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Anbaraki A, Dindar Z, Mousavi-Jarrahi Z, Ghasemi A, Moeini Z, Evini M, Saboury AA, Seyedarabi A. The novel anti-fibrillary effects of volatile compounds α-asarone and β-caryophyllene on tau protein: Towards promising therapeutic agents for Alzheimer's disease. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 271:132401. [PMID: 38761902 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
The abnormal deposition of tau protein is one of the critical causes of tauopathies including Alzheimer's disease (AD). In recent years, there has been great interest in the use of essential oils and volatile compounds in aromatherapy for treating AD, since volatile compounds can directly reach the brain through intranasal administration. The volatile compounds α-asarone (ASA) and β-caryophyllene (BCP) have revealed various important neuroprotective properties, useful in treating AD. In this study, the volatile compounds ASA and BCP were assessed for their effectiveness in preventing tau fibrillation, disassembly of pre-formed tau fibrils, and disaggregation of tau aggregates. SDS-PAGE and AFM analyses revealed that ASA and BCP inhibited tau fibrillation/aggregation and decreased the mean size of tau oligomers. Tau samples treated with ASA and BCP, showed a reduction in ThT and ANS fluorescence intensities, and a decrease in the β-sheet content. Additionally, ASA and BCP disassembled the pre-formed tau fibrils to the granular and linear oligomeric intermediates. Treatment of neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells with tau samples treated with ASA and BCP, revealed protective effects as shown by reduced toxicity of the cells, due to the inhibition of tau fibrillation/aggregation. Overall, ASA and BCP appeared to be promising therapeutic candidates for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afrooz Anbaraki
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Dindar
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Atiyeh Ghasemi
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Moeini
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mina Evini
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Akbar Saboury
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arefeh Seyedarabi
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
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2
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Mythri RB, Aishwarya MRB. Biopolymers as promising vehicles for drug delivery to the brain. Drug Metab Rev 2024; 56:46-61. [PMID: 37955126 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2023.2281855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
The brain is a privileged organ, tightly guarded by a network of endothelial cells, pericytes, and glial cells called the blood brain barrier. This barrier facilitates tight regulation of the transport of molecules, ions, and cells from the blood to the brain. While this feature ensures protection to the brain, it also presents a challenge for drug delivery for brain diseases. It is, therefore, crucial to identify molecules and/or vehicles that carry drugs, cross the blood brain barrier, and reach targets within the central nervous system. Biopolymers are large polymeric molecules obtained from biological sources. In comparison with synthetic polymers, biopolymers are structurally more complex and their 3D architecture makes them biologically active. Researchers are therefore investigating biopolymers as safe and efficient carriers of brain-targeted therapeutic agents. In this article, we bring together various approaches toward achieving this objective with a note on the prospects for biopolymer-based neurotherapeutic/neurorestorative/neuroprotective interventions. Finally, as a representative paradigm, we discuss the potential use of nanocarrier biopolymers in targeting protein aggregation diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeswara Babu Mythri
- Department of Psychology, Christ (Deemed to be University), Dharmaram College Post, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
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3
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Krajcer A, Grzywna E, Lewandowska-Łańcucka J. Strategies increasing the effectiveness of temozolomide at various levels of anti-GBL therapy. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 165:115174. [PMID: 37459661 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBL) is the most common (60-70% of primary brain tumours) and the most malignant of the glial tumours. Although current therapies remain palliative, they have been proven to prolong overall survival. Within an optimal treatment regimen (incl. surgical resection, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy) temozolomide as the current anti-GBL first-line chemotherapeutic has increased the median overall survival to 14-15 months, and the percentage of patients alive at two years has been reported to rise from 10.4% to 26.5%. Though, the effectiveness of temozolomide chemotherapy is limited by the serious systemic, dose-related side effects. Therefore, the ponderation regarding novel treatment methods along with innovative formulations is crucial to emerging the therapeutic potential of the widely used drug simultaneously reducing the drawbacks of its use. Herein the complex temozolomide application restrictions present at different levels of therapy as well as, the currently proposed strategies aimed at reducing those limitations are demonstrated. Approaches increasing the efficacy of anti-GBL treatment are addressed. Our paper is focused on the most recent developments in the field of nano/biomaterials-based systems for temozolomide delivery and their functionalization towards more effective blood-brain-barrier crossing and/or tumour targeting. Appropriate designing accounting for the physical and chemical features of formulations along with distinct routes of administration is also discussed. In addition, considering the multiple resistance mechanisms, the molecular heterogeneity and the evolution of tumour the purposely selected delivery methods, the combined therapeutic approaches and specifically focused on GBL cells therapies are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Krajcer
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Ewelina Grzywna
- Department of Neurosurgery and Neurotraumatology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Św. Anny 12, 31-008 Kraków, Poland
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4
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Wu DD, Salah YA, Ngowi EE, Zhang YX, Khattak S, Khan NH, Wang Y, Li T, Guo ZH, Wang YM, Ji XY. Nanotechnology prospects in brain therapeutics concerning gene-targeting and nose-to-brain administration. iScience 2023; 26:107321. [PMID: 37554468 PMCID: PMC10405259 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurological diseases are one of the most pressing issues in modern times worldwide. It thus possesses explicit attention from researchers and medical health providers to guard public health against such an expanding threat. Various treatment modalities have been developed in a remarkably short time but, unfortunately, have yet to lead to the wished-for efficacy or the sought-after clinical improvement. The main hurdle in delivering therapeutics to the brain has always been the blood-brain barrier which still represents an elusive area with lots of mysteries yet to be solved. Meanwhile, nanotechnology has emerged as an optimistic platform that is potentially holding the answer to many of our questions on how to deliver drugs and treat CNS disorders using novel technologies rather than the unsatisfying conventional old methods. Nanocarriers can be engineered in a way that is capable of delivering a certain therapeutic cargo to a specific target tissue. Adding to this mind-blowing nanotechnology, the revolutionizing gene-altering biologics can have the best of both worlds, and pave the way for the long-awaited cure to many diseases, among those diseases thus far are Alzheimer's disease (AD), brain tumors (glioma and glioblastoma), Down syndrome, stroke, and even cases with HIV. The review herein collects the studies that tested the mixture of both sciences, nanotechnology, and epigenetics, in the context of brain therapeutics using three main categories of gene-altering molecules (siRNA, miRNA, and CRISPR) with a special focus on the advancements regarding the new favorite, intranasal route of administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Dong Wu
- Henan International Joint Laboratory for Nuclear Protein Regulation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, China
- School of Stomatology, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, China
| | - Yasmine Ahmed Salah
- Henan International Joint Laboratory for Nuclear Protein Regulation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, China
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11517, Egypt
| | - Ebenezeri Erasto Ngowi
- Henan International Joint Laboratory for Nuclear Protein Regulation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, China
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dar es Salaam University College of Education, Dar es Salaam 2329, Tanzania
| | - Yan-Xia Zhang
- Henan International Joint Laboratory for Nuclear Protein Regulation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, China
