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Niu Y, Fan S, Luo Q, Chen L, Huang D, Chang W, Qin W, Shi G. Interaction of Hepatitis B Virus X Protein with the Pregnane X Receptor Enhances the Synergistic Effects of Aflatoxin B1 and Hepatitis B Virus on Promoting Hepatocarcinogenesis. J Clin Transl Hepatol 2021; 9:466-476. [PMID: 34447675 PMCID: PMC8369009 DOI: 10.14218/jcth.2021.00036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection has been found to increase hepatocellular sensitivity to carcinogenic xenobiotics, by unknown mechanisms, in the generation of hepatocellular carcinoma. The pregnane X receptor (PXR) is a key regulator of the body's defense against xenobiotics, including xenobiotic carcinogens and clinical drugs. In this study, we aimed to investigate the molecular mechanisms of HBV X protein (HBx)-PXR signaling in the synergistic effects of chemical carcinogens in HBV-associated hepatocarcinogenesis. METHODS The expression profile of PXR-cytochrome p450 3A4 (CYP3A4) signaling was determined by PCR, western blotting, and tissue microarray. Cell viability and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) cytotoxicity were measured using the cell counting kit-8 assay. Target gene expression was evaluated using transient transfection and real time-PCR. The genotoxicity of AFB1 was assessed in newborn mice with a single dose of AFB1. RESULTS HBx enhanced the hepatotoxicity of AFB1 by activating CYP3A4 and reducing glutathione S-transferase Mu 1 (GSTM1) in cell lines. Activation of PXR by pregnenolone 16α-carbonitrile increased AFB1-induced liver tumor incidence by up-regulating oncogenic KRAS to enhance interleukin (IL)-11:IL-11 receptor subunit alpha-1 (IL11RA-1)-mediated inflammation in an HBx transgenic model. CONCLUSIONS Our finding regarding AFB1 toxicity enhancement by an HBx-PXR-CYP3A4/ GSTM1-KRAS-IL11:IL11RA signaling axis provides a rational explanation for the synergistic effects of chemical carcinogens in HBV infection-associated hepatocarcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongdong Niu
- Department of Pharmacology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
- Correspondence to: Yongdong Niu, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5392-3736. Tel: +86-754-88900432, Fax: +86-754-88557562, E-mail: ; Wenxin Qin, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai 200032, China. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1989-3027. Tel: +86-21-68371105, Fax: +86-21-64432142, E-mail: ; Ganggang Shi, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6856-1192. Tel: +86-754-88900301, Fax: +86-754-88557562, E-mail:
| | - Shaohua Fan
- Key Laboratory for Biotechnology on Medicinal Plants of Jiangsu Province, School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qin Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Liming Chen
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Danmei Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Wenjun Chang
- Department of Environmental Hygiene, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenxin Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Correspondence to: Yongdong Niu, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5392-3736. Tel: +86-754-88900432, Fax: +86-754-88557562, E-mail: ; Wenxin Qin, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai 200032, China. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1989-3027. Tel: +86-21-68371105, Fax: +86-21-64432142, E-mail: ; Ganggang Shi, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6856-1192. Tel: +86-754-88900301, Fax: +86-754-88557562, E-mail:
| | - Ganggang Shi
- Department of Pharmacology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
- Correspondence to: Yongdong Niu, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5392-3736. Tel: +86-754-88900432, Fax: +86-754-88557562, E-mail: ; Wenxin Qin, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai 200032, China. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1989-3027. Tel: +86-21-68371105, Fax: +86-21-64432142, E-mail: ; Ganggang Shi, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6856-1192. Tel: +86-754-88900301, Fax: +86-754-88557562, E-mail:
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Association of Polymorphisms in the Glutathione S-Transferase Theta-1 Gene with Cirrhosis and Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Brazilian Patients with Chronic Hepatitis C. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9080831. [PMID: 34451956 PMCID: PMC8402309 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9080831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress contributes to hepatitis C virus (HCV)–induced liver damage. Host genetic factors may be involved in progression of HCV infection. The present study was conducted to determine the influence of glutathione S-transferase (GST)-M1 and T1 gene polymorphisms during different stages of HCV infection, including chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The study population comprised 190 patients (47 with chronic hepatitis, 83 with cirrhosis (without HCC), and 60 with HCC). GSTM1 and GSTT1 gene polymorphisms were analyzed via multiplex polymerase chain reaction. The GSTT1-null genotype was more commonly detected in patients with cirrhosis (n = 17; 20.5%) and HCC (n = 13; 21.7%) than those with chronic hepatitis (n = 3; 6.4%). The differences in GSTT1-null genotype frequencies were significant for cirrhosis vs. chronic hepatitis (odds ratio, OR, 3.778 (95% confidence interval, CI, 1.045–13.659); p = 0.043) and HCC vs. chronic hepatitis (OR, 4.057 (95% CI, 1.083–15.201); p = 0.038) groups. However, the incidence of individual GSTM1-null or combined GSTM1/GSTT1 double-null genotypes did not vary significantly between the groups. Our collective findings support the utility of the GSTT1-null genotype as a useful biomarker for liver disease progression in Brazilian patients with chronic hepatitis C.
