1
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Zhang K, Lu WC, Zhang M, Zhang Q, Xian PP, Liu FF, Chen ZY, Kim CS, Wu SX, Tao HR, Wang YZ. Reducing host aldose reductase activity promotes neuronal differentiation of transplanted neural stem cells at spinal cord injury sites and facilitates locomotion recovery. Neural Regen Res 2022; 17:1814-1820. [PMID: 35017443 PMCID: PMC8820702 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.330624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural stem cell (NSC) transplantation is a promising strategy for replacing lost neurons following spinal cord injury. However, the survival and differentiation of transplanted NSCs is limited, possibly owing to the neurotoxic inflammatory microenvironment. Because of the important role of glucose metabolism in M1/M2 polarization of microglia/macrophages, we hypothesized that altering the phenotype of microglia/macrophages by regulating the activity of aldose reductase (AR), a key enzyme in the polyol pathway of glucose metabolism, would provide a more beneficial microenvironment for NSC survival and differentiation. Here, we reveal that inhibition of host AR promoted the polarization of microglia/macrophages toward the M2 phenotype in lesioned spinal cord injuries. M2 macrophages promoted the differentiation of NSCs into neurons in vitro. Transplantation of NSCs into injured spinal cords either deficient in AR or treated with the AR inhibitor sorbinil promoted the survival and neuronal differentiation of NSCs at the injured spinal cord site and contributed to locomotor functional recovery. Our findings suggest that inhibition of host AR activity is beneficial in enhancing the survival and neuronal differentiation of transplanted NSCs and shows potential as a treatment of spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology and Institute of Neurosciences, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province; Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen-Can Lu
- Department of Spine Surgery, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Ming Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology and Institute of Neurosciences, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Hainan Hospital of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Sanya, Hainan Province, China
| | - Pan-Pan Xian
- Department of Neurobiology and Institute of Neurosciences, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Fang-Fang Liu
- Department of Neurobiology and Institute of Neurosciences, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Zhi-Yang Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Chung Sookja Kim
- Faculty of Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Sheng-Xi Wu
- Department of Neurobiology and Institute of Neurosciences, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Hui-Ren Tao
- Department of Spine Surgery, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Ya-Zhou Wang
- Department of Neurobiology and Institute of Neurosciences, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
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2
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Zheng
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
- Key Laboratory of Neurological Diseases of Chinese Ministry of Education, the School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
- Wei Wang, Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China. Tel: +86-27-83663657, E-mail:
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3
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Goyal S, Seth B, Chaturvedi RK. Polyphenols and Stem Cells for Neuroregeneration in Parkinson's Disease and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Curr Pharm Des 2021; 28:806-828. [PMID: 34781865 DOI: 10.2174/1381612827666211115154450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) and Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) are neurological disorders, pathologically characterized by chronic degeneration of dopaminergic neurons and motor neurons respectively. There is still no cure or effective treatment against the disease progression and most of the treatments are symptomatic. The present review offers an overview of the different factors involved in the pathogenesis of these diseases. Subsequently, we focused on the recent advanced studies of dietary polyphenols and stem cell therapies, which have made it possible to slow down the progression of neurodegeneration. To date, stem cells and different polyphenols have been used for the directional induction of neural stem cells into dopaminergic neurons and motor neurons. We have also discussed their involvement in the modulation of different signal transduction pathways and growth factor levels in various in vivo and in vitro studies. Likewise stem cells, polyphenols also exhibit the potential of neuroprotection by their anti-apoptotic, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant properties regulating the growth factors levels and molecular signaling events. Overall this review provides a detailed insight into recent strategies that promise the use of polyphenol with stem cell therapy for the possible treatment of PD and ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Goyal
- Developmental Toxicology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhavan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226001. India
| | - Brashket Seth
- Developmental Toxicology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhavan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226001. India
| | - Rajnish Kumar Chaturvedi
- Developmental Toxicology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhavan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226001. India
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4
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Martins-Macedo J, Lepore AC, Domingues HS, Salgado AJ, Gomes ED, Pinto L. Glial restricted precursor cells in central nervous system disorders: Current applications and future perspectives. Glia 2020; 69:513-531. [PMID: 33052610 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The crosstalk between glial cells and neurons represents an exceptional feature for maintaining the normal function of the central nervous system (CNS). Increasing evidence has revealed the importance of glial progenitor cells in adult neurogenesis, reestablishment of cellular pools, neuroregeneration, and axonal (re)myelination. Several types of glial progenitors have been described, as well as their potentialities for recovering the CNS from certain traumas or pathologies. Among these precursors, glial-restricted precursor cells (GRPs) are considered the earliest glial progenitors and exhibit tripotency for both Type I/II astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. GRPs have been derived from embryos and embryonic stem cells in animal models and have maintained their capacity for self-renewal. Despite the relatively limited knowledge regarding the isolation, characterization, and function of these progenitors, GRPs are promising candidates for transplantation therapy and reestablishment/repair of CNS functions in neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders, as well as in traumatic injuries. Herein, we review the definition, isolation, characterization and potentialities of GRPs as cell-based therapies in different neurological conditions. We briefly discuss the implications of using GRPs in CNS regenerative medicine and their possible application in a clinical setting. MAIN POINTS: GRPs are progenitors present in the CNS with differentiation potential restricted to the glial lineage. These cells have been employed in the treatment of a myriad of neurodegenerative and traumatic pathologies, accompanied by promising results, herein reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Martins-Macedo
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Angelo C Lepore
- Department of Neuroscience, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Helena S Domingues
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - António J Salgado
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Eduardo D Gomes
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Luísa Pinto
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
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5
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Astrocyte and Oligodendrocyte Cross-Talk in the Central Nervous System. Cells 2020; 9:cells9030600. [PMID: 32138223 PMCID: PMC7140446 DOI: 10.3390/cells9030600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last decade knowledge of the role of astrocytes in central nervous system (CNS) neuroinflammatory diseases has changed dramatically. Rather than playing a merely passive role in response to damage it is clear that astrocytes actively maintain CNS homeostasis by influencing pH, ion and water balance, the plasticity of neurotransmitters and synapses, cerebral blood flow, and are important immune cells. During disease astrocytes become reactive and hypertrophic, a response that was long considered to be pathogenic. However, recent studies reveal that astrocytes also have a strong tissue regenerative role. Whilst most astrocyte research focuses on modulating neuronal function and synaptic transmission little is known about the cross-talk between astrocytes and oligodendrocytes, the myelinating cells of the CNS. This communication occurs via direct cell-cell contact as well as via secreted cytokines, chemokines, exosomes, and signalling molecules. Additionally, this cross-talk is important for glial development, triggering disease onset and progression, as well as stimulating regeneration and repair. Its critical role in homeostasis is most evident when this communication fails. Here, we review emerging evidence of astrocyte-oligodendrocyte communication in health and disease. Understanding the pathways involved in this cross-talk will reveal important insights into the pathogenesis and treatment of CNS diseases.
