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Su G, Wei Z, Bai C, Li D, Zhao X, Liu X, Song L, Zhang L, Li G, Yang L. Generation of Codon-Optimized Fad3 Gene Transgenic Bovine That Produce More n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids. Animals (Basel) 2025; 15:93. [PMID: 39795036 PMCID: PMC11718938 DOI: 10.3390/ani15010093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2024] [Revised: 01/01/2025] [Accepted: 01/02/2025] [Indexed: 01/13/2025] Open
Abstract
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) such as linoleic acid (18:2, n-6) and α-linolenic acid (18:3, n-3) are essential for the growth, development, and well-being of mammals. However, most mammals, including humans, cannot synthesize n-3 and n-6 PUFAs and these must be obtained through diet. The beneficial effect of converting n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-6 PUFAs) into n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) has led to extensive research on the flax fatty acid desaturase 3 (Fad3) gene, which encodes fatty acid desaturase. Still, the plant-derived Fad3 gene is used much less in transgenic animals than the Fat-1 gene from Caenorhabditis elegans. To address this problem, we used somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) technology to create codon-optimized Fad3 transgenic cattle. Gas chromatographic analysis showed that the n-3 PUFA content of transgenic cattle increased significantly, and the ratio of n-6 PUFAs to n-3 PUFAs decreased from 3.484 ± 0.46 to about 2.78 ± 0.14 (p < 0.05). In conclusion, Fad3 gene knock-in cattle are expected to improve the nutritional value of beef and can be used as an animal model to study the therapeutic effects of n-3 PUFAs in various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanghua Su
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock (R2BGL), Inner Mongolia University, 24 Zhaojun Rd., Hohhot 010070, China; (Z.W.); (C.B.); (D.L.); (X.Z.); (X.L.); (L.S.); (L.Z.); (G.L.)
- College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, 24 Zhaojun Rd., Hohhot 010070, China
| | - Zhuying Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock (R2BGL), Inner Mongolia University, 24 Zhaojun Rd., Hohhot 010070, China; (Z.W.); (C.B.); (D.L.); (X.Z.); (X.L.); (L.S.); (L.Z.); (G.L.)
- College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, 24 Zhaojun Rd., Hohhot 010070, China
| | - Chunling Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock (R2BGL), Inner Mongolia University, 24 Zhaojun Rd., Hohhot 010070, China; (Z.W.); (C.B.); (D.L.); (X.Z.); (X.L.); (L.S.); (L.Z.); (G.L.)
- College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, 24 Zhaojun Rd., Hohhot 010070, China
| | - Danyi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock (R2BGL), Inner Mongolia University, 24 Zhaojun Rd., Hohhot 010070, China; (Z.W.); (C.B.); (D.L.); (X.Z.); (X.L.); (L.S.); (L.Z.); (G.L.)
- College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, 24 Zhaojun Rd., Hohhot 010070, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock (R2BGL), Inner Mongolia University, 24 Zhaojun Rd., Hohhot 010070, China; (Z.W.); (C.B.); (D.L.); (X.Z.); (X.L.); (L.S.); (L.Z.); (G.L.)
- College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, 24 Zhaojun Rd., Hohhot 010070, China
| | - Xuefei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock (R2BGL), Inner Mongolia University, 24 Zhaojun Rd., Hohhot 010070, China; (Z.W.); (C.B.); (D.L.); (X.Z.); (X.L.); (L.S.); (L.Z.); (G.L.)
- College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, 24 Zhaojun Rd., Hohhot 010070, China
| | - Lishuang Song
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock (R2BGL), Inner Mongolia University, 24 Zhaojun Rd., Hohhot 010070, China; (Z.W.); (C.B.); (D.L.); (X.Z.); (X.L.); (L.S.); (L.Z.); (G.L.)
- College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, 24 Zhaojun Rd., Hohhot 010070, China
| | - Li Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock (R2BGL), Inner Mongolia University, 24 Zhaojun Rd., Hohhot 010070, China; (Z.W.); (C.B.); (D.L.); (X.Z.); (X.L.); (L.S.); (L.Z.); (G.L.)
