing fungicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwen Lu
- Sanya Institute of Breeding and Multiplication / Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education) / School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Sanya Institute of Breeding and Multiplication / Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education) / School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Miao Song
- Sanya Institute of Breeding and Multiplication / Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education) / School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Yitao Xi
- Sanya Institute of Breeding and Multiplication / Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education) / School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Hong Yang
- Sanya Institute of Breeding and Multiplication / Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education) / School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Science, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Wenbo Liu
- Sanya Institute of Breeding and Multiplication / Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education) / School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Xiao Li
- Sanya Institute of Breeding and Multiplication / Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education) / School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Justice Norvienyeku
- Sanya Institute of Breeding and Multiplication / Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education) / School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Sanya Institute of Breeding and Multiplication / Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education) / School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Weiguo Miao
- Sanya Institute of Breeding and Multiplication / Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education) / School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Chunhua Lin
- Sanya Institute of Breeding and Multiplication / Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education) / School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.
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Alhudaib K, Ismail AM, Magistà D. Multi-Locus Phylogenetic Analysis Revealed the Association of Six Colletotrichum Species with Anthracnose Disease of Coffee ( Coffea arabica L.) in Saudi Arabia. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:705. [PMID: 37504694 PMCID: PMC10381574 DOI: 10.3390/jof9070705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Several Colletotrichum species are able to cause anthracnose disease in coffee (Coffea arabica L.) and occur in all coffee production areas worldwide. A planned investigation of coffee plantations was carried out in Southwest Saudi Arabia in October, November, and December 2022. Various patterns of symptoms were observed in all 23 surveyed coffee plantations due to unknown causal agents. Isolation from symptomatic fresh samples was performed on a PDA medium supplemented with streptomycin sulfate (300 mg L-1) and copper hydroxide (42.5 mg L-1). Twenty-seven pure isolates of Colletotrichum-like fungi were obtained using a spore suspension method. The taxonomic placements of Colletotrichum-like fungi were performed based on the sequence dataset of multi-loci of internal transcribed spacer region rDNA (ITS), chitin synthase I (CHS-1), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), actin (ACT), β-tubulin (TUB2), and partial mating type (Mat1-2) (ApMat) genes. The novel species are described in detail, including comprehensive morphological characteristics and colored illustrations. The pathogenicity of the isolated Colletotrichum species was assessed on detached coffee leaves as well as green and red fruit under laboratory conditions. The multi-locus phylogenetic analyses of the six-loci, ITS, ACT, CHS-1, TUB2, GAPDH and ApMat, revealed that 25 isolates were allocated within the C. gloeosporioides complex, while the remaining two isolates were assigned to the C. boninense complex. Six species were recognized, four of them, C. aeschynomenes, C. siamense, C. phyllanthi, and C. karstii, had been previously described. Based on molecular analyses and morphological examination comparisons, C. saudianum and C. coffeae-arabicae represent novel members within the C. gloeosporioides complex. Pathogenicity investigation confirmed that the Colletotrichum species could induce disease in coffee leaves as well as green and red fruits with variations. Based on the available literature and research, this is the first documentation for C. aeschynomenes, C. siamense, C. karstii, C. phyllanthi, C. saudianum, and C. coffeae-arabicae to cause anthracnose on coffee in Saudi Arabia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid Alhudaib
- Department of Arid Land Agriculture, College of Agricultural and Food Sciences, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
- Pests and Plant Diseases Unit, College of Agricultural and Food Sciences, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Mahmoud Ismail
- Department of Arid Land Agriculture, College of Agricultural and Food Sciences, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
- Pests and Plant Diseases Unit, College of Agricultural and Food Sciences, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Donato Magistà
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari A. Moro, 70126 Bari, Italy
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production (ISPA), National Research Council (CNR), 70126 Bari, Italy
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Feng L, Zhang Y, Chen W, Mao B. Colletotrichum siamense Strain LVY 9 Causing Spot Anthracnose on Winterberry Holly in China. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11040976. [PMID: 37110399 PMCID: PMC10146105 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11040976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Winterberry holly (Ilex verticillata) is an economically valuable landscaping ornamental plant. Serious outbreaks have been reported, in its leaf tips curl upward, irregular black brown spots appear on leaves, and extensive defoliation is commonly observed. The incidence in Hangzhou was estimated at 50% and resulted in large economic losses for growers in 2018. Samples were collected from the main cultivation area in Zhejiang Province. In total, 11 fungal isolates were obtained from diseased leaves through a single-spore purification method, and isolate LVY 9 exhibited strong pathogenicity. Based on morphology and molecular phylogenetic analyses based on multilocus sequence typing of the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions, actin (ACT), calmodulin (CAL), and chitin synthase (CHS-1) genes, we identified the pathogen as Colletotrichum siamense, causative agent of anthracnose of winterberry holly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Feng
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, College of Agriculture & Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yahui Zhang
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, College of Agriculture & Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Weiliang Chen
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, College of Agriculture & Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Bizeng Mao
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, College of Agriculture & Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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Rattanakreetakul C, Keawmanee P, Bincader S, Mongkolporn O, Phuntumart V, Chiba S, Pongpisutta R. Two Newly Identified Colletotrichum Species Associated with Mango Anthracnose in Central Thailand. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1130. [PMID: 36903990 PMCID: PMC10004820 DOI: 10.3390/plants12051130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum spp. is one of the major problems in mango production worldwide, including Thailand. All mango cultivars are susceptible, but Nam Dok Mai See Thong (NDMST) is the most vulnerable. Through a single spore isolation method, a total of 37 isolates of Colletotrichum spp. were obtained from NDMST showing anthracnose symptoms. Identification was performed using a combination of morphology characteristics, Koch's postulates, and phylogenetic analysis. The pathogenicity assay and Koch's postulates on leaves and fruit confirmed that all Colletotrichum spp. tested were causal agents of mango anthracnose. Multilocus analysis using DNA sequences of internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions, β-tubulin (TUB2), actin (ACT), and chitin synthase (CHS-1) was performed for molecular identification. Two concatenated phylogenetic trees were constructed using either two-loci of ITS and TUB2, or four-loci of ITS, TUB2, ACT, and CHS-1. Both phylogenetic trees were indistinguishable and showed that these 37 isolates belong to C. acutatum, C. asianum, C. gloeosporioides, and C. siamense. Our results indicated that using at least two loci of ITS and TUB2, were sufficient to infer Colletotrichum species complexes. Of 37 isolates, C. gloeosporioides was the most dominant species (19 isolates), followed by C. asianum (10 isolates), C. acutatum (5 isolates), and C. siamense (3 isolates). In Thailand, C. gloeosporioides and C. acutatum have been reported to cause anthracnose in mango, however, this is the first report of C. asianum and C. siamense associated with mango anthracnose in central Thailand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chainarong Rattanakreetakul
- Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture at Kamphaeng Saen, Kasetsart University, Nakhon Pathom 73140, Thailand
| | - Pisut Keawmanee
- Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture at Kamphaeng Saen, Kasetsart University, Nakhon Pathom 73140, Thailand
| | - Santiti Bincader
- Program Plant Science, Agricultural Technology and Agro-Industry Faculty, Rajamangala University of Technology Suvarnabhumi, Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya 13000, Thailand
| | - Orarat Mongkolporn
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture at Kamphaeng Saen, Kasetsart University, Nakhon Pathom 73140, Thailand
| | - Vipaporn Phuntumart
- Department of Biological Sciences, 129 Life Sciences Building, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH 43403, USA
| | - Sotaro Chiba
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Ratiya Pongpisutta
- Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture at Kamphaeng Saen, Kasetsart University, Nakhon Pathom 73140, Thailand
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He J, Sun ML, Li DW, Zhu LH, Ye JR, Huang L. A real-time PCR for detection of pathogens of anthracnose on Chinese fir using TaqMan probe targeting ApMat gene. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2023; 79:980-988. [PMID: 36310118 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anthracnose is one of the most widespread and destructive diseases on Chinese fir. Colletotrichum cangyuanense, Colletotrichum fructicola, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, and Colletotrichum siamense are the causal agents of anthracnose on Chinese fir. A rapid and accurate diagnosis of different pathogens is critical for the disease management. RESULTS Phylogenetic tree and sequence similarity analysis showed that the single-locus ApMat provides superior phylogenetic information and is an appropriate target to distinguish C. cangyuanense, C. fructicola, C. gloeosporioides, and C. siamense. The real-time PCR assays with the primer sets of MQ-F/R, 1#C-F/R, YK-F/R, and WZ-F/R, and corresponding TaqMan probes of MQ-P, 1#C-P, YK-P, and WZ-P were specific for C. cangyuanense, C. fructicola, C. gloeosporioides, and C. siamense, respectively. The sensitivity tests showed that the lowest amount of gDNA that the PCRs can detect was 1 ng of genomic DNA. The validity of the assays was confirmed by directly detecting the pathogens from both the fungal culture and infected Chinese fir. CONCLUSION These results demonstrated the potential of the TaqMan real-time PCR targeting the ApMat gene to provide rapid, specific, and reliable molecular detection of C. fructicola, C. gloeosporioides, C. siamense, and C. cangyuanense, respectively. The data also provided a reference solution for the identification of species within Colletotrichum gloeosporioides species complex (CGSC), which share similar morphological characteristics. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao He
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mei-Ling Sun
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - De-Wei Li
- The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station Valley Laboratory, Windsor, CT, USA
| | - Li-Hua Zhu
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jian-Ren Ye
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lin Huang
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
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He J, Li DW, Bian JY, Zhu LH, Huang L. Unravelling Species Diversity and Pathogenicity of Colletotrichum Associated with Anthracnose on Osmanthus fragrans in Quanjiao, China. PLANT DISEASE 2023; 107:350-362. [PMID: 35822885 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-04-22-0810-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Osmanthus fragrans is a popular ornamental tree species known for its fragrant flowers and is widely cultivated in Asia, Europe, and North America. Anthracnose is a disastrous threat to the growth and development of O. fragrans and has caused significant economic losses. To reveal the potential pathogen diversity of anthracnose, 127 isolates of Colletotrichum were isolated from the symptomatic leaves. Morphological studies and multilocus phylogenetic analyses with the concatenated sequences of the internal transcribed spacer, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, chitin synthase, actin, beta-tubulin, calmodulin, and the intergenic region between Apn2 and Mat1-2-1, as well as a pairwise homoplasy index, test placed the causal fungi as two new species, Colletotrichum anhuiense (two isolates) and C. osmanthicola (12 isolates), and three known taxa, C. fructicola (18 isolates), C. gloeosporioides (62 isolates), and C. karstii (33 isolates). Among them, C. gloeosporioides was the most dominant, and C. anhuiense was occasionally discovered from the host tissues. Pathogenicity tests in vivo on O. fragrans leaves revealed a significant difference in virulence among these species. Of them, C. gloeosporioides, C. osmanthicola, and C. anhuiense were significantly more virulent than C. fructicola and C. karstii, while C. karstii was the least virulent. To our knowledge, this study was the first to report the pathogen diversity of anthracnose on O. fragrans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao He
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China
| | - De-Wei Li
- The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station Valley Laboratory, Windsor, CT 06095, U.S.A
| | - Jin-Yue Bian
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China
| | - Li-Hua Zhu
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China
| | - Lin Huang
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China
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Colletotrichum truncatum Causing Anthracnose of Tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum L.) in Malaysia. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11010226. [PMID: 36677518 PMCID: PMC9865493 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11010226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is a popular nutritious vegetable crop grown in Malaysia and other parts of the world. However, fungal diseases such as anthracnose pose significant threats to tomato production by reducing the fruit quality and food value of tomato, resulting in lower market prices of the crop globally. In the present study, the etiology of tomato anthracnose was investigated in commercial tomato farms in Sabah, Malaysia. A total of 22 fungal isolates were obtained from anthracnosed tomato fruits and identified as Colletotrichum species, using morphological characteristics. The phylogenetic relationships of multiple gene sequence alignments such as internal transcribed spacer (ITS), β-tubulin (tub2), glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (gapdh), actin (act), and calmodulin (cal), were adopted to accurately identify the Colletotrichum species as C. truncatum. The results of pathogenicity tests revealed that all C. truncatum isolates caused anthracnose disease symptoms on inoculated tomato fruits. To our knowledge, the present study is the first report of tomato anthracnose caused by C. truncatum in Malaysia. The findings of this study will be helpful in disease monitoring, and the development of strategies for effective control of anthracnose on tomato fruits.
