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Jarošová M, Lorenc F, Bedrníček J, Petrášková E, Bjelková M, Bártová V, Jarošová E, Zdráhal Z, Kyselka J, Smetana P, Kadlec J, Stupková A, Bárta J. Comparison of Yield Characteristics, Chemical Composition, Lignans Content and Antioxidant Potential of Experimentally Grown Six Linseed ( Linum usitatissimum L.) Cultivars. Plant Foods Hum Nutr 2024; 79:159-165. [PMID: 38236453 DOI: 10.1007/s11130-023-01136-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Linseed represents a rich source of nutritional, functional and health-beneficial compounds. Nevertheless, the chemical composition and content of bioactive compounds may be quite variable and potentially affected by various factors, including genotype and the environment. In this study, the proximate chemical composition, lignans content and antioxidant potential of six experimentally grown linseed cultivars were assessed and compared. A diagonal cultivation trial in the University of South Bohemia Experimental Station in České Budějovice, Czech Republic, was established in three subsequent growing seasons (2018, 2019 and 2020). The results showed that the cultivar and growing conditions influenced most studied parameters. The lack of precipitation in May and June 2019 negatively affected the seed yield and the level of secoisolariciresinol diglucoside but did not decrease the crude protein content, which was negatively related to the oil content. The newly developed method for lignans analysis allowed the identification and quantification of secoisolariciresinol diglucoside and matairesinol. Their content correlated positively with the total polyphenol content and antioxidant assays (DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activity), indicating the significant contribution to the biofunctional properties of linseed. On the other hand, we did not detect minor linseed lignans, pinoresinol and lariciresinol. The results of this study showed the importance of cultivar and growing conditions factors on the linseed chemical composition and the lignans content, determining its nutritional and medicinal properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markéta Jarošová
- Department of Plant Production, Faculty of Agriculture and Technology, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Na Sádkách 1780, České Budějovice, 370 05, Czech Republic
| | - František Lorenc
- Department of Food Biotechnologies and Agricultural Products' Quality, Faculty of Agriculture and Technology, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Studentská, České Budějovice, 1668, 370 05, Czech Republic.
| | - Jan Bedrníček
- Department of Food Biotechnologies and Agricultural Products' Quality, Faculty of Agriculture and Technology, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Studentská, České Budějovice, 1668, 370 05, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Petrášková
- Department of Food Biotechnologies and Agricultural Products' Quality, Faculty of Agriculture and Technology, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Studentská, České Budějovice, 1668, 370 05, Czech Republic
| | - Marie Bjelková
- Department of Legumes and Technical Crops, Agritec Plant Research, Ltd. Zemědělská 2520, Šumperk, 787 01, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Bártová
- Department of Plant Production, Faculty of Agriculture and Technology, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Na Sádkách 1780, České Budějovice, 370 05, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Jarošová
- Department of Plant Production, Faculty of Agriculture and Technology, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Na Sádkách 1780, České Budějovice, 370 05, Czech Republic
| | - Zbyněk Zdráhal
- Mendel Centre of Plant Genomics and Proteomics, Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Kyselka
- Department of Dairy, Fat and Cosmetics, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology Prague, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technická 5, Prague, 166 28, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Smetana
- Department of Food Biotechnologies and Agricultural Products' Quality, Faculty of Agriculture and Technology, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Studentská, České Budějovice, 1668, 370 05, Czech Republic
| | - Jaromír Kadlec
- Department of Food Biotechnologies and Agricultural Products' Quality, Faculty of Agriculture and Technology, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Studentská, České Budějovice, 1668, 370 05, Czech Republic
| | - Adéla Stupková
- Department of Plant Production, Faculty of Agriculture and Technology, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Na Sádkách 1780, České Budějovice, 370 05, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Bárta
- Department of Plant Production, Faculty of Agriculture and Technology, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Na Sádkách 1780, České Budějovice, 370 05, Czech Republic
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Ibragimova NN, Mokshina NE. Expression of auxin transporter genes in flax (Linum usitatissimum) fibers during gravity response. Vavilovskii Zhurnal Genet Selektsii 2024; 28:33-43. [PMID: 38465245 PMCID: PMC10917669 DOI: 10.18699/vjgb-24-05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Gravitropism is an adaptive reaction of plants associated with the ability of various plant organs to be located and to grow in a certain direction relative to the gravity vector, while usually the asymmetric distribution of the phytohormone auxin is a necessary condition for the gravitropical bending of plant organs. Earlier, we described significant morphological changes in phloem fibers with a thickened cell wall located on different sides of the stem in the area of the gravitropic curvature. The present study is the first work devoted to the identification of genes encoding auxin transporters in cells at different stages of development and during gravity response. In this study, the flax genes encoding the AUX1/LAX, PIN-FORMED, PIN-LIKES, and ABCB auxin transporters were identified. A comparative analysis of the expression of these genes in flax phloem fibers at different stages of development revealed increased expression of some of these genes at the stage of intrusive growth (LusLAX2 (A, B), LuxPIN1-D, LusPILS7 (C, D)), at the early stage of tertiary cell wall formation (LusAUX1 (A, D), LusABCB1 (A, B), LusABCB15-A, LusPIN1 (A, B), LusPIN4-A, and LusPIN5-A), and at the late stage of tertiary cell wall development (LusLAX3 (A, B)). It was shown that in the course of gravitropism, the expression of many genes, including those responsible for the influx of auxin in cells (LusAUX1-D), in the studied families increased. Differential expression of auxin transporter genes was revealed during gravity response in fibers located on different sides of the stem (upper (PUL) and lower (OPP)). The difference was observed due to the expression of genes, the products of which are responsible for auxin intracellular transport (LusPILS3, LusPILS7-A) and its efflux (LusABCB15-B, LusABCB19-B). It was noted that the increased expression of PIN genes and ABCB genes was more typical of fibers on the opposite side. The results obtained allow us to make an assumption about the presence of differential auxin content in the fibers of different sides of gravistimulated flax plants, which may be determined by an uneven outflow of auxin. This study gives an idea of auxin carriers in flax and lays the foundation for further studies of their functions in the development of phloem fiber and in gravity response.
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Affiliation(s)
- N N Ibragimova
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics of Kazan Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Kazan, Russia
| | - N E Mokshina
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics of Kazan Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Kazan, Russia
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Lee JH, Shim YY, Reaney MJT, Yoon JA. The Impacts of Standardized Flaxseed Meal (XanFlax) on the Physicochemical, Textural, and Sensory Properties of Muffins. Foods 2023; 12:4085. [PMID: 38002144 PMCID: PMC10670133 DOI: 10.3390/foods12224085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Flaxseed is becoming increasingly popular as a superfood due to its many health benefits. While flaxseed is considered an oilseed, flaxseed meal (the by-product of flaxseed oil extraction) also contains many nutritional compounds not found in the oil. This study explored the use of a Canadian flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) meal product to fortify bakery foods and improve their nutritional properties. Muffins were made using a control recipe as well as four different formulations that included varying amounts of a standardized flaxseed meal supplement called XanFlax (5, 10, 20, and 40%). The physicochemical properties of the muffins, including their texture, color, sugar content, pH, specific gravity, loss rate, and moisture, were evaluated. Additionally, the sensory attributes contributing to muffin quality were thoroughly examined. The lightness (L*) and yellowness (b*) of the muffins, which were highest in the control group at 82.22 and 34.69, respectively, decreased as the amount of XanFlax increased (p < 0.05). Additionally, the redness (a*) of the muffins increased as the amount of XanFlax increased (p < 0.05). The muffins' sugar content (2.00 brix%) remained consistent across all treatments and controls except for those prepared with 20% XanFlax (2.17 brix%). As the amount of XanFlax powder increased, the pH of the muffins increased significantly. The moisture content in the muffins was highest at 23.71 ± 0.79% in the 10% XanFlax treatment and lowest at 22.06 ± 0.30% in the 40% XanFlax treatment. The muffins enriched with 5% XanFlax had an average height of 5.35 cm and volume of 131.33 mL, surpassing the results for the muffins made with other formulas (p < 0.05). Additionally, the cohesiveness and gumminess of the muffins tended to increase with the addition of XanFlax. The most favorable attributes, namely the appearance, flavor, taste, texture, and overall acceptance, were consistently associated with the 5% and 10% XanFlax treatments (p < 0.05). This study marks the first time a standardized flaxseed gum product, XanFlax, has been described in a functional baking application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Hui Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Gangseo University, Seoul 07661, Republic of Korea
| | - Youn Young Shim
- Department of Food and Bioproduct Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada; (Y.Y.S.); (M.J.T.R.)
- Prairie Tide Diversified Inc., Saskatoon, SK S7J 0R1, Canada
- Department of Food and Biotechnology, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Martin J. T. Reaney
- Department of Food and Bioproduct Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada; (Y.Y.S.); (M.J.T.R.)