- College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, 24 Zhaojun Rd., Hohhot 010070, China
| | - Guangpeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock (R2BGL), Inner Mongolia University, 24 Zhaojun Rd., Hohhot 010070, China; (Z.W.); (C.B.); (D.L.); (X.Z.); (X.L.); (L.S.); (L.Z.); (G.L.)
- College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, 24 Zhaojun Rd., Hohhot 010070, China
| | - Lei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock (R2BGL), Inner Mongolia University, 24 Zhaojun Rd., Hohhot 010070, China; (Z.W.); (C.B.); (D.L.); (X.Z.); (X.L.); (L.S.); (L.Z.); (G.L.)
- College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, 24 Zhaojun Rd., Hohhot 010070, China
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Pushkova EN, Povkhova LV, Dvorianinova EM, Novakovskiy RO, Rozhmina TA, Gryzunov AA, Sigova EA, Zhernova DA, Borkhert EV, Turba AA, Yablokov AG, Bolsheva NL, Dmitriev AA, Melnikova NV. Expression of FAD and SAD Genes in Developing Seeds of Flax Varieties under Different Growth Conditions. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:956. [PMID: 38611485 PMCID: PMC11013676 DOI: 10.3390/plants13070956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Flax seed is one of the richest plant sources of linolenic acid (LIN) and also contains unsaturated linoleic acid (LIO) and oleic acid (OLE). Stearoyl-ACP desaturases (SADs) and fatty acid desaturases (FADs) play key roles in the synthesis of flax fatty acids (FAs). However, there is no holistic view of which genes from the SAD and FAD families and at which developmental stages have the highest expression levels in flax seeds, as well as the influence of genotype and growth conditions on the expression profiles of these genes. We sequenced flax seed transcriptomes at 3, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days after flowering (DAF) for ten flax varieties with different oil FA compositions grown under three temperature/watering conditions. The expression levels of 25 genes of the SAD, FAD2, and FAD3 families were evaluated. FAD3b, FAD3a, FAD2b-2, SAD3-1, SAD2-1, SAD2-2, SAD3-2, FAD2a-1, and FAD2a-2 had the highest expression levels, which changed significantly during seed development. These genes probably play a key role in FA synthesis in flax seeds. High temperature and insufficient watering shifted the maximum expression levels of FAD and SAD genes to earlier developmental stages, while the opposite trend was observed for low temperature and excessive watering. Differences in the FAD and SAD expression profiles under different growth conditions may affect the FA composition of linseed oil. Stop codons in the FAD3a gene, resulting in a reduced LIN content, decreased the level of FAD3a transcript. The obtained results provide new insights into the synthesis of linseed oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena N. Pushkova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (E.N.P.); (L.V.P.); (E.M.D.); (R.O.N.); (T.A.R.); (E.A.S.); (D.A.Z.); (E.V.B.); (A.A.T.); (A.G.Y.); (N.L.B.)
| | - Liubov V. Povkhova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (E.N.P.); (L.V.P.); (E.M.D.); (R.O.N.); (T.A.R.); (E.A.S.); (D.A.Z.); (E.V.B.); (A.A.T.); (A.G.Y.); (N.L.B.)
| | - Ekaterina M. Dvorianinova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (E.N.P.); (L.V.P.); (E.M.D.); (R.O.N.); (T.A.R.); (E.A.S.); (D.A.Z.); (E.V.B.); (A.A.T.); (A.G.Y.); (N.L.B.)
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141701 Moscow, Russia
| | - Roman O. Novakovskiy
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (E.N.P.); (L.V.P.); (E.M.D.); (R.O.N.); (T.A.R.); (E.A.S.); (D.A.Z.); (E.V.B.); (A.A.T.); (A.G.Y.); (N.L.B.)
| | - Tatiana A. Rozhmina
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (E.N.P.); (L.V.P.); (E.M.D.); (R.O.N.); (T.A.R.); (E.A.S.); (D.A.Z.); (E.V.B.); (A.A.T.); (A.G.Y.); (N.L.B.)