| | - Saadullah Khattak
- Henan International Joint Laboratory for Nuclear Protein Regulation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, China
- School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, China
| | - Nazeer Hussain Khan
- Henan International Joint Laboratory for Nuclear Protein Regulation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, China
- School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Henan International Joint Laboratory for Nuclear Protein Regulation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, China
| | - Tao Li
- Henan International Joint Laboratory for Nuclear Protein Regulation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, China
| | - Zi-Hua Guo
- Henan International Joint Laboratory for Nuclear Protein Regulation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, China
- Department of Neurology, Kaifeng Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475000, China
| | - Yan-Mei Wang
- Henan International Joint Laboratory for Nuclear Protein Regulation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, China
- School of Nursing and Health, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, China
| | - Xin-Ying Ji
- Henan International Joint Laboratory for Nuclear Protein Regulation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, China
- Kaifeng Key Laboratory of Infection and Biological Safety, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, China
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Guzmán-Mejía F, Godínez-Victoria M, Molotla-Torres DE, Drago-Serrano ME. Lactoferrin as a Component of Pharmaceutical Preparations: An Experimental Focus. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:214. [PMID: 37259362 PMCID: PMC9961256 DOI: 10.3390/ph16020214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Lactoferrin is an 80 kDa monomeric glycoprotein that exhibits multitask activities. Lactoferrin properties are of interest in the pharmaceutical field for the design of products with therapeutic potential, including nanoparticles and liposomes, among many others. In antimicrobial preparations, lactoferrin has been included either as a main bioactive component or as an enhancer of the activity and potency of first-line antibiotics. In some proposals based on nanoparticles, lactoferrin has been included in delivery systems to transport and protect drugs from enzymatic degradation in the intestine, favoring the bioavailability for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease and colon cancer. Moreover, nanoparticles loaded with lactoferrin have been formulated as delivery systems to transport drugs for neurodegenerative diseases, which cannot cross the blood-brain barrier to enter the central nervous system. This manuscript is focused on pharmaceutical products either containing lactoferrin as the bioactive component or formulated with lactoferrin as the carrier considering its interaction with receptors expressed in tissues as targets of drugs delivered via parenteral or mucosal administration. We hope that this manuscript provides insights about the therapeutic possibilities of pharmaceutical Lf preparations with a sustainable approach that contributes to decreasing the resistance of antimicrobials and enhancing the bioavailability of first-line drugs for intestinal chronic inflammation and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiola Guzmán-Mejía
- Unidad Xochimilco, Departamento de Sistemas Biológicos, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Ciudad de México CP 04960, Mexico
| | - Marycarmen Godínez-Victoria
- Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México CP 11340, Mexico
| | - Daniel Efrain Molotla-Torres
- Unidad Xochimilco, Departamento de Sistemas Biológicos, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Ciudad de México CP 04960, Mexico
| | - Maria Elisa Drago-Serrano
- Unidad Xochimilco, Departamento de Sistemas Biológicos, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Ciudad de México CP 04960, Mexico
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6
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Agnihotri TG, Jadhav GS, Sahu B, Jain A. Recent trends of bioconjugated nanomedicines through nose-to-brain delivery for neurological disorders. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2022; 12:3104-3120. [PMID: 35570262 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-022-01173-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The global burden of neurological disorders has been increasing day by day which calls for immediate attention to the solutions. Novel drug delivery systems are one of the alternatives that we count on to counteract these disorders. As the blood-brain barrier creates a significant hindrance to the delivery of drugs across the endothelium lining of the brain, nose-to-brain delivery has been the favorite option to administer such drugs. In recent times, bioconjugation has been viewed as a rapidly growing area in the field of pharmaceuticals. The pharmaceutical industry and academic research are investing significantly in bioconjugated structures as an attractive and advantageous potential aid to nanoparticulate delivery systems, with all of its flexible benefits in terms of tailor grafting and custom design as well as overcoming the majority of their drawbacks. This review discusses drug delivery via the intranasal route and gives insight into bioconjugation systems for drug molecules, their chemistry, and benefits over other systems. Conjugation of drugs/macromolecules with peptides, carbohydrates, ligands, and nucleic acids has also been discussed in detail. The figure represents few types of novel drug delivery systems and molecules that have been attempted by researchers for nose-to-brain delivery through nasal (mucosal) route for the effective management of epilepsy, Alzheimer's disease, brain cancer, and other brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tejas Girish Agnihotri
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Ahmedabad, Palaj, Gandhinagar, 382355, Gujarat, India
| | - Govinda Shivaji Jadhav
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Ahmedabad, Palaj, Gandhinagar, 382355, Gujarat, India
| | - Bichismita Sahu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Ahmedabad, Palaj, Gandhinagar, 382355, Gujarat, India
| | - Aakanchha Jain
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Ahmedabad, Palaj, Gandhinagar, 382355, Gujarat, India.
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7
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Zhang P, Tang R, Yang S, Jiang D, Yuan M, Li H, Yuan M. Preparation and in vitro release of mPEG-PLA microspheres of Panax notoginseng saponins. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 217:922-930. [PMID: 35908674 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.07.195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This study was performed to promote the clinical application of Panax notoginseng saponins (PNS), which present anti-inflammatory and antitumor activities, and provided insights for the preparation of controlled-release dosage forms of traditional Chinese medicine. A series of drug-loaded microspheres with degradable amphiphilic polymer material polyethylene glycol monomethyl ether-polylactic acid (mPEG-PLA) as the carrier was synthesized. The degradation, sustained-release behavior, and biocompatibility of the drug-loaded microspheres were studied through in vitro release, degradation, hemolysis, anticoagulation, and cytotoxicity experiments. The pharmacological activities of the microspheres were studied through anti-inflammatory and antitumor experiments. The results showed that the best carrier material was mPEG2k-PLA (1:9), with an average particle size of 3.47 ± 0.35 μm, a drug load of 5.50 ± 0.28 %, and an encapsulation efficiency of 38.52 ± 1.93 %. This material could be released stably for approximately 24 days and degrade in approximately 60 days. Moreover, the microspheres had good biocompatibility and anti-inflammatory and antitumor activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penghao Zhang
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Green Preparation Technology of Biobased Materials, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Ruimin Tang
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Green Preparation Technology of Biobased Materials, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Shilong Yang
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Green Preparation Technology of Biobased Materials, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Dengbang Jiang
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Green Preparation Technology of Biobased Materials, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Minglong Yuan
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Green Preparation Technology of Biobased Materials, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Hongli Li
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Green Preparation Technology of Biobased Materials, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming 650500, China.
| | - Mingwei Yuan
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Green Preparation Technology of Biobased Materials, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming 650500, China.
