1
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Ozdemir A, Lin JL, Gulfen M, Chen CH. Advancing mass spectrometry-based chemical imaging: A noncontact continuous flow surface probe in mass spectrometry for enhanced signal detection and spatial resolution. Talanta 2024; 273:125858. [PMID: 38442563 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.125858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
A new method has been developed for mass spectrometric imaging of small molecules and proteins on tissue or in thinly sliced materials. A laser desorption Venturi electrospray ionization-mass spectrometer was developed for molecular imaging. This method combines laser desorption (LD) and electrospray ionization (ESI) systems before a mass spectrometer (MS). To carry out laser desorption, samples are excited with a laser from the back side of a glass substrate. The desorbed molecules or particles are then captured by a solvent flow. In the ESI system, these desorbed particles and molecules are ionized. The spray part of the solvent system consists of two capillaries: one delivers solvent to the sample plate sides to capture desorbed molecules and particles, and the other carries the solution to the mass spectrometry side using the Venturi effect. A 2D stage facilitates sampling. The system is designed to minimize the sample size after desorption using a 355 nm diode laser, and it is optimized for molecules of various sizes, including organic molecules, amino acids, and proteins. Despite challenging atmospheric conditions for protein desorption, this specialized design enables the collection of protein spectra. The amino acids and other small molecules showed high sensitivity in the MSI measurements. This innovative MS imaging system can be directly applied to real tissue systems and other plant samples to visualize the molecular level distributions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdil Ozdemir
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Sakarya University, 54187, Esentepe, Sakarya, Turkey.
| | - Jung-Lee Lin
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mustafa Gulfen
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Sakarya University, 54187, Esentepe, Sakarya, Turkey
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2
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Ma X, Fernández FM. Advances in mass spectrometry imaging for spatial cancer metabolomics. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2024; 43:235-268. [PMID: 36065601 PMCID: PMC9986357 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry (MS) has become a central technique in cancer research. The ability to analyze various types of biomolecules in complex biological matrices makes it well suited for understanding biochemical alterations associated with disease progression. Different biological samples, including serum, urine, saliva, and tissues have been successfully analyzed using mass spectrometry. In particular, spatial metabolomics using MS imaging (MSI) allows the direct visualization of metabolite distributions in tissues, thus enabling in-depth understanding of cancer-associated biochemical changes within specific structures. In recent years, MSI studies have been increasingly used to uncover metabolic reprogramming associated with cancer development, enabling the discovery of key biomarkers with potential for cancer diagnostics. In this review, we aim to cover the basic principles of MSI experiments for the nonspecialists, including fundamentals, the sample preparation process, the evolution of the mass spectrometry techniques used, and data analysis strategies. We also review MSI advances associated with cancer research in the last 5 years, including spatial lipidomics and glycomics, the adoption of three-dimensional and multimodal imaging MSI approaches, and the implementation of artificial intelligence/machine learning in MSI-based cancer studies. The adoption of MSI in clinical research and for single-cell metabolomics is also discussed. Spatially resolved studies on other small molecule metabolites such as amino acids, polyamines, and nucleotides/nucleosides will not be discussed in the context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Ma
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Facundo M Fernández
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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3
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Jiang LX, Polack M, Li X, Yang M, Belder D, Laskin J. A monolithic microfluidic probe for ambient mass spectrometry imaging of biological tissues. LAB ON A CHIP 2023; 23:4664-4673. [PMID: 37782224 PMCID: PMC10823490 DOI: 10.1039/d3lc00637a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Ambient mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) is a powerful technique that allows for the simultaneous mapping of hundreds of molecules in biological samples under atmospheric conditions, requiring minimal sample preparation. We have developed nanospray desorption electrospray ionization (nano-DESI), a liquid extraction-based ambient ionization technique, which has proven to be sensitive and capable of achieving high spatial resolution. We have previously described an integrated microfluidic probe, which simplifies the nano-DESI setup, but is quite difficult to fabricate. Herein, we introduce a facile and scalable strategy for fabricating microfluidic devices for nano-DESI MSI applications. Our approach involves the use of selective laser-assisted etching (SLE) of fused silica to create a monolithic microfluidic probe (SLE-MFP). Unlike the traditional photolithography-based fabrication, SLE eliminates the need for the wafer bonding process and allows for automated, scalable fabrication of the probe. The chamfered design of the sampling port and ESI emitter significantly reduces the amount of polishing required to fine-tune the probe thereby streamlining and simplifying the fabrication process. We have also examined the performance of a V-shaped probe, in which only the sampling port is fabricated using SLE technology. The V-shaped design of the probe is easy to fabricate and provides an opportunity to independently optimize the size and shape of the electrospray emitter. We have evaluated the performance of SLE-MFP by imaging mouse tissue sections. Our results demonstrate that SLE technology enables the fabrication of robust monolithic microfluidic probes for MSI experiments. This development expands the capabilities of nano-DESI MSI and makes the technique more accessible to the broader scientific community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Xue Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
| | - Matthias Polack
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Leipzig University, Leipzig, 04103, Germany.
| | - Xiangtang Li
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
| | - Manxi Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
| | - Detlev Belder
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Leipzig University, Leipzig, 04103, Germany.
| | - Julia Laskin
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
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4
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Desyaterik Y, Mwangi JN, McRae M, Jones AM, Kashuba ADM, Rosen EP. Application of infrared matrix-assisted laser desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry for morphine imaging in brain tissue. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023; 415:5809-5817. [PMID: 37490153 PMCID: PMC10474208 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-04861-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
Here, we present a method developed for the analysis of spatial distributions of morphine in mouse brain tissue using infrared matrix-assisted laser desorption electrospray ionization (IR-MALDESI) coupled to a Q Exactive Plus mass spectrometer. The method is also capable of evaluating spatial distributions of the antiretroviral drug abacavir. To maximize sensitivity to morphine, we analyze various Orbitrap mass spectrometry acquisition modes utilizing signal abundance and frequency of detection as evaluation criteria. We demonstrate detection of morphine in mouse brain and establish that the selected ion monitoring mode provides 2.5 times higher sensitivity than the full-scan mode. We find that distributions of morphine and abacavir are highly correlated with the Pearson correlation coefficient R = 0.87. Calibration showed that instrument response is linear up to 40 pg/mm2 (3.8 μg/g of tissue).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yury Desyaterik
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | | | - MaryPeace McRae
- School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Austin M Jones
- School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Angela D M Kashuba
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Elias P Rosen
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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5
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Maciel LÍL, Bernardo RA, Martins RO, Batista Junior AC, Oliveira JVA, Chaves AR, Vaz BG. Desorption electrospray ionization and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization as imaging approaches for biological samples analysis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023:10.1007/s00216-023-04783-8. [PMID: 37329466 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-04783-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The imaging of biological tissues can offer valuable information about the sample composition, which improves the understanding of analyte distribution in such complex samples. Different approaches using mass spectrometry imaging (MSI), also known as imaging mass spectrometry (IMS), enabled the visualization of the distribution of numerous metabolites, drugs, lipids, and glycans in biological samples. The high sensitivity and multiple analyte evaluation/visualization in a single sample provided by MSI methods lead to various advantages and overcome drawbacks of classical microscopy techniques. In this context, the application of MSI methods, such as desorption electrospray ionization-MSI (DESI-MSI) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-MSI (MALDI-MSI), has significantly contributed to this field. This review discusses the evaluation of exogenous and endogenous molecules in biological samples using DESI and MALDI imaging. It offers rare technical insights not commonly found in the literature (scanning speed and geometric parameters), making it a comprehensive guide for applying these techniques step-by-step. Furthermore, we provide an in-depth discussion of recent research findings on using these methods to study biological tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Boniek Gontijo Vaz
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, 74690-900, Brazil.
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6
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Guo X, Wang X, Tian C, Dai J, Zhao Z, Duan Y. Development of mass spectrometry imaging techniques and its latest applications. Talanta 2023; 264:124721. [PMID: 37271004 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.124721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) is a novel molecular imaging technology that collects molecular information from the surface of samples in situ. The spatial distribution and relative content of various compounds can be visualized simultaneously with high spatial resolution. The prominent advantages of MSI promote the active development of ionization technology and its broader applications in diverse fields. This article first gives a brief introduction to the vital parts of the processes during MSI. On this basis, provides a comprehensive overview of the most relevant MS-based imaging techniques from their mechanisms, pros and cons, and applications. In addition, a critical issue in MSI, matrix effects is also discussed. Then, the representative applications of MSI in biological, forensic, and environmental fields in the past 5 years have been summarized, with a focus on various types of analytes (e.g., proteins, lipids, polymers, etc.) Finally, the challenges and further perspectives of MSI are proposed and concluded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Guo
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, PR China
| | - Xin Wang
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, PR China
| | - Caiyan Tian
- College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, PR China
| | - Jianxiong Dai
- Aliben Science and Technology Company Limited, Chengdu, 610064, PR China
| | | | - Yixiang Duan
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, PR China; Research Center of Analytical Instrumentation, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, PR China.