- Prairie Tide Diversified Inc., Saskatoon, SK S7J 0R1, Canada
- Department of Food and Biotechnology, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin A Yoon
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Gangseo University, Seoul 07661, Republic of Korea
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Dvorianinova EM, Zinovieva OL, Pushkova EN, Zhernova DA, Rozhmina TA, Povkhova LV, Novakovskiy RO, Sigova EA, Turba AA, Borkhert EV, Krasnov GS, Ruan C, Dmitriev AA, Melnikova NV. Key FAD2, FAD3, and SAD Genes Involved in the Fatty Acid Synthesis in Flax Identified Based on Genomic and Transcriptomic Data. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14885. [PMID: 37834335 PMCID: PMC10573214 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
FAD (fatty acid desaturase) and SAD (stearoyl-ACP desaturase) genes play key roles in the synthesis of fatty acids (FA) and determination of oil composition in flax (Linum usitatissimum L.). We searched for FAD and SAD genes in the most widely used flax genome of the variety CDC Bethune and three available long-read assembled flax genomes-YY5, 3896, and Atlant. We identified fifteen FAD2, six FAD3, and four SAD genes. Of all the identified genes, 24 were present in duplicated pairs. In most cases, two genes from a pair differed by a significant number of gene-specific SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphisms) or even InDels (insertions/deletions), except for FAD2a-1 and FAD2a-2, where only seven SNPs distinguished these genes. Errors were detected in the FAD2a-1, FAD2a-2, FAD3c-1, and FAD3d-2 sequences in the CDC Bethune genome assembly but not in the long-read genome assemblies. Expression analysis of the available transcriptomic data for different flax organs/tissues revealed that FAD2a-1, FAD2a-2, FAD3a, FAD3b, SAD3-1, and SAD3-2 were specifically expressed in embryos/seeds/capsules and could play a crucial role in the synthesis of FA in flax seeds. In contrast, FAD2b-1, FAD2b-2, SAD2-1, and SAD2-2 were highly expressed in all analyzed organs/tissues and could be involved in FA synthesis in whole flax plants. FAD2c-2, FAD2d-1, FAD3c-1, FAD3c-2, FAD3d-1, FAD3d-2, SAD3-1, and SAD3-2 showed differential expression under stress conditions-Fusarium oxysporum infection and drought. The obtained results are essential for research on molecular mechanisms of fatty acid synthesis, FAD and SAD editing, and marker-assisted and genomic selection for breeding flax varieties with a determined fatty acid composition of oil.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Olga L. Zinovieva
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Elena N. Pushkova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Daiana A. Zhernova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119234, Russia
| | - Tatiana A. Rozhmina
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
- Federal Research Center for Bast Fiber Crops, Torzhok 172002, Russia
| | - Liubov V. Povkhova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Moscow 141701, Russia
| | - Roman O. Novakovskiy
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Elizaveta A. Sigova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Moscow 141701, Russia
| | - Anastasia A. Turba
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Elena V. Borkhert
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - George S. Krasnov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Chengjiang Ruan
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioresources Utilization, Ministry of Education, Institute of Plant Resources, Dalian Minzu University, Dalian 116600, China
| | - Alexey A. Dmitriev
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Moscow 141701, Russia
| | - Nataliya V. Melnikova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
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Paliwal S, Tripathi MK, Tiwari S, Tripathi N, Payasi DK, Tiwari PN, Singh K, Yadav RK, Asati R, Chauhan S. Molecular Advances to Combat Different Biotic and Abiotic Stresses in Linseed ( Linum usitatissimum L.): A Comprehensive Review. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1461. [PMID: 37510365 PMCID: PMC10379177 DOI: 10.3390/genes14071461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Flax, or linseed, is considered a "superfood", which means that it is a food with diverse health benefits and potentially useful bioactive ingredients. It is a multi-purpose crop that is prized for its seed oil, fibre, nutraceutical, and probiotic qualities. It is suited to various habitats and agro-ecological conditions. Numerous abiotic and biotic stressors that can either have a direct or indirect impact on plant health are experienced by flax plants as a result of changing environmental circumstances. Research on the impact of various stresses and their possible ameliorators is prompted by such expectations. By inducing the loss of specific alleles and using a limited number of selected varieties, modern breeding techniques have decreased the overall genetic variability required for climate-smart agriculture. However, gene banks have well-managed collectionns of landraces, wild linseed accessions, and auxiliary Linum species that serve as an important source of novel alleles. In the past, flax-breeding techniques were prioritised, preserving high yield with other essential traits. Applications of molecular markers in modern breeding have made it easy to identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for various agronomic characteristics. The genetic diversity of linseed species and the evaluation of their tolerance to abiotic stresses, including drought, salinity, heavy metal tolerance, and temperature, as well as resistance to biotic stress factors, viz., rust, wilt, powdery mildew, and alternaria blight, despite addressing various morphotypes and the value of linseed as a supplement, are the primary topics of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shruti Paliwal
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture, Rajmata Vijayaraje Scindia Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Gwalior 474002, India
| | - Manoj Kumar Tripathi
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture, Rajmata Vijayaraje Scindia Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Gwalior 474002, India
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, College of Agriculture, Rajmata Vijayaraje Scindia Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Gwalior 474002, India
| | - Sushma Tiwari
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture, Rajmata Vijayaraje Scindia Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Gwalior 474002, India
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, College of Agriculture, Rajmata Vijayaraje Scindia Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Gwalior 474002, India
| | - Niraj Tripathi
- Directorate of Research Services, Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Jabalpur 482004, India
| | - Devendra K Payasi
- All India Coordinated Research Project on Linseed, Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Regional Agricultural Research Station, Sagar 470001, India
| | - Prakash N Tiwari
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, College of Agriculture, Rajmata Vijayaraje Scindia Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Gwalior 474002, India
| | - Kirti Singh
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture, Rajmata Vijayaraje Scindia Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Gwalior 474002, India
| | - Rakesh Kumar Yadav
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture, Rajmata Vijayaraje Scindia Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Gwalior 474002, India
| | - Ruchi Asati
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture, Rajmata Vijayaraje Scindia Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Gwalior 474002, India
| | - Shailja Chauhan
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture, Rajmata Vijayaraje Scindia Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Gwalior 474002, India
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Hellebois T, Fortuin J, Gaiani C, Soukoulis C. Impact of Flaxseed Gums on the Colloidal Changes and In Vitro Digestibility of Milk Proteins. Foods 2022; 11. [PMID: 36553838 DOI: 10.3390/foods11244096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) mucilage is one of the most studied plant seed gums in terms of its techno-functional and health-promoting properties. Nonetheless, the interplay of flaxseed gum (FG) with other food biopolymers, such as milk proteins, under in vitro digestion conditions remains underexplored. The aim of the present work was to investigate the colloidal interplay between flaxseed gum (golden or brown) and milk proteins (sodium caseinate or whey protein isolate) under simulated in vitro digestion conditions and its relationship with the attained in vitro protein digestibility. The presence of flaxseed gum in the milk protein food models and in the oral food boluses obtained was associated with the occurrence of segregative microphase separation. Flaxseed gum exhibited a prominent role in controlling the acid-mediated protein aggregation phenomena, particularly in the sodium caseinate gastric chymes. The addition of FG in the food models was associated with a higher amount of intact total caseins and β-lactoglobulin at the end of the gastric processing step. Monitoring of the intestinal processing step revealed a very advanced cleavage of the whey proteins (>98%) and caseins (>90%). The degree of the milk protein hydrolysis achieved at the end of the intestinal processing was significantly higher in the systems containing flaxseed gum (i.e., 59−62%) than their gum-free protein counterparts (i.e., 46−47%). It was postulated that the electrostatic milk protein complexation capacity and, to a lesser extent, the thickening effect of flaxseed gum influenced the in vitro digestibility of the milk proteins.
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Abstract
Flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) has been associated with numerous health benefits. The flax plant synthesizes an array of biologically active compounds including peptides or linusorbs (LOs, a.k.a., cyclolinopeptides), lignans, soluble dietary fiber and omega-3 fatty acids. The LOs arise from post-translational modification of four or more ribosome-derived precursors. These compounds exhibit an array of biological activities, including suppression of T-cell proliferation, excessive inflammation, and osteoclast replication as well as induction of apoptosis in some cancer cell lines. The mechanisms of LO action are only now being elucidated but these compounds might interact with other active compounds in flaxseed and contribute to biological activity attributed to other flax compounds. This review focuses on both the biological interaction of LOs with proteins and other molecules and comprehensive knowledge of LO pharmacological and biological properties. The physicochemical and nutraceutical properties of LOs, as well as the biological effects of certain LOs, and their underlying mechanisms of action, are reviewed. Finally, strategies for producing LOs by either peptide synthesis or recombinant organisms are presented. This review will be the first to describe LOs as a versatile scaffold for the action of compounds to deliver physiochemically/biologically active molecules for developing novel nutraceuticals and pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youn Young Shim
- Department of Food and Bioproduct Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU (BICS), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
- Prairie Tide Diversified Inc, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
- Guangdong Saskatchewan Oilseed Joint Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ji Hye Kim
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU (BICS), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Jae Youl Cho
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU (BICS), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Martin J T Reaney
- Department of Food and Bioproduct Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
- Prairie Tide Diversified Inc, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
- Guangdong Saskatchewan Oilseed Joint Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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Khan A, Khan AA, Irfan M, Sayeed Akhtar M, Hasan SA. Lead-induced modification of growth and yield of Linum usitatissimum L. and its soil remediation potential. Int J Phytoremediation 2022; 25:1067-1076. [PMID: 36178175 DOI: 10.1080/15226514.2022.2128040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
This study was designed to evaluate the pre-reproductive and reproductive responses of Linum usitatissimum L. (flax, linseed plant) to different levels of Pb in the soil. Flax seeds were sown in garden soil-filled earthen pots and treated with three different levels of lead as lead chloride (150, 450, and 750 mg Pb kg-1 soil) except control, and each treatment was replicated three times. Growth and reproductive parameters and photosynthetic pigments were significantly reduced (p ≤ 0.05) for all treatments. Quantitatively, Chlorophyll b content decreased more than chlorophyll a and the amount of proline content in the leaves increased in lockstep with the increase of Pb levels in the soil. Pb was found in substantial amounts in the roots, shoots, and seeds. The pattern of Pb accumulation in different organs was root > shoot > seeds. Pb levels in seeds obtained from 750 mg Pb kg-1 soil-treated plants exceeded the permissible limits. Biological concentration factor (BCF), biological accumulation coefficient (BAC) and translocation factor (TF) values showed that roots of L. usitatissimum absorbed and accumulated a substantial quantity of Pb but translocated only a fraction of that to the shoots. Therefore, L. usitatissimum L. can be used in phytostabilization rather than phytoextraction of Pb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adnan Khan