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6
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Klimczak A, Kozłowska U, Sanford J, Walczak P, Małysz-Cymborska I, Kurpisz M. Immunological Characteristics and Properties of Glial Restricted Progenitors of Mice, Canine Primary Culture Suspensions, and Human QSV40 Immortalized Cell Lines for Prospective Therapies of Neurodegenerative Disorders. Cell Transplant 2019; 28:1140-1154. [PMID: 31124369 PMCID: PMC6767900 DOI: 10.1177/0963689719848355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegeneration can be defined as a process in which neuronal structures and functions undergo changes leading to reduced neuronal survival and increased cell death in the central nervous system (CNS). Neuronal degeneration in specific regions of the CNS is a hallmark of many neurodegenerative disorders, and there is reliable proof that neural stem cells bring therapeutic benefits in treatment of neurological lesions. However, effective therapy with neural stem cells is associated with their biological properties. The assessment of immunological properties and comprehensive studies on the biology of glial restricted progenitors (GRP) are necessary prior to the application of these cells in humans. This study provides an in vitro characterization of the QSV40 glial human cell line, as well as murine and canine primary culture suspensions of GRPs and their mature, astrocytic forms using flow cytometry and immunohistochemical staining. Cytokines and chemokines released by GRPs were assessed by Multiplex ELISA. Some immunological differences observed among species suggest the necessity of reconsidering the pre-clinical model, and that careful testing of immunomodulatory strategies is required before cell transplantation into the CNS can be undertaken.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Klimczak
- Institute of Human Genetics Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland.,Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Urszula Kozłowska
- Institute of Human Genetics Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland.,Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Joanna Sanford
- VetRegen Laboratory and Bank of Stem Cells, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Walczak
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | | | - Maciej Kurpisz
- Institute of Human Genetics Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland
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7
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Schackel T, Kumar P, Günther M, Liu S, Brunner M, Sandner B, Puttagunta R, Müller R, Weidner N, Blesch A. Peptides and Astroglia Improve the Regenerative Capacity of Alginate Gels in the Injured Spinal Cord. Tissue Eng Part A 2018; 25:522-537. [PMID: 30351234 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2018.0082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
IMPACT STATEMENT Axonal bridging across a lesion in the injured spinal cord requires a growth substrate and guidance cues. Using alginate hydrogels with capillary channels we show that poly-l-ornithine and laminin can be stably bound and improve cell adhesion and neurite growth in vitro, and axon growth in vivo by enhancing host cell infiltration in the injured spinal cord. Filling of coated hydrogels with postnatal astrocytes further increases short-distance axon growth and results in a continuous astroglial substrate across the host/graft interface. Thus, positively charged bioactive molecules can be stably bound to anisotropic capillary alginate hydrogels and early astrocytes further promote tissue integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Schackel
- 1 Spinal Cord Injury Center, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Prateek Kumar
- 2 Department of Neurological Surgery and Goodman Campbell Brain and Spine, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Manuel Günther
- 1 Spinal Cord Injury Center, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Shengwen Liu
- 1 Spinal Cord Injury Center, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.,3 Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Manuel Brunner
- 4 Department of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Beatrice Sandner
- 1 Spinal Cord Injury Center, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Radhika Puttagunta
- 1 Spinal Cord Injury Center, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rainer Müller
- 4 Department of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Norbert Weidner
- 1 Spinal Cord Injury Center, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Armin Blesch
- 1 Spinal Cord Injury Center, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.,2 Department of Neurological Surgery and Goodman Campbell Brain and Spine, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
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8
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Patel R, Muir M, Cvetkovic C, Krencik R. Concepts toward directing human astroplasticity to promote neuroregeneration. Dev Dyn 2018; 248:21-33. [DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Caroline Cvetkovic
- Center for Neuroregeneration, Department of Neurosurgery; Houston Methodist Research Institute; Houston Texas
| | - Robert Krencik
- Center for Neuroregeneration, Department of Neurosurgery; Houston Methodist Research Institute; Houston Texas
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9
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Leferink PS, Breeuwsma N, Bugiani M, van der Knaap MS, Heine VM. Affected astrocytes in the spinal cord of the leukodystrophy vanishing white matter. Glia 2018; 66:862-873. [PMID: 29285798 PMCID: PMC5838785 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Leukodystrophies are often devastating diseases, presented with progressive clinical signs as spasticity, ataxia and cognitive decline, and lack proper treatment options. New therapy strategies for leukodystrophies mostly focus on oligodendrocyte replacement to rescue lack of myelin in the brain, even though disease pathology also often involves other glial cells and the spinal cord. In this study we investigated spinal cord pathology in a mouse model for Vanishing White Matter disease (VWM) and show that astrocytes in the white matter are severely affected. Astrocyte pathology starts postnatally in the sensory tracts, followed by changes in the astrocytic populations in the motor tracts. Studies in post-mortem tissue of two VWM patients, a 13-year-old boy and a 6-year-old girl, confirmed astrocyte abnormalities in the spinal cord. For proper development of new treatment options for VWM and, possibly, other leukodystrophies, future studies should investigate spinal cord involvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prisca S. Leferink
- Department of Pediatrics/Child NeurologyAmsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Medical CenterAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Nicole Breeuwsma
- Department of Pediatrics/Child NeurologyAmsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Medical CenterAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Marianna Bugiani
- Department of PathologyVU University Medical Center, Amsterdam NeuroscienceAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Marjo S. van der Knaap
- Department of Pediatrics/Child NeurologyAmsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Medical CenterAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Department of Functional GenomicsCenter for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Vivi M. Heine
- Department of Pediatrics/Child NeurologyAmsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Medical CenterAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Department of Complex Trait GeneticsCenter for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU Universiteit AmsterdamThe Netherlands