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Cao X, Zhang Q, He Y, Che H, Lin Y, Luo D, West JS, Xu X. Genetic Analysis of Colletotrichum siamense Populations from Different Hosts and Counties in Hainan, China, Using Microsatellite Markers. PLANT DISEASE 2023; 107:60-66. [PMID: 35666218 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-03-22-0576-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Colletotrichum siamense was demonstrated as the dominant species among Colletotrichum spp. that infected rubber tree, areca palm, and coffee in Hainan, China. However, the extent of genetic differentiation within the species C. siamense in relation to geographical regions and host species is not known. In this study, 112 C. siamense isolates were genotyped with 12 microsatellite markers. In total, there were 99 multilocus genotypes. Results from permutational multivariate analysis of variance and analysis of molecular variance indicated that there was no significant genetic differentiation between fungal populations with respect to host, location (county), and year. Discriminant analysis of principal components and STRUCTURE analysis showed that C. siamense isolates grouped into three clusters; further analysis confirmed that there were significant (P < 0.001) genetic differences among the three clusters. However, each cluster had isolates from different hosts, counties, or years, supporting the lack of genetic differentiation with respect to host, county, and year. Statistical analyses of allelic associations indicated some evidence for recombination within the populations defined on the basis of host or county. The present findings provide insights into the genetic structure of C. siamense on the three perennial host species in Hainan and suggest that the disease on these three crops can be effectively considered as one disease and, hence, needs to be controlled simultaneously in mixed plantations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueren Cao
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Qun Zhang
- Analysis and Test Center, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, China
| | - Yongxiang He
- College of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou 570228 China
| | - Haiyan Che
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Yating Lin
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Daquan Luo
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
| | | | - Xiangming Xu
- NIAB EMR, New Road, East Malling, Kent ME19 6BJ, U.K
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Zhang LL, Huang XK, Zhang YQ, Hu HQ, Ren L. First Report of Anthracnose on Passiflora edulis Caused by Colletotrichum siamense in Guangdong Province in China. PLANT DISEASE 2022; 106:PDIS10212363PDN. [PMID: 35100836 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-10-21-2363-pdn] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- L L Zhang
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences of Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang Guangdong, 524088, China
| | - X K Huang
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences of Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang Guangdong, 524088, China
| | - Y Q Zhang
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences of Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang Guangdong, 524088, China
| | - H Q Hu
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences of Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang Guangdong, 524088, China
- South China Branch of National Saline-Alkali Tolerant Rice Technology Innovation Center Zhanjiang, Guangdong, 524088, China
| | - L Ren
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences of Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang Guangdong, 524088, China
- South China Branch of National Saline-Alkali Tolerant Rice Technology Innovation Center Zhanjiang, Guangdong, 524088, China
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Kennedy AH, Schoch CL, Marrero G, Brover V, Robbertse B. Publicly Available and Validated DNA Reference Sequences Are Critical to Fungal Identification and Global Plant Protection Efforts: A Use-Case in Colletotrichum. PLANT DISEASE 2022; 106:1573-1596. [PMID: 35538602 PMCID: PMC9196201 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-09-21-2083-sr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Publicly available and validated DNA reference sequences useful for phylogeny estimation and identification of fungal pathogens are an increasingly important resource in the efforts of plant protection organizations to facilitate safe international trade of agricultural commodities. Colletotrichum species are among the most frequently encountered and regulated plant pathogens at U.S. ports-of-entry. The RefSeq Targeted Loci (RTL) project at NCBI (BioProject no. PRJNA177353) contains a database of curated fungal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences that interact extensively with NCBI Taxonomy, resulting in verified name-strain-sequence type associations for >12,000 species. We present a publicly available dataset of verified and curated name-type strain-sequence associations for all available Colletotrichum species. This includes an updated GenBank Taxonomy for 238 species associated with up to 11 protein coding loci and an updated RTL ITS dataset for 226 species. We demonstrate that several marker loci are well suited for phylogenetic inference and identification. We improve understanding of phylogenetic relationships among verified species, verify or improve phylogenetic circumscriptions of 14 species complexes, and reveal that determining relationships among these major clades will require additional data. We present detailed comparisons between phylogenetic and similarity-based approaches to species identification, revealing complex patterns among single marker loci that often lead to misidentification when based on single-locus similarity approaches. We also demonstrate that species-level identification is elusive for a subset of samples regardless of analytical approach, which may be explained by novel species diversity in our dataset and incomplete lineage sorting and lack of accumulated synapomorphies at these loci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron H. Kennedy
- National Identification Services, Plant Protection and Quarantine, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705
| | - Conrad L. Schoch
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20894
| | - Glorimar Marrero
- National Identification Services, Plant Protection and Quarantine, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705
| | - Vyacheslav Brover
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20894
| | - Barbara Robbertse
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20894
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Abstract
Minor tropical fruits are grown on a small scale and provide income to smallholder farmers. The cultivation of these fruit crops indirectly contributes to the economy of producing countries as well as to food and crop security. Dragon fruits, guava, passionfruit, lychee, longan, mangosteen, durian, and rambutan are common minor fruit crops. In recent years, the international trade of some of these minor tropical fruits, particularly dragon fruit, passionfruit, guava, and lychee, has increased due to their nutritional value, with various health benefits. Similar to other crops, minor fruit crops are susceptible to fungal and oomycete diseases. These diseases negatively affect the yield and quality of fruit crops, leading to substantial losses. In this context, the knowledge of disease types and causal pathogens is fundamental to develop suitable disease management practices in the field as well as appropriate post-harvest treatments.
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Colletotrichum species associated with sugarcane red rot in Brazil. Fungal Biol 2022; 126:290-299. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2022.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Hassan O, Kim JS, Romain BBND, Chang T. An account of Colletotrichum species associated with anthracnose of Atractylodes ovata in South Korea based on morphology and molecular data. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0263084. [PMID: 35077506 PMCID: PMC8789177 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0263084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovate-leaf atractylodes (OLA) (Atractylodes ovata) is a well-known medicinal plant in Korea; its dried rhizome and root extracts are used in herbal medicine. However, anthracnose is a great challenge to the OLA cultivation in South Korea. Colletotrichum spp. is a major group of plant pathogens responsible for anthracnose on a range of economically important hosts. Its occurrence on OLA remains unresolved. To investigate the diversity, morphology, phylogeny, and biology of Colletotrichum spp., 32 fungal isolates were obtained from 30 OLA-affected leaves collected from five different farms, in two regions in South Korea, Mungyeong and Sangju. The phylogenetic analysis with four or five gene loci (ITS, TUB2, ACT, GAPDH, and CHS-1) along with morphology of 26 representative isolates delineated six previously known Colletotrichum species including C. fructicola, C. gloeosporioides sensu stricto (s.s), C. cigarro, C. plurivorum, C. siamense and C. sojae, and one new species, described here as C. ovataense. Amongst these species, C. gloeosporioides s.s. and C. plurivorum were the most prevalent species. A pathogenicity test on the detached leaves revealed that different Colletotrichum species presented a distinct degree of virulence, confirming Koch's postulates. In this study, C. fructicola, C. cigarro, C. plurivorum, C. siamense, and C. sojae were reported from A. ovata for the first time, as the causal agent of ovate-leaf atractylodes anthracnose. Understanding the diversity and biology of the Colletotrichum species population will help in managing this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliul Hassan
- Department of Ecology & Environmental System, College of Ecology & Environmental Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Sangju, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Sung Kim
- Department of Ecology & Environmental System, College of Ecology & Environmental Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Sangju, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Bekale Be Ndong Dimitri Romain
- Department of Ecology & Environmental System, College of Ecology & Environmental Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Sangju, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Taehyun Chang
- Department of Ecology & Environmental System, College of Ecology & Environmental Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Sangju, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea
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Song M, Fang S, Li Z, Wang N, Li X, Liu W, Zhang Y, Lin C, Miao W. CsAtf1, a bZIP transcription factor, is involved in fludioxonil sensitivity and virulence in the rubber tree anthracnose fungus Colletotrichum siamense. Fungal Genet Biol 2021; 158:103649. [PMID: 34921997 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2021.103649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In phytopathogenic fungi, the HOG MAPK pathway has roles in osmoregulation, fungicide sensitivity, and other processes. The ATF1/CREB-activating transcription factor Atf1 is a regulator that functions downstream of the HOG MAPK pathway. Here, we identified a gene, designated CsAtf1, that encodes a bZIP transcription factor in Colletotrichum siamense, which is the main pathogen that causes Colletotrichum leaf fall disease in rubber trees in China. CsAtf1 localizes to the nucleus. Its mRNA expression correlates positively with that of CsPbs2 and CsHog1 in the HOG MAPK pathway in response to activator (anisomycin), inhibitor (SB203580) and fludioxonil treatments. The CsAtf1 deletion mutant showed slightly retarded mycelial growth, small conidia, slow spore germination, and abnormal appressorium formation. This mutant showed the increased spore germination rate after fludioxonil treatment and more resistance to the fungicide fludioxonil than did the wild-type fungus. However, unlike deletion of Pbs2 or Hog1, which resulted in greater sensitivity to osmotic stress, the CsAtf1 deletion induced slightly increased resistance to osmotic stress and the cell wall stress response. The ΔCsAtf1 strain also exhibited significantly reduced virulence on rubber tree leaves. These data revealed that CsAtf1 plays a key role in the regulation of fludioxonil sensitivity and in pathogenicity regulation in C. siamense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Song
- College of Plant Protection/Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Siqi Fang
- College of Plant Protection/Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Zhigang Li
- College of Plant Protection/Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Na Wang
- College of Plant Protection/Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Xiao Li
- College of Plant Protection/Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Wenbo Liu
- College of Plant Protection/Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- College of Plant Protection/Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Chunhua Lin
- College of Plant Protection/Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Weiguo Miao
- College of Plant Protection/Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.