- Environmental Botany Laboratory, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | - Athar Ali Khan
- Environmental Botany Laboratory, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | - Mohd Irfan
- Department of Botany, Sanskriti University, Mathura, India
| | | | - Syed Aiman Hasan
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Jazan University, Jazan, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Abstract
Hyperlipidemia, high levels of blood lipids including cholesterol and triglycerides, is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Traditional treatments of hyperlipidemia often include lifestyle changes and pharmacotherapy. Recently, flaxseed has been approved as a nutrient that lowers blood lipids. Several metabolites of flaxseed lignan secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG), have been identified that reduce blood lipids. SDG is present in flaxseed hull as an ester-linked copolymer with 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaric acid (HMGA). However, purification processes involved in hydrolysis of the copolymer and enriching SDG are often expensive. The natural copolymer of SDG with HMGA (SDG polymer) is a source of bioactive compounds useful in prophylaxis of hypercholesterolemia. After consumption of the lignan copolymer, SDG and HMGA are released in the stomach and small intestines. SDG is metabolized to secoisolariciresinol, enterolactone and enterodiol, the bioactive forms of mammalian lignans. These metabolites are then distributed throughout the body where they accumulate in the liver, kidney, skin, other tissues, and organs. Successively, these metabolites reduce blood lipids including cholesterol, triglycerides, low density lipoprotein cholesterol, and lipid peroxidation products. In this review, the metabolism and efficacies of flaxseed-derived enriched SDG and SDG polymer will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Tse
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Yajia Guo
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Youn Young Shim
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
- Prairie Tide Diversified Inc., Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU (BICS), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Sarah K Purdy
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Ji Hye Kim
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU (BICS), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Jae Youl Cho
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU (BICS), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Jane Alcorn
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Martin J T Reaney
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
- Prairie Tide Diversified Inc., Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
- Guangdong Saskatchewan Oilseed Joint Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangdong, China
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10
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You FM, Rashid KY, Zheng C, Khan N, Li P, Xiao J, He L, Yao Z, Cloutier S. Insights into the Genetic Architecture and Genomic Prediction of Powdery Mildew Resistance in Flax ( Linum usitatissimum L.). Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094960. [PMID: 35563347 PMCID: PMC9104541 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Powdery mildew (PM), caused by the fungus Oidium lini in flax, can cause defoliation and reduce seed yield and quality. To date, one major dominant gene (Pm1) and three quantitative trait loci (QTL) on chromosomes 1, 7 and 9 have been reported for PM resistance. To fully dissect the genetic architecture of PM resistance and identify QTL, a diverse flax core collection of 372 accessions augmented with an additional 75 breeding lines were sequenced, and PM resistance was evaluated in the field for eight years (2010–2017) in Morden, Manitoba, Canada. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) were performed using two single-locus and seven multi-locus statistical models with 247,160 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and the phenotypes of the 447 individuals for each year separately as well as the means over years. A total of 349 quantitative trait nucleotides (QTNs) were identified, of which 44 large-effect QTNs (R2 = 10–30%) were highly stable over years. The total number of favourable alleles per accession was significantly correlated with PM resistance (r = 0.74), and genomic selection (GS) models using all identified QTNs generated significantly higher predictive ability (r = 0.93) than those constructed using the 247,160 genome-wide random SNP (r = 0.69), validating the overall reliability of the QTNs and showing the additivity of PM resistance in flax. The QTNs were clustered on the distal ends of all 15 chromosomes, especially on chromosome 5 (0.4–5.6 Mb and 9.4–16.9 Mb) and 13 (4.7–5.2 Mb). To identify candidate genes, a dataset of 3230 SNPs located in resistance gene analogues (RGAs) was used as input for GWAS, from which an additional 39 RGA-specific QTNs were identified. Overall, 269 QTN loci harboured 445 RGAs within the 200 Kb regions spanning the QTNs, including 45 QTNs located within the RGAs. These RGAs supported by significant QTN/SNP allele effects were mostly nucleotide binding site and leucine-rich repeat receptors (NLRs) belonging to either coiled-coil (CC) NLR (CNL) or toll interleukin-1 (TIR) NLR (TNL), receptor-like kinase (RLK), receptor-like protein kinase (RLP), transmembrane-coiled-coil (TM-CC), WRKY, and mildew locus O (MLO) genes. These results constitute an important genomic tool for resistance breeding and gene cloning for PM in flax.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank M. You
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada; (C.Z.); (N.K.); (P.L.); (L.H.)
- Correspondence: (F.M.Y.); (S.C.); Tel.: +1-613-759-1539 (F.M.Y.); +1-613-759-1744 (S.C.)
| | - Khalid Y. Rashid
- Morden Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Morden, MB R6M 1Y5, Canada; (K.Y.R.); (Z.Y.)
| | - Chunfang Zheng
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada; (C.Z.); (N.K.); (P.L.); (L.H.)
| | - Nadeem Khan
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada; (C.Z.); (N.K.); (P.L.); (L.H.)
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, 30 Marie Curie, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Pingchuan Li
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada; (C.Z.); (N.K.); (P.L.); (L.H.)
| | - Jin Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University/JCIC-MCP, Nanjing 210095, China;
| | - Liqiang He
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada; (C.Z.); (N.K.); (P.L.); (L.H.)
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University/JCIC-MCP, Nanjing 210095, China;
| | - Zhen Yao
- Morden Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Morden, MB R6M 1Y5, Canada; (K.Y.R.); (Z.Y.)
| | - Sylvie Cloutier
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada; (C.Z.); (N.K.); (P.L.); (L.H.)
- Correspondence: (F.M.Y.); (S.C.); Tel.: +1-613-759-1539 (F.M.Y.); +1-613-759-1744 (S.C.)
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11
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Krupa-Kozak U, Bączek N, Capriles VD, Łopusiewicz Ł. Novel Gluten-Free Bread with an Extract from Flaxseed By-Product: The Relationship between Water Replacement Level and Nutritional Value, Antioxidant Properties, and Sensory Quality. Molecules 2022; 27:2690. [PMID: 35566041 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27092690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The food industry generates a great amount of food waste and by-products, which in many cases are not fully valorized. Press cakes, deriving from oilseeds extraction, represent interesting co-products due to their nutritional value, high biopolymers content, and the presence of bioactive phytochemicals. Gluten-free breads (GFBs) are products that have disadvantages such as unsatisfactory texture, low nutritional value, and short shelf life, so natural additives containing proteins and hydrocolloids are in demand to increase GFBs value. In this study, extract from flaxseed by-product (FOCE-Flaxseed Oil Cake Extract) was used to replace water (25-100%) in GFBs formulations and their nutritional value, antioxidant properties, and sensory features were investigated. The results showed that GFBs with FOCE had an elevated nutritional and nutraceutical profile (up to 60% more proteins, significantly increased K, Mg, and P levels). Moreover, the addition of FOCE improved the technological parameters (increased specific volume, number of cells and height/width ratio, reduced density, average size, and perimeter of cells), antioxidant potential, and overall sensory quality of GFBs. This study showed an encouraging way of using a by-product that, due to its high content of proteins, polysaccharides, minerals, and antioxidants, can add value to GFBs.
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12
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Elboutachfaiti R, Molinié R, Mathiron D, Maillot Y, Fontaine JX, Pilard S, Quéro A, Brasselet C, Dols-Lafargue M, Delattre C, Petit E. Secondary Metabolism Rearrangements in Linum usitatissimum L. after Biostimulation of Roots with COS Oligosaccharides from Fungal Cell Wall. Molecules 2022; 27:2372. [PMID: 35408773 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27072372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
In vitro culture of flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) was exposed to chitosan oligosaccharides (COS) in order to investigate the effects on the growth and secondary metabolites content in roots and shoots. COS are fragments of chitosan released from the fungal cell wall during plant–pathogen interactions. They can be perceived by the plant as pathogen-associated signals, mediating local and systemic innate immune responses. In the present study, we report a novel COS oligosaccharide fraction with a degree of polymerization (DP) range of 2–10, which was produced from fungal chitosan by a thermal degradation method and purified by an alcohol-precipitation process. COS was dissolved in hydroponic medium at two different concentrations (250 and 500 mg/L) and applied to the roots of growing flax seedlings. Our observations indicated that the growth of roots and shoots decreased markedly in COS-treated flax seedlings compared to the control. In addition, the results of a metabolomics analysis showed that COS treatment induced the accumulation of (neo)lignans locally at roots, flavones luteolin C-glycosides, and chlorogenic acid in systemic responses in the shoots of flax seedlings. These phenolic compounds have been previously reported to exhibit a strong antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. COS oligosaccharides, under the conditions applied in this study (high dose treatment with a much longer exposure time), can be used to indirectly trigger metabolic response modifications in planta, especially secondary metabolism, because during fungal pathogen attack, COS oligosaccharides are among the signals exchanged between the pathogen and host plant.
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13
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Povkhova LV, Melnikova NV, Rozhmina TA, Novakovskiy RO, Pushkova EN, Dvorianinova EM, Zhuchenko AA, Kamionskaya AM, Krasnov GS, Dmitriev AA. Genes Associated with the Flax Plant Type (Oil or Fiber) Identified Based on Genome and Transcriptome Sequencing Data. Plants (Basel) 2021; 10:plants10122616. [PMID: 34961087 PMCID: PMC8707629 DOI: 10.3390/plants10122616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
As a result of the breeding process, there are two main types of flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) plants. Linseed is used for obtaining seeds, while fiber flax is used for fiber production. We aimed to identify the genes associated with the flax plant type, which could be important for the formation of agronomically valuable traits. A search for polymorphisms was performed in genes involved in the biosynthesis of cell wall components, lignans, fatty acids, and ion transport based on genome sequencing data for 191 flax varieties. For 143 of the 424 studied genes (4CL, C3'H, C4H, CAD, CCR, CCoAOMT, COMT, F5H, HCT, PAL, CTL, BGAL, ABC, HMA, DIR, PLR, UGT, TUB, CESA, RGL, FAD, SAD, and ACT families), one or more polymorphisms had a strong correlation with the flax type. Based on the transcriptome sequencing data, we evaluated the expression levels for each flax type-associated gene in a wide range of tissues and suggested genes that are important for the formation of linseed or fiber flax traits. Such genes were probably subjected to the selection press and can determine not only the traits of seeds and stems but also the characteristics of the root system or resistance to stresses at a particular stage of development, which indirectly affects the ability of flax plants to produce seeds or fiber.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liubov V. Povkhova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (L.V.P.); (N.V.M.); (R.O.N.); (E.N.P.); (E.M.D.); (G.S.K.)
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141701 Moscow, Russia
| | - Nataliya V. Melnikova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (L.V.P.); (N.V.M.); (R.O.N.); (E.N.P.); (E.M.D.); (G.S.K.)
| | - Tatiana A. Rozhmina
- Federal Research Center for Bast Fiber Crops, 172002 Torzhok, Russia; (T.A.R.); (A.A.Z.)
| | - Roman O. Novakovskiy
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (L.V.P.); (N.V.M.); (R.O.N.); (E.N.P.); (E.M.D.); (G.S.K.)
| | - Elena N. Pushkova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (L.V.P.); (N.V.M.); (R.O.N.); (E.N.P.); (E.M.D.); (G.S.K.)
| | - Ekaterina M. Dvorianinova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (L.V.P.); (N.V.M.); (R.O.N.); (E.N.P.); (E.M.D.); (G.S.K.)
