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Sasaki A, Takeda D, Kawai H, Tadokoro Y, Murakami A, Yatagai N, Arimoto S, Nagatsuka H, Akashi M, Hasegawa T. Transcutaneous carbon dioxide suppresses skeletal muscle atrophy in a mouse model of oral squamous cell carcinoma. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0302194. [PMID: 38630690 PMCID: PMC11023300 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0302194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer cachexia causes skeletal muscle atrophy, impacting the treatment and prognosis of patients with advanced cancer, but no treatment has yet been established to control cancer cachexia. We demonstrated that transcutaneous application of carbon dioxide (CO2) could improve local blood flow and reduce skeletal muscle atrophy in a fracture model. However, the effects of transcutaneous application of CO2 in cancer-bearing conditions are not yet known. In this study, we calculated fat-free body mass (FFM), defined as the skeletal muscle mass, and evaluated the expression of muscle atrophy markers and uncoupling protein markers as well as the cross-sectional area (CSA) to investigate whether transcutaneous application of CO2 to skeletal muscle could suppress skeletal muscle atrophy in cancer-bearing mice. Human oral squamous cell carcinoma was transplanted subcutaneously into the upper dorsal region of nude mice, and 1 week later, CO2 gas was applied to the legs twice a week for 4 weeks and FFM was calculated by bioimpedance spectroscopy. After the experiment concluded, the quadriceps were extracted, and muscle atrophy markers (muscle atrophy F-box protein (MAFbx), muscle RING-finger protein 1 (MuRF-1)) and uncoupling protein markers (uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2) and uncoupling protein 3 (UCP3)) were evaluated by real-time polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemical staining, and CSA by hematoxylin and eosin staining. The CO2-treated group exhibited significant mRNA and protein expression inhibition of the four markers. Furthermore, immunohistochemical staining showed decreased MAFbx, MuRF-1, UCP2, and UCP3 in the CO2-treated group. In fact, the CSA in hematoxylin and eosin staining and the FFM revealed significant suppression of skeletal muscle atrophy in the CO2-treated group. We suggest that transcutaneous application of CO2 to skeletal muscle suppresses skeletal muscle atrophy in a mouse model of oral squamous cell carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aki Sasaki
- Department of Oral Maxillofacial Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Daisuke Takeda
- Department of Oral Maxillofacial Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Hotaka Kawai
- Department of Oral Pathology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Tadokoro
- Department of Oral Maxillofacial Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Aki Murakami
- Department of Oral Maxillofacial Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Nanae Yatagai
- Department of Oral Maxillofacial Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Satomi Arimoto
- Department of Oral Maxillofacial Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Nagatsuka
- Department of Oral Pathology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Masaya Akashi
- Department of Oral Maxillofacial Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Takumi Hasegawa
- Department of Oral Maxillofacial Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
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Lei T, Rui Y, Xiaoshuang Z, Jinglan Z, Jihong Z. Mitochondria transcription and cancer. Cell Death Discov 2024; 10:168. [PMID: 38589371 PMCID: PMC11001877 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-024-01926-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are major organelles involved in several processes related to energy supply, metabolism, and cell proliferation. The mitochondria function is transcriptionally regulated by mitochondria DNA (mtDNA), which encodes the key proteins in the electron transport chain that is indispensable for oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). Mitochondrial transcriptional abnormalities are closely related to a variety of human diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases, and diabetes. The mitochondria transcription is regulated by the mtDNA, mitochondrial RNA polymerase (POLRMT), two transcription factors (TFAM and TF2BM), one transcription elongation (TEFM), and one known transcription termination factor (mTERFs). Dysregulation of these factors directly leads to altered expression of mtDNA in tumor cells, resulting in cellular metabolic reprogramming and mitochondrial dysfunction. This dysregulation plays a role in modulating tumor progression. Therefore, understanding the role of mitochondrial transcription in cancer can have implications for cancer diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment. Targeting mitochondrial transcription or related pathways may provide potential therapeutic strategies for cancer treatment. Additionally, assessing mitochondrial transcriptional profiles or biomarkers in cancer cells or patient samples may offer diagnostic or prognostic information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tang Lei
- Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Yu Rui
- Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Zhou Xiaoshuang
- Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Zhang Jinglan
- Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Zhang Jihong
- Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China.
- Yunnan Province Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, Kunming, China.