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10
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Song JJ, Oh SM, Kwon OC, Wulansari N, Lee HS, Chang MY, Lee E, Sun W, Lee SE, Chang S, An H, Lee CJ, Lee SH. Cografting astrocytes improves cell therapeutic outcomes in a Parkinson's disease model. J Clin Invest 2017; 128:463-482. [PMID: 29227284 DOI: 10.1172/jci93924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Transplantation of neural progenitor cells (NPCs) is a potential therapy for treating neurodegenerative disorders, but this approach has faced many challenges and limited success, primarily because of inhospitable host brain environments that interfere with enriched neuron engraftment and function. Astrocytes play neurotrophic roles in the developing and adult brain, making them potential candidates for helping with modification of hostile brain environments. In this study, we examined whether astrocytic function could be utilized to overcome the current limitations of cell-based therapies in a murine model of Parkinson's disease (PD) that is characterized by dopamine (DA) neuron degeneration in the midbrain. We show here that cografting astrocytes, especially those derived from the midbrain, remarkably enhanced NPC-based cell therapeutic outcomes along with robust DA neuron engraftment in PD rats for at least 6 months after transplantation. We further show that engineering of donor astrocytes with Nurr1 and Foxa2, transcription factors that were recently reported to polarize harmful immunogenic glia into the neuroprotective form, further promoted the neurotrophic actions of grafted astrocytes in the cell therapeutic approach. Collectively, these findings suggest that cografting astrocytes could be a potential strategy for successful cell therapeutic outcomes in neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Jin Song
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine.,Hanyang Biomedical Research Institute, and.,Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sang-Min Oh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine.,Hanyang Biomedical Research Institute, and.,Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Oh-Chan Kwon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine.,Hanyang Biomedical Research Institute, and.,Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Noviana Wulansari
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine.,Hanyang Biomedical Research Institute, and.,Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyun-Seob Lee
- Genomic Core Facility, Transdisciplinary Research and Collaboration Division, Translational Research Institute, and.,Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Mi-Yoon Chang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine.,Hanyang Biomedical Research Institute, and
| | - Eunsoo Lee
- Department of Anatomy and Division of Brain Korea 21 PLUS Program for Biomedical Science, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Woong Sun
- Department of Anatomy and Division of Brain Korea 21 PLUS Program for Biomedical Science, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sang-Eun Lee
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sunghoe Chang
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Heeyoung An
- Center for Neuroscience and.,Center for Glia-Neuron Interaction, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, South Korea.,KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - C Justin Lee
- Center for Neuroscience and.,Center for Glia-Neuron Interaction, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sang-Hun Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine.,Hanyang Biomedical Research Institute, and.,Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea
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11
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Bioinformatics Genes and Pathway Analysis for Chronic Neuropathic Pain after Spinal Cord Injury. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:6423021. [PMID: 29164149 PMCID: PMC5661087 DOI: 10.1155/2017/6423021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
It is well known spinal cord injury (SCI) can cause chronic neuropathic pain (NP); however its underlying molecular mechanisms remain elusive. This study aimed to disclose differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and activated signaling pathways in association with SCI induced chronic NP, in order to identify its diagnostic and therapeutic targets. Microarray dataset GSE5296 has been downloaded from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Significant analysis of microarray (SAM), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis, and pathway network analysis have been used to compare changes of DEGs and signaling pathways between the SCI and sham-injury group. As a result, DEGs analysis showed there were 592 DEGs with significantly altered expression; among them Ccl3 expression showed the highest upregulation which implicated its association with SCI induced chronic NP. Moreover, KEGG analysis found 209 pathways changed significantly; among them the most significantly activated one is MAPK signaling pathway, which is in line with KEGG analysis results. Our results show Ccl3 is highly associated with SCI induced chronic NP; as the exosomes with Ccl3 can be easily and efficiently detected in peripheral blood, Ccl3 may serve as a potential prognostic target for the diagnosis and treatment of SCI induced chronic NP.
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12
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Miyazaki I, Asanuma M. Serotonin 1A Receptors on Astrocytes as a Potential Target for the Treatment of Parkinson's Disease. Curr Med Chem 2016; 23:686-700. [PMID: 26795196 PMCID: PMC4997990 DOI: 10.2174/0929867323666160122115057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Revised: 12/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes are the most abundant neuron-supporting glial cells in the central nervous system. The neuroprotective role of astrocytes has been demonstrated in various neurological disorders such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, spinal cord injury, stroke and Parkinson’s disease (PD). Astrocyte dysfunction or loss-of-astrocytes increases the susceptibility of neurons to cell death, while astrocyte transplantation in animal studies has therapeutic advantage. We reported recently that stimulation of serotonin 1A (5-HT1A) receptors on astrocytes promoted astrocyte proliferation and upregulated antioxidative molecules to act as a neuroprotectant in parkinsonian mice. PD is a progressive neurodegenerative disease with motor symptoms such as tremor, bradykinesia, rigidity and postural instability, that are based on selective loss of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons, and with non-motor symptoms such as orthostatic hypotension and constipation based on peripheral neurodegeneration. Although dopaminergic therapy for managing the motor disability associated with PD is being assessed at present, the main challenge remains the development of neuroprotective or disease-modifying treatments. Therefore, it is desirable to find treatments that can reduce the progression of dopaminergic cell death. In this article, we summarize first the neuroprotective properties of astrocytes targeting certain molecules related to PD. Next, we review neuroprotective effects induced by stimulation of 5-HT1A receptors on astrocytes. The review discusses new promising therapeutic strategies based on neuroprotection against oxidative stress and prevention of dopaminergic neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikuko Miyazaki
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan.