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141701 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander A. Zhuchenko
- Federal Research Center for Bast Fiber Crops, 172002 Torzhok, Russia; (T.A.R.); (A.A.Z.)
- All-Russian Horticultural Institute for Breeding, Agrotechnology and Nursery, 115598 Moscow, Russia
| | - Anastasia M. Kamionskaya
- Institute of Bioengineering, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071 Moscow, Russia;
| | - George S. Krasnov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (L.V.P.); (N.V.M.); (R.O.N.); (E.N.P.); (E.M.D.); (G.S.K.)
| | - Alexey A. Dmitriev
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (L.V.P.); (N.V.M.); (R.O.N.); (E.N.P.); (E.M.D.); (G.S.K.)
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14
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Dmitriev AA, Pushkova EN, Novakovskiy RO, Beniaminov AD, Rozhmina TA, Zhuchenko AA, Bolsheva NL, Muravenko OV, Povkhova LV, Dvorianinova EM, Kezimana P, Snezhkina AV, Kudryavtseva AV, Krasnov GS, Melnikova NV. Genome Sequencing of Fiber Flax Cultivar Atlant Using Oxford Nanopore and Illumina Platforms. Front Genet 2021; 11:590282. [PMID: 33519894 PMCID: PMC7841463 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.590282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Alexey A Dmitriev
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena N Pushkova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Roman O Novakovskiy
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Artemy D Beniaminov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Tatiana A Rozhmina
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.,Federal Research Center for Bast Fiber Crops, Torzhok, Russia
| | - Alexander A Zhuchenko
- Federal Research Center for Bast Fiber Crops, Torzhok, Russia.,All-Russian Horticultural Institute for Breeding, Agrotechnology and Nursery, Moscow, Russia
| | - Nadezhda L Bolsheva
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga V Muravenko
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Liubov V Povkhova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.,Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ekaterina M Dvorianinova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.,Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Parfait Kezimana
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.,Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Anna V Kudryavtseva
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - George S Krasnov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Nataliya V Melnikova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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15
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Dmitriev AA, Novakovskiy RO, Pushkova EN, Rozhmina TA, Zhuchenko AA, Bolsheva NL, Beniaminov AD, Mitkevich VA, Povkhova LV, Dvorianinova EM, Snezhkina AV, Kudryavtseva AV, Krasnov GS, Melnikova NV. Transcriptomes of Different Tissues of Flax ( Linum usitatissimum L.) Cultivars With Diverse Characteristics. Front Genet 2020; 11:565146. [PMID: 33363567 PMCID: PMC7755106 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.565146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Alexey A Dmitriev
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Roman O Novakovskiy
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena N Pushkova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Tatiana A Rozhmina
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.,Federal Research Center for Bast Fiber Crops, Torzhok, Russia
| | - Alexander A Zhuchenko
- Federal Research Center for Bast Fiber Crops, Torzhok, Russia.,All-Russian Horticultural Institute for Breeding, Agrotechnology and Nursery, Moscow, Russia
| | - Nadezhda L Bolsheva
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Artemy D Beniaminov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir A Mitkevich
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Liubov V Povkhova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.,Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia
| | - Ekaterina M Dvorianinova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.,Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia
| | | | - Anna V Kudryavtseva
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - George S Krasnov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Nataliya V Melnikova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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16
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Dmitriev AA, Kezimana P, Rozhmina TA, Zhuchenko AA, Povkhova LV, Pushkova EN, Novakovskiy RO, Pavelek M, Vladimirov GN, Nikolaev EN, Kovaleva OA, Kostyukevich YI, Chagovets VV, Romanova EV, Snezhkina AV, Kudryavtseva AV, Krasnov GS, Melnikova NV. Genetic diversity of SAD and FAD genes responsible for the fatty acid composition in flax cultivars and lines. BMC Plant Biol 2020; 20:301. [PMID: 33050879 PMCID: PMC7557025 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-02499-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) is grown for fiber and seed in many countries. Flax cultivars differ in the oil composition and, depending on the ratio of fatty acids, are used in pharmaceutical, food, or paint industries. It is known that genes of SAD (stearoyl-ACP desaturase) and FAD (fatty acid desaturase) families play a key role in the synthesis of fatty acids, and some alleles of these genes are associated with a certain composition of flax oil. However, data on genetic polymorphism of these genes are still insufficient. RESULTS On the basis of the collection of the Institute for Flax (Torzhok, Russia), we formed a representative set of 84 cultivars and lines reflecting the diversity of fatty acid composition of flax oil. An approach for the determination of full-length sequences of SAD1, SAD2, FAD2A, FAD2B, FAD3A, and FAD3B genes using the Illumina platform was developed and deep sequencing of the 6 genes in 84 flax samples was performed on MiSeq. The obtained high coverage (about 400x on average) enabled accurate assessment of polymorphisms in SAD1, SAD2, FAD2A, FAD2B, FAD3A, and FAD3B genes and evaluation of cultivar/line heterogeneity. The highest level of genetic diversity was observed for FAD3A and FAD3B genes - 91 and 62 polymorphisms respectively. Correlation analysis revealed associations between particular variants in SAD and FAD genes and predominantly those fatty acids whose conversion they catalyze: SAD - stearic and oleic acids, FAD2 - oleic and linoleic acids, FAD3 - linoleic and linolenic acids. All except one low-linolenic flax cultivars/lines contained both the substitution of tryptophan to stop codon in the FAD3A gene and histidine to tyrosine substitution in the FAD3B gene, while samples with only one of these polymorphisms had medium content of linolenic acid and cultivars/lines without them were high-linolenic. CONCLUSIONS Genetic polymorphism of SAD and FAD genes was evaluated in the collection of flax cultivars and lines with diverse oil composition, and associations between particular polymorphisms and the ratio of fatty acids were revealed. The achieved results are the basis for the development of marker-assisted selection and DNA-based certification of flax cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey A Dmitriev
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Parfait Kezimana
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow, Russia
| | - Tatiana A Rozhmina
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Federal Research Center for Bast Fiber Crops, Torzhok, Russia
| | - Alexander A Zhuchenko
- Federal Research Center for Bast Fiber Crops, Torzhok, Russia
- All-Russian Horticultural Institute for Breeding, Agrotechnology and Nursery, Moscow, Russia
| | - Liubov V Povkhova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia
| | - Elena N Pushkova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Roman O Novakovskiy
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Vitaliy V Chagovets
- Kulakov National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena V Romanova
- Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Anna V Kudryavtseva
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - George S Krasnov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Nataliya V Melnikova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.
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17
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Krasnov GS, Pushkova EN, Novakovskiy RO, Kudryavtseva LP, Rozhmina TA, Dvorianinova EM, Povkhova LV, Kudryavtseva AV, Dmitriev AA, Melnikova NV. High-Quality Genome Assembly of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lini. Front Genet 2020; 11:959. [PMID: 33193577 PMCID: PMC7481384 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present work, a highly pathogenic isolate of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lini, which is the most harmful pathogen affecting flax (Linum usitatissimum L.), was sequenced for the first time. To achieve a high-quality genome assembly, we used the combination of two sequencing platforms - Oxford Nanopore Technologies (MinION system) with long noisy reads and Illumina (HiSeq 2500 instrument) with short accurate reads. Given the quality of DNA is crucial for Nanopore sequencing, we developed the protocol for extraction of pure high-molecular-weight DNA from fungi. Sequencing of DNA extracted using this protocol allowed us to obtain about 85x genome coverage with long (N50 = 29 kb) MinION reads and 30x coverage with 2 × 250 bp HiSeq reads. Several tools were developed for genome assembly; however, they provide different results depending on genome complexity, sequencing data volume, read length and quality. We benchmarked the most requested assemblers (Canu, Flye, Shasta, wtdbg2, and MaSuRCA), Nanopore polishers (Medaka and Racon), and Illumina polishers (Pilon and POLCA) on our sequencing data. The assembly performed with Canu and polished with Medaka and POLCA was considered the most full and accurate. After further elimination of redundant contigs using Purge Haplotigs, we achieved a high-quality genome of F. oxysporum f. sp. lini with a total length of 59 Mb, N50 of 3.3 Mb, and 99.5% completeness according to BUSCO. We also obtained a complete circular mitochondrial genome with a length of 38.7 kb. The achieved assembly expands studies on F. oxysporum and plant-pathogen interaction in flax.
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Affiliation(s)
- George S. Krasnov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena N. Pushkova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Roman O. Novakovskiy
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Tatiana A. Rozhmina
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Federal Research Center for Bast Fiber Crops, Torzhok, Russia
| | - Ekaterina M. Dvorianinova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia
| | - Liubov V. Povkhova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia
| | - Anna V. Kudryavtseva
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexey A. Dmitriev
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Nataliya V. Melnikova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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18
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Ibragimova N, Mokshina N, Ageeva M, Gurjanov O, Mikshina P. Rearrangement of the Cellulose-Enriched Cell Wall in Flax Phloem Fibers over the Course of the Gravitropic Reaction. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21155322. [PMID: 32727025 PMCID: PMC7432630 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The plant cell wall is a complex structure consisting of a polysaccharide network. The rearrangements of the cell wall during the various physiological reactions of plants, however, are still not fully characterized. Profound changes in cell wall organization are detected by microscopy in the phloem fibers of flax (Linum usitatissimum) during the restoration of the vertical position of the inclined stems. To characterize the underlying biochemical and structural changes in the major cell wall polysaccharides, we compared the fiber cell walls of non-inclined and gravistimulated plants by focusing mainly on differences in non-cellulosic polysaccharides and the fine cellulose structure. Biochemical analysis revealed a slight increase in the content of pectins in the fiber cell walls of gravistimulated plants as well as an increase in accessibility for labeling non-cellulosic polysaccharides. The presence of galactosylated xyloglucan in the gelatinous cell wall layer of flax fibers was demonstrated, and its labeling was more pronounced in the gravistimulated plants. Using solid state NMR, an increase in the crystallinity of the cellulose in gravistimulated plants, along with a decrease in cellulose mobility, was demonstrated. Thus, gravistimulation may affect the rearrangement of the cell wall, which can enable restoration in a vertical position of the plant stem.