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7
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Arciniega C, Garrard KP, Guymon JP, Manni JG, Apffel A, Fjeldsted JC, Muddiman DC. Quasi-continuous infrared matrix-assisted laser desorption electrospray ionization source coupled to a quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometer for direct analysis from well plates. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2023; 58:e4902. [PMID: 36694312 PMCID: PMC9944147 DOI: 10.1002/jms.4902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Revised: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
High-throughput screening (HTS) is a technique mostly used by pharmaceutical companies to rapidly screen multiple libraries of compounds to find drug hits with biological or pharmaceutical activity. Mass spectrometry (MS) has become a popular option for HTS given that it can simultaneously resolve hundreds to thousands of compounds without additional chemical derivatization. For this application, it is convenient to do direct analysis from well plates. Herein, we present the development of an infrared matrix-assisted laser desorption electrospray ionization (IR-MALDESI) source coupled directly to an Agilent 6545 for direct analysis from well plates. The source is coupled to a quadrupole time-of-flight (Q-TOF) mass spectrometer to take advantage of the high acquisition rates without sacrificing resolving power as required with Orbitrap or Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance (FTICR) instruments. The laser used for this source operates at 100 Hz, firing 1 pulse-per-burst, and delivers around 0.7 mJ per pulse. Continuously firing this laser for an extended duration makes it a quasi-continuous ionization source. Additionally, a metal capillary was constructed to extend the inlet of the mass spectrometer, increase desolvation of electrospray charged droplets, improve ion transmission, and increase sensitivity. Its efficiency was compared with the conventional dielectric glass capillary by measured signal and demonstrated that the metal capillary increased ionization efficiency due to its more uniformly distributed temperature gradient. Finally, we present the functionality of the source by analyzing tune mix directly from well plates. This source is a proof of concept for HTS applications using IR-MALDESI coupled to a different MS platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Arciniega
- FTMS Laboratory for Human Health Research, Department of ChemistryNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNC27695USA
| | - Kenneth P. Garrard
- FTMS Laboratory for Human Health Research, Department of ChemistryNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNC27695USA
- Precision Engineering ConsortiumNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNC27695USA
- Molecular Education, Technology and Research Innovation Center (METRIC)North Carolina State UniversityRaleighNC27695USA
| | - Jacob P. Guymon
- Precision Engineering ConsortiumNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNC27695USA
| | | | | | | | - David C. Muddiman
- FTMS Laboratory for Human Health Research, Department of ChemistryNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNC27695USA
- Molecular Education, Technology and Research Innovation Center (METRIC)North Carolina State UniversityRaleighNC27695USA
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8
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Caleb Bagley M, Garrard KP, Muddiman DC. The development and application of matrix assisted laser desorption electrospray ionization: The teenage years. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2023; 42:35-66. [PMID: 34028071 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In the past 15 years, ambient ionization techniques have witnessed a significant incursion into the field of mass spectrometry imaging, demonstrating their ability to provide complementary information to matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization. Matrix-assisted laser desorption electrospray ionization is one such technique that has evolved since its first demonstrations with ultraviolet lasers coupled to Fourier transform-ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometers to extensive use with infrared lasers coupled to orbitrap-based mass spectrometers. Concurrently, there have been transformative developments of this imaging platform due to the high level of control the principal group has retained over the laser technology, data acquisition software (RastirX), instrument communication, and image processing software (MSiReader). This review will discuss the developments of MALDESI since its first laboratory demonstration in 2005 to the most recent advances in 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Caleb Bagley
- FTMS Laboratory for Human Health Research, Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kenneth P Garrard
- FTMS Laboratory for Human Health Research, Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
- The Precision Engineering Consortium, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
- Molecular Education, Technology, and Research Innovation Center (METRIC), North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - David C Muddiman
- FTMS Laboratory for Human Health Research, Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
- Molecular Education, Technology, and Research Innovation Center (METRIC), North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
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9
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Devanathan AS, White NR, Desyaterik Y, De la Cruz G, Nekorchuk M, Terry M, Busman-Sahay K, Adamson L, Luciw P, Fedoriw Y, Estes JD, Rosen EP, Kashuba ADM. Quantitative Imaging Analysis of the Spatial Relationship between Antiretrovirals, Reverse Transcriptase Simian-Human Immunodeficiency Virus RNA, and Fibrosis in the Spleens of Nonhuman Primates. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2022; 66:e0060922. [PMID: 35856680 PMCID: PMC9380553 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00609-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Although current antiretroviral therapy (ART) has increased life expectancy, a cure for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) remains elusive due to the persistence of the virus in tissue reservoirs. In the present study, we sought to elucidate the relationship between antiretrovirals (ARVs) and viral expression in the spleen. We performed mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) of 6 different ARVs, RNAscope in situ hybridization of viral RNA, and immunohistochemistry of three different fibrosis markers in the spleens of 8 uninfected and 10 reverse transcriptase simian-human immunodeficiency virus (RT-SHIV)-infected rhesus macaques (infected for 6 weeks) that had been dosed for 10 days with combination ART. Using MATLAB, computational quantitative imaging analysis was performed to evaluate the spatial and pharmacological relationships between the 6 ARVs, viral RNA, and fibrotic deposition. In these spleens, >50% of the spleen tissue area was not covered by any detectable ARV response (any concentration above the limits of detection for individual ARVs). The median spatial ARV coverage across all tissues was driven by maraviroc followed by efavirenz. Yet >50% of RNA-positive cells were not exposed to any detectable ARV. Quantifiable maraviroc and efavirenz colocalization with RNA-positive cells was usually greater than the in vitro concentration inhibiting 50% replication (IC50). Fibrosis markers covered more than 50% of the spleen tissue area and had negative relationships with cumulative ARV coverages. Our findings suggest that a heterogeneous ARV spatial distribution must be considered when evaluating viral persistence in lymphoid tissue reservoirs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicole R. White
- UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Yury Desyaterik
- UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Gabriela De la Cruz
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Michael Nekorchuk
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Margaret Terry
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Kathleen Busman-Sahay
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | | | - Paul Luciw
- University of California at Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Yuri Fedoriw
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jacob D. Estes
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
- Division of Pathobiology and Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Elias P. Rosen
- UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Angela D. M. Kashuba
- UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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10
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Wu Y, Wong CW, Chiles EN, Mellinger AL, Bae H, Jung S, Peterson T, Wang J, Negrete M, Huang Q, Wang L, Jang C, Muddiman DC, Su X, Williamson I, Shen X. Glycerate from intestinal fructose metabolism induces islet cell damage and glucose intolerance. Cell Metab 2022; 34:1042-1053.e6. [PMID: 35688154 PMCID: PMC9897509 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2022.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Dietary fructose, especially in the context of a high-fat western diet, has been linked to type 2 diabetes. Although the effect of fructose on liver metabolism has been extensively studied, a significant portion of the fructose is first metabolized in the small intestine. Here, we report that dietary fat enhances intestinal fructose metabolism, which releases glycerate into the blood. Chronic high systemic glycerate levels induce glucose intolerance by slowly damaging pancreatic islet cells and reducing islet sizes. Our findings provide a link between dietary fructose and diabetes that is modulated by dietary fat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanru Wu
- Department of Prosthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, China; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Chi Wut Wong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA; Department of Pharmacology & Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Eric N Chiles
- Metabolomics Shared Resource, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
| | - Allyson L Mellinger
- FTMS Laboratory for Human Health Research, Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Hosung Bae
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Sunhee Jung
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Ted Peterson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Jamie Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Marcos Negrete
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Qiang Huang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA; Department of Pediatric Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shanxi 710004, China
| | - Lihua Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Cholsoon Jang
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - David C Muddiman
- FTMS Laboratory for Human Health Research, Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA; Molecular Education, Technology and Research Innovation Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Xiaoyang Su
- Metabolomics Shared Resource, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA; Department of Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Ian Williamson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA; Gastroenterology Division, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
| | - Xiling Shen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA; Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA.
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11
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Mass Spectroscopy Imaging of Hair Strands Captures Short-Term and Long-Term Changes in Emtricitabine Adherence. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2022; 66:e0217621. [PMID: 35266824 PMCID: PMC9017293 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02176-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Most measures of adherence to antiretroviral therapy require a blood sample, and none capture longitudinal daily adherence. A new noninvasive method for measuring daily adherence to antiretroviral regimens containing emtricitabine (FTC) was developed for intact hair strands using infrared matrix-assisted laser desorption electrospray ionization (IR-MALDESI) mass spectrometry imaging (MSI). A directly observed therapy study of daily and intermittent (3, 1, and 0 doses/week) FTC dosing (n = 12) benchmarked adherence in hair, revealing distinct accumulation patterns and median FTC signal abundance (1,702, 495, 352, and 0, respectively) with each dosing frequency. A threshold value of FTCsignal abundance of 500 differentiated daily dosing from 3 or fewer doses/week (specificity, 100%; sensitivity, 100% over 30 days and 80% over 60 days). Using these criteria, daily FTC hair adherence was classified in young men (n = 8) who have sex with men (YMSM) engaged in or initiating preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP). Four types of adherence profiles were observed in sequential 30-day periods: consistently high, occasional missed doses, improvement following study initiation, and intermittent. Discrete days of nonadherence were identified across the 60-day window, with the average number of consecutive days classified as nonadherent increasing across the four profile types (1, 2, 19, and 58 days, respectively). Additionally, cumulative FTC response in hair (60-day average) significantly correlated with dried blood spot tenofovir diphosphate concentrations collected simultaneously (rs = 0.79, P = 0.03). Based on these data, IR-MALDESI FTC adherence classification in hair strands can better delineate short-term changes in adherence behaviors over a long retrospective window, offering great potential for noninvasive adherence monitoring and quick supportive interventions.
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12
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Lim C, Ramsey JD, Hwang D, Teixeira SCM, Poon CD, Strauss JD, Rosen EP, Sokolsky-Papkov M, Kabanov AV. Drug-Dependent Morphological Transitions in Spherical and Worm-Like Polymeric Micelles Define Stability and Pharmacological Performance of Micellar Drugs. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2103552. [PMID: 34841670 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202103552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Significant advances in physicochemical properties of polymeric micelles enable optimization of therapeutic drug efficacy, supporting nanomedicine manufacturing and clinical translation. Yet, the effect of micelle morphology on pharmacological efficacy is not adequately addressed. This work addresses this gap by assessing pharmacological efficacy of polymeric micelles with spherical and worm-like morphologies. It is observed that poly(2-oxazoline)-based polymeric micelles can be elongated over time from a spherical structure to worm-like structure, with elongation influenced by several conditions, including the amount and type of drug loaded into the micelles. The role of different morphologies on pharmacological performance of drug loaded micelles against triple-negative breast cancer and pancreatic cancer tumor models is further evaluated. Spherical micelles accumulate rapidly in the tumor tissue while retaining large amounts of drug; worm-like micelles accumulate more slowly and only upon releasing significant amounts of drug. These findings suggest that the dynamic character of the drug-micelle structure and the micelle morphology play a critical role in pharmacological performance, and that spherical micelles are better suited for systemic delivery of anticancer drugs to tumors when drugs are loosely associated with the polymeric micelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaemin Lim
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery and Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Jacob D Ramsey
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery and Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Duhyeong Hwang
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery and Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Susana C M Teixeira
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
- NIST Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
| | - Chi-Duen Poon
- Research Computer Center University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Joshua D Strauss
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Elias P Rosen
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Marina Sokolsky-Papkov
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery and Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Alexander V Kabanov
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery and Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
- Laboratory of Chemical Design of Bionanomaterials, Faculty of Chemistry, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119992, Russia
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13
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Abstract
Mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) could provide chemical spatial distribution within a diverse range of samples, but absolute quantitation with those techniques is still challenging. Recent years, ambient liquid extraction-based MSI techniques, such as liquid microjunction surface sampling (LMJSS), have been largely developed and were found to be favorable to quantitation by directly doping standards in the extraction solvent. Here, we describe the detailed experimental protocols and the data processing methods for quantitative MSI with LMJSS. The new methods could have absolute quantitative MSI of both endogenous lipids and small metabolites from tissue samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Hongmei Lu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China.
