LINC00943 knockdown exerts neuroprotective effects in Parkinson's disease through regulates CXCL12 expression by sponging miR-7-5p

Chemokines in neurodegenerative diseases

Neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation disorders are mainly the result of the deposition of various proteins, such as α-synuclein, amyloid-β and prions, which lead to the initiation and activation of inflammatory responses. Different chemokines are involved in the infiltration and movement of inflammatory leukocytes into the central nervous system (CNS) that express chemokine receptors. Dysregulation of several members of chemokines has been shown in the CNS, cerebrospinal fluid and peripheral blood of patients who have neurodegenerative disorders. Upon infiltration of various cells, they produce many inflammatory mediators such as cytokines. Besides them, some CNS-resident cells, such as neurons and astrocytes, are also involved in the pathogenesis of neurodegeneration by producing chemokines. In this review, we summarize the role of chemokines and their related receptors in the pathogenesis of neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation disorders, including multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease. Therapeutic strategies targeting chemokines or their related receptors are also discussed in this article.

Parkinson's Disease and MicroRNAs: A Duel Between Inhibition and Stimulation of Apoptosis in Neuronal Cells

Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the most prevalent diseases of central nervous system that is caused by degeneration of the substantia nigra's dopamine-producing neurons through apoptosis. Apoptosis is regulated by initiators' and executioners' caspases both in intrinsic and extrinsic pathways, further resulting in neuronal damage. In that context, targeting apoptosis appears as a promising therapeutic approach for treating neurodegenerative diseases. Non-coding RNAs-more especially, microRNAs, or miRNAs-are a promising target for the therapy of neurodegenerative diseases because they are essential for a number of cellular processes, including signaling, apoptosis, cell proliferation, and gene regulation. It is estimated that a substantial portion of coding genes (more than 60%) are regulated by miRNAs. These small regulatory molecules can have wide-reaching consequences on cellular processes like apoptosis, both in terms of intrinsic and extrinsic pathways. Furthermore, it was recommended that a disruption in miRNA expression levels could also result in perturbation of typical apoptosis pathways, which may be a factor in certain diseases like PD. The latest research on miRNAs and their impact on neural cell injury in PD models by regulating the apoptosis pathway is summarized in this review article. Furthermore, the importance of lncRNA/circRNA-miRNA-mRNA network for regulating apoptosis pathways in PD models and treatment is explored. These results can be utilized for developing new strategies in PD treatment.

Study of LY9 as a potential biomarker for prognosis and prediction of immunotherapy efficacy in lung adenocarcinoma

Background

Lymphocyte antigen 9 (LY9) participates in the development of several tumors and diseases but has not been reported yet in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD).

Methods

First, we analyzed the expression and prognostic value of LY9 in pan-cancer, including LUAD. Additionally, we conducted a correlation analysis of LY9 expression in LUAD with immune cell infiltration using the TIMER database and the CIBERSORT algorithm, and with immune checkpoints using the GEPIA database. Also, we constructed a potential ceRNA network for LY9. Furthermore, we explored LY9-related pathways by Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA). Finally, validation of differential expression at the mRNA level was obtained from the GEO database. We collected LUAD tissues for Quantitative Real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) to verify the expression of LY9, CD8, and CD4 and calculated the correlation between them. We also conducted immunohistochemistry (IHC) to verify the protein expression of LY9.

Results

Results showed that LY9 was highly expressed in various tumors, including LUAD. Besides, patients with high LY9 expression presented longer overall survival (OS) and more multiple lymphocyte infiltrations. The expression of LY9 in LUAD strongly and positively correlates with multiple immune cell infiltration and immune checkpoints. The functional enrichment analysis indicated that LY9 was involved in multiple immune-related pathways and non-small cell lung cancer. Moreover, a ceRNA regulatory network of LINC00943-hsa-miR-141-3p-LY9 might be involved. Finally, GSE68465 dataset confirmed differential expression of LY9 mRNA levels in LUAD and the qRT-PCR results verified LY9 had a strong and positive correlation with CD4 and CD8 T cells. Unfortunately, IHC did not detect the expression of LY9 protein level in tumor tissues and WB experiments validated the protein expression of LY9 in the OCI-AML-2 cell line.