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13
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Jiang P, Deng W. Regenerating white matter using human iPSC-derived immature astroglia. NEUROGENESIS 2016; 3:e1224453. [PMID: 27652287 DOI: 10.1080/23262133.2016.1224453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Revised: 08/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Astrocytes traditionally were thought to have merely a support function, but are now understood to be important regulators of neural development and function. The immature and mature astrocytes have stage-specific roles in neuronal development. However, it is largely unclear whether human astrocytes also serve stage-specific roles in oligodendroglial development. Owing to the broad and diverse roles of astroglia in the central nervous system, transplantation of astroglia also could be of therapeutic value in promoting regeneration after CNS injury or disease. Our recent study (Jiang et al., 2016) explores the developmental interactions between astroglia and oligodendroglia, using a human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) model. By generating immature and mature human astrocytes from hiPSCs, we reveal previously unrecognized effects of immature human astrocytes on oligodendrocyte development. Notably, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) is differentially expressed in the immature and mature human astrocytes, and mediates at least in part the effects of immature human astrocytes on oligodendroglial differentiation. Furthermore, we demonstrate that hiPSC-derived astroglial transplants promote cerebral white matter regeneration and behavioral recovery in a neonatal mouse model of hypoxic-ischemic injury. Our study provides novel insights into the astro-oligodendroglial cell interaction and has important implications for possible therapeutic interventions for human white matter diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Jiang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA; Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Sacramento, CA, USA; Department of Developmental Neuroscience, Munroe-Meyer Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA; Holland Regenerative Medicine Program, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Wenbin Deng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA; Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Sacramento, CA, USA
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14
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Jiang P, Chen C, Liu XB, Pleasure DE, Liu Y, Deng W. Human iPSC-Derived Immature Astroglia Promote Oligodendrogenesis by Increasing TIMP-1 Secretion. Cell Rep 2016; 15:1303-15. [PMID: 27134175 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2015] [Revised: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes, once considered passive support cells, are increasingly appreciated as dynamic regulators of neuronal development and function, in part via secreted factors. The extent to which they similarly regulate oligodendrocytes or proliferation and differentiation of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) is less understood. Here, we generated astrocytes from human pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC-Astros) and demonstrated that immature astrocytes, as opposed to mature ones, promote oligodendrogenesis in vitro. In the PVL mouse model of neonatal hypoxic/ischemic encephalopathy, associated with cerebral palsy in humans, transplanted immature hiPSC-Astros promoted myelinogenesis and behavioral outcome. We further identified TIMP-1 as a selectively upregulated component secreted from immature hiPSC-Astros. Accordingly, in the rat PVL model, intranasal administration of conditioned medium from immature hiPSC-Astros promoted oligodendrocyte maturation in a TIMP-1-dependent manner. Our findings suggest stage-specific developmental interactions between astroglia and oligodendroglia and have important therapeutic implications for promoting myelinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Jiang
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, Munroe-Meyer Institute, and Holland Regenerative Medicine Program, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA; Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.
| | - Chen Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA; Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Xiao-Bo Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA; Center for Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95618, USA
| | - David E Pleasure
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA; Center for Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95618, USA
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Wenbin Deng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA; Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA; Center for Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95618, USA.
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15
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Itokazu Y, Tajima N, Kerosuo L, Somerharju P, Sariola H, Yu RK, Käkelä R. A2B5+/GFAP+ Cells of Rat Spinal Cord Share a Similar Lipid Profile with Progenitor Cells: A Comparative Lipidomic Study. Neurochem Res 2016; 41:1527-44. [PMID: 26915109 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-016-1867-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Revised: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) harbors multiple glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) expressing cell types. In addition to the most abundant cell type of the CNS, the astrocytes, various stem cells and progenitor cells also contain GFAP+ populations. Here, in order to distinguish between two types of GFAP expressing cells with or without the expression of the A2B5 antigens, we performed lipidomic analyses on A2B5+/GFAP+ and A2B5-/GFAP+ cells from rat spinal cord. First, A2B5+/GFAP- progenitors were exposed to the leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) or bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) to induce their differentiation to A2B5+/GFAP+ cells or A2B5-/GFAP+ astrocytes, respectively. The cells were then analyzed for changes in their phospholipid, sphingolipid or acyl chain profiles by mass spectrometry and gas chromatography. Compared to A2B5+/GFAP- progenitors, A2B5-/GFAP+ astrocytes contained higher amounts of ether phospholipids (especially the species containing arachidonic acid) and sphingomyelin, which may indicate characteristics of cellular differentiation and inability for multipotency. In comparison, principal component analyses revealed that the lipid composition of A2B5+/GFAP+ cells retained many of the characteristics of A2B5+/GFAP- progenitors, but their lipid profile was different from that of A2B5-/GFAP+ astrocytes. Thus, our study demonstrated that two GFAP+ cell populations have distinct lipid profiles with the A2B5+/GFAP+ cells sharing a phospholipid profile with progenitors rather than astrocytes. The progenitor cells may require regulated low levels of lipids known to mediate signaling functions in differentiated cells, and the precursor lipid profiles may serve as one measure of the differentiation capacity of a cell population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Itokazu
- Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Biocenter 3, P.O. Box 65, 00014, Helsinki, Finland.,Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Biochemistry and Developmental Biology, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA.,Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA, 30904, USA
| | - Nobuyoshi Tajima
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Biochemistry and Developmental Biology, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Physiology, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, 920-0293, Japan
| | - Laura Kerosuo
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Biochemistry and Developmental Biology, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland.,Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Pentti Somerharju
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Biochemistry and Developmental Biology, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hannu Sariola
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Biochemistry and Developmental Biology, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Robert K Yu
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA.,Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA, 30904, USA
| | - Reijo Käkelä
- Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Biocenter 3, P.O. Box 65, 00014, Helsinki, Finland. .,Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Biochemistry and Developmental Biology, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland.