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Prysyazhnyuk V, Sydorchuk L, Sydorchuk R, Prysiazhniuk I, Bobkovych K, Buzdugan I, Dzuryak V, Prysyazhnyuk P. Glutathione-S-transferases genes-promising predictors of hepatic dysfunction. World J Hepatol 2021; 13:620-633. [PMID: 34239698 PMCID: PMC8239493 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v13.i6.620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the most commonly known genes involved in chronic diffuse liver diseases pathogenesis are genes that encodes the synthesis of glutathione-S-transferase (GST), known as the second phase enzyme detoxification system that protects against endogenous oxidative stress and exogenous toxins, through catalisation of glutathione sulfuric groups conjugation and decontamination of lipid and deoxyribonucleic acid oxidation products. The group of GST enzymes consists of cytosolic, mitochondrial and microsomal fractions. Recently, eight classes of soluble cytoplasmic isoforms of GST enzymes are widely known: α-, ζ-, θ-, κ-, μ-, π-, σ-, and ω-. The GSTs gene family in the Human Gene Nomenclature Committee, online database recorded over 20 functional genes. The level of GSTs expression is considered to be a crucial factor in determining the sensitivity of cells to a broad spectrum of toxins. Nevertheless, human GSTs genes have multiple and frequent polymorphisms that include the complete absence of the GSTM1 or the GSTT1 gene. Current review supports the position that genetic polymorphism of GST genes is involved in the pathogenesis of various liver diseases, particularly non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, hepatitis and liver cirrhosis of different etiology and hepatocellular carcinoma. Certain GST allelic variants were proven to be associated with susceptibility to hepatological pathology, and correlations with the natural course of the diseases were subsequently postulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasyl Prysyazhnyuk
- Department of Propedeutics of Internal Diseases, Bukovinian State Medical University, Chernivtsi 58002, Chernivtsi region, Ukraine
| | - Larysa Sydorchuk
- Department of Family Medicine, Bukovinian State Medical University, Chernivtsi 58002, Chernivtsi region, Ukraine
| | - Ruslan Sydorchuk
- Department of Surgery, Bukovinian State Medical University, Chernivtsi 58002, Chernivtsi region, Ukraine
| | - Iryna Prysiazhniuk
- Department of Internal Medicine and Invectious Diseases, Bukovinian State Medical University, Chernivtsi 58002, Chernivtsi region, Ukraine
| | - Kateryna Bobkovych
- Department of Propedeutics of Internal Diseases, Bukovinian State Medical University, Chernivtsi 58002, Chernivtsi region, Ukraine
| | - Inna Buzdugan
- Department of Internal Medicine and Invectious Diseases, Bukovinian State Medical University, Chernivtsi 58002, Chernivtsi region, Ukraine
| | - Valentina Dzuryak
- Department of Family Medicine, Bukovinian State Medical University, Chernivtsi 58002, Chernivtsi region, Ukraine
| | - Petro Prysyazhnyuk
- Department of Medical and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Bukovinian State Medical University, Chernivtsi 58002, Chernivtsi region, Ukraine
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Ferreira GD, Fernandes GMDM, Penteado C, Cória VR, Galbiatti-Dias ALDS, Russo A, Castanhole-Nunes MMU, Silva RFD, Silva RDCMAD, Pavarino ÉC, Torreglosa Ruiz Cintra M, Goloni-Bertollo EM. Polymorphisms in xenobiotic metabolism-related genes in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: a case-control study. Xenobiotica 2021; 51:737-744. [PMID: 33896378 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2021.1893408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This study was performed to investigate the relationship between polymorphisms in microsomal epoxide hydrolase (mEH; Tyr113His and His139Arg substitution) and glutathione S-transferase (GST; GSTM1 deletion, GSTT1 deletion, and GSTP1.Ala114Val substitution) and their correlation with clinico-histopathological features in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).We evaluated environmental risk factors and genetic alterations in 556 individuals (86 cases and 470 controls). PCR multiplex for GSTM1 and GSTT1, polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) for GSTP1, and real-time PCR for mEH were performed. Statistical analyses were performed using multiple logistic regression tests.Age over 48 years (p < 0.001) and alcohol consumption (p = 0.021) were the predictors of increased risk of developing HCC. GSTP1.Ala114Val for all regression models (p < 0.05), except the recessive model, and the GSTT1 null genotype (odds ratio [OR] = 0.43, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.21-0.87, p = 0.019) were predictors of an increased risk of developing HCC. Polymorphic GSTT1, GSTM1, GSTP1.Ala114Val, and mEH.His139Arg and wild-type mEH.Tyr113His (OR = 5.04; 95% CI = 1.59-16.04; p = 0.006) were associated with HCC.Age over 48 years, alcohol consumption, and the presence of polymorphic variants of GSTP1 and GSTT1 were associated with the risk of developing HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gislaine Dionísio Ferreira