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Beaudry AG, Law ML, Gilley-Connor KR, Buley H, Dungan CM, Nascimento CMC, Vichaya EG, Wiggs MP. Diet-induced obesity does not exacerbate cachexia in male mice bearing Lewis-lung carcinoma tumors. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2024; 326:R254-R265. [PMID: 38252513 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00208.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Cachexia is a muscle-wasting syndrome commonly observed in patients with cancer, which can significantly worsen clinical outcomes. Because of a global rise in obesity, the coexistence of cachexia in obese individuals poses unique challenges, with the impact of excessive adiposity on cachexia severity and underlying pathophysiology not well defined. Understanding the interplay between cachexia and obesity is crucial for improving diagnosis and treatment strategies for these patients; therefore, the present study examined differences in cachexia between lean and obese mice bearing Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) tumors. Nine-week-old, male C57Bl6J mice were placed on either a chow or a high-fat diet (HFD) for 9 wk. After the diet intervention, mice were inoculated with LLC or vehicle. Markers of cachexia, such as body and muscle loss, were noted in both chow and HFD groups with tumors. Tumor weight of HFD animals was greater than that of chow. LLC tumors reduced gastrocnemius, plantaris, and soleus mass, regardless of diet. The tibialis anterior and plantaris mass and cross-sectional area of type IIb/x fibers in the gastrocnemius were not different between HFD-chow, HFD-tumor, and chow-tumor. Using RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) of the plantaris muscle from chow-tumor and HFD-tumor groups, we identified ∼400 differentially expressed genes. Bioinformatic analysis identified changes in lipid metabolism, mitochondria, bioenergetics, and proteasome degradation. Atrophy was not greater despite larger tumor burden in animals fed an HFD, and RNA-seq data suggests that partial protection is mediated through differences in mitochondrial function and protein degradation, which may serve as future mechanistic targets.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study provides timely information on the interaction between obesity and cancer cachexia. Lean and obese animals show signs of cachexia with reduced body weight, adipose tissue, and gastrocnemius muscle mass. There was not significant wasting in the tibialis anterior, plantaris, or fast twitch fibers in the gastrocnemius muscle of obese animals with tumors. RNA-seq analysis reveals that obese tumor bearing animals had differential expression of mitochondria- and degradation-related genes, which may direct future studies in mechanistic research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna G Beaudry
- Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, United States
| | - Michelle L Law
- Department of Human Sciences and Design, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, United States
| | - Kayla R Gilley-Connor
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, United States
| | - Hailey Buley
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, United States
| | - Cory M Dungan
- Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, United States
| | | | - Elisabeth G Vichaya
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, United States
| | - Michael P Wiggs
- Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, United States
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Boutière M, Cottet‐Rousselle C, Coppard C, Couturier K, Féart C, Couchet M, Corne C, Moinard C, Breuillard C. Protein intake in cancer: Does it improve nutritional status and/or modify tumour response to chemotherapy? J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2023; 14:2003-2015. [PMID: 37667552 PMCID: PMC10570073 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.13276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Combating malnutrition and cachexia is a core challenge in oncology. To limit muscle mass loss, the use of proteins in cancer is encouraged by experts in the field, but it is still debated due to their antagonist effects. Indeed, a high protein intake could preserve lean body mass but may promote tumour growth, whereas a low-protein diet could reduce tumour size but without addressing cachexia. Here we used a realistic rodent model of cancer and chemotherapy to evaluate the influence of different protein intakes on cachexia, tumour response to chemotherapy and immune system response. The goal is to gain a closer understanding of the effect of protein intake in cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy. METHODS Female Fischer 344 rats were divided into six groups: five groups (n = 14 per group) with cancer (Ward colon tumour) and chemotherapy were fed with isocaloric diets with 8%, 12%, 16%, 24% or 32% of caloric intake from protein and one healthy control group (n = 8) fed a 16% protein diet, considered as a standard diet. Chemotherapy included two cycles, 1 week apart, each consisting of an injection of CPT-11 (50 mg/kg) followed by 5-fluorouracil (50 mg/kg) the day after. Food intake, body weight, and tumour size were measured daily. On day 9, the rats were euthanized and organs were weighed. Body composition was determined and protein content and protein synthesis (SUnSET method) were measured in the muscle, liver, intestine, and tumour. Immune function was explored by flow cytometry. RESULTS Cancer and chemotherapy led to a decrease in body weight characterized by a decrease of both fat mass (-56 ± 3%, P < 0.05) and fat-free mass (-8 ± 1%, P < 0.05). Surprisingly, there was no effect of protein diet on body composition, muscle or tumour parameters (weight, protein content, or protein synthesis) but a high cumulative protein intake was positively associated with a high relative body weight and high fat-free mass. The immune system was impacted by cancer and chemotherapy but not by the different amount of protein intake. CONCLUSIONS Using a realistic model of cancer and chemotherapy, we demonstrated for the first time that protein intake did not positively or negatively modulate tumour growth. Moreover, our results suggested that a high cumulative protein intake was able to improve moderately nutritional status in chemotherapy treated cancer rodents. Although this work cannot be evaluated clinically for ethical reasons, it nevertheless brings an essential contribution to nutrition management for cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Boutière
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Laboratory of Fundamental and Applied Bioenergetics (LBFA)GrenobleFrance
| | - Cécile Cottet‐Rousselle