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16
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Priest CA, Manley NC, Denham J, Wirth ED, Lebkowski JS. Preclinical safety of human embryonic stem cell-derived oligodendrocyte progenitors supporting clinical trials in spinal cord injury. Regen Med 2015; 10:939-58. [DOI: 10.2217/rme.15.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: To characterize the preclinical safety profile of a human embryonic stem cell-derived oligodendrocyte progenitor cell therapy product (AST-OPC1) in support of its use as a treatment for spinal cord injury (SCI). Materials & methods: The phenotype and functional capacity of AST-OPC1 was characterized in vitro and in vivo. Safety and toxicology of AST-OPC1 administration was assessed in rodent models of thoracic SCI. Results: These results identify AST-OPC1 as an early-stage oligodendrocyte progenitor population capable of promoting neurite outgrowth in vitro and myelination in vivo. AST-OPC1 administration did not cause any adverse clinical observations, toxicities, allodynia or tumors. Conclusion: These results supported initiation of a Phase I clinical trial in patients with sensorimotor complete thoracic SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine A Priest
- Geron Corporation, 149 Commonwealth St., Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
- California Institute of Regenerative Medicine, 210 King St., San Francisco, CA 94107, USA
| | - Nathan C Manley
- Asterias Biotherapeutics Inc., 230 Constitution Drive, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Jerrod Denham
- Geron Corporation, 149 Commonwealth St., Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
- Dark Horse Consulting, 1999 South Bascom Ave Suite 700, Campbell, CA 95008, USA
| | - Edward D Wirth
- Geron Corporation, 149 Commonwealth St., Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
- Asterias Biotherapeutics Inc., 230 Constitution Drive, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Jane S Lebkowski
- Geron Corporation, 149 Commonwealth St., Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
- Asterias Biotherapeutics Inc., 230 Constitution Drive, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
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17
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Chen C, Chan A, Wen H, Chung SH, Deng W, Jiang P. Stem and Progenitor Cell-Derived Astroglia Therapies for Neurological Diseases. Trends Mol Med 2015; 21:715-729. [PMID: 26443123 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2015.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Revised: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Astroglia are a major cellular constituent of the central nervous system (CNS) and play crucial roles in brain development, function, and integrity. Increasing evidence demonstrates that astroglia dysfunction occurs in a variety of neurological disorders ranging from CNS injuries to genetic diseases and chronic degenerative conditions. These new insights herald the concept that transplantation of astroglia could be of therapeutic value in treating the injured or diseased CNS. Recent technological advances in the generation of human astroglia from stem and progenitor cells have been prominent. We propose that a better understanding of the suitability of astroglial cells in transplantation as well as of their therapeutic effects in animal models may lead to the establishment of astroglia-based therapies to treat neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA; Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Albert Chan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Han Wen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA; Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | | | - Wenbin Deng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA; Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Sacramento, CA, USA.
| | - Peng Jiang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA; Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Sacramento, CA, USA; Department of Developmental Neuroscience, Munroe-Meyer Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, NE, USA.
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18
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Kober C, Rohn S, Weibel S, Geissinger U, Chen NG, Szalay AA. Microglia and astrocytes attenuate the replication of the oncolytic vaccinia virus LIVP 1.1.1 in murine GL261 gliomas by acting as vaccinia virus traps. J Transl Med 2015; 13:216. [PMID: 26149494 PMCID: PMC4492094 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-015-0586-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Oncolytic virotherapy is a novel approach for the treatment of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) which is still a fatal disease. Pathologic features of GBM are characterized by the infiltration with microglia/macrophages and a strong interaction between immune- and glioma cells. The aim of this study was to determine the role of microglia and astrocytes for oncolytic vaccinia virus (VACV) therapy of GBM. Methods VACV LIVP 1.1.1 replication in C57BL/6 and Foxn1nu/nu mice with and without GL261 gliomas was analyzed. Furthermore, immunohistochemical analysis of microglia and astrocytes was investigated in non-, mock-, and LIVP 1.1.1-infected orthotopic GL261 gliomas in C57BL/6 mice. In cell culture studies virus replication and virus-mediated cell death of GL261 glioma cells was examined, as well as in BV-2 microglia and IMA2.1 astrocytes with M1 or M2 phenotypes. Co-culture experiments between BV-2 and GL261 cells and apoptosis/necrosis studies were performed. Organotypic slice cultures with implanted GL261 tumor spheres were used as additional cell culture system. Results We discovered that orthotopic GL261 gliomas upon intracranial virus delivery did not support replication of LIVP 1.1.1, similar to VACV-infected brains without gliomas. In addition, recruitment of Iba1+ microglia and GFAP+ astrocytes to orthotopically implanted GL261 glioma sites occurred already without virus injection. GL261 cells in culture showed high virus replication, while replication in BV-2 and IMA2.1 cells was barely detectable. The reduced viral replication in BV-2 cells might be due to rapid VACV-induced apoptotic cell death. In BV-2 and IMA 2.1 cells with M1 phenotype a further reduction of virus progeny and virus-mediated cell death was detected. Application of BV-2 microglial cells with M1 phenotype onto organotypic slice cultures with implanted GL261 gliomas resulted in reduced infection of BV-2 cells, whereas GL261 cells were well infected. Conclusion Our results indicate that microglia and astrocytes, dependent on their activation state, may preferentially clear viral particles by immediate uptake after delivery. By acting as VACV traps they further reduce efficient virus infection of the tumor cells. These findings demonstrate that glia cells need to be taken into account for successful GBM therapy development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Kober
- Department of Biochemistry, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Susanne Rohn
- Department of Biochemistry, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Stephanie Weibel
- Department of Biochemistry, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany. .,Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, University Hospital of Wuerzburg, Oberduerrbacher Str. 6, 97080, Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Ulrike Geissinger
- Genelux Corporation, San Diego Science Center, 3030 Bunker Hill Street, San Diego, CA, 92109, USA.