- Molecular Biology Department, Genetics and Molecular Biology Research Unit - UPGEM, São José do Rio Preto Medical School - FAMERP, São Jose do Rio Preto, Brazil
| | - Glaucia Maria de Mendonça Fernandes
- Molecular Biology Department, Genetics and Molecular Biology Research Unit - UPGEM, São José do Rio Preto Medical School - FAMERP, São Jose do Rio Preto, Brazil
| | - Camila Penteado
- Molecular Biology Department, Genetics and Molecular Biology Research Unit - UPGEM, São José do Rio Preto Medical School - FAMERP, São Jose do Rio Preto, Brazil
| | - Vivian Romanholi Cória
- Molecular Biology Department, Genetics and Molecular Biology Research Unit - UPGEM, São José do Rio Preto Medical School - FAMERP, São Jose do Rio Preto, Brazil
| | - Ana Lívia da Silva Galbiatti-Dias
- Molecular Biology Department, Genetics and Molecular Biology Research Unit - UPGEM, São José do Rio Preto Medical School - FAMERP, São Jose do Rio Preto, Brazil.,São José do Rio Preto Regional Medical School Foundation - FUNFARME, São José do Rio Preto, Brazil
| | - Anelise Russo
- Molecular Biology Department, Genetics and Molecular Biology Research Unit - UPGEM, São José do Rio Preto Medical School - FAMERP, São Jose do Rio Preto, Brazil
| | - Márcia Maria Urbanin Castanhole-Nunes
- Molecular Biology Department, Genetics and Molecular Biology Research Unit - UPGEM, São José do Rio Preto Medical School - FAMERP, São Jose do Rio Preto, Brazil.,São José do Rio Preto Regional Medical School Foundation - FUNFARME, São José do Rio Preto, Brazil
| | - Renato Ferreira da Silva
- Study Group of Liver Tumors - GETF, Surgery Department, São José do Rio Preto Medical School Fundation - FAMERP/FUNFARME, São José do Rio Preto, Brazil.,São José do Rio Preto Regional Medical School Foundation - FUNFARME, São José do Rio Preto, Brazil
| | - Rita de Cássia Martins Alves da Silva
- Study Group of Liver Tumors - GETF, Surgery Department, São José do Rio Preto Medical School Fundation - FAMERP/FUNFARME, São José do Rio Preto, Brazil.,São José do Rio Preto Regional Medical School Foundation - FUNFARME, São José do Rio Preto, Brazil
| | - Érika Cristina Pavarino
- Molecular Biology Department, Genetics and Molecular Biology Research Unit - UPGEM, São José do Rio Preto Medical School - FAMERP, São Jose do Rio Preto, Brazil.,São José do Rio Preto Regional Medical School Foundation - FUNFARME, São José do Rio Preto, Brazil
| | | | - Eny Maria Goloni-Bertollo
- Molecular Biology Department, Genetics and Molecular Biology Research Unit - UPGEM, São José do Rio Preto Medical School - FAMERP, São Jose do Rio Preto, Brazil.,São José do Rio Preto Regional Medical School Foundation - FUNFARME, São José do Rio Preto, Brazil
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5
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An Integrating Immune-Related Signature to Improve Prognosis of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. COMPUTATIONAL AND MATHEMATICAL METHODS IN MEDICINE 2020; 2020:8872329. [PMID: 33204302 PMCID: PMC7655255 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8872329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Growing evidence suggests that the superiority of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) and messenger RNAs (mRNAs) could act as biomarkers for cancer prognosis. However, the prognostic marker for hepatocellular carcinoma with high accuracy and sensitivity is still lacking. In this research, a retrospective, cohort-based study of genome-wide RNA-seq data of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma was carried out, and two protein-coding genes (GTPBP4, TREM-1) and one lncRNA (LINC00426) were sorted out to construct an integrative signature to predict the prognosis of patients. The results show that both the AUC and the C-index of this model perform well in TCGA validation dataset, cross-platform GEO validation dataset, and different subsets divided by gender, stage, and grade. The expression pattern and functional analysis show that all three genes contained in the model are associated with immune infiltration, cell proliferation, invasion, and metastasis, providing further confirmation of this model. In summary, the proposed model can effectively distinguish the high- and low-risk groups of hepatocellular carcinoma patients and is expected to shed light on the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma and greatly improve the patients' prognosis.