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Laboratory of Fundamental and Applied Bioenergetics (LBFA)GrenobleFrance
| | - Céline Coppard
- Université Grenoble Alpes, INSERM, CNRS, Institute for Advanced Biosciences (IAB)GrenobleFrance
| | - Karine Couturier
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Laboratory of Fundamental and Applied Bioenergetics (LBFA)GrenobleFrance
| | | | - Morgane Couchet
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Laboratory of Fundamental and Applied Bioenergetics (LBFA)GrenobleFrance
| | - Christelle Corne
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble Alpes University Hospital, Institute of Biology, Laboratory of Metabolic DiseasesGrenobleFrance
| | - Christophe Moinard
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Laboratory of Fundamental and Applied Bioenergetics (LBFA)GrenobleFrance
| | - Charlotte Breuillard
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Laboratory of Fundamental and Applied Bioenergetics (LBFA)GrenobleFrance
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Xie K, He D, Zhao T, Liu T, Tang M. Gastric Cancer with Sarcopenia: an Area Worth Focusing On. Curr Treat Options Oncol 2023; 24:1305-1327. [PMID: 37464229 DOI: 10.1007/s11864-023-01122-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
OPINION STATEMENT Gastric cancer (GC) is the fifth most common cancer and the third leading cause of cancer death worldwide, which seriously endangers human health. A number of studies have shown that sarcopenia occurs more frequently in patients with gastric cancer than in the general population and can significantly affect the disease status and survival of patients, which is of great significance in predicting the prognosis of gastric cancer. Patients with gastric cancer may suffer sarcopenia no matter before or after surgery, and the pathogenesis is complex. Abnormal nutrient metabolism and reduced exercise are the leading causes. In addition, surgical treatment and chemotherapy for gastric cancer might participate in the physiological and pathological mechanism of sarcopenia. Generally speaking, exercise and nutritional therapy are the main prevention and treatment methods for sarcopenia. But more prospective evidence is needed to establish reasonable interventions, and other drug treatments are in their infancy. For the diagnostic criteria of sarcopenia, the cut-off values of the skeletal muscle mass index obtained from CT images vary widely and need to be standardized and unified. We also need to explore simple predictors to facilitate sarcopenia risk assessment. More research is needed to formulate more appropriate treatments for gastric cancer patients with sarcopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiqiang Xie
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
- The Hunan Institute of Pharmacy Practice and Clinical Research, Changsha, 410008, China
- Institute of Hospital Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Danling He
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Tingyu Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
- The Hunan Institute of Pharmacy Practice and Clinical Research, Changsha, 410008, China
- Institute of Hospital Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Ting Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
- The Hunan Institute of Pharmacy Practice and Clinical Research, Changsha, 410008, China
- Institute of Hospital Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Mimi Tang
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China.
- The Hunan Institute of Pharmacy Practice and Clinical Research, Changsha, 410008, China.
- Institute of Hospital Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.
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6
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Esteves M, Duarte M, Oliveira PA, Gil da Costa RM, Monteiro MP, Duarte JA. SKELETAL MUSCLE SENSITIVITY TO WASTING INDUCED BY UROTHELIAL CARCINOMA. Exp Oncol 2023; 45:107-119. [PMID: 37417276 DOI: 10.15407/exp-oncology.2023.01.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Skeletal muscle wasting is a common phenotypic feature of several types of cancer, and it is associated with functional impairment, respiratory complications, and fatigue. However, equivocal evidence remains regarding the impact of cancer-induced muscle wasting on the different fiber types. AIM The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of urothelial carcinoma induced in mice on the histomorphometric features and collagen deposition in different skeletal muscles. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirteen ICR (CD1) male mice were randomly assigned into two groups: exposed to 0.05% N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl) nitrosamine (BBN) in drinking water for 12 weeks, plus 8 weeks of tap water (BBN, n = 8) or with access to tap water for 20 weeks (CONT, n = 5). Tibialis anterior, soleus, and diaphragm muscles were collected from all animals. For cross-sectional area and myonuclear domain analysis, muscle sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin, and for collagen deposition assessment, muscle sections were stained with picrosirius red. RESULTS All animals from the BBN group developed urothelial preneoplastic and neoplastic lesions, and the tibialis anterior from these animals presented a reduced cross-sectional area (p < 0.001), with a decreased proportion of fibers with a higher cross-sectional area, increased collagen deposition (p = 0.017), and higher myonuclear domain (p = 0.031). BBN mice also showed a higher myonuclear domain in the diaphragm (p = 0.015). CONCLUSION Urothelial carcinoma induced muscle wasting of the tibialis anterior, expressed by a decreased cross-sectional area, higher infiltration of fibrotic tissue, and increased myonuclear domain, which also increased in the diaphragm, suggesting that fast glycolytic muscle fibers are more susceptible to be affected by cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Esteves
- FP-I3ID, FP-BHS, Escola Superior de Saúde Fernando Pessoa, Porto 4200-450, Portugal
- Research Center in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure (CIAFEL), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
| | - M Duarte
- Research Center in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure (CIAFEL), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
| | - P A Oliveira
- Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-food Production (Inov4Agro), Centre for Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB): Clinical Academic Centre, Vila Real, Portugal
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - R M Gil da Costa
- Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-food Production (Inov4Agro), Centre for Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB): Clinical Academic Centre, Vila Real, Portugal