Conclusions

Therefore, we hypothesized that LY9 could serve as a potential, novel prognostic biomarker for LUAD and could predict immunotherapy efficacy at the mRNA level.

SP1-Driven FOXM1 Upregulation Induces Dopaminergic Neuron Injury in Parkinson's Disease

The aberrant expression of Forkhead box M1 (FOXM1) has been associated with the pathological processes of Parkinson's disease (PD), but the upstream and downstream regulators remain poorly understood. This study sought to examine the underlying mechanism of FOXM1 in dopaminergic neuron injury in PD. Bioinformatics analysis was conducted to pinpoint the differential expression of FOXM1, which was verified in the nigral tissues of rotenone-lesioned mice and dopaminergic neuron MN9D cells. Interactions among SP1, FOXM1, SNAI2, and CXCL12 were analyzed. To evaluate their effects on dopaminergic neuron injury, the lentiviral vector-mediated manipulation of FOXM1, SP1, and CXCL12 was introduced in rotenone-lesioned mice and MN9D cells. SP1, FOXM1, SNAI2, and CXCL12 abundant expression occurred in rotenone-lesioned mice and MN9D cells. Silencing of FOXM1 delayed the rotenone-induced dopaminergic neuron injury in vitro. Mechanistically, SP1 was an upstream transcription factor of FOXM1 and upregulated FOXM1 expression, leading to increased SNAI2 and CXCL12 expression. In vivo, data confirmed that SP1 promoted dopaminergic neuron injury by activating the FOXM1/SNAI2/CXCL12 axis. Our data indicate that SP1 silencing has neuroprotective effects on dopaminergic neurons, which is dependent upon the inactivated FOXM1/SNAI2/CXCL12 axis.

Non-Coding RNAs and Neurodegenerative Diseases: Information of their Roles in Apoptosis

Apoptosis can be known as a key factor in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders. In disease conditions, the rate of apoptosis expands and tissue damage may become apparent. Recently, the scientific studies of the non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) has provided new information of the molecular mechanisms that contribute to neurodegenerative disorders. Numerous reports have documented that ncRNAs have important contributions to several biological processes associated with the increase of neurodegenerative disorders. In addition, microRNAs (miRNAs), circular RNAs (circRNAs), as well as, long ncRNAs (lncRNAs) represent ncRNAs subtypes with the usual dysregulation in neurodegenerative disorders. Dysregulating ncRNAs has been associated with inhibiting or stimulating apoptosis in neurodegenerative disorders. Therefore, this review highlighted several ncRNAs linked to apoptosis in neurodegenerative disorders. CircRNAs, lncRNAs, and miRNAs were also illustrated completely regarding the respective signaling pathways of apoptosis.

Integrative analysis of plasma and substantia nigra in Parkinson's disease: unraveling biomarkers and insights from the lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA ceRNA network

Introduction

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a rapidly growing neurological disorder characterized by diverse movement symptoms. However, the underlying causes have not been clearly identified, and accurate diagnosis is challenging. This study aimed to identify potential biomarkers suitable for PD diagnosis and present an integrative perspective on the disease.

Methods

We screened the GSE7621, GSE8397-GPL96, GSE8397-GPL97, GSE20163, and GSE20164 datasets in the NCBI GEO database to identify differentially expressed (DE) mRNAs in the substantia nigra (SN). We also screened the GSE160299 dataset from the NCBI GEO database to identify DE lncRNAs and miRNAs in plasma. We then constructed 2 lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) regulatory networks based on the ceRNA hypothesis. To understand the biological function, we performed Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway and Gene Ontology analyses for each ceRNA network. The receiver operating characteristic analyses (ROC) was used to assess ceRNA results.