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6
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Guo E, Wei H, Liao X, Wu L, Zeng X. Clinical significance and biological mechanisms of glutathione S-transferase mu gene family in colon adenocarcinoma. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2020; 21:130. [PMID: 32539715 PMCID: PMC7296959 DOI: 10.1186/s12881-020-01066-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Background Colon adenocarcinoma (COAD) is the most common form of colon cancer. The glutathione S-transferase Mu (GSTM) gene belongs to the GST gene family, which functions in cell metabolism and detoxification. The relationship between GSTM and COAD and the underlying mechanism remain unknown. Methods Data extracted from The Cancer Genome Atlas included mRNA expression and clinical information such as gender, age, and tumor stage. Prognostic values of GSTM genes were identified by survival analysis. Function and mechanism of prognostic GSTM genes were identified by gene set enrichment analysis. A nomogram was used to predict the contribution of risk factors to the outcome of COAD patients. Results Low expression of GSTM1 and GSTM2 was related to favorable OS (adjusted P = 0.006, adjusted HR = 0.559, 95% CI = 0.367–0.849 and adjusted P = 0.002, adjusted HR = 0.519, 95% CI = 0.342–0.790, respectively) after adjusting for tumor stage. Enrichment analysis also showed that genes involved were related to cell cycle, metabolism, and detoxification processes, as well as the Wnt signaling and NF-κB pathways. Conclusions In conclusion, low expression of GSTM1 and GSTM2 were significantly associated with favorable prognosis in COAD. These two genes may serve as potential biomarkers of COAD prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erna Guo
- School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, 22 Shuang Yong Road, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China. .,School of International Education, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China.
| | - Haotang Wei
- Department of gastrointestinal surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530031, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiwen Liao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Liuyu Wu
- School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, 22 Shuang Yong Road, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyun Zeng
- School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, 22 Shuang Yong Road, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China.
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Hartwig A, Arand M, Epe B, Guth S, Jahnke G, Lampen A, Martus HJ, Monien B, Rietjens IMCM, Schmitz-Spanke S, Schriever-Schwemmer G, Steinberg P, Eisenbrand G. Mode of action-based risk assessment of genotoxic carcinogens. Arch Toxicol 2020; 94:1787-1877. [PMID: 32542409 PMCID: PMC7303094 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02733-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The risk assessment of chemical carcinogens is one major task in toxicology. Even though exposure has been mitigated effectively during the last decades, low levels of carcinogenic substances in food and at the workplace are still present and often not completely avoidable. The distinction between genotoxic and non-genotoxic carcinogens has traditionally been regarded as particularly relevant for risk assessment, with the assumption of the existence of no-effect concentrations (threshold levels) in case of the latter group. In contrast, genotoxic carcinogens, their metabolic precursors and DNA reactive metabolites are considered to represent risk factors at all concentrations since even one or a few DNA lesions may in principle result in mutations and, thus, increase tumour risk. Within the current document, an updated risk evaluation for genotoxic carcinogens is proposed, based on mechanistic knowledge regarding the substance (group) under investigation, and taking into account recent improvements in analytical techniques used to quantify DNA lesions and mutations as well as "omics" approaches. Furthermore, wherever possible and appropriate, special attention is given to the integration of background levels of the same or comparable DNA lesions. Within part A, fundamental considerations highlight the terms hazard and risk with respect to DNA reactivity of genotoxic agents, as compared to non-genotoxic agents. Also, current methodologies used in genetic toxicology as well as in dosimetry of exposure are described. Special focus is given on the elucidation of modes of action (MOA) and on the relation between DNA damage and cancer risk. Part B addresses specific examples of genotoxic carcinogens, including those humans are exposed to exogenously and endogenously, such as formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and the corresponding alcohols