- Postgraduate Programme in Adult Health (PPGSAD), Federal University of Maranhão (UFMA), São Luís, Brazil
- Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, Research Center of IPO Porto (CI-IPOP)/RISE@CI-IPOP (Health Research Network), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto), Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (Porto.CCC), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
- LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering (ALiCE), Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - M P Monteiro
- UMIB - Unidade Multidisciplinar de Investigação Biomédica, ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- ITR - Laboratory of Integrative and Translocation Research in Population Health, Porto, Portugal
| | - J A Duarte
- TOXRUN - Toxicology Research Unit, University Institute of Health Sciences, CESPU, CRL, Gandra, Portugal
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Martin A, Gallot YS, Freyssenet D. Molecular mechanisms of cancer cachexia-related loss of skeletal muscle mass: data analysis from preclinical and clinical studies. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2023; 14:1150-1167. [PMID: 36864755 PMCID: PMC10235899 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.13073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer cachexia is a systemic hypoanabolic and catabolic syndrome that diminishes the quality of life of cancer patients, decreases the efficiency of therapeutic strategies and ultimately contributes to decrease their lifespan. The depletion of skeletal muscle compartment, which represents the primary site of protein loss during cancer cachexia, is of very poor prognostic in cancer patients. In this review, we provide an extensive and comparative analysis of the molecular mechanisms involved in the regulation of skeletal muscle mass in human cachectic cancer patients and in animal models of cancer cachexia. We summarize data from preclinical and clinical studies investigating how the protein turnover is regulated in cachectic skeletal muscle and question to what extent the transcriptional and translational capacities, as well as the proteolytic capacity (ubiquitin-proteasome system, autophagy-lysosome system and calpains) of skeletal muscle are involved in the cachectic syndrome in human and animals. We also wonder how regulatory mechanisms such as insulin/IGF1-AKT-mTOR pathway, endoplasmic reticulum stress and unfolded protein response, oxidative stress, inflammation (cytokines and downstream IL1ß/TNFα-NF-κB and IL6-JAK-STAT3 pathways), TGF-ß signalling pathways (myostatin/activin A-SMAD2/3 and BMP-SMAD1/5/8 pathways), as well as glucocorticoid signalling, modulate skeletal muscle proteostasis in cachectic cancer patients and animals. Finally, a brief description of the effects of various therapeutic strategies in preclinical models is also provided. Differences in the molecular and biochemical responses of skeletal muscle to cancer cachexia between human and animals (protein turnover rates, regulation of ubiquitin-proteasome system and myostatin/activin A-SMAD2/3 signalling pathways) are highlighted and discussed. Identifying the various and intertwined mechanisms that are deregulated during cancer cachexia and understanding why they are decontrolled will provide therapeutic targets for the treatment of skeletal muscle wasting in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnès Martin
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité EA 7424, Univ LyonUniversité Jean Monnet Saint‐EtienneSaint‐Priest‐en‐JarezFrance
| | - Yann S. Gallot
- LBEPS, Univ Evry, IRBA, Université Paris SaclayEvryFrance
| | - Damien Freyssenet
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité EA 7424, Univ LyonUniversité Jean Monnet Saint‐EtienneSaint‐Priest‐en‐JarezFrance
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8
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Setiawan T, Sari IN, Wijaya YT, Julianto NM, Muhammad JA, Lee H, Chae JH, Kwon HY. Cancer cachexia: molecular mechanisms and treatment strategies. J Hematol Oncol 2023; 16:54. [PMID: 37217930 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-023-01454-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Muscle wasting is a consequence of physiological changes or a pathology characterized by increased catabolic activity that leads to progressive loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength. Numerous diseases, including cancer, organ failure, infection, and aging-associated diseases, are associated with muscle wasting. Cancer cachexia is a multifactorial syndrome characterized by loss of skeletal muscle mass, with or without the loss of fat mass, resulting in functional impairment and reduced quality of life. It is caused by the upregulation of systemic inflammation and catabolic stimuli, leading to inhibition of protein synthesis and enhancement of muscle catabolism. Here, we summarize the complex molecular networks that regulate muscle mass and function. Moreover, we describe complex multi-organ roles in cancer cachexia. Although cachexia is one of the main causes of cancer-related deaths, there are still no approved drugs for cancer cachexia. Thus, we compiled recent ongoing pre-clinical and clinical trials and further discussed potential therapeutic approaches for cancer cachexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Setiawan
- Department of Integrated Biomedical Science, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan-Si, 31151, Republic of Korea
| | - Ita Novita Sari
- Soonchunhyang Institute of Medi-Bio Science (SIMS), Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan-Si, 31151, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos, Singapore, 138673, Republic of Singapore
| | - Yoseph Toni Wijaya
- Department of Integrated Biomedical Science, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan-Si, 31151, Republic of Korea
| | - Nadya Marcelina Julianto
- Department of Integrated Biomedical Science, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan-Si, 31151, Republic of Korea
| | - Jabir Aliyu Muhammad
- Department of Integrated Biomedical Science, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan-Si, 31151, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeok Lee
- Department of Integrated Biomedical Science, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan-Si, 31151, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Heon Chae
- Department of Integrated Biomedical Science, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan-Si, 31151, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyog Young Kwon
- Department of Integrated Biomedical Science, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan-Si, 31151, Republic of Korea.