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Zaeem A, Drouet S, Anjum S, Khurshid R, Younas M, Blondeau JP, Tungmunnithum D, Giglioli-Guivarc’h N, Hano C, Abbasi BH. Effects of Biogenic Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles on Growth and Oxidative Stress Response in Flax Seedlings vs. In Vitro Cultures: A Comparative Analysis. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E918. [PMID: 32560534 PMCID: PMC7355665 DOI: 10.3390/biom10060918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Linum usitatissimum biosynthesizes lignans and neolignans that are diet and medicinally valuable metabolites. In recent years, zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) have emerged as potential elicitors for the enhanced biosynthesis of commercial secondary metabolites. Herein, we investigated the influence of biogenic ZnONPs on both seedlings and stem-derived callus of L. usitatissimum. Seedlings of L. usitatissimum grown on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with ZnONPs (1-1000 mg/L) presented the highest antioxidant activity, total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activities at 500 mg/L, while the maximum plantlet length was achieved with 10 mg/L. Likewise, the high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis revealed the enhanced production of secoisolariciresinol diglucoside, lariciresinol diglucoside, dehydrodiconiferyl alcohol glucoside and guaiacylglycerol-β-coniferyl alcohol ether glucoside in the plantlets grown on the 500 mg/L ZnONPs. On the other hand, the stem explants were cultured on MS media comprising 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (1 mg/L) and ZnONPs (1-50 mg/L). The highest antioxidant and other activities with an enhanced rooting effect were noted in 25 mg/L ZnONP-treated callus. Similarly, the maximum metabolites were also accumulated in 25 mg/L ZnONP-treated callus. In both systems, the dose-dependent production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was recorded, resulting in oxidative damage with a more pronounced toxic effect on in vitro cultures. Altogether, the results from this study constitute a first comprehensive view of the impact of ZnONPs on the oxidative stress and antioxidant responses in seedlings vs. in vitro cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afifa Zaeem
- Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan; (A.Z.); (R.K.); (M.Y.)
- Department of Biotechnology, Virtual University of Pakistan, Rawalpindi Campus 46300, Pakistan
| | - Samantha Drouet
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures (LBLGC), INRAE USC1328, University of Orleans, F28000 Chartres, France; (S.D.); (D.T.)
| | - Sumaira Anjum
- Department of Biotechnology, Kinnaird College for Women, Lahore 54000, Pakistan;
| | - Razia Khurshid
- Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan; (A.Z.); (R.K.); (M.Y.)
| | - Muhammad Younas
- Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan; (A.Z.); (R.K.); (M.Y.)
| | - Jean Philippe Blondeau
- Conditions Extrêmes et Matériaux, Haute Température et Irradiation (CEMHTI) CNRS UPR3079, 1D Avenue de la Recherche Scientifique, 45071 Orléans, France;
| | - Duangjai Tungmunnithum
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures (LBLGC), INRAE USC1328, University of Orleans, F28000 Chartres, France; (S.D.); (D.T.)
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Nathalie Giglioli-Guivarc’h
- Biomolecules et Biotechnologies Vegetales, EA2106, Universite Francois-Rabelais de Tours, 37000 Tours, France;
| | - Christophe Hano
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures (LBLGC), INRAE USC1328, University of Orleans, F28000 Chartres, France; (S.D.); (D.T.)
| | - Bilal Haider Abbasi
- Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan; (A.Z.); (R.K.); (M.Y.)
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Thiombiano B, Gontier E, Molinié R, Marcelo P, Mesnard F, Dauwe R. An untargeted liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-based workflow for the structural characterization of plant polyesters. Plant J 2020; 102:1323-1339. [PMID: 31943449 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Cell wall localized heterogeneous polyesters are widespread in land plants. The composition of these polyesters, such as cutin, suberin, or more plant-specific forms such as the flax seed coat lignan macromolecule, can be determined after total hydrolysis of the ester linkages. The main bottleneck in the structural characterization of these macromolecules, however, resides in the determination of the higher order monomer sequences. Partial hydrolysates of the polyesters release a complex mixture of fragments of different lengths, each present in low abundance and therefore are challenging to structurally characterize. Here, a method is presented by which liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) profiles of such partial hydrolysates are searched for pairs of related fragments. LC-MS peaks that show a mass difference corresponding to the addition of one or more macromolecule monomers were connected in a network. Starting from the lowest molecular weight peaks in the network, the annotation of the connections as the addition of one or more polyester monomers allows the prediction of consecutive and increasingly complex adjacent peaks. Multi-stage MS (MSn) experiments further helped to reject, corroborate, and sometimes refine the structures predicted by the network. As a proof of concept, this procedure was applied to partial hydrolysates of the flax seed coat lignan macromolecule, and allowed to characterize 120 distinct oligo-esters, consisting of up to six monomers, and containing monomers and linkages for which incorporation in the lignan macromolecule had not been described before. These results showed the capacity of the approach to advance the structural elucidation of complex plant polyesters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Thiombiano
- Unité de Recherche BIOPI, UMR Transfrontalière BioEcoAgro, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 80000, Amiens, France
| | - Eric Gontier
- Unité de Recherche BIOPI, UMR Transfrontalière BioEcoAgro, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 80000, Amiens, France
| | - Roland Molinié
- Unité de Recherche BIOPI, UMR Transfrontalière BioEcoAgro, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 80000, Amiens, France
| | - Paulo Marcelo
- Plateforme Ingénierie Cellulaire et Analyses des Protéines, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 80000, Amiens, France
| | - François Mesnard
- Unité de Recherche BIOPI, UMR Transfrontalière BioEcoAgro, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 80000, Amiens, France
| | - Rebecca Dauwe
- Unité de Recherche BIOPI, UMR Transfrontalière BioEcoAgro, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 80000, Amiens, France
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Shahwar D, Young LW, Shim YY, Reaney MJT. Extractive silylation method for high throughput GC analysis of flaxseed cyanogenic glycosides. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2019; 1132:121816. [PMID: 31706183 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2019.121816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The reported methods for the estimation of CG are indirect, long and tedious uses solvent extraction which results in lower recoveries due to several co-eluted components. The present study aims to develop and validate a high throughput method for the analysis of cyanogenic glycosides (CG) in flaxseed using extractive silylation. The experimental procedure comprised of preparation of trimethylsilyl (TMS) derivatives of CG, their quantitation through gas chromatography with flame ionization detector (GC-FID) and further characterization by LC-MS/MS. Different validation parameters determined in the experiment include the relative standard deviation both inter-day and intraday less than 5%, recovery in the range of 79.9-112.7%, limit of detection 4.72-6.43 µg/mL and limit of quantitation 14.31-19.50 µg/mL. Combinations of silylation reagent were screened in a central composite experimental design in order to examine their effect on the extraction recovery. Finally, the developed method was applied successfully to quantify CG in various flaxseed cultivars. Advantages of the extractive silylation are simple preparation, short reaction times and the combination of extraction and silylation in one step which indicate that the method has the potential to sensitively and accurately determine CG where large numbers of samples are being routinely analysed.
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Markulin L, Corbin C, Renouard S, Drouet S, Durpoix C, Mathieu C, Lopez T, Auguin D, Hano C, Lainé É. Characterization of LuWRKY36, a flax transcription factor promoting secoisolariciresinol biosynthesis in response to Fusarium oxysporum elicitors in Linum usitatissimum L. hairy roots. Planta 2019; 250:347-366. [PMID: 31037486 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-019-03172-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The involvement of a WRKY transcription factor in the regulation of lignan biosynthesis in flax using a hairy root system is described. Secoisolariciresinol is the main flax lignan synthesized by action of LuPLR1 (pinoresinol-lariciresinol reductase 1). LuPLR1 gene promoter deletion experiments have revealed a promoter region containing W boxes potentially responsible for the response to Fusarium oxysporum. W boxes are bound by WRKY transcription factors that play a role in the response to stress. A candidate WRKY transcription factor, LuWRKY36, was isolated from both abscisic acid and Fusarium elicitor-treated flax cell cDNA libraries. This transcription factors contains two WRKY DNA-binding domains and is a homolog of AtWRKY33. Different approaches confirmed LuWRKY36 binding to a W box located in the LuPLR1 promoter occurring through a unique direct interaction mediated by its N-terminal WRKY domain. Our results propose that the positive regulator action of LuWRKY36 on the LuPLR1 gene regulation and lignan biosynthesis in response to biotic stress is positively mediated by abscisic acid and inhibited by ethylene. Additionally, we demonstrate a differential Fusarium elicitor response in susceptible and resistant flax cultivars, seen as a faster and stronger LuPLR1 gene expression response accompanied with higher secoisolariciresinol accumulation in HR of the resistant cultivar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucija Markulin
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures, EA 1207, INRA USC 1328, Université d'Orléans, Pôle Universitaire d'Eure et Loir, 21 Rue de Loigny la Bataille, 28000, Chartres, France
| | - Cyrielle Corbin
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures, EA 1207, INRA USC 1328, Université d'Orléans, Pôle Universitaire d'Eure et Loir, 21 Rue de Loigny la Bataille, 28000, Chartres, France
| | - Sullivan Renouard
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures, EA 1207, INRA USC 1328, Université d'Orléans, Pôle Universitaire d'Eure et Loir, 21 Rue de Loigny la Bataille, 28000, Chartres, France
| | - Samantha Drouet
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures, EA 1207, INRA USC 1328, Université d'Orléans, Pôle Universitaire d'Eure et Loir, 21 Rue de Loigny la Bataille, 28000, Chartres, France
| | - Charlène Durpoix
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures, EA 1207, INRA USC 1328, Université d'Orléans, Pôle Universitaire d'Eure et Loir, 21 Rue de Loigny la Bataille, 28000, Chartres, France
| | - Charlotte Mathieu
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures, EA 1207, INRA USC 1328, Université d'Orléans, Pôle Universitaire d'Eure et Loir, 21 Rue de Loigny la Bataille, 28000, Chartres, France
| | - Tatiana Lopez
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures, EA 1207, INRA USC 1328, Université d'Orléans, Pôle Universitaire d'Eure et Loir, 21 Rue de Loigny la Bataille, 28000, Chartres, France
| | - Daniel Auguin
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures, EA 1207, INRA USC 1328, Université d'Orléans, Pôle Universitaire d'Eure et Loir, 21 Rue de Loigny la Bataille, 28000, Chartres, France
| | - Christophe Hano
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures, EA 1207, INRA USC 1328, Université d'Orléans, Pôle Universitaire d'Eure et Loir, 21 Rue de Loigny la Bataille, 28000, Chartres, France
| | - Éric Lainé
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures, EA 1207, INRA USC 1328, Université d'Orléans, Pôle Universitaire d'Eure et Loir, 21 Rue de Loigny la Bataille, 28000, Chartres, France.