Results

We identified 7 upregulated and 29 downregulated mRNAs as common DE mRNAs in the 5 SN datasets. In the blood dataset, we identified 31 DE miRNAs (9 upregulated and 22 downregulated) and 332 DE lncRNAs (69 upregulated and 263 downregulated). Based on the determined interactions, 5 genes (P2RX7, HSPA1, SLCO4A1, RAD52, and SIRT4) appeared to be upregulated as a result of 10 lncRNAs sponging 4 miRNAs (miR-411, miR-1193, miR-301b, and miR-514a-2/3). Competing with 9 genes (ANK1, CBLN1, RGS4, SLC6A3, SYNGR3, VSNL1, DDC, KCNJ6, and SV2C) for miR-671, a total of 26 lncRNAs seemed to function as ceRNAs, influencing genes to be downregulated.

Discussion

In this study, we successfully constructed 2 novel ceRNA regulatory networks in patients with PD, including 36 lncRNAs, 5 miRNAs, and 14 mRNAs. Our results suggest that these plasma lncRNAs are involved in the pathogenesis of PD by sponging miRNAs and regulating gene expression in the SN of the brain. We propose that the upregulated and downregulated lncRNA-mediated ceRNA networks represent mechanisms of neuroinflammation and dopamine neurotransmission, respectively. Our ceRNA network, which was associated with PD, suggests the potential use of DE miRNAs and lncRNAs as body fluid diagnostic biomarkers. These findings provide an integrated view of the mechanisms underlying gene regulation and interactions in PD.

Regulatory Non-coding RNAs Involved in Oxidative Stress and Neuroinflammation: An Intriguing Crosstalk in Parkinson's Disease

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the accumulation of α-synuclein and the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. Although the molecular bases for PD development are not fully recognized, extensive evidence has suggested that the development of PD is strongly associated with neuroinflammation. It is noteworthy that while neuroinflammation might not be a primary factor in all patients with PD, it seems to be a driving force for disease progression, and therefore, exploring the role of pathways involved in neuroinflammation is of great importance. Besides, the importance of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), such as microRNAs (miRNAs), long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), and competing endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs), has been widely studied with a focus on the pathogenesis of PD. However, there is no comprehensive review regarding the role of neuroinflammation- related ncRNAs as prospective biomarkers and therapeutic targets involved in the pathogenesis of PD, even though the number of studies connecting ncRNAs to neuroinflammatory pathways and oxidative stress has markedly increased in the last few years. Hence, the present narrative review intended to describe the crosstalk between regulatory ncRNAs and neuroinflammatory targets with respect to PD to find and propose novel combining biomarkers or therapeutic targets in clinical settings.

MicroRNA-7: A New Intervention Target for Inflammation and Related Diseases

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small noncoding RNA that can regulate physiological and pathological processes through post-transcriptional regulatory gene expression. As an important member of the miRNAs family, microRNA-7 (miR-7) was first discovered in 2001 to play an important regulatory role in tissue and organ development. Studies have shown that miR-7 participates in various tissue and organ development processes, tumorigenesis, aging, and other processes by regulating different target molecules. Notably, a series of recent studies have determined that miR-7 plays a key regulatory role in the occurrence of inflammation and related diseases. In particular, miR-7 can affect the immune response of the body by influencing T cell activation, macrophage function, dendritic cell (DC) maturation, inflammatory body activation, and other mechanisms, which has important potential application value in the intervention of related diseases. This article reviews the current regulatory role of miR-7 in inflammation and related diseases, including viral infection, autoimmune hepatitis, inflammatory bowel disease, and encephalitis. It expounds on the molecular mechanism by which miR-7 regulates the occurrence of inflammatory diseases. Finally, the existing problems and future development directions of miR-7-based intervention on inflammation and related diseases are discussed to provide new references and help strengthen the understanding of the pathogenesis of inflammation and related diseases, as well as the development of new strategies for clinical intervention.