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8
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Li X, Zhang Z, Harris A, Yang L. Bridging the gap between fundamental research and product development of long acting injectable PLGA microspheres. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2022; 19:1247-1264. [PMID: 35863759 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2022.2105317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Long acting Injectable PLGA microspheres have gained more and more interest and attention in the field of life cycle management of pharmaceutical products due to their biocompatibility and biodegradability. So far, a multitude of trial-and-error experiments at lab scale have been used for establishing the correlation relationship between critical process parameters, critical material attributes and critical quality attributes. However, few published studies have elaborated on the development of PLGA microspheres from an industrial perspective. AREAS COVERED In this review, the scale-up feasibility of translational technologies of PLGA microspheres manufacturing have been evaluated. Additionally, state-of-the-art of technologies and facilities in PLGA development have been summarized. Meanwhile, the industrial knowledge matrix of PLGA microspheres development and research are establishing which provide comprehensive insight for understanding properties of PLGA microspheres as controlled/sustained release vehicle. EXPERT OPINION There is still big gap between fundamental research in academic institute and product development in pharmaceuticals. Therefore, the difference and connection between them should be identified gradually for better understanding of PLGA microspheres development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xun Li
- Ferring Product Development China, Global R&D life cycle management department, Ferring Pharmaceuticals (Asia) Company Limited, Beijing China
| | - Zhanpeng Zhang
- Ferring Product Development China, Global R&D life cycle management department, Ferring Pharmaceuticals (Asia) Company Limited, Beijing China
| | - Alan Harris
- Global R&D life cycle management department, Ferring International Center SA, St-Prex, Switzerland
| | - Lin Yang
- Ferring Product Development China, Global R&D life cycle management department, Ferring Pharmaceuticals (Asia) Company Limited, Beijing China
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9
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Zha S, Wong K, All AH. Intranasal Delivery of Functionalized Polymeric Nanomaterials to the Brain. Adv Healthc Mater 2022; 11:e2102610. [PMID: 35166052 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202102610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Intravenous delivery of nanomaterials containing therapeutic agents and various cargos for treating neurological disorders is often constrained by low delivery efficacy due to difficulties in passing the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Nanoparticles (NPs) administered intranasally can move along olfactory and trigeminal nerves so that they do not need to pass through the BBB, allowing non-invasive, direct access to selective neural pathways within the brain. Hence, intranasal (IN) administration of NPs can effectively deliver drugs and genes into targeted regions of the brain, holding potential for efficacious disease treatment in the central nervous system (CNS). In this review, current methods for delivering conjugated NPs to the brain are primarily discussed. Distinctive potential mechanisms of therapeutic nanocomposites delivered via IN pathways to the brain are then discussed. Recent progress in developing functional NPs for applications in multimodal bioimaging, drug delivery, diagnostics, and therapeutics is also reviewed. This review is then concluded by discussing existing challenges, new directions, and future perspectives in IN delivery of nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Zha
- Department of Chemistry Hong Kong Baptist University 224 Waterloo Road Kowloon Hong Kong SAR 000000 P. R. China
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hung Hom Hong Kong SAR 000000 P. R. China
| | - Ka‐Leung Wong
- Department of Chemistry Hong Kong Baptist University 224 Waterloo Road Kowloon Hong Kong SAR 000000 P. R. China
| | - Angelo H. All
- Department of Chemistry Hong Kong Baptist University 224 Waterloo Road Kowloon Hong Kong SAR 000000 P. R. China
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Watchorn J, Clasky AJ, Prakash G, Johnston IAE, Chen PZ, Gu FX. Untangling Mucosal Drug Delivery: Engineering, Designing, and Testing Nanoparticles to Overcome the Mucus Barrier. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2022; 8:1396-1426. [PMID: 35294187 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.2c00047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Mucus is a complex viscoelastic gel and acts as a barrier covering much of the soft tissue in the human body. High vascularization and accessibility have motivated drug delivery to various mucosal surfaces; however, these benefits are hindered by the mucus layer. To overcome the mucus barrier, many nanomedicines have been developed, with the goal of improving the efficacy and bioavailability of drug payloads. Two major nanoparticle-based strategies have emerged to facilitate mucosal drug delivery, namely, mucoadhesion and mucopenetration. Generally, mucoadhesive nanoparticles promote interactions with mucus for immobilization and sustained drug release, whereas mucopenetrating nanoparticles diffuse through the mucus and enhance drug uptake. The choice of strategy depends on many factors pertaining to the structural and compositional characteristics of the target mucus and mucosa. While there have been promising results in preclinical studies, mucus-nanoparticle interactions remain poorly understood, thus limiting effective clinical translation. This article reviews nanomedicines designed with mucoadhesive or mucopenetrating properties for mucosal delivery, explores the influence of site-dependent physiological variation among mucosal surfaces on efficacy, transport, and bioavailability, and discusses the techniques and models used to investigate mucus-nanoparticle interactions. The effects of non-homeostatic perturbations on protein corona formation, mucus composition, and nanoparticle performance are discussed in the context of mucosal delivery. The complexity of the mucosal barrier necessitates consideration of the interplay between nanoparticle design, tissue-specific differences in mucus structure and composition, and homeostatic or disease-related changes to the mucus barrier to develop effective nanomedicines for mucosal delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Watchorn
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
| | - Aaron J Clasky
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
| | - Gayatri Prakash
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
| | - Ian A E Johnston
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
| | - Paul Z Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
| | - Frank X Gu
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada.,Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 164 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9, Canada
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11
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Borrajo ML, Alonso MJ. Using nanotechnology to deliver biomolecules from nose to brain - peptides, proteins, monoclonal antibodies and RNA. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2022; 12:862-880. [PMID: 34731414 PMCID: PMC8888512 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-021-01086-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
There is a growing number of biomolecules, including peptides, proteins, monoclonal antibodies and RNA, that could be potentially used for the treatment of central nervous system (CNS) diseases. However, the realization of their potential is being hampered by the extraordinary difficulties these complex biomolecules have to reach the brain in therapeutically meaningful amounts. Nose-to-brain (N-to-B) delivery is now being investigated as a potential option for the direct transport of biomolecules from the nasal cavity to different brain areas. Here, we discuss how different technological approaches enhance this N-to-B transport, with emphasis on those that have shown a potential for clinical translation. We also analyse how the physicochemical properties of nanocarriers and their modification with cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) and targeting ligands affect their efficacy as N-to-B carriers for biomolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mireya L Borrajo
- Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CiMUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Av. Barcelona s/n, Campus Vida, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - María José Alonso
- Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CiMUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Av. Barcelona s/n, Campus Vida, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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12