| | - Nanhai G Chen
- Department of Radiation Medicine and Applied Sciences, Rebecca and John Moores Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA. .,Genelux Corporation, San Diego Science Center, 3030 Bunker Hill Street, San Diego, CA, 92109, USA.
| | - Aladar A Szalay
- Department of Biochemistry, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany. .,Rudolf Virchow Center for Experimental Biomedicine and Institute for Molecular Infection Biology, University of Wuerzburg, 97080, Würzburg, Germany. .,Department of Radiation Medicine and Applied Sciences, Rebecca and John Moores Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA. .,Genelux Corporation, San Diego Science Center, 3030 Bunker Hill Street, San Diego, CA, 92109, USA.
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19
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Moradi M, Hood B, Moradi M, Atala A. The potential role of regenerative medicine in the man-agement of traumatic patients. J Inj Violence Res 2015; 7:27-35. [PMID: 25618439 PMCID: PMC4288293 DOI: 10.5249/jivr.v7i1.704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 12/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic injury represents the most common cause of death in ages 1 to 44 years and a significant proportion of patients treated in hospital emergency wards each year. Unfortunately, for patients who survive their injuries, survival is not equal to complete recovery. Many traumatic injuries are difficult to treat with conventional therapy and result in permanent disability. In such situations, regenerative medicine has the potential to play an important role in recovery of function. Regenerative medicine is a field that seeks to maintain or restore function with the development of biological substitutes for diseased or damaged tissues. Several regenerative approaches are currently under investigation, with a few achieving clinical application. For example, engineered skin has gained FDA approval, and more than 20 tissue engineered skin substitutes are now commercially available. Other organ systems with promising animal models and small human series include the central and peripheral nervous systems, the musculoskeletal system, the respiratory and genitourinary tracts, and others. This paper will be a clinically oriented review of the regenerative approaches currently under investigation of special interest to those caring for traumatic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Anthony Atala
- Department of Urology, Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC,USA.
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20
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Porambo M, Phillips AW, Marx J, Ternes K, Arauz E, Pletnikov M, Wilson MA, Rothstein JD, Johnston MV, Fatemi A. Transplanted glial restricted precursor cells improve neurobehavioral and neuropathological outcomes in a mouse model of neonatal white matter injury despite limited cell survival. Glia 2014; 63:452-65. [PMID: 25377280 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Neonatal white matter injury (NWMI) is the leading cause of cerebral palsy and other neurocognitive deficits in prematurely-born children, and no restorative therapies exist. Our objective was to determine the fate and effect of glial restricted precursor cell (GRP) transplantation in an ischemic mouse model of NWMI. METHODS Neonatal CD-1 mice underwent unilateral carotid artery ligation on postnatal-Day 5 (P5). At P22, intracallosal injections of either enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) + GRPs or saline were performed in control and ligated mice. Neurobehavioral and postmortem studies were performed at 4 and 8 weeks post-transplantation. RESULTS GRP survival was comparable at 1 month but significantly lower at 2 months post-transplantation in NWMI mice compared with unligated controls. Surviving cells showed better migration capability in controls; however, the differentiation capacity of transplanted cells was similar in control and NWMI. Saline-treated NWMI mice showed significantly altered response in startle amplitude and prepulse inhibition (PPI) paradigms compared with unligated controls, while these behavioral tests were completely normal in GRP-transplanted animals. Similarly, there was significant increase in hemispheric myelin basic protein density, along with significant decrease in pathologic axonal staining in cell-treated NWMI mice compared with saline-treated NWMI animals. INTERPRETATION The reduced long-term survival and migration of transplanted GRPs in an ischemia-induced NWMI model suggests that neonatal ischemia leads to long-lasting detrimental effects on oligodendroglia even months after the initial insult. Despite limited GRP-survival, behavioral, and neuropathological outcomes were improved after GRP-transplantation. Our results suggest that exogenous GRPs improve myelination through trophic effects in addition to differentiation into mature oligodendrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Porambo
- Kennedy Krieger Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
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21
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Wu L, Li J, Chen L, Zhang H, Yuan L, Davies SJ. Combined transplantation of GDAs(BMP) and hr-decorin in spinal cord contusion repair. Neural Regen Res 2014; 8:2236-48. [PMID: 25206533 PMCID: PMC4146032 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5374.2013.24.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Following spinal cord injury, astrocyte proliferation and scar formation are the main factors inhibiting the regeneration and growth of spinal cord axons. Recombinant decorin suppresses inflammatory reactions, inhibits glial scar formation, and promotes axonal growth. Rat models of T8 spinal cord contusion were created with the NYU impactor and these models were subjected to combined transplantation of bone morphogenetic protein-4-induced glial-restricted precursor-derived astrocytes and human recombinant decorin transplantation. At 28 days after spinal cord contusion, double-immunofluorescent histochemistry revealed that combined transplantation inhibited the early inflammatory response in injured rats. Furthermore, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, which was secreted by transplanted cells, protected injured axons. The combined transplantation promoted axonal regeneration and growth of injured motor and sensory neurons by inhibiting astrocyte proliferation and glial scar formation, with astrocytes forming a linear arrangement in the contused spinal cord, thus providing axonal regeneration channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Wu
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100068, China ; Department of Neural Functional Reconstruction of Spine and Spinal Cord, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing 100068, China ; Rehabilitation Center, Beijing Xiaotangshan Rehabilitation Hospital, Beijing 102211, China
| | - Jianjun Li
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100068, China ; Department of Neural Functional Reconstruction of Spine and Spinal Cord, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing 100068, China
| | - Liang Chen
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100068, China ; Department of Neural Functional Reconstruction of Spine and Spinal Cord, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing 100068, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100068, China
| | - Li Yuan