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Molecular Characterization, Pathogenicity and Biological Characterization of Colletotrichum Species Associated with Anthracnose of Camellia yuhsienensis Hu in China. FORESTS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/f12121712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Camellia yuhsienensis Hu, a species of tea oil tree with resistance to anthracnose, is widely used to breed disease-resistant Camellia varieties. In 2019, anthracnose symptoms were observed on Ca. yuhsienensis for the first time. However, the species and biological characteristics of Colletotrichum spp. isolated from Ca. yuhsienensis (YX-Colletotrichum spp.) have not been elucidated. In this study, five isolates (YX2-5-2, 2YX-3-1, 2YX-5-1, 2YX-8-1-1 and 2YX-8-1-2), which were consistent with the morphological characteristics of Colletotrichum spp., were obtained from Ca. yuhsienensis. A phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that YX2-5-2, 2YX-3-1 and 2YX-8-1-2 belonged to first clade along with Colletotrichum fructicola. 2YX-8-1-1 belonged to the second clade along with Colletotrichum siamense. 2YX-5-1 belonged to the third clade with Colletotrichum camelliae. Pathogenicity tests revealed that the pathogenicity of YX-Colletotrichum spp. was stronger than that of Colletotrichum spp. isolated from Camellia oleifera (GD-Colletotrichum spp.). Biological characteristics illustrated that the mycelial growth of YX-Co. camelliae (2YX-5-1) was slower than that of GD-Co. camelliae when the temperature exceeded 20 °C. In addition, in the presence of ions, the mycelial growth of YX-Co. fructicola (YX2-5-2) and YX-Co. siamense (2YX-8-1-1) was also slower than that of GD-Co. fructicola and GD-Co. siamense. Furthermore, the ability of YX-Colletotrichum spp. to utilize lactose and mannitol was weaker than that of GD-Colletotrichum spp., while the ability to utilize NH4+ was generally stronger than that of GD-Colletotrichum spp. This is the first report of anthracnose of Ca. yuhsienensis induced by Co. fructicola, Co. siamense and Co. camelliae in China. These results will provide theoretical guidance for the study of the pathogenesis and control of anthracnose on Ca. yuhsienensis.
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Colletotrichum species and complexes: geographic distribution, host range and conservation status. FUNGAL DIVERS 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13225-021-00491-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Moral J, Agustí-Brisach C, Raya MC, Jurado-Bello J, López-Moral A, Roca LF, Chattaoui M, Rhouma A, Nigro F, Sergeeva V, Trapero A. Diversity of Colletotrichum Species Associated with Olive Anthracnose Worldwide. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:741. [PMID: 34575779 PMCID: PMC8466006 DOI: 10.3390/jof7090741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Olive anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum species causes dramatic losses of fruit yield and oil quality worldwide. A total of 185 Colletotrichum isolates obtained from olives and other hosts showing anthracnose symptoms in Spain and other olive-growing countries over the world were characterized. Colony and conidial morphology, benomyl-sensitive, and casein-hydrolysis activity were recorded. Multilocus alignments of ITS, TUB2, ACT, CHS-1, HIS3, and/or GAPDH were conducted for their molecular identification. The pathogenicity of the most representative Colletotrichum species was tested to olive fruits and to other hosts, such as almonds, apples, oleander, sweet oranges, and strawberries. In general, the phenotypic characters recorded were not useful to identify all species, although they allowed the separation of some species or species complexes. ITS and TUB2 were enough to infer Colletotrichum species within C. acutatum and C. boninense complexes, whereas ITS, TUB2, ACT, CHS-1, HIS-3, and GADPH regions were necessary to discriminate within the C. gloesporioides complex. Twelve Colletotrichum species belonging to C. acutatum, C. boninense, and C. gloeosporioides complexes were identified, with C. godetiae being dominant in Spain, Italy, Greece, and Tunisia, C. nymphaeae in Portugal, and C. fioriniae in California. The highest diversity with eight Colletotrichum spp. was found in Australia. Significant differences in virulence to olives were observed between isolates depending on the Colletotrichum species and host origin. When other hosts were inoculated, most of the Colletotrichum isolates tested were pathogenic in all the hosts evaluated, except for C. siamense to apple and sweet orange fruits, and C. godetiae to oleander leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Moral
- Departamento de Agronomía (DAUCO María de Maeztu Unit of Excellence 2021–2023), Campus de Rabanales, Universidad de Córdoba, Edif. C4, 14071 Córdoba, Spain; (C.A.-B.); (M.C.R.); (J.J.-B.); (A.L.-M.); (L.F.R.)
| | - Carlos Agustí-Brisach
- Departamento de Agronomía (DAUCO María de Maeztu Unit of Excellence 2021–2023), Campus de Rabanales, Universidad de Córdoba, Edif. C4, 14071 Córdoba, Spain; (C.A.-B.); (M.C.R.); (J.J.-B.); (A.L.-M.); (L.F.R.)
| | - Maria Carmen Raya
- Departamento de Agronomía (DAUCO María de Maeztu Unit of Excellence 2021–2023), Campus de Rabanales, Universidad de Córdoba, Edif. C4, 14071 Córdoba, Spain; (C.A.-B.); (M.C.R.); (J.J.-B.); (A.L.-M.); (L.F.R.)
| | - José Jurado-Bello
- Departamento de Agronomía (DAUCO María de Maeztu Unit of Excellence 2021–2023), Campus de Rabanales, Universidad de Córdoba, Edif. C4, 14071 Córdoba, Spain; (C.A.-B.); (M.C.R.); (J.J.-B.); (A.L.-M.); (L.F.R.)
| | - Ana López-Moral
- Departamento de Agronomía (DAUCO María de Maeztu Unit of Excellence 2021–2023), Campus de Rabanales, Universidad de Córdoba, Edif. C4, 14071 Córdoba, Spain; (C.A.-B.); (M.C.R.); (J.J.-B.); (A.L.-M.); (L.F.R.)
| | - Luis F. Roca
- Departamento de Agronomía (DAUCO María de Maeztu Unit of Excellence 2021–2023), Campus de Rabanales, Universidad de Córdoba, Edif. C4, 14071 Córdoba, Spain; (C.A.-B.); (M.C.R.); (J.J.-B.); (A.L.-M.); (L.F.R.)
| | - Mayssa Chattaoui
- Laboratory of Improvement and Protection of Olive Genetic Resources, Olive Tree Institute, BP 208 Cité Mahrajene, Tunis 1082, Tunisia; (M.C.); (A.R.)
| | - Ali Rhouma
- Laboratory of Improvement and Protection of Olive Genetic Resources, Olive Tree Institute, BP 208 Cité Mahrajene, Tunis 1082, Tunisia; (M.C.); (A.R.)
| | - Franco Nigro
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Suolo, della Pianta e degli Alimenti, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70126 Bari, Italy;
| | - Vera Sergeeva
- School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Penrith 2747, Australia;
| | - Antonio Trapero
- Departamento de Agronomía (DAUCO María de Maeztu Unit of Excellence 2021–2023), Campus de Rabanales, Universidad de Córdoba, Edif. C4, 14071 Córdoba, Spain; (C.A.-B.); (M.C.R.); (J.J.-B.); (A.L.-M.); (L.F.R.)