as well as some alkylating agents, ethylene oxide, and acrylamide, but also examples resulting from exogenous sources like aflatoxin B1, allylalkoxybenzenes, 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f] quinoxaline (MeIQx), benzo[a]pyrene and pyrrolizidine alkaloids. Additionally, special attention is given to some carcinogenic metal compounds, which are considered indirect genotoxins, by accelerating mutagenicity via interactions with the cellular response to DNA damage even at low exposure conditions. Part C finally encompasses conclusions and perspectives, suggesting a refined strategy for the assessment of the carcinogenic risk associated with an exposure to genotoxic compounds and addressing research needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Hartwig
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Institute of Applied Biosciences (IAB), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Adenauerring 20a, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Michael Arand
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Bernd Epe
- Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Mainz, 55099, Mainz, Germany
| | - Sabine Guth
- Department of Toxicology, IfADo-Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, TU Dortmund, Ardeystr. 67, 44139, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Gunnar Jahnke
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Institute of Applied Biosciences (IAB), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Adenauerring 20a, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Alfonso Lampen
- Department of Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hans-Jörg Martus
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Bernhard Monien
- Department of Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ivonne M C M Rietjens
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Simone Schmitz-Spanke
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Henkestr. 9-11, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Gerlinde Schriever-Schwemmer
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Institute of Applied Biosciences (IAB), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Adenauerring 20a, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Pablo Steinberg
- Max Rubner-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Haid-und-Neu-Str. 9, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Gerhard Eisenbrand
- Retired Senior Professor for Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Kühler Grund 48/1, 69126, Heidelberg, Germany.
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Tian M, Zhao B, Martin FL, Morais CLM, Liu L, Huang Q, Zhang J, Shen H. Gene-environment interactions between GSTs polymorphisms and targeted epigenetic alterations in hepatocellular carcinoma following organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) exposure. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 134:105313. [PMID: 31731000 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.105313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to environmental pollutant organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and the role of tumour suppressor GSTs gene polymorphisms as well as epigenetic alterations have all been well reported in hepatocarcinogenesis. However, the interplay between environmental risk factors and polymorphic tumour suppressor genes or epigenetic factors in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) development remains ambiguous. Herein, we investigated the relationship of three GSTs polymorphisms (GSTT1 deletion, GSTM1 deletion, GSTP1 rs1695) as well as GSTP1 promoter region DNA methylation and HCC risk with a particular focus on the interaction with OCPs exposure among 90 HCC cases and 99 controls in a Chinese population. Serum samples were analysed for OCPs exposure employing gas chromatography coupled with mass selective detector (GC-MS). GSTs polymorphisms and epigenetic alterations were determined using high-resolution melting PCR (HRM PCR) and DNA sequencing. After adjusting for confounders (HBV infection, smoking, alcohol consumption, BMI, age, gender), OCPs exposure and GSTP1 methylation is significantly associated with elevated risk of HCC, while no significance is observed for GSTs polymorphisms. Moreover, the effects of OCPs exposure on HCC risk are more pronounced amongst GSTP1 (Ile/Val + Val/Val) and GSTP1 promoter methylation subjects than those who were GSTP1 (Ile/Ile) and unmethylated subjects. The interactions between OCPs exposure and GSTP1 genotype as well as GSTP1 epigenetic status are statistically significant. The current study demonstrates the importance of gene-environment interactions in the multifactorial development of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiping Tian
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China.