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Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Potential of α- and β-Asarone in the Treatment of Neurological Disorders. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11020281. [PMID: 35204164 PMCID: PMC8868500 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11020281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurological disorders are important causes of morbidity and mortality around the world. The increasing prevalence of neurological disorders, associated with an aging population, has intensified the societal burden associated with these diseases, for which no effective treatment strategies currently exist. Therefore, the identification and development of novel therapeutic approaches, able to halt or reverse neuronal loss by targeting the underlying causal factors that lead to neurodegeneration and neuronal cell death, are urgently necessary. Plants and other natural products have been explored as sources of safe, naturally occurring secondary metabolites with potential neuroprotective properties. The secondary metabolites α- and β-asarone can be found in high levels in the rhizomes of the medicinal plant Acorus calamus (L.). α- and β-asarone exhibit multiple pharmacological properties including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiapoptotic, anticancer, and neuroprotective effects. This paper aims to provide an overview of the current research on the therapeutic potential of α- and β-asarone in the treatment of neurological disorders, particularly neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), as well as cerebral ischemic disease, and epilepsy. Current research indicates that α- and β-asarone exert neuroprotective effects by mitigating oxidative stress, abnormal protein accumulation, neuroinflammation, neurotrophic factor deficit, and promoting neuronal cell survival, as well as activating various neuroprotective signalling pathways. Although the beneficial effects exerted by α- and β-asarone have been demonstrated through in vitro and in vivo animal studies, additional research is required to translate laboratory results into safe and effective therapies for patients with AD, PD, and other neurological and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Yousfan A, Rubio N, Al-Ali M, Nattouf AH, Kafa H. Intranasal delivery of phenytoin-loaded nanoparticles to the brain suppresses pentylenetetrazol-induced generalized tonic clonic seizures in an epilepsy mouse model. Biomater Sci 2021; 9:7547-7564. [PMID: 34652351 DOI: 10.1039/d1bm01251g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this work we describe the preparation and characterization of lecithin-chitosan nanoparticles (L10Ci+), and investigate their ability to deliver the anti-epileptic drug phenytoin (PHT) to mouse brain following intranasal (IN) administration. L10Ci+ were retained in the nasal cavity compared to PHT in PEG200 solution (PHT/PEG), which suffered immediate nasal drainage. PHT was detected in the brain after 5 min of IN administration reaching a maximum of 11.84 ± 2.31 %ID g-1 after 48 hours. L10Ci+ were associated with a higher brain/plasma ratio (Cb/p) compared to the experimental control comprising free PHT injected via the intraperitoneal route (PHT-IP) across all tested time points. Additionally, L10Ci+ led to lower PHT accumulation in the liver and spleen compared to PHT-IP, which is vital for lowering the systemic side effects of PHT. The relatively high drug targeting efficiency (DTE%) of 315.46% and the drug targeting percentage (DTP%) of 68.29%, combined with the increasing anterior-to-posterior gradient of PHT in the brain confirmed the direct nose-to-brain transport of PHT from L10Ci+. Electroencephalogram (EEG) analysis was used to monitor seizure progression. L10Ci+ resulted in a complete seizure suppression after 4 hours of administration, and this inhibition persisted even with an 8-fold reduction of the encapsulated dose compared to the required PHT-IP dose to achieve a similar inhibitory effect due to systemic loss. The presented findings confirm the possibility of using L10Ci+ as a non-invasive delivery system of PHT for the management of epilepsy using reduced doses of PHT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amal Yousfan
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Damascus University, Syria
| | - Noelia Rubio
- Department of Chemistry and Materials, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Mohammad Al-Ali
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Atomic Energy Commission of Syria, Damascus, Syria.
| | - Abdul Hakim Nattouf
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Damascus University, Syria
| | - Houmam Kafa
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Atomic Energy Commission of Syria, Damascus, Syria.
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Balakrishnan R, Azam S, Cho DY, Su-Kim I, Choi DK. Natural Phytochemicals as Novel Therapeutic Strategies to Prevent and Treat Parkinson's Disease: Current Knowledge and Future Perspectives. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:6680935. [PMID: 34122727 PMCID: PMC8169248 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6680935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second-most common neurodegenerative chronic disease affecting both cognitive performance and motor functions in aged people. Yet despite the prevalence of this disease, the current therapeutic options for the management of PD can only alleviate motor symptoms. Research has explored novel substances for naturally derived antioxidant phytochemicals with potential therapeutic benefits for PD patients through their neuroprotective mechanism, targeting oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, abnormal protein accumulation, mitochondrial dysfunction, endoplasmic reticulum stress, neurotrophic factor deficit, and apoptosis. The aim of the present study is to perform a comprehensive evaluation of naturally derived antioxidant phytochemicals with neuroprotective or therapeutic activities in PD, focusing on their neuropharmacological mechanisms, including modulation of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity, growth factor induction, neurotransmitter activity, direct regulation of mitochondrial apoptotic machinery, prevention of protein aggregation via modulation of protein folding, modification of cell signaling pathways, enhanced systemic immunity, autophagy, and proteasome activity. In addition, we provide data showing the relationship between nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and PD is supported by studies demonstrating that antiparkinsonian phytochemicals can activate the Nrf2/antioxidant response element (ARE) signaling pathway and Nrf2-dependent protein expression, preventing cellular oxidative damage and PD. Furthermore, we explore several experimental models that evaluated the potential neuroprotective efficacy of antioxidant phytochemical derivatives for their inhibitory effects on oxidative stress and neuroinflammation in the brain. Finally, we highlight recent developments in the nanodelivery of antioxidant phytochemicals and its neuroprotective application against pathological conditions associated with oxidative stress. In conclusion, naturally derived antioxidant phytochemicals can be considered as future pharmaceutical drug candidates to potentially alleviate symptoms or slow the progression of PD. However, further well-designed clinical studies are required to evaluate the protective and therapeutic benefits of phytochemicals as promising drugs in the management of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rengasamy Balakrishnan
- Department of Applied Life Science, Graduate School, BK21 Program, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Biomedical and Health Science, Research Institute of Inflammatory Disease (RID), Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Republic of Korea
| | - Shofiul Azam
- Department of Applied Life Science, Graduate School, BK21 Program, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Republic of Korea
| | - Duk-Yeon Cho
- Department of Applied Life Science, Graduate School, BK21 Program, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Republic of Korea
| | - In Su-Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Biomedical and Health Science, Research Institute of Inflammatory Disease (RID), Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Kug Choi
- Department of Applied Life Science, Graduate School, BK21 Program, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Biomedical and Health Science, Research Institute of Inflammatory Disease (RID), Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Republic of Korea
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15
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Droplet breakup mechanisms in premix membrane emulsification and related microfluidic channels. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 290:102393. [PMID: 33770649 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2021.102393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Premix membrane emulsification (PME) is a pressure driven process of droplet breakup, caused by their motion through membrane pores. The process is widely used for high-throughput production of sized-controlled emulsion droplets and microparticles using low energy inputs. The resultant droplet size depends on numerous process, membrane, and formulation factors such as flow velocity in pores, number of extrusions, initial droplet size, internal membrane geometry, wettability of pore walls, and physical properties of emulsion. This paper provides a comprehensive review of different mechanisms of droplet deformation and breakup in membranes with versatile pore morphologies including sintered glass and ceramic filters, SPG and polymeric membranes with sponge-like structures, micro-engineered metallic membranes with ordered straight-through pore arrays, and dynamic membranes composed of unconsolidated particles. Fundamental aspects of droplet motion and breakup in idealized pore networks have also been covered including droplet disruption in T-junctions, channel constrictions, and obstructed channels. The breakup mechanisms due to shear interactions with pore walls and localized shear (direct breaking) or due to interfacial tension effects and Rayleigh-Plateau instability (indirect breaking) are systematically discussed based on recent experimental and numerical studies. Non-dimensional droplet size correlations based on capillary, Weber, and Ohnesorge numbers are also presented.