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14
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Xi Y, Muddiman DC. Enhancing Metabolomic Coverage in Positive Ionization Mode Using Dicationic Reagents by Infrared Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Electrospray Ionization. Metabolites 2021; 11:810. [PMID: 34940568 PMCID: PMC8708802 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11120810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mass spectrometry imaging is a powerful tool to analyze a large number of metabolites with their spatial coordinates collected throughout the sample. However, the significant differences in ionization efficiency pose a big challenge to metabolomic mass spectrometry imaging. To solve the challenge and obtain a complete data profile, researchers typically perform experiments in both positive and negative ionization modes, which is time-consuming. In this work, we evaluated the use of the dicationic reagent, 1,5-pentanediyl-bis(1-butylpyrrolidinium) difluoride (abbreviated to [C5(bpyr)2]F2) to detect a broad range of metabolites in the positive ionization mode by infrared matrix-assisted laser desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry imaging (IR-MALDESI MSI). [C5(bpyr)2]F2 at 10 µM was doped in 50% MeOH/H2O (v/v) electrospray solvent to form +1 charged adducted ions with anionic species (-1 charged) through post-electrospray ionization. This method was demonstrated with sectioned rat liver and hen ovary. A total of 73 deprotonated metabolites from rat liver tissue sections were successfully adducted with [C5(bpyr)2]2+ and putatively identified in the adducted positive ionization polarity, along with 164 positively charged metabolite ions commonly seen in positive ionization mode, which resulted in 44% increased molecular coverage. In addition, we were able to generate images of hen ovary sections showing their morphological features. Following-up tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) indicated that this dicationic reagent [C5(bpyr)2]2+ could form ionic bonds with the headgroup of glycerophospholipid ions. The addition of the dicationic reagent [C5(bpyr)2]2+ in the electrospray solvent provides a rapid and effective way to enhance the detection of metabolites in positive ionization mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Xi
- FTMS Laboratory for Human Health Research, Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA;
| | - David C. Muddiman
- FTMS Laboratory for Human Health Research, Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA;
- Molecular Education, Technology and Research Innovation Center (METRIC), North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
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15
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Mellinger AL, Garrard KP, Khodjaniyazova S, Rabbani ZN, Gamcsik MP, Muddiman DC. Multiple Infusion Start Time Mass Spectrometry Imaging of Dynamic SIL-Glutathione Biosynthesis Using Infrared Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Electrospray Ionization. J Proteome Res 2021; 21:747-757. [PMID: 34807624 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.1c00636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Due to the high association of glutathione metabolism perturbation with a variety of disease states, there is a dire need for analytical techniques to study glutathione kinetics. Additionally, the elucidation of microenvironmental effects on changes in glutathione metabolism would significantly improve our understanding of the role of glutathione in disease. We therefore present a study combining a multiple infusion start time protocol, stable isotope labeling technology, infrared matrix-assisted laser desorption electrospray ionization, and high-resolution accurate mass-mass spectrometry imaging to study spatial changes in glutathione kinetics across in sectioned mouse liver tissues. After injecting a mouse with the isotopologues [2-13C,15N]-glycine, [1,2-13C2]-glycine, and [1,2-13C2,15N]-glycine at three different time points, we were able to fully resolve and spatially map their metabolism into three isotopologues of glutathione and calculate their isotopic enrichment in glutathione. We created a tool in the open-source mass spectrometry imaging software MSiReader to accurately compute the percent isotope enrichment (PIE) of these labels in glutathione and visualize them in heat-maps of the tissue sections. In areas of high flux, we found that each label enriched an approximate median of 1.6%, 1.8%, and 1.5%, respectively, of the glutathione product pool measured in each voxel. This method may be adapted to study the heterogeneity of glutathione flux in diseased versus healthy tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allyson L Mellinger
- FTMS Laboratory for Human Health Research, Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Kenneth P Garrard
- FTMS Laboratory for Human Health Research, Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States.,Molecular Education, Technology and Research Innovation Center (METRIC), North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Sitora Khodjaniyazova
- FTMS Laboratory for Human Health Research, Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Zahid N Rabbani
- UNC/NCSU Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Michael P Gamcsik
- UNC/NCSU Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - David C Muddiman
- FTMS Laboratory for Human Health Research, Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States.,Molecular Education, Technology and Research Innovation Center (METRIC), North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
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16
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Comparative lipid profiling of murine and human atherosclerotic plaques using high-resolution MALDI MSI. Pflugers Arch 2021; 474:231-242. [PMID: 34797426 PMCID: PMC8766400 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-021-02643-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The distribution of atherosclerotic lesions in the aorta and its branches of ApoE knockout (ApoE−/−) mice is like that of patients with atherosclerosis. By using high-resolution MALDI mass spectrometry imaging (MSI), we aimed at characterizing universally applicable physiological biomarkers by comparing the murine lipid marker profile with that of human atherosclerotic arteries. Therefore, the aorta or carotid artery of male ApoE−/− mice at different ages, human arteries with documented atherosclerotic changes originated from amputated limbs, and corresponding controls were analysed. Obtained data were subjected to multivariate statistical analysis to identify potential biomarkers. Thirty-one m/z values corresponding to individual lipid species of cholesterol esters, lysophosphatidylcholines, lysophosphatidylethanolamines, and cholesterol derivatives were found to be specific in aortic atherosclerotic plaques of old ApoE−/− mice. The lipid composition at related vessel positions of young ApoE−/− mice was more comparable with wild-type mice. Twenty-six m/z values of the murine lipid markers were found in human atherosclerotic peripheral arteries but also control vessels and showed a more patient-dependent diverse distribution. Extensive data analysis without marker preselection based on mouse data revealed lysophosphatidylcholine and glucosylated cholesterol species, the latter not being detected in the murine atherosclerotic tissue, as specific potential novel human atherosclerotic vessel markers. Despite the heterogeneous lipid profile of atherosclerotic peripheral arteries derived from human patients, we identified lipids specifically colocalized to atherosclerotic human tissue and plaques in ApoE−/− mice. These data highlight species-dependent differences in lipid profiles between peripheral artery disease and aortic atherosclerosis.
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17
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Knuth MM, Stutts WL, Ritter MM, Garrard KP, Kullman SW. Vitamin D deficiency promotes accumulation of bioactive lipids and increased endocannabinoid tone in zebrafish. J Lipid Res 2021; 62:100142. [PMID: 34673019 PMCID: PMC8604674 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2021.100142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D is well known for its traditional role in bone mineral homeostasis; however, recent evidence suggests that vitamin D also plays a significant role in metabolic control. This study served to investigate putative linkages between vitamin D deficiency (VDD) and metabolic disruption of bioactive lipids by MS imaging. Our approach employed infrared-matrix-assisted laser desorption electrospray ionization MS imaging for lipid metabolite profiling in 6-month-old zebrafish fed either a VDD or a vitamin D-sufficient (VDS) diet. Using a lipidomics pipeline, we found that VDD zebrafish had a greater abundance of bioactive lipids (N-acyls, endocannabinoids [ECs], diacylglycerols/triacylglycerols, bile acids/bile alcohols, and vitamin D derivatives) suggestive of increased EC tone compared with VDS zebrafish. Tandem MS was performed on several differentially expressed metabolites with sufficient ion abundances to aid in structural elucidation and provide additional support for MS annotations. To confirm activation of the EC pathways, we subsequently examined expression of genes involved in EC biosynthesis, metabolism, and receptor signaling in adipose tissue and liver from VDD and VDS zebrafish. Gene expression changes were congruent with increased EC tone, with VDD zebrafish demonstrating increased synthesis and metabolism of anandamide compared with VDS zebrafish. Taken together, our data suggest that VDD may promote accumulation of bioactive lipids and increased EC tone in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan M Knuth
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA; Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina School of Medicine at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA; Toxicology Program, Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA.
| | - Whitney L Stutts
- Molecular Education, Technology and Research Innovation Center (METRIC), North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
| | - Morgan M Ritter
- Toxicology Program, Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
| | - Kenneth P Garrard
- Molecular Education, Technology and Research Innovation Center (METRIC), North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA; FTMS Laboratory for Human Health Research and Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA; Precision Engineering Consortium, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Seth W Kullman
- Toxicology Program, Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA; Center for Human Health and the Environment, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
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18
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Devanathan AS, Kashuba AD. Human Immunodeficiency Virus Persistence in the Spleen: Opportunities for Pharmacologic Intervention. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2021; 37:725-735. [PMID: 33499746 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2020.0266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The persistence of HIV in the spleen, despite combination antiretroviral therapy, is not well understood. Sustained immune dysregulation and delayed immune recovery, in addition to immune cell exhaustion, may contribute to persistence of infection in the spleen. Eliminating HIV from this secondary lymphoid organ will require a thorough understanding of antiretroviral (ARV) pharmacology in the spleen, which has been minimally investigated. Low ARV exposure within the spleen may hinder the achievement of a functional or sterilizing cure if cells are not protected from HIV infection. In this study, we provide an overview of the anatomy and physiology of the spleen, review the evidence of the spleen as a site for persistence of HIV, discuss the consequences of persistence of HIV in the spleen, address challenges to eradicating HIV in the spleen, and examine opportunities for future curative efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Angela D.M. Kashuba
- UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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19
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Taylor MJ, Liyu A, Vertes A, Anderton CR. Ambient Single-Cell Analysis and Native Tissue Imaging Using Laser-Ablation Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry with Increased Spatial Resolution. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2021; 32:2490-2494. [PMID: 34374553 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.1c00149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Laser-ablation electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (LAESI-MS) is an emerging method that has the potential to transform the field of metabolomics. This is in part due to LAESI-MS being an ambient ionization method that requires minimal sample preparation and uses (endogenous) water for in situ analysis. This application note details the employment of the "LAESI microscope" source to perform spatially resolved MS analysis of cells and MS imaging (MSI) of tissues at high spatial resolution. This source configuration utilizes a long-working-distance reflective objective that permits both visualization of the sample and a smaller LAESI laser beam profile than conventional LAESI setups. Here, we analyzed 200 single cells of Allium cepa (red onion) and imaged Fittonia argyroneura (nerve plant) in high spatial resolution using this source coupled to a Fourier transform mass spectrometer for high-mass-resolution and high-mass-accuracy metabolomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Taylor
- Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Andrey Liyu
- Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Akos Vertes
- Department of Chemistry, The George Washington University, Washington, D.C. 20052, United States
| | - Christopher R Anderton
- Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
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20
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Bagley MC, Muddiman DC. Investigations of β-carotene radical cation formation in infrared matrix-assisted laser desorption electrospray ionization (IR-MALDESI). RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2021; 35:e9133. [PMID: 34038981 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Radical cationization of endogenous hydrocarbons in cherry tomatoes was previously reported using infrared matrix-assisted laser desorption electrospray ionization (IR-MALDESI), a mass spectrometry imaging technique that operates at ambient conditions and requires no sample derivatization. Due to the surprising nature of this odd-electron ionization, subsequent experiments were performed on β-carotene to determine the amount of radical cationization across different sampling conditions. METHODS β-Carotene was analyzed across a variety of sample states using IR-MALDESI followed by Orbitrap mass spectrometric analysis: first, as a standard in ethanol in a well plate; second, as particulates on printer paper; and third, as particulates covered by an ice matrix. These techniques were also performed with a β-carotene standard either in solution with a reducing agent (ascorbic acid) or with ascorbic acid in the electrospray solution. RESULTS Tandem mass spectrometry confirmed the presence of the radical cation of β-carotene by comparing fragments against NIST and METLIN databases. It was always analyzed as a radical cation when sampled from solution, where ascorbic acid increased radical cation abundance when in solution with β-carotene. Mixed-mode ionization between radical cationization and proton adduction was observed from dried particulates using IR-MALDESI. CONCLUSIONS There are several potential mechanisms for β-carotene radical cationization prior to IR-MALDESI analysis, with multiphoton ionization, thermal degradation, and/or reaction with oxygen appearing to be the most logical explanations. Furthermore, although not the primary cause, changing certain aspects of sample conditions can result in significant mixed-mode ionization with competing protonation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Caleb Bagley
- FTMS Laboratory for Human Health Research, Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - David C Muddiman
- FTMS Laboratory for Human Health Research, Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
- Molecular Education, Technology, and Research Innovation Center (METRIC), North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
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21
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Quantitative Imaging Analysis of the Spatial Relationship between Antiretrovirals, Reverse Transcriptase Simian-Human Immunodeficiency Virus RNA, and Collagen in the Mesenteric Lymph Nodes of Nonhuman Primates. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2021; 65:AAC.00019-21. [PMID: 33782003 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00019-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) persistence in tissue reservoirs is a major barrier to HIV cure. While antiretrovirals (ARVs) suppress viral replication, antiretroviral therapy (ART) interruption results in rapid rebound viremia that may originate from lymphoid tissues. To understand the relationship between anatomic distribution of ARV exposure and viral expression in lymph nodes, we performed mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) of 6 ARVs, RNAscope in situ hybridization for viral RNA (vRNA), and immunohistochemistry of collagen in mesenteric lymph nodes from 8 uninfected and 10 reverse transcriptase simian/human immunodeficiency virus (RT-SHIV)-infected rhesus macaques dosed to steady state with combination ART. MATLAB-based quantitative imaging analysis was used to evaluate spatial and pharmacological relationships between these ARVs, viral RNA (both vRNA+ cells and follicular dendritic cell [FDC]-bound virions), and collagen deposition. Using MSI, 31% of mesenteric lymph node tissue area was found to be not covered by any ARV. Additionally, 28% of FDC-trapped virions and 21% of infected cells were not exposed to any detected ARV. Of the 69% of tissue area that was covered by cumulative ART exposure, nearly 100% of concentrations were greater than in vitro 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) values; however, 52% of total tissue coverage was from only one ARV, primarily maraviroc. Collagen covered ∼35% of tissue area but did not influence ARV distribution heterogeneity. Our findings are consistent with our hypothesis that ARV distribution, in addition to total-tissue drug concentration, must be considered when evaluating viral persistence in lymph nodes and other reservoir tissues.