- Soonchunhyang Institute of Medi-Bio Science (SIMS), Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan-Si, 31151, Republic of Korea.
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9
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Unveiling the Role of the Proton Gateway, Uncoupling Proteins (UCPs), in Cancer Cachexia. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15051407. [PMID: 36900198 PMCID: PMC10000250 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15051407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Uncoupling proteins (UCPs) are identified as carriers of proton ions between the mitochondrial inner membrane and the mitochondrial matrix. ATP is mainly generated through oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria. The proton gradient is generated across the inner mitochondrial membrane and the mitochondrial matrix, which facilitates a smooth transfer of electrons across ETC complexes. Until now, it was thought that the role of UCPs was to break the electron transport chain and thereby inhibit the synthesis of ATP. UCPs allow protons to pass from the inner mitochondrial membrane to the mitochondrial matrix and decrease the proton gradient across the membrane, which results in decreased ATP synthesis and increased production of heat by mitochondria. In recent years, the role of UCPs in other physiological processes has been deciphered. In this review, we first highlighted the different types of UCPs and their precise location across the body. Second, we summarized the role of UCPs in different diseases, mainly metabolic disorders such as obesity and diabetes, cardiovascular complications, cancer, wasting syndrome, neurodegenerative diseases, and kidney complications. Based on our findings, we conclude that UCPs play a major role in maintaining energy homeostasis, mitochondrial functions, ROS production, and apoptosis. Finally, our findings reveal that mitochondrial uncoupling by UCPs may treat many diseases, and extensive clinical studies are required to meet the unmet need of certain diseases.
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10
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Delfinis LJ, Bellissimo CA, Gandhi S, DiBenedetto SN, Garibotti MC, Thuhan AK, Tsitkanou S, Rosa-Caldwell ME, Rahman FA, Cheng AJ, Wiggs MP, Schlattner U, Quadrilatero J, Greene NP, Perry CG. Muscle weakness precedes atrophy during cancer cachexia and is linked to muscle-specific mitochondrial stress. JCI Insight 2022; 7:155147. [PMID: 36346680 PMCID: PMC9869968 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.155147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscle weakness and wasting are defining features of cancer-induced cachexia. Mitochondrial stress occurs before atrophy in certain muscles, but the possibility of heterogeneous responses between muscles and across time remains unclear. Using mice inoculated with Colon-26 cancer, we demonstrate that specific force production was reduced in quadriceps and diaphragm at 2 weeks in the absence of atrophy. At this time, pyruvate-supported mitochondrial respiration was lower in quadriceps while mitochondrial H2O2 emission was elevated in diaphragm. By 4 weeks, atrophy occurred in both muscles, but specific force production increased to control levels in quadriceps such that reductions in absolute force were due entirely to atrophy. Specific force production remained reduced in diaphragm. Mitochondrial respiration increased and H2O2 emission was unchanged in both muscles versus control while mitochondrial creatine sensitivity was reduced in quadriceps. These findings indicate muscle weakness precedes atrophy and is linked to heterogeneous mitochondrial alterations that could involve adaptive responses to metabolic stress. Eventual muscle-specific restorations in specific force and bioenergetics highlight how the effects of cancer on one muscle do not predict the response in another muscle. Exploring heterogeneous responses of muscle to cancer may reveal new mechanisms underlying distinct sensitivities, or resistance, to cancer cachexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca J. Delfinis
- Muscle Health Research Centre, School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Health, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Catherine A. Bellissimo
- Muscle Health Research Centre, School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Health, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shivam Gandhi
- Muscle Health Research Centre, School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Health, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sara N. DiBenedetto
- Muscle Health Research Centre, School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Health, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Madison C. Garibotti
- Muscle Health Research Centre, School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Health, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Arshdeep K. Thuhan
- Muscle Health Research Centre, School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Health, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stavroula Tsitkanou
- Cachexia Research Laboratory, Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, College of Education and Health Professions, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA
| | - Megan E. Rosa-Caldwell
- Cachexia Research Laboratory, Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, College of Education and Health Professions, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA