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16
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Zhou Z, Sun T, Jiang C. Recent advances on drug delivery nanocarriers for cerebral disorders. Biomed Mater 2021; 16:024104. [PMID: 33455956 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/abdc97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Pharmacotherapies for brain disorders are generally faced with obstacles from the blood-brain barrier (BBB). There are a variety of drug delivery systems that have been put forward to cross or bypass the BBB with the access to the central nervous system. Brain drug delivery systems have benefited greatly from the development of nanocarriers, including lipids, polymers and inorganic materials. Consequently, various kinds of brain drug delivery nano-systems have been established, such as liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles (PNPs), nanomicelles, nanohydrogels, dendrimers, mesoporous silica nanoparticles and magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles. The characteristics of their carriers and preparations usually differ from each other, as well as their transportation mechanisms into intracerebral lesions. In this review, different types of brain drug delivery nanocarriers are classified and summarized, especially their significant achievements, to present several recommendations and directions for future strategies of cerebral delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery (Ministry of Education), State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
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17
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Khanna K, Sharma N, Rawat S, Khan N, Karwasra R, Hasan N, Kumar A, Jain GK, Nishad DK, Khanna S, Popli H, Bhatnagar A. Intranasal solid lipid nanoparticles for management of pain: A full factorial design approach, characterization & Gamma Scintigraphy. Chem Phys Lipids 2021; 236:105060. [PMID: 33582127 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2021.105060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Pain is a noxious stimulus caused due to tissue damage and varies from mild to severe. Nalbuphine (NLB) is an approved, inexpensive, non-controlled, opioid agonist/antagonist analgesic used worldwide in various clinical settings for pain management. The current study aims to formulate NLB loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) using solvent injection technology. The morphological and chemical structure of the developed SLNs were characterized using Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and Fourier Transformation Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). The results revealed from the point prediction confirmation in design expert software was the formulation of NLB-SLNs with an average particle size of (170.07 ± 25.1 nm), encapsulation efficiency (93.6 ± 1.5%) & loading capacity of 26.67%. The in-vitro permeation of developed NLB-SLNs was observed to be 94.18% at 8 h when compared with NLB solution whose maximum permeation was seen within 3 h of application. Efficacy of the formulation was also evaluated using eddy's hot plate method, where the onset of action started within 10 min of administration, and the maximum effect was observed at 1 h. The NLB-SLNs was screened for cytotoxicity in human embryonic kidney cells (HEK-293), and the dosage was considered safe when administered intranasally in animal since no detectable effect to the brain was observed. Biodistribution and gamma scintigraphy study of NLB-SLNs showed the prepared formulation reaching the target site, i.e. brain and was retained. Conclusively, the prepared NLB-SLNs formulation was safe and effective in producing an analgesic effect in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kushagra Khanna
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Delhi Pharmaceutical Science and Research University, Delhi, India; Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences (INMAS) Defence Research and Development Organisation, Timarpur, Delhi, India
| | - Nitin Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Meerut Institute of Engineering and Technology, NH-58, Delhi Roorkee Highway, Baghpat Bypass Crossing, Meerut, 250005, India
| | - Sonalika Rawat
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences (INMAS) Defence Research and Development Organisation, Timarpur, Delhi, India
| | - Nazia Khan
- School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard University, New Delhi, India
| | - Ritu Karwasra
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences (INMAS) Defence Research and Development Organisation, Timarpur, Delhi, India
| | - Nazeer Hasan
- School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard University, New Delhi, India
| | - Abhishek Kumar
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences (INMAS) Defence Research and Development Organisation, Timarpur, Delhi, India
| | - Gaurav Kumar Jain
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Delhi Pharmaceutical Science and Research University, Delhi, India
| | - Dhruv Kumar Nishad
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences (INMAS) Defence Research and Development Organisation, Timarpur, Delhi, India
| | - Sakshum Khanna
- Department of Solar Energy, Pandit Deendayal Energy University, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Harvinder Popli
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Delhi Pharmaceutical Science and Research University, Delhi, India.
| | - Aseem Bhatnagar
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences (INMAS) Defence Research and Development Organisation, Timarpur, Delhi, India.
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18
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Zhang Y, Liu Y, Wang N, Liu H, Gou J, He H, Zhang Y, Yin T, Wang Y, Tang X. Preparation of mPEG-b-PLA/TM-2 Micelle Lyophilized Products by Mixed Lyoprotectors and Antitumor Effect In Vivo. AAPS PharmSciTech 2021; 22:38. [PMID: 33409712 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-020-01885-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to encapsulate the poorly water-soluble drug TM-2 into polymer micelles using mPEG2k-b-PLA2.4k to increase its aqueous solubility and improve its therapeutic effect for liver cancer. Furthermore, in order to achieve long-term storage, the micelle solution was successfully freeze-dried. This study theoretically clarified the possibility of enhancing the water solubility of TM-2 using mPEG2k-b-PLA2.4k micelles as well as the protective effects of mixed lyoprotectants. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were performed, which showed that the drug has a good affinity with the polymer (χ = 0.489) according to Flory-Huggins theory and that lyoprotectants reduced the crystallinity of PEG in mPEG2k-b-PLA2.4k and played a space-protective role in the lyophilization process. In vivo experiments showed that micellization could improve the drug bioavailability and give a high therapeutic effect with a tumor inhibition rate of 84.5% under the tolerated dose.