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Amraee L, Rahmani F, Abdollahi Mandoulakani B. 24-Epibrassinolide alters DNA cytosine methylation of Linum usitatissimum L. under salinity stress. Plant Physiol Biochem 2019; 139:478-484. [PMID: 31005823 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2019.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Salinity is a common environmental challenge limiting worldwide agricultural crop yield. Plants employ epigenetic regulatory strategies, such as DNA methylation which relatively allows rapid adaptation to new conditions in response to environmental stresses. Brassinosteroids (BRs) are a novel group of phytohormones recognized as transcription and translation regulators which are able to mitigate the impact of environmental stresses on the plants. In the current investigation, the influence of salinity and 24-epibrassinolide (24-epiBL) was investigated on the extent and pattern of cytosine DNA methylation using methylation-sensitive amplified polymorphisms (MSAP) technique in flax. Upon NaCl (150 mM) exposure, total methylation of CCGG sequences was decreased in comparison to control plants, while 24-epiBL (10-8 M) induced total methylation under salinity stress. Sequencing and analysis of six randomly selected MSAP fragments detected genes involved in various biological and molecular processes such as vitamine B1 biosynthesis, protein targeting and localization, post-translational modification and gene regulation. In conclusion, 24-epiBL seed priming could play critical role in regulation of cellular and biological processes in response to salt stress by epigenetic modification and induction of methylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Amraee
- Department of Biology, Faculty and Sciences, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran; Institute of Biotechnology, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Rahmani
- Department of Biology, Faculty and Sciences, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran; Institute of Biotechnology, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran.
| | - Babak Abdollahi Mandoulakani
- Institute of Biotechnology, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran; Department of Plant Breeding and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
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24
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Hijazin T, Radwan A, Abouzeid S, Dräger G, Selmar D. Uptake and modification of umbelliferone by various seedlings. Phytochemistry 2019; 157:194-199. [PMID: 30439620 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2018.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Inspired by the recently discovered phenomenon of "horizontal natural product transfer" we investigated the putative uptake of phenolic specialized metabolites. Umbelliferone was chosen for this case study, since this coumarin as well as its derivatives can easily be determined by HPLC analyses. Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), radish (Raphanus sativus L.), pea (Pisum sativum L.), flax (Linum usitatissimum L.), and garden cress (Lepidium sativum L.) were cultivated in hydroponic media, to which the coumarin was applied. Uptake of umbelliferone was verified by corresponding HPLC analyses of extracts obtained from the aerial parts of the seedlings. In all cases, a tremendous uptake of umbelliferone was observed. In plants that genuinely contain coumarins, the umbelliferone taken up was modified: in garden cress, it was hydroxylated and glucosylated to yield esculin, while in barley seedlings, the imported umbelliferone was modified by methoxylation to yield scopoletin. Corresponding reactions are known from modifications of xenobiotics to be catalyzed by cytochrome P450 enzymes. Accordingly, in an additional approach, umbelliferone was applied together with naproxen, which is reported to reduce enzyme activity of P450 enzymes. As predicted, the conversion of umbelliferone to scopoletin in barley as well as the modification to esculin in garden cress was strongly reduced by the addition of naproxen. These data for the first time demonstrate that - in addition to alkaloids - also phenolic compounds are taken up by various acceptor plants. Apart from the leaching of rotting plants, coumarins are known to be exuded by many plants. Accordingly, these compounds are frequently present in soils and will be taken up. These coherences imply that the horizontal natural product transfer might represent a more general phenomenon in plant ecology. Moreover, this study outlines that - in analogy to the modification of xenobiotics - also natural products taken up are modified in the acceptor plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahani Hijazin
- TU Braunschweig Institute for Plant Biology, Mendelssohnstr. 4, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany; Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Mutah University, P.O. Box7, Mutah, 61710, Al-Karak, Jordan
| | - Alzahraa Radwan
- TU Braunschweig Institute for Plant Biology, Mendelssohnstr. 4, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany; Agriculture Genetic Engineering Research Institute, AGERI- ARC, Giza, Egypt
| | - Sara Abouzeid
- TU Braunschweig Institute for Plant Biology, Mendelssohnstr. 4, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany; Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
| | - Gerald Dräger
- Leibniz University Hannover, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Germany
| | - Dirk Selmar
- TU Braunschweig Institute for Plant Biology, Mendelssohnstr. 4, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany.
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Burnett PGG, Young LW, Olivia CM, Jadhav PD, Okinyo-Owiti DP, Reaney MJT. Novel flax orbitide derived from genetic deletion. BMC Plant Biol 2018; 18:90. [PMID: 29783946 PMCID: PMC5963108 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-018-1303-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Flaxseed orbitides are homodetic plant cyclic peptides arising from ribosomal synthesis and post-translation modification (N to C cyclization), and lacking cysteine double bonds (Nat Prod Rep 30:108-160, 2013). Screening for orbitide composition was conducted on the flax core collection (FCC) grown at both Saskatoon, Saskatchewan and Morden, Manitoba over three growing seasons (2009-2011). Two flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) accessions 'Hollandia' (CN 98056) and 'Z 11637' (CN 98150) produce neither [1-9-NαC]-linusorb B2 (3) nor [1-9-NαC]-linusorb B3 (1). Mass spectrometry was used to identify novel compounds and elucidate their structure. NMR spectroscopy was used to corroborate structural information. RESULTS Experimental findings indicated that these accessions produce a novel orbitide, identified in three oxidation states having quasimolecular ion peaks at m/z 1072.6 (18), 1088.6 (19), and 1104.6 (20) [M + H]+ corresponding to molecular formulae C57H86N9O9S, C57H86N9O10S, and C57H86N9O11S, respectively. The structure of 19 was confirmed unequivocally as [1-9-NαC]-OLIPPFFLI. PCR amplification and sequencing of the gene coding for 18, using primers developed for 3 and 1, identified the putative linear precursor protein of 18 as being comprised of the first three amino acid residues of 3 (MLI), four conserved amino acid residues of 3 and/or 1 (PPFF), and the last two residues of 1 (LI). CONCLUSION Comparison of gene sequencing data revealed that a 117 base pair deletion had occurred that resulted in truncation of both 3 and 1 to produce a sequence encoding for the novel orbitide precursor of 18. This observation suggests that repeat units of flax orbitide genes are conserved and suggests a novel mechanism for evolution of orbitide gene diversity. Orbitides 19 and 20 contain MetO and MetO2, respectively, and are not directly encoded, but are products of post-translation modification of Met present in 18 ([1-9-NαC]-MLIPPFFLI).
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Affiliation(s)
- Peta-Gaye Gillian Burnett
- Department of Plant Sciences, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8 Canada
| | - Lester Warren Young
- Department of Plant Sciences, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8 Canada
| | - Clara Marisa Olivia
- Department of Food and Bioproduct Sciences, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8 Canada
| | - Pramodkumar Dinkar Jadhav
- Department of Plant Sciences, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8 Canada
| | - Denis Paskal Okinyo-Owiti
- Department of Plant Sciences, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8 Canada
| | - Martin John Tarsisius Reaney
- Department of Plant Sciences, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8 Canada
- Guangdong Saskatchewan Oilseed Joint Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632 Guangdong China
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Corbin C, Drouet S, Markulin L, Auguin D, Lainé É, Davin LB, Cort JR, Lewis NG, Hano C. A genome-wide analysis of the flax ( Linum usitatissimum L.) dirigent protein family: from gene identification and evolution to differential regulation. Plant Mol Biol 2018; 97:73-101. [PMID: 29713868 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-018-0725-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Identification of DIR encoding genes in flax genome. Analysis of phylogeny, gene/protein structures and evolution. Identification of new conserved motifs linked to biochemical functions. Investigation of spatio-temporal gene expression and response to stress. Dirigent proteins (DIRs) were discovered during 8-8' lignan biosynthesis studies, through identification of stereoselective coupling to afford either (+)- or (-)-pinoresinols from E-coniferyl alcohol. DIRs are also involved or potentially involved in terpenoid, allyl/propenyl phenol lignan, pterocarpan and lignin biosynthesis. DIRs have very large multigene families in different vascular plants including flax, with most still of unknown function. DIR studies typically focus on a small subset of genes and identification of biochemical/physiological functions. Herein, a genome-wide analysis and characterization of the predicted flax DIR 44-membered multigene family was performed, this species being a rich natural grain source of 8-8' linked secoisolariciresinol-derived lignan oligomers. All predicted DIR sequences, including their promoters, were analyzed together with their public gene expression datasets. Expression patterns of selected DIRs were examined using qPCR, as well as through clustering analysis of DIR gene expression. These analyses further implicated roles for specific DIRs in (-)-pinoresinol formation in seed-coats, as well as (+)-pinoresinol in vegetative organs and/or specific responses to stress. Phylogeny and gene expression analysis segregated flax DIRs into six distinct clusters with new cluster-specific motifs identified. We propose that these findings can serve as a foundation to further systematically determine functions of DIRs, i.e. other than those already known in lignan biosynthesis in flax and other species. Given the differential expression profiles and inducibility of the flax DIR family, we provisionally propose that some DIR genes of unknown function could be involved in different aspects of secondary cell wall biosynthesis and plant defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyrielle Corbin
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures, INRA USC1328, Université d'Orléans, 28000, Chartres, France
- COSM'ACTIFS, CNRS GDR3711, 28000, Chartres, France
| | - Samantha Drouet
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures, INRA USC1328, Université d'Orléans, 28000, Chartres, France
- COSM'ACTIFS, CNRS GDR3711, 28000, Chartres, France
| | - Lucija Markulin
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures, INRA USC1328, Université d'Orléans, 28000, Chartres, France
- COSM'ACTIFS, CNRS GDR3711, 28000, Chartres, France
| | - Daniel Auguin
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures, INRA USC1328, Université d'Orléans, 28000, Chartres, France
- COSM'ACTIFS, CNRS GDR3711, 28000, Chartres, France
| | - Éric Lainé
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures, INRA USC1328, Université d'Orléans, 28000, Chartres, France
- COSM'ACTIFS, CNRS GDR3711, 28000, Chartres, France
| | - Laurence B Davin
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164-6340, USA
| | - John R Cort
- Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99354, USA
| | - Norman G Lewis
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164-6340, USA.
| | - Christophe Hano
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures, INRA USC1328, Université d'Orléans, 28000, Chartres, France.