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100068, China ; Department of Neural Functional Reconstruction of Spine and Spinal Cord, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing 100068, China
| | - Stephen Ja Davies
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Colorado Denver, 1250 14th Street Denver, Colorado 80217, USA
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22
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Chu T, Zhou H, Li F, Wang T, Lu L, Feng S. Astrocyte transplantation for spinal cord injury: current status and perspective. Brain Res Bull 2014; 107:18-30. [PMID: 24878447 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2014.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2014] [Revised: 05/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) often causes incurable neurological dysfunction because axonal regeneration in adult spinal cord is rare. Astrocytes are gradually recognized as being necessary for the regeneration after SCI as they promote axonal growth under both physiological and pathophysiological conditions. Heterogeneous populations of astrocytes have been explored for structural and functional restoration. The results range from the early variable and modest effects of immature astrocyte transplantation to the later significant, but controversial, outcomes of glial-restricted precursor (GRP)-derived astrocyte (GDA) transplantation. However, the traditional neuron-centric view and the concerns about the inhibitory roles of astrocytes after SCI, along with the sporadic studies and the lack of a comprehensive review, have led to some confusion over the usefulness of astrocytes in SCI. It is the purpose of the review to discuss the current status of astrocyte transplantation for SCI based on a dialectical view of the context-dependent manner of astrocyte behavior and the time-associated characteristics of glial scarring. Critical issues are then analyzed to reveal the potential direction of future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianci Chu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Anshan Road No. 154, Heping District, Tianjin 300052, PR China.
| | - Hengxing Zhou
- Department of Orthopaedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Anshan Road No. 154, Heping District, Tianjin 300052, PR China.
| | - Fuyuan Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Anshan Road No. 154, Heping District, Tianjin 300052, PR China.
| | - Tianyi Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Anshan Road No. 154, Heping District, Tianjin 300052, PR China.
| | - Lu Lu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Anshan Road No. 154, Heping District, Tianjin 300052, PR China.
| | - Shiqing Feng
- Department of Orthopaedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Anshan Road No. 154, Heping District, Tianjin 300052, PR China.
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23
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Aurand ER, Wagner JL, Shandas R, Bjugstad KB. Hydrogel formulation determines cell fate of fetal and adult neural progenitor cells. Stem Cell Res 2013; 12:11-23. [PMID: 24141109 PMCID: PMC4687407 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2013.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Revised: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogels provide a unique tool for neural tissue engineering. These materials can be customized for certain functions, i.e. to provide cell/drug delivery or act as a physical scaffold. Unfortunately, hydrogel complexities can negatively impact their biocompatibility, resulting in unintended consequences. These adverse effects may be combated with a better understanding of hydrogel chemical, physical, and mechanical properties, and how these properties affect encapsulated neural cells. We defined the polymerization and degradation rates and compressive moduli of 25 hydrogels formulated from different concentrations of hyaluronic acid (HA) and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG). Changes in compressive modulus were driven primarily by the HA concentration. The in vitro biocompatibility of fetal-derived (fNPC) and adult-derived (aNPC) neural progenitor cells was dependent on hydrogel formulation. Acute survival of fNPC benefited from hydrogel encapsulation. NPC differentiation was divergent: fNPC differentiated into mostly glial cells, compared with neuronal differentiation of aNPC. Differentiation was influenced in part by the hydrogel mechanical properties. This study indicates that there can be a wide range of HA and PEG hydrogels compatible with NPC. Additionally, this is the first study comparing hydrogel encapsulation of NPC derived from different aged sources, with data suggesting that fNPC and aNPC respond dissimilarly within the same hydrogel formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily R Aurand
- Neuroscience Program, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Mail Stop 8313, 12800 E. 19th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
| | - Jennifer L Wagner
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Mail Stop 8607, 12700 E. 19th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
| | - Robin Shandas
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Mail Stop 8607, 12700 E. 19th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
| | - Kimberly B Bjugstad
- Neuroscience Program, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Mail Stop 8313, 12800 E. 19th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Mail Stop 8313, 12800 E. 19th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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24
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Astrocyte regulation of CNS inflammation and remyelination. Brain Sci 2013; 3:1109-27. [PMID: 24961523 PMCID: PMC4061872 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci3031109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Revised: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes regulate fundamentally important functions to maintain central nervous system (CNS) homeostasis. Altered astrocytic function is now recognized as a primary contributing factor to an increasing number of neurological diseases. In this review, we provide an overview of our rapidly developing understanding of the basal and inflammatory functions of astrocytes as mediators of CNS responsiveness to inflammation and injury. Specifically, we elaborate on ways that astrocytes actively participate in the pathogenesis of demyelinating diseases of the CNS through their immunomodulatory roles as CNS antigen presenting cells, modulators of blood brain barrier function and as a source of chemokines and cytokines. We also outline how changes in the extracellular matrix can modulate astrocytes phenotypically, resulting in dysregulation of astrocytic responses during inflammatory injury. We also relate recent studies describing newly identified roles for astrocytes in leukodystrophies. Finally, we describe recent advances in how adapting this increasing breadth of knowledge on astrocytes has fostered new ways of thinking about human diseases, which offer potential to modulate astrocytic heterogeneity and plasticity towards therapeutic gain. In summary, recent studies have provided improved insight in a wide variety of neuroinflammatory and demyelinating diseases, and future research on astrocyte pathophysiology is expected to provide new perspectives on these diseases, for which new treatment modalities are increasingly necessary.