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19
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Rabiee N, Ahmadi S, Afshari R, Khalaji S, Rabiee M, Bagherzadeh M, Fatahi Y, Dinarvand R, Tahriri M, Tayebi L, Hamblin MR, Webster TJ. Polymeric Nanoparticles for Nasal Drug Delivery to the Brain: Relevance to Alzheimer's Disease. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adtp.202000076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Navid Rabiee
- Department of Chemistry Sharif University of Technology Tehran 11155‐3516 Iran
| | - Sepideh Ahmadi
- Student Research Committee Department of Medical Biotechnology School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Tehran 19857‐17443 Iran
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Tehran 19857‐17443 Iran
| | - Ronak Afshari
- Department of Physics Sharif University of Technology P.O. Box 11155‐9161 Tehran Iran
| | - Samira Khalaji
- Biomaterial Group Department of Biomedical Engineering Amirkabir University of Technology Tehran 15875‐4413 Iran
| | - Mohammad Rabiee
- Biomaterial Group Department of Biomedical Engineering Amirkabir University of Technology Tehran 15875‐4413 Iran
| | - Mojtaba Bagherzadeh
- Department of Chemistry Sharif University of Technology Tehran 11155‐3516 Iran
| | - Yousef Fatahi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology Faculty of Pharmacy Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran 14155‐6451 Iran
- Nanotechnology Research Center Faculty of Pharmacy Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran 14155‐6451 Iran
- Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN) Tehran 15875‐4413 Iran
| | - Rassoul Dinarvand
- Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology Faculty of Pharmacy Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran 14155‐6451 Iran
- Nanotechnology Research Center Faculty of Pharmacy Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran 14155‐6451 Iran
| | - Mohammadreza Tahriri
- Department of Developmental Sciences Marquette University Milwaukee WI 53233 USA
| | - Lobat Tayebi
- Department of Developmental Sciences Marquette University Milwaukee WI 53233 USA
| | - Michael R. Hamblin
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine Massachusetts General Hospital Boston USA
- Department of Dermatology Harvard Medical School Boston USA
- Laser Research Centre Faculty of Health Science University of Johannesburg Doornfontein 2028 South Africa
| | - Thomas J. Webster
- Department of Chemical Engineering Northeastern University Boston MA 02115 USA
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20
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Lactoferrin coated or conjugated nanomaterials as an active targeting approach in nanomedicine. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 167:1527-1543. [PMID: 33212102 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.11.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A successful drug delivery to a specific site relies on two essential factors including; efficient entrapment of the drug within the carrier and successful delivery of drug- loaded nanocarrier to the target site without opsonisation or drug release in the circulation before reaching the organ of interest. Lactoferrin (LF) is a glycoprotein belonging to the transferrin (TF) family which can bind to TF receptors (TFRs) and LF membrane internalization receptors (LFRs) highly expressed on the cell surface of both highly proliferating cancer cells and blood brain barrier (BBB), which in turn can facilitate its accessibility to the cell nucleus. This merit could be exploited to develop actively targeted drug delivery systems that can easily cross the BBB or internalize into tumor cells. In this review, the most recent advances of utilizing LF as an active targeting ligand for different types of nanocarriers including: inorganic nanoparticles, dendrimers, synthetic biodegradable polymers, lipid nanocarriers, natural polymers, and nanoemulstions will be highlighted. Collectively, LF seems to be a promising targeting ligand in the field of nanomedicine.
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21
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Bicker J, Fortuna A, Alves G, Falcão A. Nose-to-brain Delivery of Natural Compounds for the Treatment of Central Nervous System Disorders. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 26:594-619. [PMID: 31939728 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666200115101544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several natural compounds have demonstrated potential for the treatment of central nervous system disorders such as ischemic cerebrovascular disease, glioblastoma, neuropathic pain, neurodegenerative diseases, multiple sclerosis and migraine. This is due to their well-known antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, anti-tumor, anti-ischemic and analgesic properties. Nevertheless, many of these molecules have poor aqueous solubility, low bioavailability and extensive gastrointestinal and/or hepatic first-pass metabolism, leading to a quick elimination as well as low serum and tissue concentrations. Thus, the intranasal route emerged as a viable alternative to oral or parenteral administration, by enabling a direct transport into the brain through the olfactory and trigeminal nerves. With this approach, the blood-brain barrier is circumvented and peripheral exposure is reduced, thereby minimizing possible adverse effects. OBJECTIVE Herein, brain-targeting strategies for nose-to-brain delivery of natural compounds, including flavonoids, cannabinoids, essential oils and terpenes, will be reviewed and discussed. Brain and plasma pharmacokinetics of these molecules will be analyzed and related to their physicochemical characteristics and formulation properties. CONCLUSION Natural compounds constitute relevant alternatives for the treatment of brain diseases but often require loading into nanocarrier systems to reach the central nervous system in sufficient concentrations. Future challenges lie in a deeper characterization of their therapeutic mechanisms and in the development of effective, safe and brain-targeted delivery systems for their intranasal administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Bicker
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Polo das Ciencias da Saude, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal.,CIBIT/ICNAS - Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana Fortuna
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Polo das Ciencias da Saude, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal.,CIBIT/ICNAS - Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Gilberto Alves
- CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilha, Portugal
| | - Amílcar Falcão
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Polo das Ciencias da Saude, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal.,CIBIT/ICNAS - Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal
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22
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Ramalingam P, Ganesan P, Prabakaran DS, Gupta PK, Jonnalagadda S, Govindarajan K, Vishnu R, Sivalingam K, Sodha S, Choi DK, Ko YT. Lipid Nanoparticles Improve the Uptake of α-Asarone Into the Brain Parenchyma: Formulation, Characterization, In Vivo Pharmacokinetics, and Brain Delivery. AAPS PharmSciTech 2020; 21:299. [PMID: 33140227 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-020-01832-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Treatment of brain-related diseases is one of the most strenuous challenges in drug delivery research due to numerous hurdles, including poor blood-brain barrier penetration, lack of specificity, and severe systemic toxicities. Our research primarily focuses on the delivery of natural therapeutic compound, α-asarone, for the treatment of brain-related diseases. However, α-asarone has poor aqueous solubility, bioavailability, and stability, all of which are critical issues that need to be addressed. This study aims at formulating a lipid nanoparticulate system of α-asarone (A-LNPs) that could be used as a brain drug delivery system. The physicochemical, solid-state properties, stability, and in vitro and in vivo studies of the A-LNPs were characterized. The release of α-asarone from the A-LNPs was prolonged and sustained. After intravenous administration of A-LNPs or free α-asarone, significantly higher levels of α-asarone from the A-LNPs were detected in murine plasma and brain parenchyma fractions, confirming the ability of A-LNPs to not only maintain a therapeutic concentration of α-asarone in the plasma, but also transport α-asarone across the blood-brain barrier. These findings confirm that lipid nanoparticulate systems enable penetration of natural therapeutic compound α-asarone through the blood-brain barrier and may be a candidate for the treatment of brain-related diseases.