- Federal Research Center for Bast Fiber Crops, 172002 Torzhok, Russia
| | - Aleksey A. Gryzunov
- All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Refrigeration Industry—Branch of V.M. Gorbatov Federal Research Center for Food Systems of Russian Academy of Sciences, 127422 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Elizaveta A. Sigova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (E.N.P.); (L.V.P.); (E.M.D.); (R.O.N.); (T.A.R.); (E.A.S.); (D.A.Z.); (E.V.B.); (A.A.T.); (A.G.Y.); (N.L.B.)
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141701 Moscow, Russia
| | - Daiana A. Zhernova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (E.N.P.); (L.V.P.); (E.M.D.); (R.O.N.); (T.A.R.); (E.A.S.); (D.A.Z.); (E.V.B.); (A.A.T.); (A.G.Y.); (N.L.B.)
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena V. Borkhert
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (E.N.P.); (L.V.P.); (E.M.D.); (R.O.N.); (T.A.R.); (E.A.S.); (D.A.Z.); (E.V.B.); (A.A.T.); (A.G.Y.); (N.L.B.)
| | - Anastasia A. Turba
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (E.N.P.); (L.V.P.); (E.M.D.); (R.O.N.); (T.A.R.); (E.A.S.); (D.A.Z.); (E.V.B.); (A.A.T.); (A.G.Y.); (N.L.B.)
| | - Arthur G. Yablokov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (E.N.P.); (L.V.P.); (E.M.D.); (R.O.N.); (T.A.R.); (E.A.S.); (D.A.Z.); (E.V.B.); (A.A.T.); (A.G.Y.); (N.L.B.)
| | - Nadezhda L. Bolsheva
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (E.N.P.); (L.V.P.); (E.M.D.); (R.O.N.); (T.A.R.); (E.A.S.); (D.A.Z.); (E.V.B.); (A.A.T.); (A.G.Y.); (N.L.B.)
| | - Alexey A. Dmitriev
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (E.N.P.); (L.V.P.); (E.M.D.); (R.O.N.); (T.A.R.); (E.A.S.); (D.A.Z.); (E.V.B.); (A.A.T.); (A.G.Y.); (N.L.B.)
| | - Nataliya V. Melnikova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (E.N.P.); (L.V.P.); (E.M.D.); (R.O.N.); (T.A.R.); (E.A.S.); (D.A.Z.); (E.V.B.); (A.A.T.); (A.G.Y.); (N.L.B.)
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Barnhart MH, McAssey EV, Dittmar EL, Burke JM. Transcriptomics of developing wild sunflower seeds from the extreme ends of a latitudinal gradient differing in seed oil composition. PLANT DIRECT 2022; 6:e423. [PMID: 35898559 PMCID: PMC9307388 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Seed oil composition, an important agronomic trait in cultivated sunflower, varies latitudinally across the native range of its wild progenitor. This pattern is thought to be driven by selection for a higher proportion of saturated fatty acids in southern populations compared with northern populations, likely due to the different temperatures experienced during seed germination. To investigate whether these differences in fatty acid composition between northern and southern populations correspond to transcriptional variation in the expression of genes involved in fatty acid metabolism, we sequenced RNA from developing seeds of sunflowers from Texas, USA, and Saskatchewan, Canada (the extreme ends of sunflower's latitudinal range) grown in a common garden. We found 4,741 genes to be differentially expressed between Texas and Canada, including several genes involved in lipid metabolism. Several differentially expressed lipid metabolism genes also colocalized with known oil quantitative trait loci (QTL). The genes producing stearoyl-ACP-desaturases (SAD) were of particular interest because of their known role in the conversion of fully saturated into unsaturated fatty acids. Two SAD genes were more highly expressed in seeds from Canadian populations, consistent with the observation of increased levels of unsaturated fatty acids in seeds from that region. We also constructed a gene co-expression network to investigate regional variation in network modules. The results of this analysis revealed regional differentiation for eight of 12 modules but no clear relationship with oil biosynthesis. Overall, the differential expression of SAD genes offers a partial explanation for the observed differences in seed oil composition between Texas and Canada, while the expression patterns of other metabolic genes suggest complex regulation of fatty acid production and usage across latitudes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max H. Barnhart
- Department of Plant BiologyUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGeorgiaUSA
| | - Edward V. McAssey
- Department of Plant BiologyUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGeorgiaUSA
- School of Life SciencesUniversity of Hawai'i at MānoaHonoluluHawaiiUSA
| | - Emily L. Dittmar
- Department of Plant BiologyUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGeorgiaUSA
| | - John M. Burke
- Department of Plant BiologyUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGeorgiaUSA
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WANG S, XU J, WANG Z, LI Z, YI L, YAO L, WANG X. Gene screening for fatty acid synthesis of flax based on transcriptome sequencing. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/fst.93721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuyan WANG
- Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, China
| | - Jun XU
- Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, China