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Huang Y, Zhang YQ, Hu H, Feng N. First Report of Anthracnose on Hymenocallis littoralis Caused by Colletotrichum siamense in China. PLANT DISEASE 2021; 105:3740. [PMID: 34085848 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-02-21-0405-pdn] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Spider lily (Hymenocallis littoralis (Jacq.) Salisb.) is a widely cultivated horticultural plant worldwide and has ornamental and medicinal value. Spider lily plants were seriously affected by a leaf spot disease in the campus of Guangdong Ocean University and gardens in Zhanjiang city in February 2018 with an incidence of 30 to 100%. Affected leaves usually developed small circular purple spots, which enlarged to oval spots and large irregular spots. The spots were brown at the center, deep purple at the border and surrounded by a yellow halo. Diseased cultivars were collected in Zhanjiang city, Gangzhou city in Guangdong province and and Zhangping city in Fujian province. Symptomatic leaf samples were disinfested with 1% NaOCl, and cultured on sucrose agar (PSA) at 28 °C for one week. Ten single-spore isolates were recovered from PSA medium. Colonies developing on PSA were grayish white with a regular border. Conidia were straight, hyaline with rounded ends, 4.3 to 6.1×12.8 to 32.1μm (n = 50 conidia of each isolate). Fungal mycelia were hyaline, septate, and branched. Conidia were born on a long conidiogenous cell, appressoria were oval, 6.7 to 10.7 × 5.2 to 6.2 μm (n=50). The isolates were morphologically identified as Colletotrichum sp. (Weir et al. 2012). Tests of pathogenicity were performed according to Koch's postulates using three isolates. Fresh wounds were made with a sterile needle on the healthy surface of leaves of H. littoralis at the 4- to 6-leaf stage and each leaf was covered with a piece of cotton drenched with 200 μL of conidial suspension (106 conidia/ml) from each isolate. Control seedlings were inoculated identically except sterile water was used to drench the cotton. Inoculated plants were placed in a moisturizing light incubator at 25℃ and 80% humidity under a 12-h light/dark cycle for 20 days and examined daily to monitor disease symptom development. Small round brown spots were observed at the inoculation sites 3 days after the inoculation. The brown spots developed into large brown lesions 5 days after inoculation. There were no symptoms observed in the water-inoculated plants. A Colletotrichum spp. strain based on morphology was consistently reisolated from leaves lesions fulfilling Koch's postulates. For molecular identification, the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of ribosomal DNA, calmodulin (CAL), Tublin (Tub) and Apmat loci of three isolates were amplified using primer pairs of ITS4/ITS5, CL1C/CL2C, T1/T2 and AM-F/AM-R (Sharma et al. 2015). A phylogenetic tree derived from a neighbor-joining analysis of a concatenated alignment of ITS, CAL, Tub and ApMAT sequences was created. The accession numbers of three isolates GZHLCG, ZJHLCG and FJHLCG used in this study were MW553083, MN540457, MN540458 for ITS, MW553087- MW553089 for CL, MW553090-MW553092 for Tub and MW553084-MW553086 for ApMAT. The sequences of the three isolates were aligned with related species of Colletotrichum (Sharma et al. 2015). Analyses based on concatenated data sets of four genes showed that the sequences had high levels of identity to those of the C. siamense strains. According to both morphological and sequence analyses, the H. littoralis pathogen was identified as C. siamense. There is a report of foliar diseases on H. littoralis caused by Colletotrichum sp. (Tan et al., 2009). To our knowledge, this is the first report of anthracnose on H. littoralis caused by C. siamense in China. Identification of the pathogen provide valuable information for diagnosis and controlling this disease in H. littoralis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Huang
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences of Guangdong Ocean University, Biotechnology, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China;
| | | | - Han Hu
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences of Guangdong Ocean University, Biotechnology, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China;
| | - Nai Feng
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences of Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China;
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Rodríguez-Palafox EE, Vásquez-López A, Márquez-Licona G, Lima NB, Lagunes-Fortiz E, Tovar-Pedraza JM. First Report of Colletotrichum siamense Causing Anthracnose of Guava ( Psidium guajava) in Mexico. PLANT DISEASE 2021; 105:3290. [PMID: 33970035 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-03-21-0530-pdn] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Guava (Psidium guajava L.) is a small tree belonging to the Myrtaceae family and it is distributed worldwide in the tropical and subtropical areas. During the summer of 2019, symptoms of fruit anthracnose were observed on approx. 90% of 250 guava trees located in backyards in Juan Jose Rios, Sinaloa, Mexico. Lesions on guava fruit were irregular, necrotic, and sunken. On advanced infections, acervuli containing salmon-pink masses of spores were observed on the lesions. Twenty fruits were collected from 10 trees (2 fruits per tree). Colletotrichum-like colonies were consistently isolated on PDA medium and 20 monoconidial isolates were obtained. Four isolates were selected as representatives for morphological characterization, multilocus phylogenetic analysis, and pathogenicity tests. The isolates were deposited in the Culture Collection of Phytopathogenic Fungi of the Faculty of Agriculture of El Fuerte Valley at the Sinaloa Autonomous University (Accession nos. FAVF205-FAVF208). Colonies on PDA medium were flat with an entire margin, with abundant felty and white aerial mycelium, with pink conidial masses. Conidia (n= 100) were cylindrical, hyaline, aseptate, with ends rounded, and measuring 14.8 to 18.1 × 4.4 to 5.3 μm. Based on morphological features, the isolates were tentatively allocated in the C. gloeosporioides species complex (Weir et al. 2012). For molecular identification, genomic DNA was extracted, and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region (White et al. 1990), as well as partial sequences of actin (ACT), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), β-tubulin (TUB2), chitin synthase (CHS-1) and glutamine synthetase (GS) genes were amplified by PCR (Weir et al. 2012), and sequenced. A phylogenetic tree based on Bayesian inference and including published ITS, GAPDH, TUB2, ACT, CHS-1, and GS data for Colletotrichum species was constructed. The multilocus phylogenetic analysis clearly distinguished the four isolates FAVF205-FAVF208 as C. siamense separating it from all other species within the C. gloeosporioides species complex. The sequences were deposited in GenBank (accessions nos. ITS: MW598512-MW598515; GAPDH: MW595216-MW595219; TUB2: MW618012-MW618015; ACT: MW595208-MW595211; CHS-1: MW595212-MW595215; and GS: MW618008-MW618011). Pathogenicity of the four isolates was verified on 40 healthy guava fruits. Twenty fruits were wounded with a sterile toothpick (2 mm in depth) and a mycelial plug (6 mm of diameter) was placed on each wound. Ten fruits inoculated with a PDA plug without mycelial growth served as controls. The fruit was kept in a moist plastic chamber at 25°C for 7 days. Pathogenicity of each isolate was tested with both non-wound and wound inoculation methods. The experiments were repeated twice with similar results. All inoculated fruits developed sunken necrotic lesions 4 days after inoculation, whereas no symptoms were observed on the control fruits. The fungi were consistently re-isolated only from the diseased fruits, fulfilling Koch´s postulates. Colletotrichum siamense has been previously reported on guava fruit in India (Sharma et al. 2015). However, to our best knowledge, this is the first report of C. siamense causing fruit anthracnose on guava in Mexico. Therefore, it is necessary to explore the diversity of Colletotrichum species on guava in detail through subsequent phylogenetic studies as well as to monitor the distribution of this pathogen into other Mexican regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgar Edel Rodríguez-Palafox
- Universidad Autónoma de Occidente, 27971, Departamento de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Los Mochis, Sinaloa, Mexico;
| | - Alfonso Vásquez-López
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, CIIDIR, Unidad Oaxaca, HORNOS No. 1003, Santa Cruz Xoxocotlán, Oaxaca, Mexico, 71230;
| | - Guillermo Márquez-Licona
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, 27740, Centro de Desarrollo de Productos Bióticos, Carretera Yautepec-Jojutla, Km. 6, Calle CEPROBI No. 8, Col. San Isidro, Yautepec, Morelos, Mexico, 62731;
| | - Nelson Bernardi Lima
- Instituto de Patología Vegetal (IPAVE), CIAP, INTA, UFyMA-CONICET (Unidad de Fitopatología y Modelización Agrícola), Área Micología y Bacteriología , Camino 60 Cuadras km. 5,5, Córdoba Capital, Córdoba, Argentina, 5119 (X5020ICA)
- CONICET - Instituto de Patología Vegetal - CIAP-INTA;
| | - Erika Lagunes-Fortiz
- Universidad Autonoma Chapingo, 27761, Departamento de Fitotecnia, Texcoco, Estado de Mexico, Mexico;
| | - Juan Manuel Tovar-Pedraza
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, Coordinación Culiacán, Carretera El Dorado Km 5.5, Campo el Diez, Culiacán, Sinaloa, Mexico, 80110;
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Eaton MJ, Edwards S, Inocencio HA, Machado FJ, Nuckles EM, Farman M, Gauthier NA, Vaillancourt LJ. Diversity and Cross-Infection Potential of Colletotrichum Causing Fruit Rots in Mixed-Fruit Orchards in Kentucky. PLANT DISEASE 2021; 105:1115-1128. [PMID: 32870109 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-06-20-1273-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Fungi in the genus Colletotrichum cause apple, blueberry, and strawberry fruit rots, which can result in significant losses. Accurate identification is important because species differ in aggressiveness, fungicide sensitivity, and other factors affecting management. Multiple Colletotrichum species can cause similar symptoms on the same host, and more than one fruit type can be infected by a single Colletotrichum species. Mixed-fruit orchards may facilitate cross-infection, with significant management implications. Colletotrichum isolates from small fruits in Kentucky orchards were characterized and compared with apple isolates via a combination of morphotyping, sequencing of voucher loci and whole genomes, and cross-inoculation assays. Seven morphotypes representing two species complexes (C. acutatum and C. gloeosporioides) were identified. Morphotypes corresponded with phylogenetic species C. fioriniae, C. fructicola, C. nymphaeae, and C. siamense, identified by TUB2 or GAPDH barcodes. Phylogenetic trees built from nine single-gene sequences matched barcoding results with one exception, later determined to belong to an undescribed species. Comparison of single-gene trees with representative whole genome sequences revealed that CHS and ApMat were the most informative for diagnosis of fruit rot species and individual morphotypes within the C. acutatum or C. gloeosporioides complexes, respectively. All blueberry isolates belonged to C. fioriniae, and most strawberry isolates were C. nymphaeae, with a few C. siamense and C. fioriniae also recovered. All three species cause fruit rot on apples in Kentucky. Cross-inoculation assays on detached apple, blueberry, and strawberry fruits showed that all species were pathogenic on all three hosts but with species-specific differences in aggressiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madison J Eaton
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, U.S.A
| | - Shanice Edwards
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, U.S.A
| | - Harrison A Inocencio
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, U.S.A
| | - Franklin J Machado
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, U.S.A
- Fundo de Defesa de Citricultura-Fundecitrus, Departamento de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento, Araraquara, São Paulo 147807-040, Brazil
| | - Etta M Nuckles
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, U.S.A
| | - Mark Farman
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, U.S.A
| | - Nicole A Gauthier
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, U.S.A
| | - Lisa J Vaillancourt
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, U.S.A
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Wang W, de Silva DD, Moslemi A, Edwards J, Ades PK, Crous PW, Taylor PWJ. Colletotrichum Species Causing Anthracnose of Citrus in Australia. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:47. [PMID: 33445649 PMCID: PMC7828153 DOI: 10.3390/jof7010047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Colletotrichum spp. are important pathogens of citrus that cause dieback of branches and postharvest disease. Globally, several species of Colletotrichum have been identified as causing anthracnose of citrus. One hundred and sixty-eight Colletotrichum isolates were collected from anthracnose symptoms on citrus stems, leaves, and fruit from Victoria, New South Wales, and Queensland, and from State herbaria in Australia. Colletotrichum australianum sp. nov., C. fructicola, C. gloeosporioides, C. karstii, C. siamense, and C. theobromicola were identified using multi-gene phylogenetic analyses based on seven genomic loci (ITS, gapdh, act, tub2, ApMat, gs, and chs-1) in the gloeosporioides complex and five genomic loci (ITS, tub2, act, chs-1, and his3) in the boninense complex, as well as morphological characters. Several isolates pathogenic to chili (Capsicum annuum), previously identified as C. queenslandicum, formed a clade with the citrus isolates described here as C. australianum sp. nov. The spore shape and culture characteristics of the chili and citrus isolates of C. australianum were similar and differed from those of C. queenslandicum. This is the first report of C. theobromicola isolated from citrus and the first detection of C. karstii and C. siamense associated with citrus anthracnose in Australia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weixia Wang
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; (W.W.); (D.D.d.S.); (A.M.)
| | - Dilani D. de Silva
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; (W.W.); (D.D.d.S.); (A.M.)
- Agriculture Victoria, Department of Jobs, Precincts and Regions, AgriBio Centre, 5 Ring Road, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia;
| | - Azin Moslemi
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; (W.W.); (D.D.d.S.); (A.M.)
| | - Jacqueline Edwards
- Agriculture Victoria, Department of Jobs, Precincts and Regions, AgriBio Centre, 5 Ring Road, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia;
- School of Applied Systems Biology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
| | - Peter K. Ades
- Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia;
| | - Pedro W. Crous
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - Paul W. J. Taylor
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; (W.W.); (D.D.d.S.); (A.M.)