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22
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Bagley MC, Pace CL, Ekelöf M, Muddiman DC. Infrared matrix-assisted laser desorption electrospray ionization (IR-MALDESI) mass spectrometry imaging analysis of endogenous metabolites in cherry tomatoes. Analyst 2021; 145:5516-5523. [PMID: 32602477 DOI: 10.1039/d0an00818d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
We report the spatially resolved metabolic profiling of cherry tomatoes using infrared matrix-assisted laser desorption electrospray ionization (IR-MALDESI), a mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) technique that operates at ambient conditions and requires no sample derivatization. Tomatoes were flash frozen, cryosectioned and imaged with adequate spatial resolution to distinguish between the major tissue structures of a tomato including the skin, mesocarp, endocarp, locular tissue, septum, placenta, seed and seed coating. Metabolites were imaged from 100-1200 m/z, enabling significant coverage of a diverse array of metabolites including amino acids and lipids along with the major secondary metabolite classes: terpenes, phenolics, glycosides, and alkaloids. During the metabolic profiling, we found endogenous carotenoid hydrocarbons, namely lycopene or its structural isomer β-carotene, ionized as radical cations. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of ionizing hydrocarbons in the MSI field.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Caleb Bagley
- FTMS Laboratory for Human Health Research, Department of Chemistry, USA.
| | - Crystal L Pace
- FTMS Laboratory for Human Health Research, Department of Chemistry, USA.
| | - Måns Ekelöf
- FTMS Laboratory for Human Health Research, Department of Chemistry, USA.
| | - David C Muddiman
- FTMS Laboratory for Human Health Research, Department of Chemistry, USA. and Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, USA and Molecular Education, Technology, and Research Innovation Center (METRIC), North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
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23
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Davoli E, Zucchetti M, Matteo C, Ubezio P, D'Incalci M, Morosi L. THE SPACE DIMENSION AT THE MICRO LEVEL: MASS SPECTROMETRY IMAGING OF DRUGS IN TISSUES. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2021; 40:201-214. [PMID: 32501572 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) has seen remarkable development in recent years. The possibility of getting quantitative or semiquantitative data, while maintaining the spatial component in the tissues has opened up unique study possibilities. Now with a spatial window of few tens of microns, we can characterize the events occurring in tissue subcompartments in physiological and pathological conditions. For example, in oncology-especially in preclinical models-we can quantitatively measure drug distribution within tumors, correlating it with pharmacological treatments intended to modify it. We can also study the local effects of the drug in the tissue, and their effects in relation to histology. This review focuses on the main results in the field of drug MSI in clinical pharmacology, looking at the literature on the distribution of drugs in human tissues, and also the first preclinical evidence of drug intratissue effects. The main instrumental techniques are discussed, looking at the different instrumentation, sample preparation protocols, and raw data management employed to obtain the sensitivity required for these studies. Finally, we review the applications that describe in situ metabolic events and pathways induced by the drug, in animal models, showing that MSI makes it possible to study effects that go beyond the simple concentration of the drug, maintaining the space dimension. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Mass Spec Rev.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Davoli
- Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Zucchetti
- Laboratory of Antitumoral Pharmacology, Department of Oncology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Cristina Matteo
- Laboratory of Antitumoral Pharmacology, Department of Oncology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Ubezio
- Laboratory of Antitumoral Pharmacology, Department of Oncology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Maurizio D'Incalci
- Laboratory of Antitumoral Pharmacology, Department of Oncology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Lavinia Morosi
- Laboratory of Antitumoral Pharmacology, Department of Oncology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
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24
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Zemaitis KJ, Izydorczak AM, Thompson AC, Wood TD. Streamlined Multimodal DESI and MALDI Mass Spectrometry Imaging on a Singular Dual-Source FT-ICR Mass Spectrometer. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11040253. [PMID: 33923908 PMCID: PMC8073082 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11040253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of biological specimens by mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) has had a profound influence in the various forms of spatial-omics over the past two decades including applications for the identification of clinical biomarker analysis; the metabolic fingerprinting of disease states; treatment with therapeutics; and the profiling of lipids, peptides and proteins. No singular approach is able to globally map all biomolecular classes simultaneously. This led to the development of many complementary multimodal imaging approaches to solve analytical problems: fusing multiple ionization techniques, imaging microscopy or spectroscopy, or local extractions into robust multimodal imaging methods. However, each fusion typically requires the melding of analytical information from multiple commercial platforms, and the tandem utilization of multiple commercial or third-party software platforms—even in some cases requiring computer coding. Herein, we report the use of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) in tandem with desorption electrospray ionization (DESI) imaging in the positive ion mode on a singular commercial orthogonal dual-source Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FT-ICR) instrument for the complementary detection of multiple analyte classes by MSI from tissue. The DESI source was 3D printed and the commercial Bruker Daltonics software suite was used to generate mass spectrometry images in tandem with the commercial MALDI source. This approach allows for the generation of multiple modes of mass spectrometry images without the need for third-party software and a customizable platform for ambient ionization imaging. Highlighted is the streamlined workflow needed to obtain phospholipid profiles, as well as increased depth of coverage of both annotated phospholipid, cardiolipin, and ganglioside species from rat brain with both high spatial and mass resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J. Zemaitis
- Department of Chemistry, Natural Sciences Complex, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA; (K.J.Z.); (A.M.I.)
| | - Alexandra M. Izydorczak
- Department of Chemistry, Natural Sciences Complex, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA; (K.J.Z.); (A.M.I.)
| | - Alexis C. Thompson
- Department of Psychology, Park Hall, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA;
| | - Troy D. Wood
- Department of Chemistry, Natural Sciences Complex, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA; (K.J.Z.); (A.M.I.)