The Emerging Role of Autophagy-Associated lncRNAs in the Pathogenesis of Neurodegenerative Diseases

Neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) have become a significant global public health problem and a major societal burden. The World Health Organization predicts that NDDs will overtake cancer as the second most common cause of human mortality within 20 years. Thus, it is urgently important to identify pathogenic and diagnostic molecular markers related to neurodegenerative processes. Autophagy is a powerful process for removing aggregate-prone proteins in neurons; defects in autophagy are often associated with the pathogenesis of NDDs. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been suggested as key regulators in neurodevelopment; aberrant regulation of lncRNAs contributes to neurological disorders. In this review, we summarize the recent progress in the study of lncRNAs and autophagy in the context of neurodegenerative disorders, especially Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). The information presented here should provide guidance for future in-depth investigations of neurodegenerative processes and related diagnostic molecular markers and treatment targets.

LINC00943 regulates miR-1252-5p/YWHAH axis to promote tumor proliferation and metastasis in lung adenocarcinoma

Lung cancer is the most common malignant tumor worldwide. In recent years, the incidence of lung adenocarcinoma (LAD) has increased significantly, with an unfavorable 5-year survival rate. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been shown to play a significant role in the emergence, growth, and metastasis of tumors. However, the functional role and mechanism of LINC00943 in LAD progression have not yet been investigated. Aberrant expressions of LINC00943, miR-1252-5p, and YWHAH were determined by RT-qPCR and Western blot analyses. The binding relationship between miR-1252-5p and LINC00943 or YWHAH was examined by Pearson's correlation analysis, RNA pull-down, and dual-luciferase reporter assays. MTT assay was conducted to measure cell viability and colony formation assay was performed to evaluate cell proliferation potential. Transwell assay was used to investigate cell migration and invasion and flow cytometry was applied to evaluate cell apoptosis. We found that LINC00943 was highly expressed in LAD tissue samples and cell lines and was a reliable biomarker with high sensitivity, and specificity (P < 0.0001; AUC: 0.8966) for LAD detection. LINC00943 was mainly localized in the cytoplasm. In vitro, LINC00943 promoted LAD cell proliferation, migration, and invasion; however, silencing LINC00943 inhibited LAD tumor metastasis. Mechanistically, LINC00943 was competitively bound with miR-1252-5p to enhance YWHAH expression. Moreover, LINC00943 silencing sponged miR-1252-5p to inhibit YWHAH, thereby retraining LAD cell malignant behaviors. In summary, LINC00943 facilitates LAD cell malignancy through sponging miR-1252-5p to upregulate YWHAH. LINC00943 is a novel lncRNA that serves as an oncogene and might be used as a prognostic biomarker for LAD.

Competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) networks in Parkinson's disease: A systematic review

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a distinctive clinical syndrome with several causes and clinical manifestations. Aside from an infectious cause, PD is a rapidly developing neurological disorder with a global rise in frequency. Notably, improved knowledge of molecular pathways and the developing novel diagnostic methods may result in better therapy for PD patients. In this regard, the amount of research on ceRNA axes is rising, highlighting the importance of these axes in PD. CeRNAs are transcripts that cross-regulate one another via competition for shared microRNAs (miRNAs). These transcripts may be either coding RNAs (mRNAs) or non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs). This research used a systematic review to assess validated loops of ceRNA in PD. The Prisma guideline was used to conduct this systematic review, which entailed systematically examining the articles of seven databases. Out of 309 entries, forty articles met all criteria for inclusion and were summarized in the appropriate table. CeRNA axes have been described through one of the shared vital components of the axes, including lncRNAs such as NEAT1, SNHG family, HOTAIR, MALAT1, XIST, circRNAs, and lincRNAs. Understanding the multiple aspects of this regulatory structure may aid in elucidating the unknown causal causes of PD and providing innovative molecular therapeutic targets and medical fields.