| | - Benhua Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Francis L Martin
- Lancashire Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Royal Preston Hospital, Fulwood, Preston PR2 2HE, UK; School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE, UK
| | - Camilo L M Morais
- Lancashire Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Royal Preston Hospital, Fulwood, Preston PR2 2HE, UK; School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE, UK
| | - Liangpo Liu
- School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China
| | - Qingyu Huang
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Heqing Shen
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
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Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms of CBX4 and CBX7 Decrease the Risk of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:6436825. [PMID: 31211140 PMCID: PMC6532305 DOI: 10.1155/2019/6436825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Background The chromobox (CBX) proteins CBX2, CBX4, CBX6, CBX7, and CBX8, also known as Polycomb (Pc) proteins, are canonical components of the Polycomb repressive complex 1 (PRC1). Abundant evidence indicates that abnormal expression of Pc proteins is associated with a variety of tumors, but their role in the pathogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has not been fully elucidated. In the present study, we performed a case-control study to investigate the relationship between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of CBX genes and HCC. Methods Nine SNPs on CBX genes (rs7217395, rs2036316 of CBX2; rs3764374, rs1285251, rs2289728 of CBX4; rs7292074 of CBX6; and rs710190, rs139394, rs5750753 of CBX7) were screened and genotyped using MassARRAY technology in 334 HCC cases and 321 controls. The association between SNPs and their corresponding gene expressions was analyzed through bioinformatics methods using the Ensembl database and Blood eQTL browser online tools. Results The results indicated that rs2289728 (G>A) of CBX4 (P = 0.03, OR = 0.56, 95% CI: 0.33-0.94) and rs139394 (C>A) of CBX7 (P = 0.02, OR = 0.55, 95% CI: 0.33-0.90) decreased the risk of HCC. Interaction between rs2036316 and HBsAg increased the risk of HCC (P = 0.02, OR = 6.88, 95% CI: 5.20-9.11), whereas SNP-SNP interaction between rs710190 and rs139394 reduced the risk of HCC (P = 0.03, OR = 0.33, 95% CI: 0.12-0.91). Gene expression analyses showed that the rs2289728 A allele and the rs139394 A allele significantly reduced CBX4 and CBX7 expression, respectively. Conclusion Our findings suggest that CBX4 rs2289728 and CBX7 rs139394 are protective SNPs against HCC. The two SNPs may reduce the risk of HCC while suppressing the expression of CBX4 and CBX7.
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Li S, Xue F, Zheng Y, Yang P, Lin S, Deng Y, Xu P, Zhou L, Hao Q, Zhai Z, Wu Y, Dai Z, Chen S. GSTM1 and GSTT1 null genotype increase the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma: evidence based on 46 studies. Cancer Cell Int 2019; 19:76. [PMID: 30976200 PMCID: PMC6441207 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-019-0792-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background It is well known that hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has been one of the most life-threatening diseases all over the world. Plenty of internal and extrinsic factors have been proven to be related to HCC, such as gene mutation, viral hepatitis, and Nitrosamines. Though previous studies demonstrated that glutathione S-transferase (GST) genotypes are associated with HCC, the conclusions are inconsistent. Therefore, we carried on a renewed meta-analysis to expound the connection between the null GSTM1, GSTT1 polymorphisms and the risk of HCC. Methods We searched PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and CNKI databases to select qualified researches which satisfied the inclusion criteria up to July 31, 2018. Finally, we selected 41 articles with 6124 cases and 9781 controls in this meta-analysis. We use ORs and 95% confidence interval (CI) to evaluate the correlation intension between the GSTM1 and GSTT1 null genes and the risk of HCC. All the statistical processes were executed by Stata (version 12.0). Results The pooled analysis showed that both GSTM1 null genotypes (OR = 1.37, 95% CI = 1.18–1.59) and GSTT1 null genotypes (OR = 1.43, 95% CI = 1.23–1.66) increased the risk of HCC. And GSTM1–GSTT1 dual-null genotypes also increased the risk of HCC (OR = 1.58, 95% CI = 1.22–2.05). In the subgroup analysis, we obtained significant results among Asians when stratified by race, and the results are GSTM1 null OR = 1.44, 95% CI = (1.22–1.71), GSTT1 null OR = 1.48, 95% CI = (1.25–1.77), GSTM1–GSTT1 null OR = 1.58, 95% CI = (1.19–2.09), while we didn’t obtain significant results among Caucasians or Africans. Stratified analyses on the type of control indicated a higher risk of HCC associated with GSTM1, GSTT1 single null genotypes and GSTM1–GSTT1 dual-null genotypes in healthy people. No evidence of significant connection was discovered in chronic liver disease (CLD) except in GSTT1 single null. Conclusions Our study indicated that an individual who carries the GSTM1, GSTT1 single null genotypes and GSTT1–GSTM1 dual-null genotypes is more likely to develop HCC. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12935-019-0792-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanli Li
- Department of Interventional Vascular Surgery, The Affiliated Bao ji Central Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Bao ji, 721008 Shaan xi China.,2Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710004 China
| | - Feng Xue
- 3Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The 3rd Affiliated Teaching Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University (Affiliated Tumor Hospital), Urumqi, 830000 China
| | - Yi Zheng
- 2Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710004 China
| | - Pengtao Yang
- 2Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710004 China
| | - Shuai Lin
- 2Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710004 China
| | - Yujiao Deng
- 2Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710004 China
| | - Peng Xu
- 2Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710004 China
| | - Linghui Zhou
- 2Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710004 China
| | - Qian Hao
- 2Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710004 China
| | - Zhen Zhai
- 2Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710004 China
| | - Ying Wu
- 2Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710004 China
| | - Zhijun Dai
- 2Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710004 China
| | - Shu Chen
- Department of Interventional Vascular Surgery, The Affiliated Bao ji Central Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Bao ji, 721008 Shaan xi China