- COSM'ACTIFS, CNRS GDR3711, 28000, Chartres, France.
- Pôle Universitaire d'Eure et Loir, 21 Rue de Loigny la Bataille, 28000, Chartres, France.
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Preisner M, Wojtasik W, Kostyn K, Boba A, Czuj T, Szopa J, Kulma A. The cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase family in flax: Differentiation during plant growth and under stress conditions. J Plant Physiol 2018; 221:132-143. [PMID: 29277026 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2017.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Revised: 11/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD), which catalyzes the reduction of cinnamaldehydes to their alcohol derivatives, is represented by a large family of proteins. The aim of the study was to identify the CAD isoforms in flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) - LuCADs - and to determine their specificity to enhance knowledge of the mechanisms controlling cell wall lignification in flax under environmental stresses. On the basis of genome-wide analysis, we identified 15 isoforms (one in two copies) belonging to three major classes of the CAD protein family. Their specificity was determined at the transcriptomic level in different tissues/organs, under Fusarium infection and abiotic stresses. Considering the function of particular LuCADs, it was established that LuCAD1 and 2 belong to Class I and they take part in the lignification of maturing stem and in the response to cold and drought stress. The Class II members LuCAD3, LuCAD4, LuCAD5 and LuCAD6 play various roles in flax being putatively responsible for lignin synthesis in different organs or under certain conditions. The obtained results indicate that within Class II, LuCAD6 was the most abundant in seedlings and maturing stems, LuCAD3 in leaves, and LuCAD4 in stems. Comparative analysis showed that expression of LuCAD genes in roots after F. oxysporum infection had the greatest contribution to differentiation of LuCAD expression patterns. Surprisingly, most of the analyzed LuCAD isoforms had reduced expression after pathogen infection. The decrease in mRNA level was primarily observed for LuCAD6 and LuCAD4, but also LuCAD1 and 8. However, the induction of LuCAD expression was mostly characteristic for Class I LuCAD1 and 2 in leaves. For cold stress, a clear correlation with phylogenic class membership was observed. Low temperatures caused induction of CAD isoforms belonging to Class I and repression of LuCADs from Class III.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Preisner
- Institute of Genetic Biochemistry, Department of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Przybyszewskiego 63/77, 51-148 Wroclaw, Poland; Institute of Genetics, Plant Breeding and Seed Production, Department of Life Sciences and Technology, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Plant Sciences, pl. Grunwaldzki 24a, 50-363 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Wioleta Wojtasik
- Institute of Genetic Biochemistry, Department of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Przybyszewskiego 63/77, 51-148 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Kamil Kostyn
- Institute of Genetic Biochemistry, Department of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Przybyszewskiego 63/77, 51-148 Wroclaw, Poland; Institute of Genetics, Plant Breeding and Seed Production, Department of Life Sciences and Technology, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Plant Sciences, pl. Grunwaldzki 24a, 50-363 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Aleksandra Boba
- Institute of Genetic Biochemistry, Department of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Przybyszewskiego 63/77, 51-148 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Tadeusz Czuj
- Institute of Genetic Biochemistry, Department of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Przybyszewskiego 63/77, 51-148 Wroclaw, Poland; Institute of Genetics, Plant Breeding and Seed Production, Department of Life Sciences and Technology, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Plant Sciences, pl. Grunwaldzki 24a, 50-363 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Jan Szopa
- Institute of Genetic Biochemistry, Department of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Przybyszewskiego 63/77, 51-148 Wroclaw, Poland; Institute of Genetics, Plant Breeding and Seed Production, Department of Life Sciences and Technology, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Plant Sciences, pl. Grunwaldzki 24a, 50-363 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Anna Kulma
- Institute of Genetic Biochemistry, Department of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Przybyszewskiego 63/77, 51-148 Wroclaw, Poland.
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Wu J, Zhao Q, Zhang L, Li S, Ma Y, Pan L, Lin H, Wu G, Yuan H, Yu Y, Wang X, Yang X, Li Z, Jiang T, Sun D. QTL Mapping of Fiber-Related Traits Based on a High-Density Genetic Map in Flax ( Linum usitatissimum L.). Front Plant Sci 2018; 9:885. [PMID: 30065730 PMCID: PMC6056681 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED A genetic map is an important and valuable tool for quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping, marker-assisted selection (MAS)-based breeding, and reference-assisted chromosome assembly. In this study, 112 F2 plants from a cross between Linum usitatissimum L. "DIANE" and "NY17" and parent plants were subjected to high-throughput sequencing and specific-locus amplified fragment (SLAF) library construction. After preprocessing, 61.64 Gb of raw data containing 253.71 Mb paired-end reads, each 101 bp in length, were obtained. A total of 192,797 SLAFs were identified, of which 23,115 were polymorphic, with a polymorphism rate of 11.99%. Finally, 2,339 SLAFs were organized into a linkage map consisting of 15 linkage groups (LGs). The total length of the genetic map was 1483.25 centimorgans (cM) and the average distance between adjacent markers was 0.63 cM. Combined with flax chromosome-scale pseudomolecules, 12 QTLs associating with 6 flax fiber-related traits were mapped on the chromosomal scaffolds. This high-density genetic map of flax should serve as a foundation for flax fine QTL mapping, draft genome assembly, and MAS-guided breeding. Ultimately, the genomic regions identified in this research could potentially be valuable for improving flax fiber cultivars, as well as for identification of candidate genes involved in flax fiber formation processes. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT A high-density genetic map of flax was constructed, and QTLs were identified on the sequence scaffolds to be interrelated with fiber-related traits. The results of this study will not only provide a platform for gene/QTL fine mapping, map-based gene isolation, and molecular breeding for flax, but also provide a reference to help position sequence scaffolds on the physical map and assist in the process of assembling the flax genome sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianzhong Wu
- Institute of Forage and Grassland Sciences, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Qian Zhao
- Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Liyan Zhang
- Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Suiyan Li
- Institute of Forage and Grassland Sciences, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Yanhua Ma
- Institute of Forage and Grassland Sciences, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Liyan Pan
- Institute of Forage and Grassland Sciences, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Hong Lin
- Institute of Forage and Grassland Sciences, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Guangwen Wu
- Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Hongmei Yuan
- Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Ying Yu
- Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Xun Wang
- Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Xue Yang
- Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Zhugang Li
- Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
- *Correspondence: Zhugang Li
| | - Tingbo Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
- Tingbo Jiang
| | - Dequan Sun
- Institute of Forage and Grassland Sciences, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
- Dequan Sun
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Guo Y, Qiu C, Long S, Chen P, Hao D, Preisner M, Wang H, Wang Y. Digital gene expression profiling of flax ( Linum usitatissimum L.) stem peel identifies genes enriched in fiber-bearing phloem tissue. Gene 2017; 626:32-40. [PMID: 28479385 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2017.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
To better understand the molecular mechanisms and gene expression characteristics associated with development of bast fiber cell within flax stem phloem, the gene expression profiling of flax stem peels and leaves were screened, using Illumina's Digital Gene Expression (DGE) analysis. Four DGE libraries (2 for stem peel and 2 for leaf), ranging from 6.7 to 9.2 million clean reads were obtained, which produced 7.0 million and 6.8 million mapped reads for flax stem peel and leave, respectively. By differential gene expression analysis, a total of 975 genes, of which 708 (73%) genes have protein-coding annotation, were identified as phloem enriched genes putatively involved in the processes of polysaccharide and cell wall metabolism. Differential expression genes (DEGs) was validated using quantitative RT-PCR, the expression pattern of all nine genes determined by qRT-PCR fitted in well with that obtained by sequencing analysis. Cluster and Gene Ontology (GO) analysis revealed that a large number of genes related to metabolic process, catalytic activity and binding category were expressed predominantly in the stem peels. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis of the phloem enriched genes suggested approximately 111 biological pathways. The large number of genes and pathways produced from DGE sequencing will expand our understanding of the complex molecular and cellular events in flax bast fiber development and provide a foundation for future studies on fiber development in other bast fiber crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Guo
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops and Center of Southern Economic Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410205, China
| | - Caisheng Qiu
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops and Center of Southern Economic Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410205, China
| | - Songhua Long
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops and Center of Southern Economic Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410205, China
| | - Ping Chen
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops and Center of Southern Economic Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410205, China
| | - Dongmei Hao
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops and Center of Southern Economic Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410205, China
| | - Marta Preisner
- Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Wrocław 51-148, Poland
| | - Hui Wang
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops and Center of Southern Economic Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410205, China
| | - Yufu Wang
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops and Center of Southern Economic Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410205, China.