| | - Zhuo WANG
- Inner Mongolia Grass Digital Ecological Industry Co., LTD, China
| | - Zhiwei LI
- Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, China
| | - Liuxi YI
- Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, China
| | - Lijun YAO
- Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, China
| | - Xia WANG
- Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, China
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Wang H, Qiu C, Wang Y, Guo X. Biosynthesis and profiles of fatty acids, vitamin E and carotenoids during flax (
Linum usitatissimum
L.) seed capsule maturation. Int J Food Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.15039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Wang
- College of Light Industry and Food Technology Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering Guangzhou510225China
- School of Food Science and Engineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou510640China
| | - Caisheng Qiu
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Changsha410205China
| | - Yufu Wang
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Changsha410205China
| | - Xinbo Guo
- School of Food Science and Engineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou510640China
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Dmitriev AA, Kezimana P, Rozhmina TA, Zhuchenko AA, Povkhova LV, Pushkova EN, Novakovskiy RO, Pavelek M, Vladimirov GN, Nikolaev EN, Kovaleva OA, Kostyukevich YI, Chagovets VV, Romanova EV, Snezhkina AV, Kudryavtseva AV, Krasnov GS, Melnikova NV. Genetic diversity of SAD and FAD genes responsible for the fatty acid composition in flax cultivars and lines. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 20:301. [PMID: 33050879 PMCID: PMC7557025 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-02499-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) is grown for fiber and seed in many countries. Flax cultivars differ in the oil composition and, depending on the ratio of fatty acids, are used in pharmaceutical, food, or paint industries. It is known that genes of SAD (stearoyl-ACP desaturase) and FAD (fatty acid desaturase) families play a key role in the synthesis of fatty acids, and some alleles of these genes are associated with a certain composition of flax oil. However, data on genetic polymorphism of these genes are still insufficient. RESULTS On the basis of the collection of the Institute for Flax (Torzhok, Russia), we formed a representative set of 84 cultivars and lines reflecting the diversity of fatty acid composition of flax oil. An approach for the determination of full-length sequences of SAD1, SAD2, FAD2A, FAD2B, FAD3A, and FAD3B genes using the Illumina platform was developed and deep sequencing of the 6 genes in 84 flax samples was performed on MiSeq. The obtained high coverage (about 400x on average) enabled accurate assessment of polymorphisms in SAD1, SAD2, FAD2A, FAD2B, FAD3A, and FAD3B genes and evaluation of cultivar/line heterogeneity. The highest level of genetic diversity was observed for FAD3A and FAD3B genes - 91 and 62 polymorphisms respectively. Correlation analysis revealed associations between particular variants in SAD and FAD genes and predominantly those fatty acids whose conversion they catalyze: SAD - stearic and oleic acids, FAD2 - oleic and linoleic acids, FAD3 - linoleic and linolenic acids. All except one low-linolenic flax cultivars/lines contained both the substitution of tryptophan to stop codon in the FAD3A gene and histidine to tyrosine substitution in the FAD3B gene, while samples with only one of these polymorphisms had medium content of linolenic acid and cultivars/lines without them were high-linolenic. CONCLUSIONS Genetic polymorphism of SAD and FAD genes was evaluated in the collection of flax cultivars and lines with diverse oil composition, and associations between particular polymorphisms and the ratio of fatty acids were revealed. The achieved results are the basis for the development of marker-assisted selection and DNA-based certification of flax cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey A Dmitriev
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Parfait Kezimana
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow, Russia
| | - Tatiana A Rozhmina
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Federal Research Center for Bast Fiber Crops, Torzhok, Russia
| | - Alexander A Zhuchenko
- Federal Research Center for Bast Fiber Crops, Torzhok, Russia
- All-Russian Horticultural Institute for Breeding, Agrotechnology and Nursery, Moscow, Russia
| | - Liubov V Povkhova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia
| | - Elena N Pushkova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Roman O Novakovskiy
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Vitaliy V Chagovets
- Kulakov National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena V Romanova
- Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Anna V Kudryavtseva
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - George S Krasnov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Nataliya V Melnikova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.