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23
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Ma G, Yue H. Advances in Uniform Polymer Microspheres and Microcapsules: Preparation and Biomedical Applications. CHINESE J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.202000135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guanghui Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Science Beijing 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Hua Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Science Beijing 100190 China
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24
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Long Y, Yang Q, Xiang Y, Zhang Y, Wan J, Liu S, Li N, Peng W. Nose to brain drug delivery - A promising strategy for active components from herbal medicine for treating cerebral ischemia reperfusion. Pharmacol Res 2020; 159:104795. [PMID: 32278035 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury (CIRI), one of the major causes of death from stroke in the world, not only causes tremendous damage to human health, but also brings heavy economic burden to society. Current available treatments for CIRI, including mechanical therapies and drug therapies, are often accompanied by significant side-effects. Therefore, it is necessary to discovery new strategies for treating CIRI. Many studies have confirmed that the herbal medicine has the advantages of abundant resources, good curative effect and little side effects, which can be used as potential drug for treatment of CIRI through multiple targets. It's known that oral administration commonly has low bioavailability, and injection administration is inconvenient and unsafe. Many drugs can't delivery to brain through routine pathways due to the blood-brain-barrier (BBB). Interestingly, increasing evidences have suggested the nasal administration is a potential direct route to transport drug into brain avoiding the BBB and has the characteristics of high bioavailability for treating brain diseases. Therefore, intranasal administration can be treated as an alternative way to treat brain diseases. In the present review, effective methods to treat CIRI by using active ingredients derived from herbal medicine through nose to brain drug delivery (NBDD) are updated and discussed, and some related pharmacological mechanisms have also been emphasized. Our present study would be beneficial for the further drug development of natural agents from herbal medicines via NBDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Long
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1166, Liutai Avenue, Chengdu, 611137, PR China
| | - Qiyue Yang
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 39 Shi-er-qiao Road, Chengdu, 610072, PR China
| | - Yan Xiang
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1166, Liutai Avenue, Chengdu, 611137, PR China
| | - Yulu Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1166, Liutai Avenue, Chengdu, 611137, PR China
| | - Jinyan Wan
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1166, Liutai Avenue, Chengdu, 611137, PR China
| | - Songyu Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1166, Liutai Avenue, Chengdu, 611137, PR China
| | - Nan Li
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1166, Liutai Avenue, Chengdu, 611137, PR China.
| | - Wei Peng
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1166, Liutai Avenue, Chengdu, 611137, PR China.
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25
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Shakeri S, Ashrafizadeh M, Zarrabi A, Roghanian R, Afshar EG, Pardakhty A, Mohammadinejad R, Kumar A, Thakur VK. Multifunctional Polymeric Nanoplatforms for Brain Diseases Diagnosis, Therapy and Theranostics. Biomedicines 2020; 8:E13. [PMID: 31941057 PMCID: PMC7168063 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8010013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) acts as a barrier to prevent the central nervous system (CNS) from damage by substances that originate from the blood circulation. The BBB limits drug penetration into the brain and is one of the major clinical obstacles to the treatment of CNS diseases. Nanotechnology-based delivery systems have been tested for overcoming this barrier and releasing related drugs into the brain matrix. In this review, nanoparticles (NPs) from simple to developed delivery systems are discussed for the delivery of a drug to the brain. This review particularly focuses on polymeric nanomaterials that have been used for CNS treatment. Polymeric NPs such as polylactide (PLA), poly (D, L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA), poly (ε-caprolactone) (PCL), poly (alkyl cyanoacrylate) (PACA), human serum albumin (HSA), gelatin, and chitosan are discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahryar Shakeri
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Science and High Technology and Environmental Sciences, Graduate University of Advanced Technology, Kerman 7631818356, Iran;
| | - Milad Ashrafizadeh
- Department of Basic Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz 5166616471, Iran;
| | - Ali Zarrabi
- Sabanci University Nanotechnology Research and Application Center (SUNUM), Tuzla 34956, Istanbul, Turkey;
| | - Rasoul Roghanian
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan 81746, Iran;
| | - Elham Ghasemipour Afshar
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman 7619813159, Iran;
| | - Abbas Pardakhty
- Pharmaceutics Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman 7616911319, Iran;
| | - Reza Mohammadinejad
- Pharmaceutics Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman 7616911319, Iran;
| | - Anuj Kumar
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-ro, Gyeongsan 38541, Korea
| | - Vijay Kumar Thakur
- Enhanced Composites and Structures Center, School of Aerospace, Transport and Manufacturing, Cranfield University, Bedfordshire MK43 0AL, UK
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Vladisavljević GT. Preparation of microemulsions and nanoemulsions by membrane emulsification. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2019.123709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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He Y, Li H, Zheng X, Yuan M, Yang R, Yuan M, Yang C. Preparation, In Vivo and In Vitro Release of Polyethylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether-Polymandelic Acid Microspheres Loaded Panax Notoginseng Saponins. Molecules 2019; 24:E2024. [PMID: 31137874 PMCID: PMC6572365 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24102024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to enrich the types of Panax notoginseng saponins (PNS) sustained-release preparations and provide a new research idea for the research and development of traditional Chinese medicine sustained-release formulations, a series of Panax notoginseng saponins microspheres was prepared by a double emulsion method using a series of degradable amphiphilic macromolecule materials polyethylene glycol monomethyl ether-polymandelic acid (mPEG-PMA) as carrier. The structure and molecular weight of the series of mPEG-PMA were determined by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1 HNMR) and gel chromatography (GPC). The results of the appearance, particle size, drug loading and encapsulation efficiency of the drug-loaded microspheres show that the mPEG10000-PMA (1:9) material is more suitable as a carrier for loading the total saponins of Panax notoginseng. The particle size was 2.51 ± 0.21 μm, the drug loading and encapsulation efficiency were 8.54 ± 0.16% and 47.25 ± 1.64%, respectively. The drug-loaded microspheres were used for in vitro release and degradation experiments to investigate the degradation and sustained release behaviour of the drug-loaded microspheres. The biocompatibility of the microspheres was studied by haemolytic, anticoagulant and cytotoxicity experiments. The pharmacological activity of the microspheres was studied by anti-inflammatory and anti-tumour experiments. The results showed that the drug-loaded microspheres could be released stably for about 12 days and degraded within 60 days. At the same time, the microspheres had good biocompatibility, anti-inflammatory and anti-tumour activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi He
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Green Preparation Technology of Biobased Materials, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming 650500, China.
| | - Hongli Li
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Green Preparation Technology of Biobased Materials, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming 650500, China.
| | - Xiangyu Zheng
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Green Preparation Technology of Biobased Materials, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming 650500, China.
| | - Mingwei Yuan
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Green Preparation Technology of Biobased Materials, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming 650500, China.
| | - Renyu Yang
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Green Preparation Technology of Biobased Materials, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming 650500, China.
| | - Minglong Yuan
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Green Preparation Technology of Biobased Materials, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming 650500, China.
| | - Cui Yang
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Green Preparation Technology of Biobased Materials, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming 650500, China.