- Correspondence:
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25
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Taylor M, Lukowski JK, Anderton CR. Spatially Resolved Mass Spectrometry at the Single Cell: Recent Innovations in Proteomics and Metabolomics. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2021; 32:872-894. [PMID: 33656885 PMCID: PMC8033567 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.0c00439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Biological systems are composed of heterogeneous populations of cells that intercommunicate to form a functional living tissue. Biological function varies greatly across populations of cells, as each single cell has a unique transcriptome, proteome, and metabolome that translates to functional differences within single species and across kingdoms. Over the past decade, substantial advancements in our ability to characterize omic profiles on a single cell level have occurred, including in multiple spectroscopic and mass spectrometry (MS)-based techniques. Of these technologies, spatially resolved mass spectrometry approaches, including mass spectrometry imaging (MSI), have shown the most progress for single cell proteomics and metabolomics. For example, reporter-based methods using heavy metal tags have allowed for targeted MS investigation of the proteome at the subcellular level, and development of technologies such as laser ablation electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (LAESI-MS) now mean that dynamic metabolomics can be performed in situ. In this Perspective, we showcase advancements in single cell spatial metabolomics and proteomics over the past decade and highlight important aspects related to high-throughput screening, data analysis, and more which are vital to the success of achieving proteomic and metabolomic profiling at the single cell scale. Finally, using this broad literature summary, we provide a perspective on how the next decade may unfold in the area of single cell MS-based proteomics and metabolomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael
J. Taylor
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Jessica K. Lukowski
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Christopher R. Anderton
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
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26
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Mamun A, Islam A, Eto F, Sato T, Kahyo T, Setou M. Mass spectrometry-based phospholipid imaging: methods and findings. Expert Rev Proteomics 2021; 17:843-854. [PMID: 33504247 DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2020.1880897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Imaging is a technique used for direct visualization of the internal structure or distribution of biomolecules of a living system in a two-dimensional or three-dimensional fashion. Phospholipids are important structural components of biological membranes and have been reported to be associated with various human diseases. Therefore, the visualization of phospholipids is crucial to understand the underlying mechanism of cellular and molecular processes in normal and diseased conditions. Areas covered: Mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) has enabled the label-free imaging of individual phospholipids in biological tissues and cells. The commonly used MSI techniques include matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-MSI (MALDI-MSI), desorption electrospray ionization-MSI (DESI-MSI), and secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) imaging. This special report described those methods, summarized the findings, and discussed the future development for the imaging of phospholipids. Expert opinion: Phospholipids imaging in complex biological samples has been significantly benefited from the development of MSI methods. In MALDI-MSI, novel matrix that produces homogenous crystals exclusively with polar lipids is important for phospholipids imaging with greater efficiency and higher spatial resolution. DESI-MSI has the potential of live imaging of the biological surface while SIMS is expected to image at the subcellular level in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Al Mamun
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Anatomy, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine , Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Ariful Islam
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Anatomy, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine , Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Fumihiro Eto
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Anatomy, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine , Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Tomohito Sato
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Anatomy, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine , Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Kahyo
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Anatomy, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine , Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Mitsutoshi Setou
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Anatomy, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine , Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan.,International Mass Imaging Center, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine , Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan.,Department of Systems Molecular Anatomy, Institute for Medical Photonics Research, Preeminent Medical Photonics Education & Research Center , Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan
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27
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Garrard KP, Ekelöf M, Khodjaniyazova S, Bagley MC, Muddiman DC. A Versatile Platform for Mass Spectrometry Imaging of Arbitrary Spatial Patterns. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2020; 31:2547-2552. [PMID: 32539373 PMCID: PMC8761386 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.0c00128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A vision-system driven platform, RastirX, has been constructed for mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) of arbitrary two-dimensional patterns. The user identifies a region of interest (ROI) by drawing on a live video image of the sample with the computer mouse. Motion commands are automatically generated to move the sample to acquire scan data for the pixels in the ROI. Synchronization of sample stage motion with laser firing and mass spectrometer (MS) scan acquisition is fully automated. RastirX saves a co-registered optical image and the scan location information needed to convert raw MS data into imzML format. Imaging an arbitrarily shaped ROI instead of the minimal enclosing rectangle reduces contamination from off-sample material and significantly reduces acquisition time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth P. Garrard
- FTMS Laboratory for Human Health Research, Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
- Precision Engineering Consortium, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
- Molecular Education, Technology and Research Innovation Center (METRIC), North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Måns Ekelöf
- FTMS Laboratory for Human Health Research, Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Sitora Khodjaniyazova
- FTMS Laboratory for Human Health Research, Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - M. Caleb Bagley
- FTMS Laboratory for Human Health Research, Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - David C. Muddiman
- FTMS Laboratory for Human Health Research, Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
- Molecular Education, Technology and Research Innovation Center (METRIC), North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
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28
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Rivera ES, Djambazova KV, Neumann EK, Caprioli RM, Spraggins JM. Integrating ion mobility and imaging mass spectrometry for comprehensive analysis of biological tissues: A brief review and perspective. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2020; 55:e4614. [PMID: 32955134 PMCID: PMC8211109 DOI: 10.1002/jms.4614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Imaging mass spectrometry (IMS) technologies are capable of mapping a wide array of biomolecules in diverse cellular and tissue environments. IMS has emerged as an essential tool for providing spatially targeted molecular information due to its high sensitivity, wide molecular coverage, and chemical specificity. One of the major challenges for mapping the complex cellular milieu is the presence of many isomers and isobars in these samples. This challenge is traditionally addressed using orthogonal liquid chromatography (LC)-based analysis, though, common approaches such as chromatography and electrophoresis are not able to be performed at timescales that are compatible with most imaging applications. Ion mobility offers rapid, gas-phase separations that are readily integrated with IMS workflows in order to provide additional data dimensionality that can improve signal-to-noise, dynamic range, and specificity. Here, we highlight recent examples of ion mobility coupled to IMS and highlight their importance to the field.
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Key Words
- IMS
- desorption electrospray ionization, DESI
- drift tube ion mobility spectrometry, DTIMS
- high-field asymmetric waveform ion mobility, FAIMS
- imaging mass spectrometry
- infrared matrix-assisted laser desorption electrospray ionization, IR-MALDESI
- ion mobility
- laser ablation electrospray ionization, LAESI
- lipids
- liquid extraction surface analysis, LESA
- liquid microjunction, (LMJ)
- matrix-assisted laser desorption electrospray ionization, MALDI
- metabolites
- proteins
- tissue analysis
- trapped ion mobility spectrometry, TIMS
- travelling wave ion mobility spectrometry, TWIMS
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilio S. Rivera
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, 607 Light Hall, Nashville, TN 37205, USA
- Mass Spectrometry Research Center, Vanderbilt University, 465 21 Ave S #9160, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Katerina V. Djambazova
- Mass Spectrometry Research Center, Vanderbilt University, 465 21 Ave S #9160, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, 7330 Stevenson Center, Station B 351822, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Elizabeth K. Neumann
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, 607 Light Hall, Nashville, TN 37205, USA
- Mass Spectrometry Research Center, Vanderbilt University, 465 21 Ave S #9160, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Richard M. Caprioli
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, 607 Light Hall, Nashville, TN 37205, USA
- Mass Spectrometry Research Center, Vanderbilt University, 465 21 Ave S #9160, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, 7330 Stevenson Center, Station B 351822, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, 2220 Pierce Avenue, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, 465 21 Ave S #9160, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Jeffrey M. Spraggins
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, 607 Light Hall, Nashville, TN 37205, USA
- Mass Spectrometry Research Center, Vanderbilt University, 465 21 Ave S #9160, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, 7330 Stevenson Center, Station B 351822, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
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29
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Elia EA, Niehaus M, Steven RT, Wolf JC, Bunch J. Atmospheric Pressure MALDI Mass Spectrometry Imaging Using In-Line Plasma Induced Postionization. Anal Chem 2020; 92:15285-15290. [PMID: 33175489 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c03524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric pressure ionization methods confer a number of advantages over more traditional vacuum based techniques, in particular ease of hyphenation to a range of mass spectrometers. For atmospheric pressure matrix assisted desorption/ionization (AP-MALDI), several ion sources, operating in a range of geometries have been reported. Most of these platforms have, to date, generally demonstrated relatively low ion yields and/or poor ion transmission compared to vacuum sources. To improve the detection of certain ions, we have developed a second-generation transmission mode (TM) AP-MALDI imaging platform with in-line plasma postionization using the commercially available SICRIT device, replacing the previously used low temperature plasma probe from our developmental AP-TM-MALDI stage. Both plasma devices produce a significant ionization enhancement for a range of compounds, but the overall higher enhancement obtained by the SICRIT device in addition to the ease of installation and the minimal need for optimization presents this commercially available tool as an attractive method for simple postionization in AP-MALDI MSI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efstathios A Elia
- National Centre of Excellence in Mass Spectrometry Imaging, NiCE-MSI, National Physical Laboratory, Teddington TW11 0LW, U.K
| | - Marcel Niehaus
- National Centre of Excellence in Mass Spectrometry Imaging, NiCE-MSI, National Physical Laboratory, Teddington TW11 0LW, U.K
| | - Rory T Steven
- National Centre of Excellence in Mass Spectrometry Imaging, NiCE-MSI, National Physical Laboratory, Teddington TW11 0LW, U.K
| | | | - Josephine Bunch
- National Centre of Excellence in Mass Spectrometry Imaging, NiCE-MSI, National Physical Laboratory, Teddington TW11 0LW, U.K.,Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.,Rosalind Franklin Institute, Didcot OX11 0FA, U.K
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30
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Xi Y, Tu A, Muddiman DC. Lipidomic profiling of single mammalian cells by infrared matrix-assisted laser desorption electrospray ionization (IR-MALDESI). Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:8211-8222. [PMID: 32989513 PMCID: PMC7606626 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02961-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
To better understand cell-to-cell heterogeneity, advanced analytical tools are in a growing demand for elucidating chemical compositions of each cell within a population. However, the progress of single-cell chemical analysis has been restrained by the limitations of small cell volumes and minute cellular concentrations. Here, we present a rapid and sensitive method for investigating the lipid profiles of isolated single cells using infrared matrix-assisted laser desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (IR-MALDESI-MS). In this work, HeLa cells were dispersed onto a glass slide, and the cellular contents were ionized by IR-MALDESI and measured using a Q-Exactive HF-X mass spectrometer. Importantly, this approach does not require extraction and/or enrichment of analytes prior to MS analysis. Using this approach, 45 distinct lipid species, predominantly phospholipids, were detected and putatively annotated from the single HeLa cells. The proof-of-concept study demonstrates the feasibility and efficacy of IR-MALDESI-MS for rapid lipidomic profiling of single cells, which provides an important basis for future work on differentiation between normal and diseased cells at various developmental states, which can offer new insights into cellular metabolic pathways and pathological processes. Although not yet accomplished, we believe this approach can be readily used as an assessment tool to compare the number of identified species during source evolution and method optimization (intra-laboratory), and also disclose the complementary nature of different direct analytical approaches for the coverage of different types of endogenous analytes (inter-laboratory).Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Xi
- FTMS Laboratory for Human Health Research, Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Anqi Tu
- FTMS Laboratory for Human Health Research, Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - David C Muddiman
- FTMS Laboratory for Human Health Research, Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA.
- Molecular Education, Technology and Research Innovation Center (METRIC), North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA.