| | - Fasih A. Rahman
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, Faculty of Health, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Arthur J. Cheng
- Muscle Health Research Centre, School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Health, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael P. Wiggs
- Mooney Lab for Exercise, Nutrition, and Biochemistry, Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, USA
| | - Uwe Schlattner
- Laboratory of Fundamental and Applied Bioenergetics, University Grenoble Alpes and INSERM U1055, Grenoble, France, and Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
| | - Joe Quadrilatero
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, Faculty of Health, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nicholas P. Greene
- Cachexia Research Laboratory, Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, College of Education and Health Professions, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA
| | - Christopher G.R. Perry
- Muscle Health Research Centre, School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Health, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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11
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Dolly A, Lecomte T, Tabchouri N, Caulet M, Michot N, Anon B, Chautard R, Desvignes Y, Ouaissi M, Fromont-Hankard G, Dumas JF, Servais S. Pectoralis major muscle atrophy is associated with mitochondrial energy wasting in cachectic patients with gastrointestinal cancer. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2022; 13:1837-1849. [PMID: 35316572 PMCID: PMC9178397 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.12984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer cachexia is a multifactorial syndrome characterized by involuntary and pathological weight loss, mainly due to skeletal muscle wasting, resulting in a decrease in patients' quality of life, response to cancer treatments, and survival. Our objective was to investigate skeletal muscle alterations in cachectic cancer patients. METHODS This is a prospective study of patients managed for pancreatic or colorectal cancer with an indication for systemic chemotherapy (METERMUCADIG - NCT02573974). One lumbar CT image was used to determine body composition. Patients were divided into three groups [8 noncachectic (NC), 18 with mild cachexia (MC), and 19 with severe cachexia (SC)] based on the severity of weight loss and muscle mass. For each patient, a pectoralis major muscle biopsy was collected at the time of implantable chamber placement. We used high-resolution oxygraphy to measure mitochondrial muscle oxygen consumption on permeabilized muscle fibres. We also performed optical and electron microscopy analyses, as well as gene and protein expression analyses. RESULTS Forty-five patients were included. Patients were 67% male, aged 67 years (interquartile range, 59-77). Twenty-three (51%) and 22 (49%) patients were managed for pancreatic and colorectal cancer, respectively. Our results show a positive correlation between median myofibres area and skeletal muscle index (P = 0.0007). Cancer cachexia was associated with a decrease in MAFbx protein expression (P < 0.01), a marker of proteolysis through the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. Mitochondrial oxygen consumption related to energy wasting was significantly increased (SC vs. NC, P = 0.028) and mitochondrial area tended to increase (SC vs. MC, P = 0.056) in SC patients. On the contrary, mitochondria content and networks remain unaltered in cachectic cancer patients. Finally, our results show no dysfunction in lipid storage and endoplasmic reticulum homeostasis. CONCLUSIONS This clinical protocol brings unique data that provide new insight to mechanisms underlying muscle wasting in cancer cachexia. We report for the first time an increase in mitochondrial energy wasting in the skeletal muscle of severe cachectic cancer patients. Additional clinical studies are essential to further the exploring and understanding of these alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeline Dolly
- Université de Tours, Inserm UMR1069, Nutrition, Croissance et Cancer, Tours, France
| | - Thierry Lecomte
- Université de Tours, Inserm UMR1069, Nutrition, Croissance et Cancer, Tours, France.,Department of hepatogastroenterology and digestive oncology, University Hospital of Tours, Tours, France
| | - Nicolas Tabchouri
- Department of Digestive, Oncological, Endocrine, Hepato-Biliary, Pancreatic and Liver Transplant Surgery, University Hospital of Tours, Tours, France
| | - Morgane Caulet
- Department of hepatogastroenterology and digestive oncology, University Hospital of Tours, Tours, France
| | - Nicolas Michot
- Department of Digestive, Oncological, Endocrine, Hepato-Biliary, Pancreatic and Liver Transplant Surgery, University Hospital of Tours, Tours, France
| | - Benjamin Anon
- Department of hepatogastroenterology and digestive oncology, University Hospital of Tours, Tours, France
| | - Romain Chautard
- Department of hepatogastroenterology and digestive oncology, University Hospital of Tours, Tours, France
| | - Yoann Desvignes
- Delegation for Clinical Research and Innovation (DRCI), University Hospital of Tours, Tours, France
| | - Mehdi Ouaissi
- Department of Digestive, Oncological, Endocrine, Hepato-Biliary, Pancreatic and Liver Transplant Surgery, University Hospital of Tours, Tours, France
| | - Gaëlle Fromont-Hankard