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Tao J, Fei W, Tang H, Li C, Mu C, Zheng H, Li F, Zhu Z. Angiopep-2-Conjugated "Core-Shell" Hybrid Nanovehicles for Targeted and pH-Triggered Delivery of Arsenic Trioxide into Glioma. Mol Pharm 2019; 16:786-797. [PMID: 30620881 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b01056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The poor capability of drugs to permeate through the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and further release inside glioma greatly limits the curative effects of glioma chemotherapies. In this study, we prepared angiopep-2-conjugated liposome-silica hybrid nanovehicles for targeted delivery and increased the permeation of arsenic trioxide (ATO) in glioma. Polyacrylic acid (PAA) was grafted on mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSN) for pH-sensitive release and supporting the lipid membrane. The prepared "core-shell" nanovehicles (ANG-LP-PAA-MSN) were characterized with uniform size, high drug loading efficiency (8.19 ± 0.51%), and superior pH-sensitive release feature. From the experiments, the enhanced targeted delivery of ATO by ANG-LP-PAA-MSN (ANG-LP-PAA-MSN@ATO) was evidenced by the improvement of transport, enhanced cellular uptake, and apoptosis in vitro. In addition, the pharmacokinetic study was creatively carried out through the blood-glioma synchronous microdialysis and revealed that the half-life ( t1/2) of blood and glioma tissue in the ANG-LP-PAA-MSN@ATO treatment group was extended by 1.65 and 2.34 times compared with the ATO solution group (ATO-Sol). The targeting efficiency of ANG-LP-PAA-MSN@ATO (24.96%) was dramatically stronger than that of the ATO-Sol (5.94%). Importantly, ANG-LP-PAA-MSN@ATO had a higher accumulation (4.6 ± 2.6% ID per g) in tumor tissues and showed a better therapeutic efficacy in intracranial C6 glioma bearing rats. Taken together, the blood-glioma synchronous microdialysis was successful used for the pharmacokinetic study and real-time monitoring of drug concentrations in blood and glioma; ANG-LP-PAA-MSN could be a promising targeted drug delivery system for glioma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaoyang Tao
- College of Pharmaceutical Science , Zhejiang Chinese Medical University , Hangzhou 311402 , China
| | - Weidong Fei
- Department of Pharmacy , Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine , Hangzhou 310006 , China
| | - Hongxia Tang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science , Zhejiang Chinese Medical University , Hangzhou 311402 , China
| | - Chaoqun Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Science , Zhejiang Chinese Medical University , Hangzhou 311402 , China
| | - Chaofeng Mu
- College of Pharmaceutical Science , Zhejiang Chinese Medical University , Hangzhou 311402 , China
| | - Hongyue Zheng
- Libraries of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University , Zhejiang Chinese Medical University , Hangzhou 310053 , China
| | - Fanzhu Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Science , Zhejiang Chinese Medical University , Hangzhou 311402 , China
| | - Zhihong Zhu
- College of Pharmaceutical Science , Zhejiang Chinese Medical University , Hangzhou 311402 , China
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Gangurde PK, Ajitkumar B. N, Kumar L. Lamotrigine Lipid Nanoparticles for Effective Treatment of Epilepsy: a Focus on Brain Targeting via Nasal Route. J Pharm Innov 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12247-018-9343-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Surface-Modified Nanocarriers for Nose-to-Brain Delivery: From Bioadhesion to Targeting. Pharmaceutics 2018; 10:pharmaceutics10010034. [PMID: 29543755 PMCID: PMC5874847 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics10010034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 03/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
In the field of nasal drug delivery, nose-to-brain delivery is among the most fascinating applications, directly targeting the central nervous system, bypassing the blood brain barrier. Its benefits include dose lowering and direct brain distribution of potent drugs, ultimately reducing systemic side effects. Recently, nasal administration of insulin showed promising results in clinical trials for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. Nanomedicines could further contribute to making nose-to-brain delivery a reality. While not disregarding the need for devices enabling a formulation deposition in the nose’s upper part, surface modification of nanomedicines appears the key strategy to optimize drug delivery from the nasal cavity to the brain. In this review, nanomedicine delivery based on particle engineering exploiting surface electrostatic charges, mucoadhesive polymers, or chemical moieties targeting the nasal epithelium will be discussed and critically evaluated in relation to nose-to-brain delivery.
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Sun ZF, Gao X, Pinto JM, He Y, Yang Q, Tian J, Lv QW, Wei YX. Morphological evaluation using MRI of the olfactory filaments (fila) in a post-traumatic olfactory rat model. World J Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2018; 4:50-56. [PMID: 30035262 PMCID: PMC6051302 DOI: 10.1016/j.wjorl.2018.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate whether magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can be used to directly assess olfactory bulb (OB) lesions and quantify the associated morphological changes of olfactory filaments (OF), also known as fila, in an in vivo OB-lesion rat model of the brain. METHODS A surgical group (n = 5) of male Sprague-Dawley rats was subjected to the unilateral damage of the OB by a steel needle. The control group (n = 5) did not receive surgery. To assess olfactory system injury in vivo, T2-weighted MRI images were acquired in an oblique plane at a 30° angle from transverse plane one day after surgery. These brain regions were also assessed in the controls. The olfactory function was evaluated using the buried food pellet test (BFPT) 5 days before and after surgery. RESULTS The OF could be clearly observed on the MRI images from all animals. The left and right OF mean lengths (mm) were similar in the control group (0.81 ± 0.18 vs 0.89 ± 0.17, P > 0.05). In the surgical group, the OB was partially injured in all rats. These rats did not show differences in OF length between left- and right-side (0.83 ± 0.18 vs 0.93 ± 0.24, P > 0.05) at the time of measurement. The time (sec) required to find the food pellets in the BFPT was longer after than before the surgery (83.80 ± 34.37 vs 231.44 ± 53.23, P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS MicroMRI may be a feasible tool to evaluate the OF and OBs in rat models. The unilateral partial OB lesion model appears to be an effective post-traumatic olfactory dysfunction model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Fu Sun
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xing Gao
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jayant M. Pinto
- Section of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60647, USA
| | - Yin He
- Department of Emergency, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100029, China
| | - QingXian Yang
- Department of Radiology, Penn State College of Medicine, PA 17033, USA
| | - Jun Tian
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China
| | - Qian-Wen Lv
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yong-Xiang Wei
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100029, China
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