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31
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Ekelöf M, Dodds J, Khodjaniyazova S, Garrard KP, Baker ES, Muddiman DC. Coupling IR-MALDESI with Drift Tube Ion Mobility-Mass Spectrometry for High-Throughput Screening and Imaging Applications. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2020; 31:642-650. [PMID: 31971795 PMCID: PMC7263366 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.9b00081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Because of its high degree of selectivity and chemical resolution, mass spectrometry (MS) is rapidly becoming the analytical method of choice for high-throughput evaluations and clinical diagnostics. While advances in MS resolving power have increased by an order of magnitude over the past decade, advances in sample introduction are still needed for high-throughput screening applications where the time frame of chromatographic separation would limit the duty cycle. Infrared matrix-assisted laser desorption electrospray ionization (IR-MALDESI) is an ambient ionization source that has been shown to be applicable for direct analyses and mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) of complex biological samples in a high-throughput manner. To increase a range of detectable features in IR-MALDESI experiments, we integrated the home-built ion source with a commercially available drift tube ion mobility spectrometer-mass spectrometer (IMS-MS) and analyzed small polar molecules, lipids, carbohydrates, and intact proteins. We also describe in detail how the pulsed ionization source was synchronized with IMS-MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Måns Ekelöf
- FTMS Laboratory for Human Health Research, Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - James Dodds
- FTMS Laboratory for Human Health Research, Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Sitora Khodjaniyazova
- FTMS Laboratory for Human Health Research, Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Kenneth P Garrard
- FTMS Laboratory for Human Health Research, Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
- Precision Engineering Consortium, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
| | - Erin S Baker
- FTMS Laboratory for Human Health Research, Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - David C Muddiman
- FTMS Laboratory for Human Health Research, Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
- Molecular Education, Technology, and Research Innovation Center (METRIC), North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
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32
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Tu A, Muddiman DC. Internal Energy Deposition in Infrared Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Electrospray Ionization With and Without the Use of Ice as a Matrix. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2019; 30:2380-2391. [PMID: 31502226 PMCID: PMC6937789 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-019-02323-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The internal energy deposited into analytes during the ionization process largely influences the extent of fragmentation, thus the appearance of the resulting mass spectrum. The internal energy distributions of a series of para-substituted benzyl pyridinium cations in liquid and solid-state generated by infrared matrix-assisted laser desorption electrospray ionization (IR-MALDESI) were measured using the survival yield method, of which results were subsequently compared with conventional electrospray ionization (ESI). The comparable mean internal energy values (e.g., 1.8-1.9 eV at a collision energy of 15 eV) and peak widths obtained with IR-MALDESI and ESI support that IR-MALDESI are essentially a soft ionization technique where analytes do not gain considerable internal energy during the laser-induced desorption process and/or lose energy during uptake into charged electrospray droplets. An unusual fragment ion, protonated pyridine, was only found for solid IR-MALDESI at relatively high collision energies, which is presumably resulted from direct ionization of the pre-charged analytes in form of salts. Analysis of tissue with an ice layer consistently yielded ion populations with higher internal energy than its counterpart without an ice layer, likely due to a substantially enhanced number of IR absorbers with ice. Further measurements with holo-myoglobin show that IR-MALDESI-MS retains the noncovalently bound heme-protein complexes under both native-like and denaturing conditions, while complete loss of the heme group occurred in denaturing ESI-MS, showing that the softness of IR-MALDESI is equivalent or superior to ESI for biomolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anqi Tu
- FTMS Laboratory for Human Health Research, Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - David C Muddiman
- FTMS Laboratory for Human Health Research, Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA.
- Molecular Education, Technology and Research Innovation Center (METRIC), North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA.
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33
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34
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Gilliland WM, Prince HMA, Poliseno A, Kashuba ADM, Rosen EP. Infrared Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry Imaging of Human Hair to Characterize Longitudinal Profiles of the Antiretroviral Maraviroc for Adherence Monitoring. Anal Chem 2019; 91:10816-10822. [PMID: 31345022 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b02464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Here, we assess infrared matrix assisted laser desorption electrospray ionization (IR-MALDESI) mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) analysis of hair as a clinical tool for monitoring patient adherence to the antiretroviral maraviroc (MVC). A custom MATLAB-based algorithm has been developed to streamline data analysis and generate longitudinal profiles of drug incorporation along the length of hair strands. Hair strands from volunteers enrolled in a directly observed therapy study were analyzed by IR-MALDESI MSI and processed using this tool to characterize the profiles of single doses and a daily dose regimen of MVC. Single dose responses were 1.7 [1.1, 2.5] mm (median [range]) wide along the length of the hair and were detected in 8 out of 12 volunteers. Daily dose profiles capturing 28 days of continuous dosing were approximately 5 times the intensity of single dose profiles and 10.5 [7.0, 13] mm wide, corresponding to 1 month of hair growth. MVC ion abundance was observed in all 12 volunteers for the daily dosing period. Daily dosing profiles were consistent with a model of MVC accumulation in hair based on linear superposition of a single dose response, indicating the potential for prediction of daily drug-taking behavior based on deconvolution of a complex longitudinal profile in hair.
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Affiliation(s)
- William M Gilliland
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy , University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill , North Carolina 27599 , United States
| | - Heather M A Prince
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy , University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill , North Carolina 27599 , United States.,School of Medicine , University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill , North Carolina 27599 , United States
| | - Amanda Poliseno
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy , University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill , North Carolina 27599 , United States.,School of Medicine , University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill , North Carolina 27599 , United States
| | - Angela D M Kashuba
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy , University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill , North Carolina 27599 , United States.,School of Medicine , University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill , North Carolina 27599 , United States.,Center for AIDS Research , University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill , North Carolina 27599 , United States
| | - Elias P Rosen
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy , University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill , North Carolina 27599 , United States
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35
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Applications of MALDI mass spectrometry imaging for pharmacokinetic studies during drug development. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2019; 34:209-216. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2019.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 04/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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36
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Systematic evaluation of repeatability of IR-MALDESI-MS and normalization strategies for correcting the analytical variation and improving image quality. Anal Bioanal Chem 2019; 411:5729-5743. [PMID: 31240357 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-019-01953-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry imaging is a powerful tool widely used in biological, clinical, and forensic research, but its often poor repeatability limits its application for quantitative and large-scale analysis. A systematic evaluation of infrared matrix-assisted laser desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (IR-MALDESI-MS) repeatability in absolute ion abundances during short- and long-term experiments was carried out on liver slices from the same rat with minimal biological variability to be expected. Results of median %RSDs ranging from 14 to 45, pooled %RMADs ranging from 11 to 33, and Pearson correlation coefficients ranging from 0.83 to 1.00 demonstrated an acceptable repeatability of IR-MALDESI-MS. Normalization is commonly applied for the purpose of accounting for analytical variability of spectra generated from different runs so as to reveal real biological differences. Nine data normalization strategies were performed on the rat liver data sets to examine their effects on reducing analytical variation, and further on a hen ovary data set containing more morphological features for the investigation of their impact on ion images. Results demonstrated that the majority of normalization approaches benefit data quality to some extent, and local normalization methods significantly outperform their global counterparts, resulting in a reduction of median %RSD up to 22. Local median normalization was found to be promisingly robust for both homogeneous and heterogeneous samples.
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37
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Farooq QUA, Haq NU, Aziz A, Aimen S, Inam ul Haq M. Mass Spectrometry for Proteomics and Recent Developments in ESI, MALDI and other Ionization Methodologies. CURR PROTEOMICS 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/1570164616666190204154653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Background:
Mass spectrometry is a tool used in analytical chemistry to identify components
in a chemical compound and it is of tremendous importance in the field of biology for high
throughput analysis of biomolecules, among which protein is of great interest.
Objective:
Advancement in proteomics based on mass spectrometry has led the way to quantify multiple
protein complexes, and proteins interactions with DNA/RNA or other chemical compounds which
is a breakthrough in the field of bioinformatics.
Methods:
Many new technologies have been introduced in electrospray ionization (ESI) and Matrixassisted
Laser Desorption/Ionization (MALDI) techniques which have enhanced sensitivity, resolution
and many other key features for the characterization of proteins.
Results:
The advent of ambient mass spectrometry and its different versions like Desorption Electrospray
Ionization (DESI), DART and ELDI has brought a huge revolution in proteomics research.
Different imaging techniques are also introduced in MS to map proteins and other significant biomolecules.
These drastic developments have paved the way to analyze large proteins of >200kDa easily.
Conclusion:
Here, we discuss the recent advancement in mass spectrometry, which is of great importance
and it could lead us to further deep analysis of the molecules from different perspectives and
further advancement in these techniques will enable us to find better ways for prediction of molecules
and their behavioral properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qurat ul Ain Farooq
- Department of Computer Science and Bioinformatics, Khushal Khan Khattak University, Karak, Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Noor ul Haq
- Department of Computer Science and Bioinformatics, Khushal Khan Khattak University, Karak, Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Aziz
- Department of Computer Science and Bioinformatics, Khushal Khan Khattak University, Karak, Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Sara Aimen
- Department of Computer Science and Bioinformatics, Khushal Khan Khattak University, Karak, Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Inam ul Haq
- Department of Computer Science and Bioinformatics, Khushal Khan Khattak University, Karak, Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
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38
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Stopka SA, Samarah LZ, Shaw JB, Liyu AV, Veličković D, Agtuca BJ, Kukolj C, Koppenaal DW, Stacey G, Paša-Tolić L, Anderton CR, Vertes A. Ambient Metabolic Profiling and Imaging of Biological Samples with Ultrahigh Molecular Resolution Using Laser Ablation Electrospray Ionization 21 Tesla FTICR Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2019; 91:5028-5035. [PMID: 30821434 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b05084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry (MS) is an indispensable analytical tool to capture the array of metabolites within complex biological systems. However, conventional MS-based metabolomic workflows require extensive sample processing and separation resulting in limited throughput and potential alteration of the native molecular states in these systems. Ambient ionization methods, capable of sampling directly from tissues, circumvent some of these issues but require high-performance MS to resolve the molecular complexity within these samples. Here, we demonstrate a unique combination of laser ablation electrospray ionization (LAESI) coupled with a 21 tesla Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (21T-FTICR) for direct MS analysis and imaging applications. This analytical platform provides isotopic fine structure information directly from biological tissues, enabling the rapid assignment of molecular formulas and delivering a higher degree of confidence for molecular identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia A Stopka
- Department of Chemistry , The George Washington University , Washington , D.C. 20052 , United States
| | - Laith Z Samarah
- Department of Chemistry , The George Washington University , Washington , D.C. 20052 , United States
| | - Jared B Shaw
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory and Biological Sciences Division , Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland , Washington 99354 , United States
| | - Andrey V Liyu
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory and Biological Sciences Division , Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland , Washington 99354 , United States
| | - Dušan Veličković
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory and Biological Sciences Division , Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland , Washington 99354 , United States
| | - Beverly J Agtuca
- Divisions of Plant Sciences and Biochemistry, C. S. Bond Life Sciences Center , University of Missouri , Columbia , Missouri 65211 , United States
| | - Caroline Kukolj
- Divisions of Plant Sciences and Biochemistry, C. S. Bond Life Sciences Center , University of Missouri , Columbia , Missouri 65211 , United States
| | - David W Koppenaal
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory and Biological Sciences Division , Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland , Washington 99354 , United States
| | - Gary Stacey
- Divisions of Plant Sciences and Biochemistry, C. S. Bond Life Sciences Center , University of Missouri , Columbia , Missouri 65211 , United States
| | - Ljiljana Paša-Tolić
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory and Biological Sciences Division , Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland , Washington 99354 , United States
| | - Christopher R Anderton
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory and Biological Sciences Division , Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland , Washington 99354 , United States
| | - Akos Vertes
- Department of Chemistry , The George Washington University , Washington , D.C. 20052 , United States
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Feider CL, Krieger A, DeHoog RJ, Eberlin LS. Ambient Ionization Mass Spectrometry: Recent Developments and Applications. Anal Chem 2019; 91:4266-4290. [PMID: 30790515 PMCID: PMC7444024 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b00807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 249] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Clara L. Feider
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Anna Krieger
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Rachel J. DeHoog
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Livia S. Eberlin
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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40
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Johnson RW, Talaty N. Tissue Imaging by Mass Spectrometry: A Practical Guide for the Medicinal Chemist. ACS Med Chem Lett 2019; 10:161-167. [PMID: 30783497 PMCID: PMC6378676 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.8b00480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the tissue distribution of therapeutic molecules is often critical for assessing their efficacy and toxicity. Unfortunately, standard methods for monitoring localized drug distribution are resource-intensive and are typically performed late in the discovery process. As a result, early development efforts often progress without detailed information on the effect that changes in structure and/or formulation have on drug localization. Recent innovations in mass spectrometry (MS) provide new options for mapping the spatial distribution of drug in tissue and allow parallel detection of endogenous species. These advances are improving access to drug distribution data early in discovery and provide insight into local biochemical changes that are directly related to drug activity. The literature on these topics is voluminous, and the technology is advancing rapidly, offering a bewildering array of options for researchers who are new to the field. To guide medicinal chemists who wish to apply these methods in their research, this technology perspective provides our views on practical applications that are currently enabled by various MS imaging (MSI) approaches, along with recommendations for how best to implement these methods in pharmaceutical R&D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert W. Johnson
- Discovery Chemistry and Technology, AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North
Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Nari Talaty
- Discovery Chemistry and Technology, AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North
Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
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Increased throughput and ultra-high mass resolution in DESI FT-ICR MS imaging through new-generation external data acquisition system and advanced data processing approaches. Sci Rep 2019; 9:8. [PMID: 30626890 PMCID: PMC6327097 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-36957-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Desorption electrospray ionisation-mass spectrometry imaging (DESI-MSI) is a powerful imaging technique for the analysis of complex surfaces. However, the often highly complex nature of biological samples is particularly challenging for MSI approaches, as options to appropriately address molecular complexity are limited. Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS) offers superior mass accuracy and mass resolving power, but its moderate throughput inhibits broader application. Here we demonstrate the dramatic gains in mass resolution and/or throughput of DESI-MSI on an FT-ICR MS by developing and implementing a sophisticated data acquisition and data processing pipeline. The presented pipeline integrates, for the first time, parallel ion accumulation and detection, post-processing absorption mode Fourier transform and pixel-by-pixel internal re-calibration. To achieve that, first, we developed and coupled an external high-performance data acquisition system to an FT-ICR MS instrument to record the time-domain signals (transients) in parallel with the instrument’s built-in electronics. The recorded transients were then processed by the in-house developed computationally-efficient data processing and data analysis software. Importantly, the described pipeline is shown to be applicable even to extremely large, up to 1 TB, imaging datasets. Overall, this approach provides improved analytical figures of merits such as: (i) enhanced mass resolution at no cost in experimental time; and (ii) up to 4-fold higher throughput while maintaining a constant mass resolution. Using this approach, we not only demonstrate the record 1 million mass resolution for lipid imaging from brain tissue, but explicitly show such mass resolution is required to resolve the complexity of the lipidome.