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Jayawardena RS, Hyde KD, Chen YJ, Papp V, Palla B, Papp D, Bhunjun CS, Hurdeal VG, Senwanna C, Manawasinghe IS, Harischandra DL, Gautam AK, Avasthi S, Chuankid B, Goonasekara ID, Hongsanan S, Zeng X, Liyanage KK, Liu N, Karunarathna A, Hapuarachchi KK, Luangharn T, Raspé O, Brahmanage R, Doilom M, Lee HB, Mei L, Jeewon R, Huanraluek N, Chaiwan N, Stadler M, Wang Y. One stop shop IV: taxonomic update with molecular phylogeny for important phytopathogenic genera: 76–100 (2020). FUNGAL DIVERS 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s13225-020-00460-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThis is a continuation of a series focused on providing a stable platform for the taxonomy of phytopathogenic fungi and fungus-like organisms. This paper focuses on one family: Erysiphaceae and 24 phytopathogenic genera: Armillaria, Barriopsis, Cercospora, Cladosporium, Clinoconidium, Colletotrichum, Cylindrocladiella, Dothidotthia,, Fomitopsis, Ganoderma, Golovinomyces, Heterobasidium, Meliola, Mucor, Neoerysiphe, Nothophoma, Phellinus, Phytophthora, Pseudoseptoria, Pythium, Rhizopus, Stemphylium, Thyrostroma and Wojnowiciella. Each genus is provided with a taxonomic background, distribution, hosts, disease symptoms, and updated backbone trees. Species confirmed with pathogenicity studies are denoted when data are available. Six of the genera are updated from previous entries as many new species have been described.
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25
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Tovar-Pedraza JM, Mora-Aguilera JA, Nava-Díaz C, Lima NB, Michereff SJ, Sandoval-Islas JS, Câmara MPS, Téliz-Ortiz D, Leyva-Mir SG. Distribution and Pathogenicity of Colletotrichum Species Associated With Mango Anthracnose in Mexico. PLANT DISEASE 2020; 104:137-146. [PMID: 31730415 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-01-19-0178-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Mango anthracnose, caused by Colletotrichum spp., is the most significant disease of mango (Mangifera indica L.) in almost all production areas around the world. In Mexico, mango anthracnose has only been attributed to C. asianum and C. gloeosporioides. The aims of this study were to identify the Colletotrichum species associated with mango anthracnose symptoms in Mexico by phylogenetic inference using the ApMat marker, to determine the distribution of these species, and to test their pathogenicity and virulence on mango fruits. Surveys were carried out from 2010 to 2012 in 59 commercial orchards in the major mango growing states of Mexico, and a total of 118 isolates were obtained from leaves, twigs, and fruits with typical anthracnose symptoms. All isolates were tentatively identified in the C. gloeosporioides species complex based on morphological and cultural characteristics. The Bayesian inference phylogenetic tree generated with Apn2/MAT intergenic spacer sequences of 59 isolates (one per orchard) revealed that C. alienum, C. asianum, C. fructicola, C. siamense, and C. tropicale were associated with symptoms of mango anthracnose. In this study, C. alienum, C. fructicola, C. siamense, and C. tropicale are reported for the first time in association with mango tissues in Mexico. This study represents the first report of C. alienum causing mango anthracnose worldwide. The distribution of Colletotrichum species varied among the mango growing states from Mexico. Chiapas was the only state in which all five species were found. Pathogenicity tests on mango fruit cultivar Manila showed that all Colletotrichum species from this study could induce anthracnose lesions. However, differences in virulence were evident among species. C. siamense and C. asianum were the most virulent, whereas C. alienum and C. fructicola were considered the least virulent species.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Tovar-Pedraza
- Laboratorio de Fitopatología, Coordinación Culiacán, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, Culiacán, 80110 Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - J A Mora-Aguilera
- Fitopatología, Campus Montecillo, Colegio de Postgraduados, Texcoco, 56230 Estado de México, Mexico
| | - C Nava-Díaz
- Fitopatología, Campus Montecillo, Colegio de Postgraduados, Texcoco, 56230 Estado de México, Mexico
| | - N B Lima
- CONICET-Instituto de Patología Vegetal, CIAP-INTA, X5020ICA Córdoba, Argentina
| | - S J Michereff
- Centro de Ciências Agrárias e da Biodiversidade, Universidade Federal do Cariri, Crato, 63130-025 Ceará, Brazil
| | - J S Sandoval-Islas
- Fitopatología, Campus Montecillo, Colegio de Postgraduados, Texcoco, 56230 Estado de México, Mexico
| | - M P S Câmara
- Departamento de Agronomia, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, 52171-900 Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - D Téliz-Ortiz
- Fitopatología, Campus Montecillo, Colegio de Postgraduados, Texcoco, 56230 Estado de México, Mexico
| | - S G Leyva-Mir
- Departamento de Parasitología Agrícola, Universidad Autónoma Chapingo, Texcoco, 56230 Estado de México, Mexico
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26
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Optimal markers for the identification of Colletotrichum species. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2019; 143:106694. [PMID: 31786239 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2019.106694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Colletotrichum is among the most important genera of fungal plant pathogens. Molecular phylogenetic studies over the last decade have resulted in a much better understanding of the evolutionary relationships and species boundaries within the genus. There are now approximately 200 species accepted, most of which are distributed among 13 species complexes. Given their prominence on agricultural crops around the world, rapid identification of a large collection of Colletotrichum isolates is routinely needed by plant pathologists, regulatory officials, and fungal biologists. However, there is no agreement on the best molecular markers to discriminate species in each species complex. Here we calculate the barcode gap distance and intra/inter-specific distance overlap to evaluate each of the most commonly applied molecular markers for their utility as a barcode for species identification. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), histone-3 (HIS3), DNA lyase (APN2), intergenic spacer between DNA lyase and the mating-type locus MAT1-2-1 (APN2/MAT-IGS), and intergenic spacer between GAPDH and a hypothetical protein (GAP2-IGS) have the properties of good barcodes, whereas sequences of actin (ACT), chitin synthase (CHS-1) and nuclear rDNA internal transcribed spacers (nrITS) are not able to distinguish most species. Finally, we assessed the utility of these markers for phylogenetic studies using phylogenetic informativeness profiling, the genealogical sorting index (GSI), and Bayesian concordance analyses (BCA). Although GAPDH, HIS3 and β-tubulin (TUB2) were frequently among the best markers, there was not a single set of markers that were best for all species complexes. Eliminating markers with low phylogenetic signal tends to decrease uncertainty in the topology, regardless of species complex, and leads to a larger proportion of markers that support each lineage in the Bayesian concordance analyses. Finally, we reconstruct the phylogeny of each species complex using a minimal set of phylogenetic markers with the strongest phylogenetic signal and find the majority of species are strongly supported as monophyletic.
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27
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Xavier KV, Kc AN, Peres NA, Deng Z, Castle W, Lovett W, Vallad GE. Characterization of Colletotrichum Species Causing Anthracnose of Pomegranate in the Southeastern United States. PLANT DISEASE 2019; 103:2771-2780. [PMID: 31524096 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-03-19-0598-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Anthracnose fruit rot and leaf blight caused by Colletotrichum species are important diseases of pomegranate in the southeastern United States. In this study, 26 isolates from pomegranate were identified based on pathological and molecular characterization. Isolates were identified to species based on multilocus sequence analysis with the internal transcribed spacer region, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, β-tubulin, and chitin synthase genomic genes. Pomegranate isolates grouped within the C. acutatum and C. gloeosporioides species complexes, with more than 73% belonging to the latter group. Three species were identified within the C. acutatum species complex (C. nymphaeae [n = 5], C. fioriniae [n = 1], and C. simmondsii [n = 1]), and three other species were identified within the C. gloeosporioides species complex (C. theobromicola [n = 11], C. siamense [n = 6], and C. gloeosporioides [n = 2]). Inoculations of pomegranate fruit showed that isolates from the C. acutatum species complex were more aggressive than isolates from the C. gloeosporioides species complex. Interestingly, opposite results were observed when leaves of rooted pomegranate cuttings were inoculated. In addition, Colletotrichum isolates from pomegranate, strawberry, blueberry, mango, and citrus were cross-pathogenic when inoculated to fruit. This is the first study identifying six different species of Colletotrichum causing pomegranate leaf blight and fruit anthracnose in the southeastern United States and the potential cross-pathogenic capability of pomegranate isolates to other commercially important crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katia V Xavier
- University of Florida, Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, Wimauma, FL
| | - Achala N Kc
- University of Florida, Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, Wimauma, FL
- Oregon State University, Southern Oregon Research and Extension Center, Central Point, OR
| | - Natalia A Peres
- University of Florida, Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, Wimauma, FL
| | - Zhanao Deng
- University of Florida, Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, Wimauma, FL
| | - William Castle
- University of Florida, Citrus Research and Education Center, Lake Alfred, FL
| | - William Lovett
- University of Georgia, UGA Extension, Bacon County, Alma, GA 31510
| | - Gary E Vallad
- University of Florida, Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, Wimauma, FL
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28
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Hassan O, Lee YS, Chang T. Colletotrichum Species Associated with Japanese Plum (Prunus salicina) Anthracnose in South Korea. Sci Rep 2019; 9:12089. [PMID: 31427596 PMCID: PMC6700192 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48108-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A total of 24 Colletotrichum isolates were isolated from diseased Japanese plum (Prunus salicina) fruits showing chlorotic regions with whitish-brown sunken necrotic lesions and phylogenetic relationships among the collected Colletotrichum isolates were determined. A subset of 11 isolates was chosen for further taxonomic study based on morphology and molecular characteristics identified using the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and beta-tubulin (TUB2) genes. Isolates in the C. acutatum complex were analyzed using partial sequencing of five gene regions (ITS, GAPDH, ACT, TUB2, and CHS), and C. gloeosporioides sensu lato (s.l.) isolates were analyzed using seven gene regions (ITS, TUB2, GAPDH, ACT, CAL, CHS-1, and ApMat). Morphological assessments in combination with phylogenetic analysis delineated four species of Colletotrichum including C. gloeosporioides sensu stricto (s.s.), C. nymphaeae, C. foriniae, and C. siamense; these data identify Colletotrichum fioriniae and C. siamense two new species associated with plum anthracnose in South Korea. Finally, the pathogenicity of these four species in the development of plum anthracnose in South Korea was confirmed by inoculations of plum fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliul Hassan
- Department of Ecology & Environmental System, College of Ecology & Environmental Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Sangju, Gyeongbuk, 37224, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Se Lee
- Division of Life and Environmental Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Daegu University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk, 38453, Republic of Korea
| | - Taehyun Chang
- Department of Ecology & Environmental System, College of Ecology & Environmental Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Sangju, Gyeongbuk, 37224, Republic of Korea.