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25
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Volpato FZ, Führmann T, Migliaresi C, Hutmacher DW, Dalton PD. Using extracellular matrix for regenerative medicine in the spinal cord. Biomaterials 2013; 34:4945-55. [PMID: 23597407 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.03.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Regeneration within the mammalian central nervous system (CNS) is limited, and traumatic injury often leads to permanent functional motor and sensory loss. The lack of regeneration following spinal cord injury (SCI) is mainly caused by the presence of glial scarring, cystic cavitation and a hostile environment to axonal growth at the lesion site. The more prominent experimental treatment strategies focus mainly on drug and cell therapies, however recent interest in biomaterial-based strategies are increasing in number and breadth. Outside the spinal cord, approaches that utilize the extracellular matrix (ECM) to promote tissue repair show tremendous potential for various application including vascular, skin, bone, cartilage, liver, lung, heart and peripheral nerve tissue engineering (TE). Experimentally, it is unknown if these approaches can be successfully translated to the CNS, either alone or in combination with synthetic biomaterial scaffolds. In this review we outline the first attempts to apply the potential of ECM-based biomaterials and combining cell-derived ECM with synthetic scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Zomer Volpato
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove 4059, Australia
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Alternatively Activated Macrophages in Spinal Cord Injury and Remission: Another Mechanism for Repair? Mol Neurobiol 2013; 47:1011-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-013-8398-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Accepted: 01/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Abstract
Astrocytes are the predominant glial cell population in the central nervous system (CNS). Once considered only passive scaffolding elements, astrocytes are now recognised as cells playing essential roles in CNS development and function. They control extracellular water and ion homeostasis, provide substrates for energy metabolism, and regulate neurogenesis, myelination and synaptic transmission. Due to these multiple activities astrocytes have been implicated in almost all brain pathologies, contributing to various aspects of disease initiation, progression and resolution. Evidence is emerging that astrocyte dysfunction can be the direct cause of neurodegeneration, as shown in Alexander's disease where myelin degeneration is caused by mutations in the gene encoding the astrocyte-specific cytoskeleton protein glial fibrillary acidic protein. Recent studies point to a primary role for astrocytes in the pathogenesis of other genetic leukodystrophies such as megalencephalic leukoencephalopathy with subcortical cysts and vanishing white matter disease. The aim of this review is to summarize current knowledge of the pathophysiological role of astrocytes focusing on their contribution to the development of the above mentioned leukodystrophies and on new perspectives for the treatment of neurological disorders.
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Bennet L, Tan S, Van den Heuij L, Derrick M, Groenendaal F, van Bel F, Juul S, Back SA, Northington F, Robertson NJ, Mallard C, Gunn AJ. Cell therapy for neonatal hypoxia-ischemia and cerebral palsy. Ann Neurol 2012; 71:589-600. [PMID: 22522476 DOI: 10.1002/ana.22670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Perinatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury remains a major cause of cerebral palsy. Although therapeutic hypothermia is now established to improve recovery from hypoxia-ischemia (HI) at term, many infants continue to survive with disability, and hypothermia has not yet been tested in preterm infants. There is increasing evidence from in vitro and in vivo preclinical studies that stem/progenitor cells may have multiple beneficial effects on outcome after hypoxic-ischemic injury. Stem/progenitor cells have shown great promise in animal studies in decreasing neurological impairment; however, the mechanisms of action of stem cells, and the optimal type, dose, and method of administration remain surprisingly unclear, and some studies have found no benefit. Although cell-based interventions after completion of the majority of secondary cell death appear to have potential to improve functional outcome for neonates after HI, further rigorous testing in translational animal models is required before randomized controlled trials should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Bennet
- Department of Physiology, University of Auckland, New Zealand
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The role of astrocytes in amyloid β-protein toxicity and clearance. Exp Neurol 2012; 236:1-5. [PMID: 22575598 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2012.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2012] [Revised: 04/07/2012] [Accepted: 04/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The deposition of the amyloid β-protein (Aβ) in the brain is a pathological hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Here, Aβ deposits occur as Aβ plaques in the brain parenchyma and in the walls of cerebral and leptomeningeal blood vessels. Astrocytes are considered to be involved in the clearance of Aβ from the brain parenchyma into the perivascular space, across the blood-brain barrier, or by enzymatic degradation. As such it has been assumed that clearance of Aβ by astrocytes is beneficial. In a recent study published in Experimental Neurology Mulder et al. (2012; 233: 373-379) report changes in neprilysin and scavenger receptor class B member 1 gene expression in astrocytes exposed to fibrillar Aβ depending on the availability of amyloid-associated proteins, especially apolipoprotein E (apoE). Astrocytes from AD patients did not show this response in gene expression. Reactive astrocytes and Aβ containing astrocytes are common findings in the AD brain. A loss of excitatory amino acid transporter 2 expression in perivascular astrocytes of APOE ε4-positive AD cases and an alteration of neuronal apoE metabolism in the event of perivascular drainage of apoE-Aβ complexes has also been described. As such, reactive and compensatory changes in AD astrocytes compete with supporting functions of astrocytes finally leading to an impairment of metabolic support and transmitter recycling in the brain. In summary, exposure of astrocytes to increased amounts of Aβ over a long period in time very likely impairs the above mentioned supporting functions of astrocytes in AD patients because these cells have to clear large amounts of Aβ and, thereby, neglect their other functions.
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