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Curti RN, Del Carmen Sanahuja M, Vidueiros SM, Curti CA, Pallaro AN, Bertero HD. Oil quality in sea-level quinoa as determined by cultivar-specific responses to temperature and radiation conditions. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2020; 100:1358-1361. [PMID: 31617214 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.10092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is renewed interest in quinoa as a potential source of vegetable oils; however, there is no information about how environmental conditions affect its fatty acid composition, a critical indicator of its oil quality. The fatty acid concentrations of four cultivars adapted to temperate environments were compared at three sowing dates to evaluate the effect of environmental conditions during the seed-filling period on the variation in oil quality. RESULTS The interaction between cultivar and sowing date was the main source of variation explaining the changes in the lipid content and fatty acid concentrations in quinoa. Most of the variation in the concentration of unsaturated fatty acids was attributed to the temperature and solar radiation during the seed-filling period; cultivar-specific responses to photo-thermal conditions were observed among the sea-level quinoa cultivars evaluated. CONCLUSION The lipid content and concentration of fatty acids in quinoa are affected by sowing date. This effect is exerted through changes in temperature and solar radiation conditions. This managing practice can therefore be used to achieve quinoa oil with different qualities. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramiro N Curti
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones Botánicas (LABIBO), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales and Sede Regional Sur, Universidad Nacional de Salta-CONICET, Salta, Argentina
| | - María Del Carmen Sanahuja
- Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Cátedra de Nutrición, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Silvina M Vidueiros
- Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Cátedra de Nutrición, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carolina A Curti
- Instituto de Investigaciones para la Industria Química (INIQUI), Universidad Nacional de Salta - CONICET, Salta, Argentina
| | - Anabel N Pallaro
- Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Cátedra de Nutrición, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Héctor D Bertero
- Cátedra de Producción Vegetal, Facultad de Agronomía and Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura (IFEVA)-CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Xie D, Dai Z, Yang Z, Tang Q, Deng C, Xu Y, Wang J, Chen J, Zhao D, Zhang S, Zhang S, Su J. Combined genome-wide association analysis and transcriptome sequencing to identify candidate genes for flax seed fatty acid metabolism. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 286:98-107. [PMID: 31300147 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2019.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2019] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Flax seeds have a high oil content and are rich in unsaturated fatty acids, which have advantageous effects in preventing chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases. At present, flax seeds are mainly developed for oil. Therefore, it is of practical significance to identify the candidate genes of fatty acid metabolism in flax seeds for breeding flax seeds with high oil content. In the present study, a natural population of flax containing 224 samples planted in 3 different environments was studied. The genome-wide association analysis (GWAS) of seed fatty acid content was conducted based on specific length amplified fragment sequencing (SLAF-seq) data. Transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq) of samples from 3 different periods (14 d, 21 d and 28 d after anthesis) during seed development of the low oil variety Shuangya 4 and the high oil variety NEW was performed. The candidate genes for seed fatty acid metabolism were identified by combined analysis of these 2 methods. GWAS detected 16 SNP loci significantly associated with seed fatty acid content, and RNA-seq analysis identified 11,802 differentially expressed genes between high and low oil samples. Pathway enrichment analysis revealed that some differentially expressed genes were classified into fatty acid-related pathways. After comparison of these differentially expressed genes with the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database, 20 genes homologous to other species were obtained. After analysis, 10 candidate genes were screened by GWAS and RNA-seq screening. Of these 10 genes, qRT-PCR assays using flax seeds in 5 different developmental stages showed that the expression levels of 6 candidate genes were significantly correlated with 5 fatty acid contents in seeds of the high oil variety NEW. Through metabolic pathway analysis found that 6 genes were involved in important fatty acid metabolic pathways, and some of them also have upstream and downstream regulation relations. The present study combined GWAS and RNA-seq methods to identify candidate genes for fatty acid metabolism in flax seeds, which provided reference for screening of candidate genes with complex traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongwei Xie
- Institute of Industrial Crops, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China; Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, China.