- Université de Tours, Inserm UMR1069, Nutrition, Croissance et Cancer, Tours, France.,Department of Pathology, University Hospital of Tours, Tours, France
| | - Jean-François Dumas
- Université de Tours, Inserm UMR1069, Nutrition, Croissance et Cancer, Tours, France
| | - Stéphane Servais
- Université de Tours, Inserm UMR1069, Nutrition, Croissance et Cancer, Tours, France
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12
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Allen SL, Seabright AP, Quinlan JI, Dhaliwal A, Williams FR, Fine NHF, Hodson DJ, Armstrong MJ, Elsharkaway AM, Greig CA, Lai YC, Lord JM, Lavery GG, Breen L. The Effect of Ex Vivo Human Serum from Liver Disease Patients on Cellular Protein Synthesis and Growth. Cells 2022; 11:cells11071098. [PMID: 35406665 PMCID: PMC8997893 DOI: 10.3390/cells11071098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Sarcopenia is a common complication affecting liver disease patients, yet the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. We aimed to elucidate the cellular mechanisms that drive sarcopenia progression using an in vitro model of liver disease. C2C12 myotubes were serum and amino acid starved for 1-h and subsequently conditioned with fasted ex vivo serum from four non-cirrhotic non-alcoholic fatty liver disease patients (NAFLD), four decompensated end-stage liver disease patients (ESLD) and four age-matched healthy controls (CON) for 4- or 24-h. After 4-h C2C12 myotubes were treated with an anabolic stimulus (5 mM leucine) for 30-min. Myotube diameter was reduced following treatment with serum from ESLD compared with CON (−45%) and NAFLD (−35%; p < 0.001 for both). A reduction in maximal mitochondrial respiration (24% and 29%, respectively), coupling efficiency (~12%) and mitophagy (~13%) was identified in myotubes conditioned with NAFLD and ESLD serum compared with CON (p < 0.05 for both). Myostatin (43%, p = 0.04) and MuRF-1 (41%, p = 0.03) protein content was elevated in myotubes treated with ESLD serum compared with CON. Here we highlight a novel, experimental platform to further probe changes in circulating markers associated with liver disease that may drive sarcopenia and develop targeted therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie L. Allen
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (S.L.A.); (A.P.S.); (J.I.Q.); (C.A.G.); (Y.-C.L.)
- National Institute for Health Research, Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (A.D.); (F.R.W.); (M.J.A.); (A.M.E.); (J.M.L.); (G.G.L.)
| | - Alex P. Seabright
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (S.L.A.); (A.P.S.); (J.I.Q.); (C.A.G.); (Y.-C.L.)
| | - Jonathan I. Quinlan
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (S.L.A.); (A.P.S.); (J.I.Q.); (C.A.G.); (Y.-C.L.)
- National Institute for Health Research, Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (A.D.); (F.R.W.); (M.J.A.); (A.M.E.); (J.M.L.); (G.G.L.)
| | - Amritpal Dhaliwal
- National Institute for Health Research, Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (A.D.); (F.R.W.); (M.J.A.); (A.M.E.); (J.M.L.); (G.G.L.)
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
- Liver Unit, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, Nuffield House, Mindelsohn Way, Birmingham B15 2TH, UK
| | - Felicity R. Williams
- National Institute for Health Research, Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (A.D.); (F.R.W.); (M.J.A.); (A.M.E.); (J.M.L.); (G.G.L.)
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
- Liver Unit, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, Nuffield House, Mindelsohn Way, Birmingham B15 2TH, UK
| | - Nicholas H. F. Fine
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (N.H.F.F.); (D.J.H.)
| | - David J. Hodson
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (N.H.F.F.); (D.J.H.)
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (OCDEM), NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hosptial, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK
| | - Matthew J. Armstrong
- National Institute for Health Research, Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (A.D.); (F.R.W.); (M.J.A.); (A.M.E.); (J.M.L.); (G.G.L.)
- Liver Unit, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, Nuffield House, Mindelsohn Way, Birmingham B15 2TH, UK
| | - Ahmed M. Elsharkaway
- National Institute for Health Research, Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (A.D.); (F.R.W.); (M.J.A.); (A.M.E.); (J.M.L.); (G.G.L.)
- Liver Unit, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, Nuffield House, Mindelsohn Way, Birmingham B15 2TH, UK
| | - Carolyn A. Greig
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (S.L.A.); (A.P.S.); (J.I.Q.); (C.A.G.); (Y.-C.L.)
- National Institute for Health Research, Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (A.D.); (F.R.W.); (M.J.A.); (A.M.E.); (J.M.L.); (G.G.L.)
- MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Yu-Chiang Lai
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (S.L.A.); (A.P.S.); (J.I.Q.); (C.A.G.); (Y.-C.L.)
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (N.H.F.F.); (D.J.H.)
- MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Janet M. Lord
- National Institute for Health Research, Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (A.D.); (F.R.W.); (M.J.A.); (A.M.E.); (J.M.L.); (G.G.L.)
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
- MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Gareth G. Lavery
- National Institute for Health Research, Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (A.D.); (F.R.W.); (M.J.A.); (A.M.E.); (J.M.L.); (G.G.L.)