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42
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Vaysse PM, Heeren RMA, Porta T, Balluff B. Mass spectrometry imaging for clinical research - latest developments, applications, and current limitations. Analyst 2018. [PMID: 28642940 DOI: 10.1039/c7an00565b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry is being used in many clinical research areas ranging from toxicology to personalized medicine. Of all the mass spectrometry techniques, mass spectrometry imaging (MSI), in particular, has continuously grown towards clinical acceptance. Significant technological and methodological improvements have contributed to enhance the performance of MSI recently, pushing the limits of throughput, spatial resolution, and sensitivity. This has stimulated the spread of MSI usage across various biomedical research areas such as oncology, neurological disorders, cardiology, and rheumatology, just to name a few. After highlighting the latest major developments and applications touching all aspects of translational research (i.e. from early pre-clinical to clinical research), we will discuss the present challenges in translational research performed with MSI: data management and analysis, molecular coverage and identification capabilities, and finally, reproducibility across multiple research centers, which is the largest remaining obstacle in moving MSI towards clinical routine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Maxence Vaysse
- Maastricht MultiModal Molecular Imaging (M4I) institute, Division of Imaging Mass Spectrometry, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Ron M A Heeren
- Maastricht MultiModal Molecular Imaging (M4I) institute, Division of Imaging Mass Spectrometry, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Tiffany Porta
- Maastricht MultiModal Molecular Imaging (M4I) institute, Division of Imaging Mass Spectrometry, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Benjamin Balluff
- Maastricht MultiModal Molecular Imaging (M4I) institute, Division of Imaging Mass Spectrometry, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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Abstract
Drug metabolites have been monitored with various types of newly developed techniques and/or combination of common analytical methods, which could provide a great deal of information on metabolite profiling. Because it is not easy to analyze whole drug metabolites qualitatively and quantitatively, a single solution of analytical techniques is combined in a multilateral manner to cover the widest range of drug metabolites. Mass-based spectroscopic analysis of drug metabolites has been expanded with the help of other parameter-based methods. The current development of metabolism studies through contemporary pharmaceutical research are reviewed with an overview on conventionally used spectroscopic methods. Several technical approaches for conducting drug metabolic profiling through spectroscopic methods are discussed in depth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Jae Yi
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, CHA University, 120 Haeryong-ro, Pocheon-Si, Gyeonggi-do, 11160, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeongsoon Park
- Department of Systems Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Natural Resources, Chung-Ang University, 4726 Seodong-daero, Anseong-Si, Gyeonggi-do, 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Je Kim
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Kyu Rhee
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, 52 Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03760, Republic of Korea.
| | - Woo Sung Son
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, CHA University, 120 Haeryong-ro, Pocheon-Si, Gyeonggi-do, 11160, Republic of Korea.
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44
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Nazari M, Bokhart MT, Loziuk PL, Muddiman DC. Quantitative mass spectrometry imaging of glutathione in healthy and cancerous hen ovarian tissue sections by infrared matrix-assisted laser desorption electrospray ionization (IR-MALDESI). Analyst 2018; 143:654-661. [PMID: 29323367 PMCID: PMC5788707 DOI: 10.1039/c7an01828b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A quantitative mass spectrometry imaging (QMSI) method for absolute quantification of glutathione (GSH) in healthy and cancerous hen ovarian tissues using infrared matrix-assisted laser desorption electrospray ionization (IR-MALDESI) is presented. Using this technique, the ion abundance of GSH was normalized to that of a structural analogue, which was sprayed on the slide prior to mounting the tissue sections. This normalization strategy significantly improved the voxel-to-voxel variability; the variability is attributed to the overall ionization process. Subsequently, a series of calibration spots of stable isotope-labeled (SIL) GSH were pipetted on top of the tissue to construct a spatial calibration curve, and calculate the concentration of GSH in both tissue sections. The QMSI results were verified by LC-MS/MS quantification of GSH for the same tissues. GSH was extracted from tissue sections in a slightly acidic buffer and was then alkylated using N-ethylmaleimide to minimize autoxidation of GSH to glutathione disulfide. The alkylated GSH was separated from other contaminants using reversed phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) coupled to a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer, and the z-ion transition of NEM-GSH was used to quantify GSH in each tissue section. While the absolute values obtained using IR-MALDESI QMSI and LC-MS/MS were different, a ∼2-fold increase in the concentration of GSH in cancer tissue compared to the healthy tissue was observed using both techniques. Possible reasons for the difference between absolute concentration values obtained using IR-MALDESI QMSI and LC-MS/MS are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milad Nazari
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Education, Technology, and Research Innovation Center (METRIC), North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
| | - Mark T Bokhart
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Education, Technology, and Research Innovation Center (METRIC), North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
| | - Philip L Loziuk
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Education, Technology, and Research Innovation Center (METRIC), North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
| | - David C Muddiman
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Education, Technology, and Research Innovation Center (METRIC), North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
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45
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Zhang Y, Zhang R, Nazari M, Bagley MC, Miller ES, Williams PG, Muddiman DC, Lindsey JS. Mass spectrometric detection of chlorophyll a and the tetrapyrrole secondary metabolite tolyporphin A in the filamentous cyanobacterium HT-58-2. Approaches to high-throughput screening of intact cyanobacteria. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2018. [DOI: 10.1142/s108842461750078x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Tolyporphins are unusual tetrapyrrole macrocycles produced by the filamentous cyanobacterium–microbial community HT-58-2, the only known source to date. Numerous cyanobacterial samples have been collected worldwide but most have not been screened for secondary metabolites. Identification of tolyporphins typically has entailed lipophilic extraction followed by chromatographic fractionation and spectroscopic and/or mass spectrometric analysis. For quantitation, lengthy lipophilic extraction, sample processing and HPLC separation are needed. Examination by MALDI-TOF-MS (with the matrix 1,5-diaminonaphthalene) of lipophilic crude extracts of small-scale HT-58-2 samples (2 mL) without chromatographic fractionation enabled semi-quantitation of tolyporphin A over a 41-day growth period. Screening for tolyporphin A in intact or slightly sheared and vortexed HT-58-2 samples (no lipophilic extraction), and confirmation of identity by tandem MS, were carried out by IR-MALDESI-FTMS. Tolyporphin A was identified by the molecular ion and four characteristic fragments. The molecular ion of chlorophyll [Formula: see text] also was observed. The sheared and vortexed sample contained substantial numbers of intact cells as demonstrated by regrowth of the filamentous cyanobacterium–microbial culture. The semi-quantitative and rapid qualitative methods developed herein should facilitate examination of other tolyporphin-producing organisms among the vast worldwide strains of cyanobacteria as well as investigation of the biosynthesis of tolyporphins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunlong Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, USA
| | - Ran Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, USA
| | - Milad Nazari
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, USA
| | - Michael C. Bagley
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, USA
| | - Eric S. Miller
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, USA
| | - Philip G. Williams
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822-2275, USA
| | - David C. Muddiman
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, USA
| | - Jonathan S. Lindsey
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, USA
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46
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Bokhart MT, Nazari M, Garrard KP, Muddiman DC. MSiReader v1.0: Evolving Open-Source Mass Spectrometry Imaging Software for Targeted and Untargeted Analyses. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2018; 29:8-16. [PMID: 28932998 PMCID: PMC5786496 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-017-1809-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 09/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
A major update to the mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) software MSiReader is presented, offering a multitude of newly added features critical to MSI analyses. MSiReader is a free, open-source, and vendor-neutral software written in the MATLAB platform and is capable of analyzing most common MSI data formats. A standalone version of the software, which does not require a MATLAB license, is also distributed. The newly incorporated data analysis features expand the utility of MSiReader beyond simple visualization of molecular distributions. The MSiQuantification tool allows researchers to calculate absolute concentrations from quantification MSI experiments exclusively through MSiReader software, significantly reducing data analysis time. An image overlay feature allows the incorporation of complementary imaging modalities to be displayed with the MSI data. A polarity filter has also been incorporated into the data loading step, allowing the facile analysis of polarity switching experiments without the need for data parsing prior to loading the data file into MSiReader. A quality assurance feature to generate a mass measurement accuracy (MMA) heatmap for an analyte of interest has also been added to allow for the investigation of MMA across the imaging experiment. Most importantly, as new features have been added performance has not degraded, in fact it has been dramatically improved. These new tools and the improvements to the performance in MSiReader v1.0 enable the MSI community to evaluate their data in greater depth and in less time. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark T Bokhart
- Department of Chemistry, W. M. Keck FTMS Laboratory for Human Health Research, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Milad Nazari
- Department of Chemistry, W. M. Keck FTMS Laboratory for Human Health Research, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Kenneth P Garrard
- Department of Chemistry, W. M. Keck FTMS Laboratory for Human Health Research, Raleigh, NC, USA
- Precision Engineering Consortium, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - David C Muddiman
- Department of Chemistry, W. M. Keck FTMS Laboratory for Human Health Research, Raleigh, NC, USA.