| | - Zhigang Dai
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, China.
| | - Zemao Yang
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, China.
| | - Qing Tang
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, China.
| | - Canhui Deng
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, China.
| | - Ying Xu
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, China.
| | - Jing Wang
- Institute of Industrial Crops, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China.
| | - Jing Chen
- Institute of Industrial Crops, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China.
| | - Debao Zhao
- Institute of Industrial Crops, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China.
| | - Shuli Zhang
- Wuchang Rice Research Institute, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuchang, China.
| | - Shuquan Zhang
- Institute of Industrial Crops, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China.
| | - Jianguang Su
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, China.
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9
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Redkar A, Di Pietro A. Adapt your shuttling proteins for virulence: a lesson from the corn smut fungus Ustilago maydis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 220:353-356. [PMID: 30238483 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Amey Redkar
- Department of Genetics, University of Córdoba, 14071, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Antonio Di Pietro
- Department of Genetics, University of Córdoba, 14071, Córdoba, Spain
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10
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Han Y, Xu G, Du H, Hu J, Liu Z, Li H, Li J, Yang X. Natural variations in stearoyl-acp desaturase genes affect the conversion of stearic to oleic acid in maize kernel. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2017; 130:151-161. [PMID: 27717956 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-016-2800-2805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We identified 11 SAD genes, and mined their natural variations associated with the conservation of stearic to oleic acid, especially ZmSAD1 supported by both the QTL and an expression QTL. Maize oil is generally regarded as a healthy vegetable oil owing to its low abundance of saturated fatty acids. Stearoyl-ACP desaturase (SAD) is a key rate-limiting enzyme for the conservation of stearic (C18:0) to oleic (C18:1) acid. Here, 11 maize SAD genes were identified to have more divergent functions than Arabidopsis SAD genes. The genomic regional associations in a maize panel including 508 inbred lines identified 6 SAD genes significantly associated (P < 0.01) with the C18:0/C18:1 ratio or the level of C18:0 or C18:1, one gene of which co-localized with a quantitative trait locus (QTL) and 5 of which co-localized with an expression QTL. ZmSAD1, supported by both the QTL and an expression QTL, had the largest effect on C18:0/C18:1. One nonsynonymous single-nucleotide polymorphism in exon 3 and one 5-bp insertion/deletion in the 3' untranslated region were further shown to contribute to the natural variation in C18:0/C18:1 according to ZmSAD1-based association mapping. Finally, selection tests of ZmSAD1 in teosinte, regular maize, and high-oil maize indicated that ZmSAD1 was not a selection target during the process of maize domestication and high-oil maize development. These results will guide the manipulation of the ratio between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids in maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjia Han
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Maize Improvement Center of China, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Gen Xu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Maize Improvement Center of China, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Hewei Du
- College of Life Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, Hubei, China
| | - Jieyun Hu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Maize Improvement Center of China, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhanji Liu
- Shandong Cotton Research Center, Shandong Academy of Agricutural Sciences, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Hui Li
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, Shandong, China
| | - Jiansheng Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Maize Improvement Center of China, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xiaohong Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Maize Improvement Center of China, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
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11
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Han Y, Xu G, Du H, Hu J, Liu Z, Li H, Li J, Yang X. Natural variations in stearoyl-acp desaturase genes affect the conversion of stearic to oleic acid in maize kernel. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2017; 130:151-161. [PMID: 27717956 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-016-2800-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