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Guthrie AR, Chow HS, Martinez JA. Effects of resveratrol on drug- and carcinogen-metabolizing enzymes, implications for cancer prevention. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2017; 5:e00294. [PMID: 28596842 PMCID: PMC5461649 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Resveratrol is a polyphenol found in grape skins and peanuts that has demonstrated many health benefits including protection against aging, cardiovascular and metabolic disease, neurological decline, and cancer. The anticancer properties of resveratrol have been attributed to a variety of mechanisms, including its general inhibition of phase I metabolism and induction of phase II metabolism. The effects of resveratrol on these enzymes, however, are still unclear, as in vitro evidence often contrasts with animal studies and clinical trials. Reasons for these variances could include the low bioavailability of resveratrol and the effects of resveratrol metabolites. Due to resveratrol's interactions with drug-metabolizing enzymes and drug transporters, individuals concurrently taking pharmacological doses of resveratrol with other supplements or medications could potentially experience nutrient-drug interactions. This review summarizes the known effects of resveratrol and its main metabolites on drug metabolism in order to help characterize which populations might benefit from resveratrol for the prevention of cancer, as well as those that may need to avoid supplementation due to potential drug interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariane R. Guthrie
- Department of Nutritional SciencesUniversity of ArizonaTucsonArizona
| | | | - Jessica A. Martinez
- Department of Nutritional SciencesUniversity of ArizonaTucsonArizona
- University of Arizona Cancer CenterTucsonArizona
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Abid A, Ajaz S, Khan AR, Zehra F, Hasan AS, Sultan G, Mohsin R, Hashmi A, Niamatullah N, Rizvi SAUH, Mehdi SQ, Khaliq S. Analysis of the glutathione S-transferase genes polymorphisms in the risk and prognosis of renal cell carcinomas. Case-control and meta-analysis. Urol Oncol 2016; 34:419.e1-419.e12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2016.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Revised: 04/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Song Z, Shao C, Feng C, Lu Y, Gao Y, Dong C. Association of glutathione S-transferase T1, M1, and P1 polymorphisms in the breast cancer risk: a meta-analysis. Ther Clin Risk Manag 2016; 12:763-9. [PMID: 27274261 PMCID: PMC4869650 DOI: 10.2147/tcrm.s104339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several case-control studies investigating the relationship between genetic polymorphisms of glutathione S-transferase (GST) M1, GSTT1, and GSTP1 (rs1695) and the risk of breast cancer have reported contradictory results. We therefore performed a meta-analysis to clarify this issue. MATERIALS AND METHODS An updated meta-analysis using PubMed and Web of Knowledge databases for the eligible case-control studies was performed. Random- or fixed-effects model was used. RESULTS A total of 10,067 cancer cases and 12,276 controls in 41 independent case-control studies from 19 articles were included in this meta-analysis. Significant increase in risk of breast cancer for Asians was found in GSTM1-null genotype (P=0.012, odds ratio [OR] =1.17, 95% confidence interval [CI] =1.04-1.32) and GSTT1-null genotype (P=0.039, OR =1.19, 95% CI =1.01-1.41). In addition, our results showed that the GSTP1 (rs1695) polymorphisms can significantly increase the risk among Caucasians (P=0.042, OR =1.16, 95% CI =1.01-1.34). Sensitivity analysis and publication bias further confirmed the dependability of the results in this meta-analysis. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrate that both GSTM1- and GSTT1-null polymorphisms are associated with an increased risk of breast cancer in Asians and that GSTP1 Val105Ile (rs1695) polymorphism is associated with an increased breast cancer risk in Caucasians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwang Song
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuan Shao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Clinical Medical College of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Chan Feng
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yonglin Lu
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Gao
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunyan Dong
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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Epistasis Test in Meta-Analysis: A Multi-Parameter Markov Chain Monte Carlo Model for Consistency of Evidence. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0152891. [PMID: 27045371 PMCID: PMC4821560 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Conventional genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have been proven to be a successful strategy for identifying genetic variants associated with complex human traits. However, there is still a large heritability gap between GWAS and transitional family studies. The "missing heritability" has been suggested to be due to lack of studies focused on epistasis, also called gene-gene interactions, because individual trials have often had insufficient sample size. Meta-analysis is a common method for increasing statistical power. However, sufficient detailed information is difficult to obtain. A previous study employed a meta-regression-based method to detect epistasis, but it faced the challenge of inconsistent estimates. Here, we describe a Markov chain Monte Carlo-based method, called "Epistasis Test in Meta-Analysis" (ETMA), which uses genotype summary data to obtain consistent estimates of epistasis effects in meta-analysis. We defined a series of conditions to generate simulation data and tested the power and type I error rates in ETMA, individual data analysis and conventional meta-regression-based method. ETMA not only successfully facilitated consistency of evidence but also yielded acceptable type I error and higher power than conventional meta-regression. We applied ETMA to three real meta-analysis data sets. We found significant gene-gene interactions in the renin-angiotensin system and the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon metabolism pathway, with strong supporting evidence. In addition, glutathione S-transferase (GST) mu 1 and theta 1 were confirmed to exert independent effects on cancer. We concluded that the application of ETMA to real meta-analysis data was successful. Finally, we developed an R package, etma, for the detection of epistasis in meta-analysis [etma is available via the Comprehensive R Archive Network (CRAN) at https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/etma/index.html].
