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Pant A, Yao X, Lavedrine A, Viret C, Dockterman J, Chauhan S, Chong-Shan Shi, Manjithaya R, Cadwell K, Kufer TA, Kehrl JH, Coers J, Sibley LD, Faure M, Taylor GA, Chauhan S. Interactions of Autophagy and the Immune System in Health and Diseases. AUTOPHAGY REPORTS 2022; 1:438-515. [PMID: 37425656 PMCID: PMC10327624 DOI: 10.1080/27694127.2022.2119743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is a highly conserved process that utilizes lysosomes to selectively degrade a variety of intracellular cargo, thus providing quality control over cellular components and maintaining cellular regulatory functions. Autophagy is triggered by multiple stimuli ranging from nutrient starvation to microbial infection. Autophagy extensively shapes and modulates the inflammatory response, the concerted action of immune cells, and secreted mediators aimed to eradicate a microbial infection or to heal sterile tissue damage. Here, we first review how autophagy affects innate immune signaling, cell-autonomous immune defense, and adaptive immunity. Then, we discuss the role of non-canonical autophagy in microbial infections and inflammation. Finally, we review how crosstalk between autophagy and inflammation influences infectious, metabolic, and autoimmune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aarti Pant
- Autophagy Laboratory, Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bengaluru, India
| | - Xiaomin Yao
- Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Aude Lavedrine
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Université de Lyon, Inserm U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, F-69007, Lyon, France
- Equipe Labellisée par la Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale, FRM
| | - Christophe Viret
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Université de Lyon, Inserm U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, F-69007, Lyon, France
- Equipe Labellisée par la Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale, FRM
| | - Jake Dockterman
- Department of Immunology, Duke University, Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Swati Chauhan
- Cell biology and Infectious diseases, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Chong-Shan Shi
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Ravi Manjithaya
- Autophagy Laboratory, Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bengaluru, India
- Neuroscience Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bengaluru, India
| | - Ken Cadwell
- Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Thomas A. Kufer
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - John H. Kehrl
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Jörn Coers
- Department of Immunology, Duke University, Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - L. David Sibley
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University Sch. Med., St Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Mathias Faure
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Université de Lyon, Inserm U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, F-69007, Lyon, France
- Equipe Labellisée par la Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale, FRM
| | - Gregory A Taylor
- Department of Immunology, Duke University, Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University Sch. Med., St Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Health Care Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Departments of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, and Center for the Study of Aging and Human Development, Duke University, Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Santosh Chauhan
- Cell biology and Infectious diseases, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
- CSIR–Centre For Cellular And Molecular Biology (CCMB), Hyderabad, Telangana
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Immunity-related GTPase IRGM at the intersection of autophagy, inflammation, and tumorigenesis. Inflamm Res 2022; 71:785-795. [PMID: 35699756 PMCID: PMC9192921 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-022-01595-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The human immunity-related GTPase M (IRGM) is a GTP-binding protein that regulates selective autophagy including xenophagy and mitophagy. IRGM impacts autophagy by (1) affecting mitochondrial fusion and fission, (2) promoting the co-assembly of ULK1 and Beclin 1, (3) enhancing Beclin 1 interacting partners (AMBRA1, ATG14L1, and UVRAG), (4) interacting with other key proteins (ATG16L1, p62, NOD2, cGAS, TLR3, and RIG-I), and (5) regulating lysosomal biogenesis. IRGM also negatively regulates NLRP3 inflammasome formation and therefore, maturation of the important pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1β, impacting inflammation and pyroptosis. Ultimately, this affords protection against chronic inflammatory diseases. Importantly, ten IRGM polymorphisms (rs4859843, rs4859846, rs4958842, rs4958847, rs1000113, rs10051924, rs10065172, rs11747270, rs13361189, and rs72553867) have been associated with human inflammatory disorders including cancer, which suggests that these genetic variants are functionally relevant to the autophagic and inflammatory responses. The current review contextualizes IRGM, its modulation of autophagy, and inflammation, and emphasizes the role of IRGM as a cross point of immunity and tumorigenesis.