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Wu J, Zhao Q, Wu G, Zhang S, Jiang T. Development of Novel SSR Markers for Flax ( Linum usitatissimum L.) Using Reduced-Representation Genome Sequencing. Front Plant Sci 2017; 7:2018. [PMID: 28133461 PMCID: PMC5233678 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.02018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) is a major fiber and oil yielding crop grown in northeastern China. Identification of flax molecular markers is a key step toward improving flax yield and quality via marker-assisted breeding. Simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers, which are based on genomic structural variation, are considered the most valuable type of genetic marker for this purpose. In this study, we screened 1574 microsatellites from Linum usitatissimum L. obtained using reduced representation genome sequencing (RRGS) to systematically identify SSR markers. The resulting set of microsatellites consisted mainly of trinucleotide (56.10%) and dinucleotide (35.23%) repeats, with each motif consisting of 5-8 repeats. We then evaluated marker sensitivity and specificity based on samples of 48 flax isolates obtained from northeastern China. Using the new SSR panel, the results demonstrated that fiber flax and oilseed flax varieties clustered into two well separated groups. The novel SSR markers developed in this study show potential value for selection of varieties for use in flax breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianzhong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry UniversityHarbin, China
- Institute of Industrial Crops, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural SciencesHarbin, China
| | - Qian Zhao
- Institute of Industrial Crops, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural SciencesHarbin, China
| | - Guangwen Wu
- Institute of Industrial Crops, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural SciencesHarbin, China
| | - Shuquan Zhang
- Institute of Industrial Crops, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural SciencesHarbin, China
| | - Tingbo Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry UniversityHarbin, China
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Abstract
The flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) core collection (FCC) was regenerated in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan and Morden, Manitoba in 2009. Seed orbitide content and composition from successfully propagated plants of 391 accessions were analyzed using high-throughput analyses employing high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with reverse-phase monolithic HPLC columns and diode array detection (HPLC-DAD). Seed from plants regenerated in Morden had comparatively higher orbitide content than those grown in Saskatoon. Concentrations of orbitides encoded by contig AFSQ01016651.1 (1, 3, and 8) were higher than those encoded by AFSQ01025165.1 (6, 13, and 17) for most accessions in both locations. The cultivar 'Primus' from Poland and an unnamed accession (CN 101580 of unknown origin) exhibited the highest ratio of sum of [1,3,8] to a sum of [6,13,17]. Conversely, the lowest orbitide concentrations and ratio of [1,3,8] to [6,13,17] were observed in cultivars 'Hollandia' and 'Z 11637', both from The Netherlands. Orbitide expression did not correlate with flax morphological and other chemical traits.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Martin John Tarsisius Reaney
- Guangdong Saskatchewan Oilseed Joint Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan University , Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, China
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Belkadhi A, De Haro A, Obregon S, Chaïbi W, Djebali W. Exogenous salicylic acid protects phospholipids against cadmium stress in flax ( Linum usitatissimum L.). Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2015; 120:102-9. [PMID: 26057076 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2015.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Revised: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/17/2015] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Salicylic acid (SA) promotes plant defense responses against toxic metal stresses. The present study addressed the hypothesis that 8-h SA pretreatment, would alter membrane lipids in a way that would protect against Cd toxicity. Flax seeds were pre-soaked for 8h in SA (0, 250 and 1000µM) and then subjected, at seedling stage, to cadmium (Cd) stress. At 100µM CdCl2, significant decreases in the percentages of phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylglycerol (PG), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG) and changes in their relative fatty acid composition were observed in Cd-treated roots in comparison with controls. However, in roots of 8-h SA pretreated plantlets, results showed that the amounts of PC and PE were significantly higher as compared to non-pretreated plantlets. Additionally, in both lipid classes, the proportion of linolenic acid (18:3) increased upon the pretreatment with SA. This resulted in a significant increase in the fatty acid unsaturation ratio of the root PC and PE classes. As the exogenous application of SA was found to be protective of flax lipid metabolism, the possible mechanisms of protection against Cd stress in flax roots were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aïcha Belkadhi
- Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, Physiology and Biochemistry of Plant Response to Abiotic Stresses Unit, University of Tunis El Manar, 1060 Tunis, Tunisia.
| | - Antonio De Haro
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Institute of Sustainable Agriculture, Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), Alameda del Obispo s/n, 14080 Córdoba, Spain.
| | - Sara Obregon
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Institute of Sustainable Agriculture, Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), Alameda del Obispo s/n, 14080 Córdoba, Spain.
| | - Wided Chaïbi
- Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, Physiology and Biochemistry of Plant Response to Abiotic Stresses Unit, University of Tunis El Manar, 1060 Tunis, Tunisia.
| | - Wahbi Djebali
- Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, Physiology and Biochemistry of Plant Response to Abiotic Stresses Unit, University of Tunis El Manar, 1060 Tunis, Tunisia.
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Yang QY, Song L, Zhang JF, Shen ZF, Liu Q, Liu SN, Zheng WS, Yao CS. Cyanogenetic glycosides and simple glycosides from the linseed meal. Fitoterapia 2015; 106:78-83. [PMID: 26307006 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2015.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2015] [Revised: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Three new cyanogenetic triglycosides linustatins A-C (1-3), and two new simple glycosides linustatins D and E (4 and 5) were isolated from the 70% ethanol extract of flaxseed meal (Linum usitatissimum L.). Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic analysis and chemical evidence. All of the isolates showed moderate activities against aldose reductase and weak activities against α-glucosidase, DPP-IV, and FBPase at the same concentrations as the positive control drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Yun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, and Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Li Song
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, and Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Ji-Fa Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, and Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Zhu-Fang Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, and Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Quan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, and Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Shuai-Nan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, and Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Wen-Sheng Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, and Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Chun-Suo Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, and Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China.
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Abdelillah A, Houcine B, Halima D, Meriem CS, Imane Z, Eddine SD, Abdallah M, Daoudi CS. Evaluation of antifungal activity of free fatty acids methyl esters fraction isolated from Algerian Linum usitatissimum L. seeds against toxigenic Aspergillus. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2015; 3:443-8. [PMID: 23730556 DOI: 10.1016/s2221-1691(13)60094-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 05/20/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate the antifungal activity of the major fraction of fatty acids methyl esters (FAMEs) isolated from Linum usitatissimum L. seeds oil collected from Bechar department (Algeria). METHODS The assessment of antifungal activity was carried out in terms of percentage of radial growth on solid medium (potatoes dextrose agar PDA) and biomass growth inhibition on liquid medium (potatoes dextrose broth PDB) against two fungi. RESULTS The FAMEs was found to be effective in inhibiting the radial mycelial growth of Aspergillus flavus more than Aspergillus ochraceus on all tested concentrations. The highest antifungal index was found to be (54.19%) compared to Aspergillus ochraceus (40.48%). The results of the antifungal activity of the FAMEs inhibition of biomass on liquid medium gave no discounted results, but this does not exclude the antifungal activity. CONCLUSIONS We can assume that the observed antifungal potency may be due to the abundance of linoleic and α-linolenic acids in linseed oil which appears to be promising to treat fungal infections, storage fungi and food spoilage in food industry field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrouche Abdelillah
- Laboratory of Natural Products Research (LAPRONA) University of Tlemcen, Algeria ; Laboratory of Plant Resource Development and Food Security in Semi Arid Areas, South West of Algeria, University of Bechar, Algeria
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Shim YY, Reaney MJT. Kinetic Interactions between Cyclolinopeptides and Immobilized Human Serum Albumin by Surface Plasmon Resonance. J Agric Food Chem 2015; 63:1099-1106. [PMID: 25554104 DOI: 10.1021/jf504811x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Cyclolinopeptides (CLs) are octa-, nona-, and decapeptides present in flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) that may have immunosuppressive and antitumor activities, but little is known of their pharmacokinetics. Human serum albumin (HSA), the most abundant blood protein, is an important mediator of organic solute flux, and hence when compounds bind this protein, it potentially affects both their availability and efficacy. Quantitative thermodynamic analysis of the interaction of compounds with HSA is important in the development of biomedical applications. A surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensor was utilized to reliably determine binding constants for several CLs with HSA. The maximum binding response of [1-9-NαC]-CLA/HSA was almost 20-fold higher than that of [1-8-NαC],[1-MetO]-CLE/HSA. Through analysis of an array of peptides, it was possible to correlate the impact of structural changes on CL binding. The oxidation of sulfur in methionine (Met) residues formed methionine S-oxide (MetO) and reduced binding significantly. Most strikingly, the further oxidation of MetO to S,S-dioxide (MetO2) produced CLs with stronger binding. The large impact on binding by relatively small modifications of methionine containing CLs suggested that small changes in methionine oxidation can disrupt hydrophobic interaction, the predominant intermolecular force stabilizing the complex between CLs and HSA. SPR binding studies may aid in understanding the fate of CLs after consumption of flaxseed or flaxseed products or the development of CLs as drugs or drug carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youn Young Shim
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan , Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5A8, Canada
- Prairie Tide Chemicals Inc., 102 Melville Street, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7J 0R1, Canada
| | - Martin J T Reaney
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan , Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5A8, Canada
- Prairie Tide Chemicals Inc., 102 Melville Street, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7J 0R1, Canada
- Guangdong Saskatchewan Oilseed Joint Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan University , 601 Huangpu Avenue West, Guangdong, Guangzhou 510632, China
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Sharav O, Shim YY, Okinyo-Owiti DP, Sammynaiken R, Reaney MJT. Effect of cyclolinopeptides on the oxidative stability of flaxseed oil. J Agric Food Chem 2014; 62:88-96. [PMID: 24313572 DOI: 10.1021/jf4037744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Polar compounds present in flaxseed oil increase its oxidative stability. Flaxseed oil becomes less stable to oxidation when filtered with silica. This observation may be linked to antioxidant compounds present in flaxseed oil. Flaxseed oil was passed over a silica adsorbent column to remove polar compounds. The polar compounds were then eluted from the silica absorbant using a series of increasingly polar solvents. The polar fractions from flaxseed oil were then added back to silica-treated flaxseed oil to determine the impact of fractions containing polar compounds on oxidative stability (induction time) at 100 °C. A polar fraction containing mainly cyclolinopeptide A (CLA, 1), but also containing β/γ- and δ-tocopherol increased the induction time of silica-treated flaxseed oil from 2.36 ± 0.28 to 3.20 ± 0.41 h. When oxidative stability was determined immediately after addition of the polar fractions other flaxseed fractions and solvent controls did not affect oil stability. However, when the oxidative stability index (OSI) test was delayed for three days and oil samples were held at room temperature after the addition of the polar fractions to the flaxseed oil, it was observed that the control oil treated with silica had become highly sensitive to oxidation. A polar fraction containing a mixture of CLs (1, 5, 7, 9, 11), improved the oxidative stability of peptide-free oil with respect to the control when the OSI measurement was made three days after adding the fraction. In addition, effects of 1 on the oxidative stability of peptide-free oil containing divalent metal cations was investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oyunchimeg Sharav
- Department of Food and Bioproduct Sciences, and ‡Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan , 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5A8, Canada
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