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29
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Meng Y, Gleason ML, Zhang R, Sun G. Genome Sequence Resource of the Wide-Host-Range Anthracnose Pathogen Colletotrichum siamense. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2019; 32:931-934. [PMID: 30893002 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-01-19-0010-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Colletotrichum siamense causes fruit or foliar disease called anthracnose on a variety of plant hosts such as vegetables, fruits, ornamental plants, and others, including chili pepper, apple, American cranberry, mango, orange, papaya, guava, rubber plant, jasmine, coffee berry, and tea plants. Here, we report the first Illumina-sequenced draft genome assembly of C. siamense strain ICMP 18578 and its annotation. This genome sequence provides a unique resource that will be useful for future research on the evolution of Colletotrichum spp. and improvement of anthracnose management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Meng
- 1State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, China
| | - Mark L Gleason
- 2Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, U.S.A
| | - Rong Zhang
- 1State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, China
| | - Guangyu Sun
- 1State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, China
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30
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Damm U, Sato T, Alizadeh A, Groenewald J, Crous P. The Colletotrichum dracaenophilum, C. magnum and C. orchidearum species complexes. Stud Mycol 2019; 92:1-46. [PMID: 29997400 PMCID: PMC6030544 DOI: 10.1016/j.simyco.2018.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Although Glomerella glycines, Colletotrichum magnum and C. orchidearum are known as causal agents of anthracnose of soybean, Cucurbitaceae and Orchidaceae, respectively, their taxonomy remains unresolved. In preliminary analyses based on ITS, strains of these species appear basal in Colletotrichum phylogenies, clustering close to C. cliviae, C. brevisporum and other recently described species from tropical or subtropical regions. Phylogenetic analyses (ITS, GAPDH, CHS-1, HIS3, ACT, TUB2) of 102 strains previously identified as Ga. glycines, C. magnum and C. orchidearum as well as other related strains from different culture collections and studies placed these taxa in three species complexes, and distinguished at least 24 species, including 11 new species. In this study, C. magnum, C. orchidearum and C. piperis were epitypified and their taxonomy resolved, while C. cliviicola was proposed as a new name for C. cliviae. Furthermore, a sexual morph was observed for C. yunnanense, while C. brevisporum, C. cliviicola and C. tropicicola were reported from new hosts or countries. Regarding their conidial morphology, species in the C. dracaenophilum, C. magnum and C. orchidearum species complexes are reminiscent of C. gloeosporioides or C. boninense s. lat., and were likely to be confused with them in the past.
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Affiliation(s)
- U. Damm
- Senckenberg Museum of Natural History Görlitz, PF 300 154, 02806 Görlitz, Germany
| | - T. Sato
- Genetic Resources Center, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8602, Japan
| | - A. Alizadeh
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, Iran
| | - J.Z. Groenewald
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - P.W. Crous
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Wageningen University and Research Centre (WUR), Laboratory of Phytopathology, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
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31
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Cao X, Xu X, Che H, West JS, Luo D. Three Colletotrichum Species, Including a New Species, are Associated to Leaf Anthracnose of Rubber Tree in Hainan, China. PLANT DISEASE 2019; 103:117-124. [PMID: 30398958 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-02-18-0374-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and C. acutatum have been reported to be causal agents of anthracnose disease of rubber tree. Recent investigations have shown that both C. gloeosporioides and C. acutatum are species complexes. The identities of Colletotrichum species causing anthracnose disease of rubber tree in Hainan, China, are unknown. In this study, 106 isolates obtained from rubber tree with symptoms of anthracnose were collected from 12 counties of Hainan and identified at the species complex level based on the ITS sequences and colony morphologies. Seventy-four isolates were identified as C. gloeosporioides species complex and the other 32 isolates as C. acutatum species complex. Forty-two isolates were selected for further multilocus phylogenetic analyses in order to identify the isolates to the species level. Twenty-six isolates from the C. gloeosporioides species complex were characterized for partial sequences of seven gene regions (ACT, TUB2, CHS-1, GAPDH, ITS, ApMat, and GS), and the other 16 isolates from the C. acutatum species complex for five gene regions (ACT, TUB2, CHS-1, GAPDH, and ITS). Three species were identified: C. siamense and C. fructicola from the C. gloeosporioides species complex, and a new species C. wanningense from the C. acutatum species complex. Artificial inoculation of rubber tree leaves confirmed the pathogenicity of the three species. The present study improves the understanding of species causing anthracnose on rubber tree and provides useful information for the effective control of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueren Cao
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Xiangming Xu
- NIAB EMR, New Road, East Malling, Kent ME19 6BJ, UK
| | - Haiyan Che
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
| | | | - Daquan Luo
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
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32
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Lu Q, Wang Y, Li N, Ni D, Yang Y, Wang X. Differences in the Characteristics and Pathogenicity of Colletotrichum camelliae and C. fructicola Isolated From the Tea Plant [ Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze]. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:3060. [PMID: 30619146 PMCID: PMC6297754 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.03060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Colletotrichum, the causative agent of anthracnose, is an important pathogen that invades the tea plant (Camellia sinensis). In this study, 38 isolates were obtained from the diseased leaves of tea plants collected in different areas of Zhejiang Province, China. A combination of multigene (ITS, ACT, GAPDH, TUB2, CAL, and GS) and morphology analyses showed that the 38 strains belonged to two different species, namely, C. camelliae (CC), and C. fructicola (CF). Pathogenicity tests revealed that CC was more invasive than CF. In vitro inoculation experiments demonstrated that CC formed acervuli at 72 hpi and developed appressoria on wound edges, but CF did not develop these structures. Under treatment with catechins and caffeine, the growth inhibition rates of CF were remarkably higher than those of CC, indicating that the nonpathogenic species CF was more vulnerable to catechins and caffeine. Growth condition testing indicated that CF grew at a wide temperature range of 15-35°C and that the optimum temperature for CC growth was 25°C. Growth of both CC and CF did not differ between acidic and weakly alkaline environments (pH 5-8), but the growth of CC was significantly reduced at pH values of 9 and 10. Furthermore, the PacC/RIM101 gene, which associated with pathogenicity, was identified from CC and CF genomes, and its expression was suppressed in the hyphae of both species under pH value of 5 and 10, and much lower expression level was detected in CC than that in CF at pH 6. These results indicated that temperature has more important effect than pH for the growth of two Colletotrichum species. In conclusion, the inhibition by secondary metabolite is an important reason why the pathogenicity by CC and CF are different to tea plant, although the environmental factors including pH and temperature effect the growth of two Colletotrichum species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinhua Lu
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- College of Horticulture and Forestry, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuchun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Nana Li
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dejiang Ni
- College of Horticulture and Forestry, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yajun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xinchao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
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33
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Veloso JS, Câmara MPS, Lima WG, Michereff SJ, Doyle VP. Why species delimitation matters for fungal ecology: Colletotrichum diversity on wild and cultivated cashew in Brazil. Fungal Biol 2018; 122:677-691. [PMID: 29880203 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2018.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Revised: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Anthracnose is one of the most important plant diseases globally, occurring on a wide range of cultivated and wild host species. This study aimed to identify the Colletotrichum species associated with cashew anthracnose in Brazil, determine their phylogenetic relationships and geographical distribution, and provide some insight into the factors that may be influencing community composition. Colletotrichum isolates collected from symptomatic leaves, stems, inflorescences, and fruit of cultivated and wild cashew, across four Brazilian biomes, were identified as Colletotrichum chrysophilum, Colletotrichum fragariae, Colletotrichum fructicola, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides sensu stricto, Colletotrichum queenslandicum, Colletotrichum siamense and Colletotrichum tropicale. Colletotrichum siamense was the most dominant species. The greatest species richness was associated with cultivated cashew; leaves harbored more species than the other organs; the Atlantic Forest encompassed more species than the other biomes; and Pernambuco was the most species-rich location. However, accounting for the relative abundance of Colletotrichum species and differences in sample size across strata, the interpretation of which community is most diverse depends on how species are delimited. The present study provides valuable information about the Colletotrichum/cashew pathosystem, sheds light on the causal agents identification,and highlights the impact that species delimitation can have on ecological studies of fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josiene S Veloso
- Departamento de Agronomia, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, 52171-900, Pernambuco, Brazil.
| | - Marcos P S Câmara
- Departamento de Agronomia, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, 52171-900, Pernambuco, Brazil.
| | - Waléria G Lima
- Departamento de Agronomia, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, 52171-900, Pernambuco, Brazil.
| | - Sami J Michereff
- Departamento de Agronomia, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, 52171-900, Pernambuco, Brazil.
| | - Vinson P Doyle
- Department of Plant Pathology and Crop Physiology, Louisiana State University AgCenter, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA.