We identified 11 SAD genes, and mined their natural variations associated with the conservation of stearic to oleic acid, especially ZmSAD1 supported by both the QTL and an expression QTL. Maize oil is generally regarded as a healthy vegetable oil owing to its low abundance of saturated fatty acids. Stearoyl-ACP desaturase (SAD) is a key rate-limiting enzyme for the conservation of stearic (C18:0) to oleic (C18:1) acid. Here, 11 maize SAD genes were identified to have more divergent functions than Arabidopsis SAD genes. The genomic regional associations in a maize panel including 508 inbred lines identified 6 SAD genes significantly associated (P < 0.01) with the C18:0/C18:1 ratio or the level of C18:0 or C18:1, one gene of which co-localized with a quantitative trait locus (QTL) and 5 of which co-localized with an expression QTL. ZmSAD1, supported by both the QTL and an expression QTL, had the largest effect on C18:0/C18:1. One nonsynonymous single-nucleotide polymorphism in exon 3 and one 5-bp insertion/deletion in the 3' untranslated region were further shown to contribute to the natural variation in C18:0/C18:1 according to ZmSAD1-based association mapping. Finally, selection tests of ZmSAD1 in teosinte, regular maize, and high-oil maize indicated that ZmSAD1 was not a selection target during the process of maize domestication and high-oil maize development. These results will guide the manipulation of the ratio between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids in maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjia Han
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Maize Improvement Center of China, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Gen Xu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Maize Improvement Center of China, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Hewei Du
- College of Life Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, Hubei, China
| | - Jieyun Hu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Maize Improvement Center of China, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhanji Liu
- Shandong Cotton Research Center, Shandong Academy of Agricutural Sciences, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Hui Li
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, Shandong, China
| | - Jiansheng Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Maize Improvement Center of China, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xiaohong Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Maize Improvement Center of China, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
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12
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Thambugala D, Ragupathy R, Cloutier S. Structural organization of fatty acid desaturase loci in linseed lines with contrasting linolenic acid contents. Funct Integr Genomics 2016; 16:429-39. [PMID: 27142663 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-016-0494-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Revised: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Flax (Linum usitatissimum L.), the richest crop source of omega-3 fatty acids (FAs), is a diploid plant with an estimated genome size of ~370 Mb and is well suited for studying genomic organization of agronomically important traits. In this study, 12 bacterial artificial chromosome clones harbouring the six FA desaturase loci sad1, sad2, fad2a, fad2b, fad3a and fad3b from the conventional variety CDC Bethune and the high linolenic acid line M5791 were sequenced, analysed and compared to determine the structural organization of these loci and to gain insights into the genetic mechanisms underlying FA composition in flax. With one gene every 3.2-4.6 kb, the desaturase loci have a higher gene density than the genome's average of one gene per 7.8-8.2 kb. The gene order and orientation across the two genotypes were generally conserved with the exception of the sad1 locus that was predicted to have additional genes in CDC Bethune. High sequence conservation in both genic and intergenic regions of the sad and fad2b loci contrasted with the significant level of variation of the fad2a and fad3 loci, with SNPs being the most frequently observed mutation type. The fad2a locus had 297 SNPs and 36 indels over ~95 kb contrasting with the fad2b locus that had a mere seven SNPs and four indels in ~110 kb. Annotation of the gene-rich loci revealed other genes of known role in lipid or carbohydrate metabolic/catabolic pathways. The organization of the fad2b locus was particularly complex with seven copies of the fad2b gene in both genotypes. The presence of Gypsy, Copia, MITE, Mutator, hAT and other novel repeat elements at the desaturase loci was similar to that of the whole genome. This structural genomic analysis provided some insights into the genomic organization and composition of the main desaturase loci of linseed and of their complex evolution through both tandem and whole genome duplications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinushika Thambugala
- Department of Plant Science, University of Manitoba, 66 Dafoe Rd, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Raja Ragupathy
- Department of Plant Science, University of Manitoba, 66 Dafoe Rd, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Sylvie Cloutier
- Department of Plant Science, University of Manitoba, 66 Dafoe Rd, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada. .,Ottawa Research and Development Centre, 960 Carling Ave, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0C6, Canada.