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Mansoori AA, Jain SK. Molecular Links between Alcohol and Tobacco Induced DNA Damage, Gene Polymorphisms and Patho-physiological Consequences: A Systematic Review of Hepatic Carcinogenesis. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2015; 16:4803-12. [PMID: 26163595 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2015.16.12.4803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic alcohol and tobacco abuse plays a crucial role in the development of different liver associated disorders. Intake promotes the generation of reactive oxygen species within hepatic cells exposing their DNA to continuous oxidative stress which finally leads to DNA damage. However in response to such damage an entangled protective repair machinery comprising different repair proteins like ATM, ATR, H2AX, MRN complex becomes activated. Under abnormal conditions the excessive reactive oxygen species generation results in genetic predisposition of various genes (as ADH, ALDH, CYP2E1, GSTT1, GSTP1 and GSTM1) involved in xenobiotic metabolic pathways, associated with susceptibility to different liver related diseases such as fibrosis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. There is increasing evidence that the inflammatory process is inherently associated with many different cancer types, including hepatocellular carcinomas. The generated reactive oxygen species can also activate or repress epigenetic elements such as chromatin remodeling, non-coding RNAs (micro-RNAs), DNA (de) methylation and histone modification that affect gene expression, hence leading to various disorders. The present review provides comprehensive knowledge of different molecular mechanisms involved in gene polymorphism and their possible association with alcohol and tobacco consumption. The article also showcases the necessity of identifying novel diagnostic biomarkers for early cancer risk assessment among alcohol and tobacco users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Anvesh Mansoori
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Dr. Hari Singh Gour Central University, Sagar, M.P. India E-mail :
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Zhang Z. Association between KIF1B rs17401966 polymorphism and hepatocellular carcinoma risk: a meta-analysis involving 17,210 subjects. Tumour Biol 2014; 35:9405-10. [PMID: 24952890 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-014-2192-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Some publications have evaluated the correlation between KIF1B rs17401966 polymorphism and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with conflicting results. We performed this meta-analysis to clarify the association of KIF1B rs17401966 polymorphism and HCC risk. We searched PubMed, ISI Web of Knowledge, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar. The combined odds ratio (OR) with 95 % confidence interval (CI) was calculated to estimate the strength of the association. Heterogeneity and publication bias were also assessed. In total, 15 case-control studies with 7,596 HCC cases and 9,614 controls were included in the meta-analysis. A significant association between KIF1B rs17401966 polymorphism and HCC risk was detected (OR = 0.81, 95 % CI 0.72-0.91, P < 0.001). We also found a significant association between KIF1B rs17401966 polymorphism and HCC risk in Chinese (OR = 0.77, 95 % CI 0.67-0.89, P < 0.001). In the subgroup analysis by gender, KIF1B rs17401966 polymorphism was significantly associated with HCC risk in man (OR = 0.57, 95 % CI 0.51-0.64, P < 0.001). In the subgroup analyses of age, the similar associations were also observed in young patients (OR = 0.50, 95 % CI 0.39-0.66, P < 0.001) and old patients (OR = 0.66, 95 % CI 0.57-0.77, P < 0.001). However, no association was observed in women subgroup (OR = 0.79, 95 % CI 0.59-1.06, P = 0.11). This meta-analysis showed a significant association between KIF1B rs17401966 polymorphism and HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Zhang
- Oncology Center, Shandong Provincial Hospital, NO.324 of Jingwuweiqi Road, Jinan, 250021, Shandong Province, China,
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