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Vieira WAS, Lima WG, Nascimento ES, Michereff SJ, Câmara MPS, Doyle VP. The impact of phenotypic and molecular data on the inference of Colletotrichum diversity associated with Musa. Mycologia 2018; 109:912-934. [PMID: 29494311 DOI: 10.1080/00275514.2017.1418577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Developing a comprehensive and reliable taxonomy for the Colletotrichum gloeosporioides species complex will require adopting data standards on the basis of an understanding of how methodological choices impact morphological evaluations and phylogenetic inference. We explored the impact of methodological choices in a morphological and molecular evaluation of Colletotrichum species associated with banana in Brazil. The choice of alignment filtering algorithm has a significant impact on topological inference and the retention of phylogenetically informative sites. Similarly, the choice of phylogenetic marker affects the delimitation of species boundaries, particularly if low phylogenetic signal is confounded with strong discordance, and inference of the species tree from multiple-gene trees. According to both phylogenetic informativeness profiling and Bayesian concordance analyses, the most informative loci are DNA lyase (APN2), intergenic spacer (IGS) between DNA lyase and the mating-type locus MAT1-2-1 (APN2/MAT-IGS), calmodulin (CAL), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), glutamine synthetase (GS), β-tubulin (TUB2), and a new marker, the intergenic spacer between GAPDH and an hypothetical protein (GAP2-IGS). Cornmeal agar minimizes the variance in conidial dimensions compared with potato dextrose agar and synthetic nutrient-poor agar, such that species are more readily distinguishable based on phenotypic differences. We apply these insights to investigate the diversity of Colletotrichum species associated with banana anthracnose in Brazil and report C. musae, C. tropicale, C. theobromicola, and C. siamense in association with banana anthracnose. One lineage did not cluster with any previously described species and is described here as C. chrysophilum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willie A S Vieira
- a Departamento de Agronomia , Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco , Recife , Pernambuco , Brazil
| | - Waléria G Lima
- a Departamento de Agronomia , Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco , Recife , Pernambuco , Brazil
| | - Eduardo S Nascimento
- a Departamento de Agronomia , Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco , Recife , Pernambuco , Brazil
| | - Sami J Michereff
- a Departamento de Agronomia , Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco , Recife , Pernambuco , Brazil
| | - Marcos P S Câmara
- a Departamento de Agronomia , Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco , Recife , Pernambuco , Brazil
| | - Vinson P Doyle
- b Department of Plant Pathology and Crop Physiology , Louisiana State University AgCenter, Louisiana State University , Baton Rouge , Louisiana 70803
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Sharma G, Maymon M, Freeman S. Epidemiology, pathology and identification of Colletotrichum including a novel species associated with avocado (Persea americana) anthracnose in Israel. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15839. [PMID: 29158592 PMCID: PMC5696532 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15946-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthracnose disease caused by Colletotrichum species is a major constraint for the shelf-life and marketability of avocado fruits. To date, only C. gloeosporioides sensu lato and C. aenigma have been reported as pathogens affecting avocado in Israel. This study was conducted to identify and characterize Colletotrichum species associated with avocado anthracnose and to determine their survival on different host-structures in Israel. The pathogen survived and over-wintered mainly on fresh and dry leaves, as well as fresh twigs in the orchard. A collection of 538 Colletotrichum isolates used in this study was initially characterized based on morphology and banding patterns generated according to arbitrarily primed PCR to assess the genetic diversity of the fungal populations. Thereafter, based on multi-locus phylogenetic analyses involving combinations of ITS, act, ApMat, cal, chs1, gapdh, gs, his3, tub2 gene/markers; eight previously described species (C. aenigma, C. alienum, C. fructicola, C. gloeosporioides sensu stricto, C. karstii, C. nupharicola, C. siamense, C. theobromicola) and a novel species (C. perseae) were identified, as avocado anthracnose pathogens in Israel; and reconfirmed after pathogenicity assays. Colletotrichum perseae sp. nov. and teleomorph of C. aenigma are described along with comprehensive morphological descriptions and illustrations, for the first time in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunjan Sharma
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, 7505101, Israel
| | - Marcel Maymon
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, 7505101, Israel
| | - Stanley Freeman
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, 7505101, Israel.
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Douanla-Meli C, Unger JG, Langer E. Multi-approach analysis of the diversity in Colletotrichum cliviae sensu lato. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2017; 111:423-435. [PMID: 29094246 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-017-0965-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Colletotrichum cliviae is a fungal species reported both as pathogen and endophyte with broad geographical distribution. Some purported isolates of this species have been assigned to different taxa, including Colletotrichum aracearum, Colletotrichum orchidearum and Colletotrichum. sichuanensis, for which a preliminary analysis of extensive multilocus (ACT, GAPDH, ITS, TUB2) data in this study revealed high sequence similarity with C. cliviae. We further reassessed the species delineation by using the coalescent method of the generalized mixed Yule-coalescent (GMYC) and Poisson Tree Processes (PTP). Single and multilocus gene trees strongly supported a C. cliviae s. lat. clade including the four species. This clade unfolded eight subclades grouped into three distinct lineages, but no monophyly of any of the four species. GMYC and PTP analyses confidently supported the evolutionary independence of these lineages. C. sichuanensis and C. cliviae, except one isolate, formed the largest lineage. The second lineage was made up of isolates named C. aracearum and some of C. orchidearum sharing the haplotype and the third lineage accommodated two isolates named C. cliviae and C. orchidearum. This finding suggests the synonymization of C. sichuanensis with C. cliviae whereas the taxonomic status of C. aracearum and C. orchidearum still needs clarification. This study lays great stress upon the use of comprehensive data for sequence-based characterisation of species in the C. cliviae s. lat. It also presents the first report of C. cliviae in tropical Africa and on citrus host.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Douanla-Meli
- Julius Kühn-Institut, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for National and International Plant Health, Messeweg 11-12, 38104, Brunswick, Germany.
| | - J-G Unger
- Julius Kühn-Institut, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for National and International Plant Health, Messeweg 11-12, 38104, Brunswick, Germany
| | - E Langer
- Universität Kassel, Fachgebiet Ökologie, Heinrich-Plett-Str. 40, 34132, Kassel, Germany
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Douanla-Meli C, Unger JG. Phylogenetic study of the Colletotrichum species on imported citrus fruits uncovers a low diversity and a new species in the Colletotrichum gigasporum complex. Fungal Biol 2017; 121:858-868. [PMID: 28889910 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2017.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Revised: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Colletotrichum species associated with citrus fruits are fragmentarily known and it lacks accordingly accurate information on the diversity carried alongside the trade of these commodities from producer countries to Europe. In this study, we investigated the molecular phylogenetic diversity, colonisation, and prevalence of Colletotrichum isolated from asymptomatic and diseased tissues of nine citrus fruit species from 17 geographically diverse countries. Totally 454 isolates were morphoculturally characterised, and multilocus analyses (ACT, ApMat, CHS-1, GAPDH, ITS, TUB2) was performed on a subset of representative morphotype isolates. Results led to the identification of three previously known species (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Colletotrichum karstii, Colletotrichum siamense) and one novel lineage comprising endophytic isolates from Citrus maxima. Based on this lineage, Colletotrichum citri-maximae is described as a new species in the Colletotrichum gigasporum complex, and is characterised by a long deletion in the GAPDH sequence, a character shared with three of its phylogenetic sister taxa. Prevalence of Colletotrichum varied among citrus species and was greatest on Citrus sinensis fruits. C. gloeosporioides was the most common species followed by C. siamense. Except for the new species, all other isolated Colletotrichum spp. also colonise citrus leaves, but the overall diversity on fruits may be lower than that of leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clovis Douanla-Meli
- Julius Kühn-Institut, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for National and International Plant Health, Messeweg 11-12, D-38104 Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Jens-Georg Unger
- Julius Kühn-Institut, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for National and International Plant Health, Messeweg 11-12, D-38104 Braunschweig, Germany
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Marin-Felix Y, Groenewald J, Cai L, Chen Q, Marincowitz S, Barnes I, Bensch K, Braun U, Camporesi E, Damm U, de Beer Z, Dissanayake A, Edwards J, Giraldo A, Hernández-Restrepo M, Hyde K, Jayawardena R, Lombard L, Luangsa-ard J, McTaggart A, Rossman A, Sandoval-Denis M, Shen M, Shivas R, Tan Y, van der Linde E, Wingfield M, Wood A, Zhang J, Zhang Y, Crous P. Genera of phytopathogenic fungi: GOPHY 1. Stud Mycol 2017; 86:99-216. [PMID: 28663602 PMCID: PMC5486355 DOI: 10.1016/j.simyco.2017.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Genera of Phytopathogenic Fungi (GOPHY) is introduced as a new series of publications in order to provide a stable platform for the taxonomy of phytopathogenic fungi. This first paper focuses on 21 genera of phytopathogenic fungi: Bipolaris, Boeremia, Calonectria, Ceratocystis, Cladosporium, Colletotrichum, Coniella, Curvularia, Monilinia, Neofabraea, Neofusicoccum, Pilidium, Pleiochaeta, Plenodomus, Protostegia, Pseudopyricularia, Puccinia, Saccharata, Thyrostroma, Venturia and Wilsonomyces. For each genus, a morphological description and information about its pathology, distribution, hosts and disease symptoms are provided. In addition, this information is linked to primary and secondary DNA barcodes of the presently accepted species, and relevant literature. Moreover, several novelties are introduced, i.e. new genera, species and combinations, and neo-, lecto- and epitypes designated to provide a stable taxonomy. This first paper includes one new genus, 26 new species, ten new combinations, and four typifications of older names.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y. Marin-Felix
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - J.Z. Groenewald
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - L. Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China
| | - Q. Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China
| | - S. Marincowitz
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - I. Barnes
- Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - K. Bensch
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Botanische Staatssammlung München, Menzinger Straße 67, D-80638 München, Germany
| | - U. Braun
- Martin-Luther-Universität, Institut für Biologie, Bereich Geobotanik und Botanischer Garten, Herbarium, Neuwerk 21, D-06099 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - E. Camporesi
- A.M.B. Gruppo Micologico Forlivese “Antonio Cicognani”, Via Roma 18, Forlì, Italy
- A.M.B. Circolo Micologico “Giovanni Carini”, C.P. 314, Brescia, Italy
- Società per gli Studi Naturalistici della Romagna, C.P. 144, Bagnacavallo (RA), Italy
| | - U. Damm
- Senckenberg Museum of Natural History Görlitz, PF 300 154, 02806 Görlitz, Germany
| | - Z.W. de Beer
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - A. Dissanayake
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
- Institute of Plant and Environment Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, PR China
| | - J. Edwards
- AgriBio Centre for AgriBiosciences, Department of Economic Development, Jobs, Transport and Resources, 5 Ring Road, LaTrobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia
| | - A. Giraldo
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - M. Hernández-Restrepo
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - K.D. Hyde
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
| | - R.S. Jayawardena
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
- Institute of Plant and Environment Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, PR China
| | - L. Lombard
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - J. Luangsa-ard
- Microbe Interaction and Ecology Laboratory, Biodiversity and Biotechnological Resource Research Unit (BBR), BIOTEC, NSTDA 113 Thailand Science Park Phahonyothin Rd., Khlong Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - A.R. McTaggart
- Department of Plant and Soil Science, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - A.Y. Rossman
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - M. Sandoval-Denis
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, Department of Plant Sciences, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa
| | - M. Shen
- Institute of Microbiology, P.O. Box 61, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - R.G. Shivas
- Centre for Crop Health, Institute for Agriculture and the Environment, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba 4350, Queensland, Australia
| | - Y.P. Tan
- Department of Agriculture & Fisheries, Biosecurity Queensland, Ecosciences Precinct, Dutton Park, Queensland 4102, Australia
- Microbiology, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - E.J. van der Linde
- ARC – Plant Protection Research Institute, Biosystematics Division – Mycology, P. Bag X134, Queenswood 0121, South Africa
| | - M.J. Wingfield
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - A.R. Wood
- ARC – Plant Protection Research Institute, P. Bag X5017, Stellenbosch 7599, South Africa
| | - J.Q. Zhang
- Institute of Microbiology, P.O. Box 61, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Y. Zhang