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13
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Kumar S, You FM, Duguid S, Booker H, Rowland G, Cloutier S. QTL for fatty acid composition and yield in linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.). TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2015; 128:965-84. [PMID: 25748113 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-015-2483-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The combined SSR-SNP map and 20 QTL for agronomic and quality traits will assist in marker assisted breeding as well as map-based cloning of key genes in linseed. Flax is an important nutraceutical crop mostly because it is a rich source of omega-3 fatty acids and antioxidant compounds. Canada is the largest producer and exporter of oilseed flax (or linseed), creating a growing need to improve crop productivity and quality. In this study, a genetic map was constructed based on selected 329 single nucleotide polymorphic markers and 362 simple sequence repeat markers using a recombinant inbred line population of 243 individuals from a cross between the Canadian varieties CDC Bethune and Macbeth. The genetic map consisted of 15 linkage groups comprising 691 markers with an average marker density of one marker every 1.9 cM. A total of 20 quantitative trait loci (QTL) were identified corresponding to 14 traits. Three QTL each for oleic acid and stearic acid, two QTL each for linoleic acid and iodine value and one each for palmitic acid, linolenic acid, oil content, seed protein, cell wall, straw weight, thousand seed weight, seeds per boll, yield and days to maturity were identified. The QTL for cell wall, straw weight, seeds per boll, yield and days to maturity all co-located on linkage group 4. Analysis of the candidate gene regions underlying the QTL identified proteins involved in cell wall and fibre synthesis, fatty acid biosynthesis as well as their metabolism and yield component traits. This study provides the foundation for assisting in map-based cloning of the QTL and marker assisted selection of a wide range of quality and agronomic traits in linseed and potentially fibre flax.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh Kumar
- Department of Plant Science, University of Manitoba, 66 Dafoe Road, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada
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14
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Kumar S, You FM, Duguid S, Booker H, Rowland G, Cloutier S. QTL for fatty acid composition and yield in linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.). TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2015. [PMID: 25748113 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-015-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The combined SSR-SNP map and 20 QTL for agronomic and quality traits will assist in marker assisted breeding as well as map-based cloning of key genes in linseed. Flax is an important nutraceutical crop mostly because it is a rich source of omega-3 fatty acids and antioxidant compounds. Canada is the largest producer and exporter of oilseed flax (or linseed), creating a growing need to improve crop productivity and quality. In this study, a genetic map was constructed based on selected 329 single nucleotide polymorphic markers and 362 simple sequence repeat markers using a recombinant inbred line population of 243 individuals from a cross between the Canadian varieties CDC Bethune and Macbeth. The genetic map consisted of 15 linkage groups comprising 691 markers with an average marker density of one marker every 1.9 cM. A total of 20 quantitative trait loci (QTL) were identified corresponding to 14 traits. Three QTL each for oleic acid and stearic acid, two QTL each for linoleic acid and iodine value and one each for palmitic acid, linolenic acid, oil content, seed protein, cell wall, straw weight, thousand seed weight, seeds per boll, yield and days to maturity were identified. The QTL for cell wall, straw weight, seeds per boll, yield and days to maturity all co-located on linkage group 4. Analysis of the candidate gene regions underlying the QTL identified proteins involved in cell wall and fibre synthesis, fatty acid biosynthesis as well as their metabolism and yield component traits. This study provides the foundation for assisting in map-based cloning of the QTL and marker assisted selection of a wide range of quality and agronomic traits in linseed and potentially fibre flax.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh Kumar
- Department of Plant Science, University of Manitoba, 66 Dafoe Road, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada
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