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47
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Weber MD, Andrews E, Prince HA, Sykes C, Rosen EP, Bay C, Shaheen NJ, Madanick RD, Dellon ES, Paris KD, Nelson JAE, Gay CL, Kashuba ADM. Virological and immunological responses to raltegravir and dolutegravir in the gut-associated lymphoid tissue of HIV-infected men and women. Antivir Ther 2018; 23:495-504. [PMID: 29714167 PMCID: PMC7376574 DOI: 10.3851/imp3236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/08/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Raltegravir (RTG) and dolutegravir (DTG) have different pharmacokinetic patterns in the gastrointestinal tract. To determine if this results in pharmacodynamic differences, we compared HIV RNA, HIV DNA and immunological markers in gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) of HIV-infected participants receiving RTG or DTG with tenofovir+emtricitabine (TDF/FTC). METHODS GALT specimens from the terminal ileum, splenic flexure and rectum were obtained by colonoscopy at a single time point in 20 adults treated with RTG (n=10) or DTG (n=10) with HIV RNA <50 copies/ml. Flow cytometry, drug concentrations, and HIV RNA and DNA were analysed in tissue. CD4/8+ T-cells were tested for γδ TCR, and markers of T-cell activation and exhaustion. Data are reported as median (Q1-Q3). RESULTS A total of 15 men and 5 women were enrolled. There was no difference in time since HIV diagnosis for those on RTG (9.5 [4-22] years) and DTG (17 [1-24] years; P=0.6), although time on RTG (5.4 [2.3-6.7] years) was greater than DTG (1.0 [0.1-1.5] years; P<0.001). Concentrations of RTG and DTG in rectal tissue were similar to previous reports: median tissue:plasma ratio was 11.25 for RTG and 0.44 for DTG. RNA:DNA ratios were 1.14 (0.18-5.10) for the RTG group and 0.90 (0.30-18.87) for the DTG group (P=0.95). No differences (P≥0.1) between CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell markers were found. CONCLUSIONS RTG produced higher tissue exposures than DTG, but no significant differences in GALT HIV RNA, DNA or most immunological markers were observed. ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02218320.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Anti-HIV Agents/therapeutic use
- CD4 Lymphocyte Count
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/pathology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/virology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/pathology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/virology
- Colon, Transverse/drug effects
- Colon, Transverse/pathology
- Colon, Transverse/virology
- DNA, Viral/antagonists & inhibitors
- DNA, Viral/genetics
- DNA, Viral/metabolism
- Emtricitabine/therapeutic use
- Female
- Gene Expression
- HIV Infections/drug therapy
- HIV Infections/genetics
- HIV Infections/immunology
- HIV Infections/virology
- HIV-1/drug effects
- HIV-1/genetics
- HIV-1/immunology
- Heterocyclic Compounds, 3-Ring/therapeutic use
- Humans
- Ileum/drug effects
- Ileum/pathology
- Ileum/virology
- Immunity, Innate/drug effects
- Lymphoid Tissue/drug effects
- Lymphoid Tissue/pathology
- Lymphoid Tissue/virology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Oxazines
- Piperazines
- Pyridones
- RNA, Viral/antagonists & inhibitors
- RNA, Viral/genetics
- RNA, Viral/metabolism
- Raltegravir Potassium/therapeutic use
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/immunology
- Rectum/drug effects
- Rectum/pathology
- Rectum/virology
- Tenofovir/therapeutic use
- Treatment Outcome
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Weber
- University of North Carolina Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Elizabeth Andrews
- University of North Carolina Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Heather A Prince
- University of North Carolina Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- University of North Carolina Department of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Craig Sykes
- University of North Carolina Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Elias P Rosen
- University of North Carolina Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Camden Bay
- University of North Carolina Department of Biostatistics, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Nicholas J Shaheen
- University of North Carolina Department of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Ryan D Madanick
- University of North Carolina Department of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Evan S Dellon
- University of North Carolina Department of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Kristina De Paris
- University of North Carolina Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Julie AE Nelson
- University of North Carolina Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Cynthia L Gay
- University of North Carolina Department of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Angela DM Kashuba
- University of North Carolina Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- University of North Carolina Department of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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48
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Nazari M, Ekelöf M, Khodjaniyazova S, Elsen NL, Williams JD, Muddiman DC. Direct screening of enzyme activity using infrared matrix-assisted laser desorption electrospray ionization. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2017; 31:1868-1874. [PMID: 28841760 PMCID: PMC5653407 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 08/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/19/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE High-throughput screening (HTS) is a critical step in the drug discovery process. However, most mass spectrometry (MS)-based HTS methods require sample cleanup steps prior to analysis. In this work we present the utility of infrared matrix-assisted laser desorption electrospray ionization (IR-MALDESI) for monitoring an enzymatic reaction directly from a biological buffer system with no sample cleanup and at high throughput. METHODS IR-MALDESI was used to directly analyze reaction mixtures from a well plate at different time points after reaction initiation. The percent conversion of precursors to products was used to screen the enzyme activity. The reaction was performed with two different concentrations of precursors and enzyme in order to assess the dynamic range of the assay. Eventually, a pseudo-HTS study was designed to investigate the utility of IR-MALDESI screening enzyme activity in a high-throughput manner. RESULTS IR-MALDESI was able to readily monitor the activity of IDH1 over time at two different concentrations of precursors and enzyme. The calculated Z-factors of 0.65 and 0.41 confirmed the suitability of the developed method for screening enzyme activity in HTS manner. Finally, in a single-blind pseudo-HTS analysis IR-MALDESI was able to correctly predict the identity of all samples, where 8/10 samples were identified with high confidence and the other two samples with lower confidence. CONCLUSIONS The enzymatic activity of IDH1 was screened by directly analyzing the reaction content from the buffer in well plates with no sample cleanup steps. This proof-of-concept study demonstrates the robustness of IR-MALDESI for direct analysis of enzymatic reactions from biological buffers with no sample cleanup and its immense potential for HTS applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milad Nazari
- W. M. Keck FTMS Laboratory for Human Health Research, Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695
| | - Måns Ekelöf
- W. M. Keck FTMS Laboratory for Human Health Research, Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695
| | - Sitora Khodjaniyazova
- W. M. Keck FTMS Laboratory for Human Health Research, Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695
| | | | | | - David C. Muddiman
- W. M. Keck FTMS Laboratory for Human Health Research, Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695
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49
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Bokhart MT, Manni J, Garrard KP, Ekelöf M, Nazari M, Muddiman DC. IR-MALDESI Mass Spectrometry Imaging at 50 Micron Spatial Resolution. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2017; 28:2099-2107. [PMID: 28721672 PMCID: PMC5693761 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-017-1740-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Revised: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
High spatial resolution in mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) is crucial to understanding the biology dictated by molecular distributions in complex tissue systems. Here, we present MSI using infrared matrix-assisted laser desorption electrospray ionization (IR-MALDESI) at 50 μm resolution. An adjustable iris, beam expander, and an aspherical focusing lens were used to reduce tissue ablation diameters for MSI at high resolution. The laser beam caustic was modeled using laser ablation paper to calculate relevant laser beam characteristics. The minimum laser spot diameter on the tissue was determined using tissue staining and microscopy. Finally, the newly constructed optical system was used to image hen ovarian tissue with and without oversampling, detailing tissue features at 50 μm resolution. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark T Bokhart
- W.M. Keck FTMS Laboratory for Human Health Research, Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | | | - Kenneth P Garrard
- W.M. Keck FTMS Laboratory for Human Health Research, Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
- Precision Engineering Consortium, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Måns Ekelöf
- W.M. Keck FTMS Laboratory for Human Health Research, Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Milad Nazari
- W.M. Keck FTMS Laboratory for Human Health Research, Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - David C Muddiman
- W.M. Keck FTMS Laboratory for Human Health Research, Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA.
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50
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Nazari M, Malico AA, Ekelöf M, Lund S, Williams GJ, Muddiman DC. Direct analysis of terpenes from biological buffer systems using SESI and IR-MALDESI. Anal Bioanal Chem 2017; 410:953-962. [PMID: 28819677 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0570-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Terpenes are the largest class of natural products with a wide range of applications including use as pharmaceuticals, fragrances, flavorings, and agricultural products. Terpenes are biosynthesized by the condensation of a variable number of isoprene units resulting in linear polyisoprene diphosphate units, which can then be cyclized by terpene synthases into a range of complex structures. While these cyclic structures have immense diversity and potential in different applications, their direct analysis in biological buffer systems requires intensive sample preparation steps such as salt cleanup, extraction with organic solvents, and chromatographic separations. Electrospray post-ionization can be used to circumvent many sample cleanup and desalting steps. SESI and IR-MALDESI are two examples of ionization methods that employ electrospray post-ionization at atmospheric pressure and temperature. By coupling the two techniques and doping the electrospray solvent with silver ions, olefinic terpenes of different classes and varying degrees of volatility were directly analyzed from a biological buffer system with no sample workup steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milad Nazari
- W. M. Keck FTMS Laboratory for Human Health Research, Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA.,Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Alexandra A Malico
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Måns Ekelöf
- W. M. Keck FTMS Laboratory for Human Health Research, Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA.,Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Sean Lund
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA.,, Amyris Inc, 5885 Hollis St Ste., Emeryville, CA, 94608, USA
| | - Gavin J Williams
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA.,Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - David C Muddiman
- W. M. Keck FTMS Laboratory for Human Health Research, Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA. .,Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA.
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