- Institute of Microbiology, P.O. Box 61, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - P.W. Crous
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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Liang X, Tian X, Liu W, Wei T, Wang W, Dong Q, Wang B, Meng Y, Zhang R, Gleason ML, Sun G. Comparative analysis of the mitochondrial genomes of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides sensu lato: insights into the evolution of a fungal species complex interacting with diverse plants. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:171. [PMID: 28201983 PMCID: PMC5311727 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-3480-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The fungal species complex Colletotrichum gloeosporioides sensu lato contains over 20 plant-interacting species. These species exhibit different life styles (e.g., endophytes, foliar and fruit pathogens) and show considerable variation in host and tissue adaptation strategies. Accurate species delimitation in C. gloeosporioides s.l. is very challenging due to nascent lineage boundaries and phenotypic plasticity, which strongly impedes studies of the complex's host-interaction biology. In this study, we first sequenced and compared nine mitogenomes belonging to four C. gloeosporioides s.l. species lineages (C. gloeosporioides, C. fructicola, C. aenigma, and C. siamense s.l.), and evaluated the usefulness of mitogenome sequence in complementing prevailing nuclear markers for species delimitation. RESULTS The C. gloeosporioides s.l. mitogenomes ranged between 52,671 and 58,666 bp in size, and each contained an identical set of genes transcribed in the same direction. Compared with previously reported Colletotrichum mitogenomes, these mitogenomes were uniquely featured by: (1) significantly larger genome size due to richer intron content and longer intergenic region; (2) striking GC content elevation at the intergenic region; and (3) considerable intron content variation among different species lineages. Compared with nuclear DNA markers commonly used in phylogeny, the mitogenome nucleotide diversity was extremely low, yet the mitogenome alignment contained the highest number of parsimony informative sites, which allowed the generation of a high-resolution phylogeny recognizing all taxonomic lineages, including ones belonging to the very nascent C. siamense s.l. complex. The tree topology was highly congruent with the phylogeny based on nuclear marker concatenation except for lineages within C. siamense s.l. Further comparative phylogenetic analysis indicated that lineage-specific rapid divergence of GS and SOD2 markers confounded concatenation-based species relationship inference. CONCLUSIONS This study sheds light on the evolution of C. gloeosporioides s.l. mitogenomes and demonstrates that mitogenome sequence can complement prevailing nuclear markers in improving species delimitation accuracy. The mitogenome sequences reported will be valuable resources for further genetic studies with C. gloeosporioides s.l. and other Colletotrichum species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100 China
| | - Xianglin Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100 China
| | - Wenkui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100 China
| | - Tingyu Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100 China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100 China
| | - Qiuyue Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100 China
| | - Bo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100 China
| | - Yanan Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100 China
| | - Rong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100 China
| | - Mark L. Gleason
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011 USA
| | - Guangyu Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100 China
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Rogério F, Ciampi-Guillardi M, Barbieri MCG, Bragança CAD, Seixas CDS, Almeida AMR, Massola NS. Phylogeny and variability of Colletotrichum truncatum associated with soybean anthracnose in Brazil. J Appl Microbiol 2017; 122:402-415. [PMID: 27859958 DOI: 10.1111/jam.13346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Fungal diseases are among the main factors limiting high yields of soybean crop. Colletotrichum isolates from soybean plants with anthracnose symptoms were studied from different regions and time periods in Brazil using molecular, morphological and pathogenic analyses. METHODS AND RESULTS Bayesian phylogenetic inference of GAPDH, HIS3 and ITS-5.8S rDNA sequences, the morphologies of colony and conidia, and inoculation tests on seeds and seedlings were performed. All isolates clustered only with Colletotrichum truncatum species in three well-separated clusters. Intraspecific genetic diversity revealed 27 distinct haplotypes in 51 fungal isolates; some of which were identical to C. truncatum sequences from other regions around the world, while others were related to alternative hosts. Conidia were falcate, hyaline, unicellular and aseptate, formed in acervuli, with variable dimensions. Despite being pathogenic to seedlings by both inoculation methods, variation was observed in the aggressiveness of the tested isolates, which was not correlated with genetic variation. CONCLUSION The identification of C. truncatum in the sampled isolates was evidenced as being the only causal agent of soybean anthracnose in Brazil until 2007, with relevant genetic, morphological and pathogenic variability as well as a broad geographical origin. The wide distribution of the predominant C. truncatum haplotype indicated the existence of a highly efficient mechanism of pathogen dispersal over long distances, reinforcing the role of seeds as the primary source of disease inoculum. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The characterization and distribution of Colletotrichum species in soybean-producing regions in Brazil is fundamental for understanding the disease epidemiology and for ensuring effective control strategies against anthracnose.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Rogério
- Departamento de Fitopatologia e Nematologia (ESALQ/USP), Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - M Ciampi-Guillardi
- Departamento de Fitopatologia e Nematologia (ESALQ/USP), Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - M C G Barbieri
- Departamento de Fitopatologia e Nematologia (ESALQ/USP), Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - C A D Bragança
- Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia (UFRB), Cruz das Almas, Bahia, Brazil
| | | | | | - N S Massola
- Departamento de Fitopatologia e Nematologia (ESALQ/USP), Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
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Wang YC, Hao XY, Wang L, Bin Xiao, Wang XC, Yang YJ. Diverse Colletotrichum species cause anthracnose of tea plants (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze) in China. Sci Rep 2016; 6:35287. [PMID: 27782129 PMCID: PMC5080629 DOI: 10.1038/srep35287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum is one of the most severe diseases that can afflict Camellia sinensis. However, research on the diversity and geographical distribution of Colletotrichum in China remain limited. In this study, 106 Colletotrichum isolates were collected from diseased leaves of Ca. sinensis cultivated in the 15 main tea production provinces in China. Multi-locus phylogenetic analysis coupled with morphological identification showed that the collected isolates belonged to 11 species, including 6 known species (C. camelliae, C. cliviae, C. fioriniae, C. fructicola, C. karstii, and C. siamense), 3 new record species (C. aenigma, C. endophytica, and C. truncatum), 1 novel species (C. wuxiense), and 1 indistinguishable strain, herein described as Colletotrichum sp. Of these species, C. camelliae and C. fructicola were the dominant species causing anthracnose in Ca. sinensis. In addition, our study provided further evidence that phylogenetic analysis using a combination of ApMat and GS sequences can be used to effectively resolve the taxonomic relationships within the C. gloeosporioides species complex. Finally, pathogenicity tests suggested that C. camelliae, C. aenigma, and C. endophytica are more invasive than other species after the inoculation of the leaves of Ca. sinensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chun Wang
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/National Center for Tea Improvement/Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou 310008, People’s Republic of China
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xin-Yuan Hao
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/National Center for Tea Improvement/Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou 310008, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lu Wang
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/National Center for Tea Improvement/Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou 310008, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bin Xiao
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xin-Chao Wang
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/National Center for Tea Improvement/Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou 310008, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ya-Jun Yang
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/National Center for Tea Improvement/Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou 310008, People’s Republic of China
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China
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Niu X, Gao H, Qi J, Chen M, Tao A, Xu J, Dai Z, Su J. Colletotrichum species associated with jute (Corchorus capsularis L.) anthracnose in southeastern China. Sci Rep 2016; 6:25179. [PMID: 27121760 PMCID: PMC4848545 DOI: 10.1038/srep25179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Anthracnose, caused by the Colletotrichum species of fungi, is one of the most serious diseases affecting jute in China. The disease causes chlorotic regions with black brown sunken necrotic pits on the surfaces of stems. In late stages of disease, plants undergo defoliation, dieback and blight, which make anthracnose a major threat to jute fiber production and quality in China. In this study, 7 strains of Colletotrichum fungi were isolated from diseased jute stems from Zhejiang, Fujian, Guangxi, and Henan plantations in China. Multi-locus sequence (ACT, TUB2, CAL, GS, GAPDH and ITS) analysis coupled with morphological assessment revealed that C. fructicola, C. siamense and C. corchorum-capsularis sp. nov. were associated with jute anthracnose in southeastern China. C. fructicola and C. siamense were previously not associated with jute anthracnose. C. corchorum-capsularis is a new species formally described here. Pathogenicity tests confirmed that all species can infect jute, causing anthracnose, however the virulence of the 3 species differed. This report is the first associating these three species with jute disease worldwide and is the first description of the pathogens responsible for jute anthracnose in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoping Niu
- Key Laboratory for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, PR China
| | - Hong Gao
- Key Laboratory for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, PR China
| | - Jianmin Qi
- Key Laboratory for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, PR China
| | - Miancai Chen
- Key Laboratory for Control of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Environment &Plant Protection, Hainan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571100, China
| | - Aifen Tao
- Key Laboratory for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, PR China
| | - Jiantang Xu
- Key Laboratory for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, PR China
| | - Zhigang Dai
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410205, China
| | - Jianguang Su
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410205, China
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Liu F, Wang M, Damm U, Crous PW, Cai L. Species boundaries in plant pathogenic fungi: a Colletotrichum case study. BMC Evol Biol 2016; 16:81. [PMID: 27080690 PMCID: PMC4832473 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-016-0649-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accurate delimitation of plant pathogenic fungi is critical for the establishment of quarantine regulations, screening for genetic resistance to plant pathogens, and the study of ecosystem function. Concatenation analysis of multi-locus DNA sequence data represents a powerful and commonly used approach to recognizing evolutionary independent lineages in fungi. It is however possible to mask the discordance between individual gene trees, thus the speciation events might be erroneously estimated if one simply recognizes well supported clades as distinct species without implementing a careful examination of species boundary. To investigate this phenomenon, we studied Colletotrichum siamense s. lat., which is a cosmopolitan pathogen causing serious diseases on many economically important plant hosts. Presently there are significant disagreements among mycologists as to what constitutes a species in C. siamense s. lat., with the number of accepted species ranging from one to seven. RESULTS In this study, multiple approaches were used to test the null hypothesis "C. siamense is a species complex", using a global strain collection. Results of molecular analyses based on the Genealogical Concordance Phylogenetic Species Recognition (GCPSR) and coalescent methods (e.g. Generalized Mixed Yule-coalescent and Poisson Tree Processes) do not support the recognition of any independent evolutionary lineages within C. siamense s. lat. as distinct species, thus rejecting the null hypothesis. This conclusion is reinforced by the recognition of genetic recombination, cross fertility, and the comparison of ecological and morphological characters. Our results indicate that reproductive isolation, geographic and host plant barriers to gene flow are absent in C. siamense s. lat. CONCLUSIONS This discovery emphasized the importance of a polyphasic approach when describing novel species in morphologically conserved genera of plant pathogenic fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Liu
- />State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 China
- />Microbiology, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mei Wang
- />State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 China
| | - Ulrike Damm
- />Senckenberg Museum of Natural History Görlitz, PF 300 154, 02806 Görlitz, Germany
| | - Pedro W. Crous
- />Microbiology, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
- />CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
- />Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002 South Africa
| | - Lei Cai
- />State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 China
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