A novel LINC00943/miR-671-5p/ELAVL1 ceRNA crosstalk regulates MPP+ toxicity in SK-N-SH cells

The competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) activity of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) has profound effects in pathological disorders, including Parkinson's disease. Here, we focused on the LINC00943-mediated ceRNA network for the regulation of LINC00943 in MPP+ toxicity in SK-N-SH cells. SK-N-SH cells were exposed to 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+). LINC00943, miR-671-5p and ELAV like RNA binding protein 1 (ELAVL1) were quantified by real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) or western blot. Cell viability and apoptosis were gauged by Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay and flow cytometry, respectively. Direct relationship between miR-671-5p and LINC00943 or ELAVL1 was confirmed by dual-luciferase reporter and RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) assays. Our data validated that LINC00943 regulated MPP+-evoked injury in SK-N-SH cells. LINC00943 regulated miR-671-5p expression by binding to miR-671-5p. Moreover, miR-671-5p was identified as a molecular mediator of LINC00943 in regulating SK-N-SH cell injury induced by MPP+. MiR-671-5p targeted and inhibited ELAVL1, and miR-671-5p-mediated inhibition of ELAVL1 impacted MPP+-evoked SK-N-SH cell injury. Furthermore, LINC00943 involved the post-transcriptional regulation of ELAVL1 through miR-671-5p competition. Our present study has established a novel mechanism, the LINC00943/miR-671-5p/ELAVL1 ceRNA crosstalk, for the regulation of LINC00943 on MPP+ toxicity in SK-N-SH cells.

Crosstalk between regulatory non-coding RNAs and oxidative stress in Parkinson’s disease

Parkinson’s disease is the second most common neurodegenerative disease after Alzheimer’s disease, which imposes an ever-increasing burden on society. Many studies have indicated that oxidative stress may play an important role in Parkinson’s disease through multiple processes related to dysfunction or loss of neurons. Besides, several subtypes of non-coding RNAs are found to be involved in this neurodegenerative disorder. However, the interplay between oxidative stress and regulatory non-coding RNAs in Parkinson’s disease remains to be clarified. In this article, we comprehensively survey and overview the role of regulatory ncRNAs in combination with oxidative stress in Parkinson’s disease. The interaction between them is also summarized. We aim to provide readers with a relatively novel insight into the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease, which would contribute to the development of pre-clinical diagnosis and treatment.

Can Berberine Serve as a New Therapy for Parkinson's Disease?

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by dopaminergic neurodegeneration and deposition of alpha-synuclein. Mechanisms associated with PD etiology include oxidative stress, apoptosis, autophagy, and abnormalities in neurotransmission, to name a few. Drugs used to treat PD have shown significant limitations in their efficacy. Therefore, recent focus has been placed on the potential of active plant ingredients as alternative, complementary, and efficient treatments. Berberine is an isoquinoline alkaloid that has shown promise as a pharmacological treatment in PD, given its ability to modulate several molecular pathway associated with the disease. Here, we review contemporary knowledge supporting the need to further characterize berberine as a potential treatment for PD.

The Role of Non-Coding RNAs in the Pathogenesis of Parkinson’s Disease: Recent Advancement

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a prevalent neurodegenerative aging disorder that manifests as motor and non-motor symptoms, and its etiopathogenesis is influenced by non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs). Signal pathway and gene sequence studies have proposed that alteration of ncRNAs is relevant to the occurrence and development of PD. Furthermore, many studies on brain tissues and body fluids from patients with PD indicate that variations in ncRNAs and their target genes could trigger or exacerbate neurodegenerative pathogenesis and serve as potential non-invasive biomarkers of PD. Numerous ncRNAs have been considered regulators of apoptosis, α-syn misfolding and aggregation, mitochondrial dysfunction, autophagy, and neuroinflammation in PD etiology, and evidence is mounting for the determination of the role of competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) mechanisms in disease development. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge regarding the regulation and function of ncRNAs as well as ceRNA networks in PD pathogenesis, focusing on microRNAs, long ncRNAs, and circular RNAs to increase the understanding of the disease and propose potential target identification and treatment in the early stages of PD.