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Sharma A, Changotra H. Mutagenic primer-based PCR-RFLP assay for genotyping IRGM gene promoter variant rs4958843 (C/T). J Clin Lab Anal 2017; 32:e22346. [PMID: 29178192 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.22346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Single-nucleotide polymorphisms play an important role in the susceptibility of many diseases, evolutionary studies, and genetic mapping. The rs4958843 in IRGM promoter is associated with tuberculosis and Crohn's disease. As this SNP is not present in any of the restriction sites, PCR-RFLP is not possible. Therefore, we have developed artificial-RFLP method to genotype this SNP. METHODS We designed forward primer with mismatches that resulted in the creation of a restriction site for enzyme NheI in the amplicon. Control samples of known genotypes were obtained by sequencing. The amplified product for SNP rs4958843 was digested with NheI restriction enzyme and resolved on an agarose gel to know the genotypes of the samples. RESULTS Results of sequencing and A-RFLP were concordant. The developed method was applied to genotype this polymorphism in 100 samples from healthy individuals. The allelic frequencies of SNP rs4958843 were C (0.16) and T (0.84), while corresponding genotypic distribution was CC (2), CT (29), and TT (69). CONCLUSION The newly developed method is simple, easy, and cost-effective which could be used to genotype IRGM polymorphism -1161 C/T (rs4958843) in various populations in the replication studies and has its applicability in the clinical settings. The developed method was applied for genotyping samples from healthy individuals from North India. For the first time, we report the frequency of this polymorphism from this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambika Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Harish Changotra
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India
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Lenart J, Zieminska E, Diamandakis D, Lazarewicz JW. Altered expression of genes involved in programmed cell death in primary cultured rat cerebellar granule cells acutely challenged with tetrabromobisphenol A. Neurotoxicology 2017; 63:126-136. [PMID: 28970181 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2017.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Revised: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, primary cultures of rat cerebellar granule cells (CGC) and the RT2 Profiler PCR array were used to examine the effect of acutely applied brominated flame retardant tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) on the expression of 84 genes related to the main modes of programmed cell death. CGC, at the 7th day of culture, were exposed to 10 or 25μM TBBPA for 30min. Then, 3, 6, and 24h later, the viability of the cells was examined by the staining with propidium iodide (PI) or using the calcein/ethidium homodimer (CA/ET) live/dead kit, and RNA was extracted for the evaluation of gene expression by RT-PCR. At 3, 6 and 24h after the treatment, the number of viable neurons decreased, according to the PI staining method, to 75%, 58% and 41%, respectively, and with the CA/ET method to 65%, 58% and 28%, respectively. In CGC analyzed 3h after the treatment with 25μM TBBPA or 6h after 10μM TBBPA, the only change in the gene expression was a reduction in the expression of Tnf, which is associated with autophagy and may activate some pro-apoptotic proteins. Six hours after 25μM TBBPA, only 2 genes were over-expressed, a pro-apoptotic Tnfrsf10b and Irgm, which is related to autophagy, and the genes that were suppressed included the anti-apoptotic gene Xiap, the necrosis-related Commd4, pro-apoptotic Abl1, 5 genes involved in autophagy (App, Atg3, Mapk8, Pten, and Snca) and 2 genes that participate in two metabolic pathways: Atp6v1g2 (pro-apoptotic and necrosis) and Tnf (pro-apoptotic, autophagy). Autophagy-related Snca and Tnf remained under-expressed 24h after treatment with 25μM TBBPA, which was accompanied by the over-expression of the pro-apoptotic Casp6, the anti-apoptotic Birc3, 2 genes related to autophagy (Htt and Irgm) and 2 genes (Fas and Tp53) that are involved in both apoptosis (pro-apoptotic) and autophagy. These results show a complex pattern of TBBPA-evoked changes in the expression of the genes involved in the programmed neuronal death, indicating no induction of programmed necrosis, an early suppression of the autophagy and anti-apoptotic genes, followed by a delayed activation of genes associated with apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Lenart
- Department of Neurochemistry, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Elzbieta Zieminska
- Department of Neurochemistry, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dominik Diamandakis
- Department of Neurochemistry, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jerzy W Lazarewicz
- Department of Neurochemistry, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
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