- Department of Biosciences, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG1 8NS, UK
| | - Leigh Breen
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (S.L.A.); (A.P.S.); (J.I.Q.); (C.A.G.); (Y.-C.L.)
- National Institute for Health Research, Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (A.D.); (F.R.W.); (M.J.A.); (A.M.E.); (J.M.L.); (G.G.L.)
- MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
- Correspondence:
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13
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Towards Drug Repurposing in Cancer Cachexia: Potential Targets and Candidates. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14111084. [PMID: 34832866 PMCID: PMC8618795 DOI: 10.3390/ph14111084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
As a multifactorial and multiorgan syndrome, cancer cachexia is associated with decreased tolerance to antitumor treatments and increased morbidity and mortality rates. The current approaches for the treatment of this syndrome are not always effective and well established. Drug repurposing or repositioning consists of the investigation of pharmacological components that are already available or in clinical trials for certain diseases and explores if they can be used for new indications. Its advantages comparing to de novo drugs development are the reduced amount of time spent and costs. In this paper, we selected drugs already available or in clinical trials for non-cachexia indications and that are related to the pathways and molecular components involved in the different phenotypes of cancer cachexia syndrome. Thus, we introduce known drugs as possible candidates for drug repurposing in the treatment of cancer-induced cachexia.
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14
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Mallard J, Hucteau E, Hureau TJ, Pagano AF. Skeletal Muscle Deconditioning in Breast Cancer Patients Undergoing Chemotherapy: Current Knowledge and Insights From Other Cancers. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:719643. [PMID: 34595171 PMCID: PMC8476809 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.719643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer represents the most commonly diagnosed cancer while neoadjuvant and adjuvant chemotherapies are extensively used in order to reduce tumor development and improve disease-free survival. However, chemotherapy also leads to severe off-target side-effects resulting, together with the tumor itself, in major skeletal muscle deconditioning. This review first focuses on recent advances in both macroscopic changes and cellular mechanisms implicated in skeletal muscle deconditioning of breast cancer patients, particularly as a consequence of the chemotherapy treatment. To date, only six clinical studies used muscle biopsies in breast cancer patients and highlighted several important aspects of muscle deconditioning such as a decrease in muscle fibers cross-sectional area, a dysregulation of protein turnover balance and mitochondrial alterations. However, in comparison with the knowledge accumulated through decades of intensive research with many different animal and human models of muscle atrophy, more studies are necessary to obtain a comprehensive understanding of the cellular processes implicated in breast cancer-mediated muscle deconditioning. This understanding is indeed essential to ultimately lead to the implementation of efficient preventive strategies such as exercise, nutrition or pharmacological treatments. We therefore also discuss potential mechanisms implicated in muscle deconditioning by drawing a parallel with other cancer cachexia models of muscle wasting, both at the pre-clinical and clinical levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joris Mallard
- Institut de Cancérologie Strasbourg Europe (ICANS), Strasbourg, France.,Centre de Recherche en Biomédecine de Strasbourg (CRBS), Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle, UR 3072, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.,Faculté des Sciences du Sport, Centre Européen d'Enseignement de Recherche et d'Innovation en Physiologie de l'Exercice (CEERIPE), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Elyse Hucteau
- Institut de Cancérologie Strasbourg Europe (ICANS), Strasbourg, France.,Centre de Recherche en Biomédecine de Strasbourg (CRBS), Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle, UR 3072, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.,Faculté des Sciences du Sport, Centre Européen d'Enseignement de Recherche et d'Innovation en Physiologie de l'Exercice (CEERIPE), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Thomas J Hureau
- Centre de Recherche en Biomédecine de Strasbourg (CRBS), Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle, UR 3072, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.,Faculté des Sciences du Sport, Centre Européen d'Enseignement de Recherche et d'Innovation en Physiologie de l'Exercice (CEERIPE), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Allan F Pagano
- Centre de Recherche en Biomédecine de Strasbourg (CRBS), Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle, UR 3072, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.,Faculté des Sciences du Sport, Centre Européen d'Enseignement de Recherche et d'Innovation en Physiologie de l'Exercice (CEERIPE), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
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15
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Kitaoka Y, Miyazaki M, Kikuchi S. Voluntary exercise prevents abnormal muscle mitochondrial morphology in cancer cachexia mice. Physiol Rep 2021; 9:e15016. [PMID: 34427401 PMCID: PMC8383714 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to examine the effects of voluntary wheel running on cancer cachexia-induced mitochondrial alterations in mouse skeletal muscle. Mice bearing colon 26 adenocarcinoma (C26) were used as a model of cancer cachexia. C26 mice showed a lower gastrocnemius and plantaris muscle weight, but 4 weeks of voluntary exercise rescued these changes. Further, voluntary exercise attenuated observed declines in the levels of oxidative phosphorylation proteins and activities of citrate synthase and cytochrome c oxidase in the skeletal muscle of C26 mice. Among mitochondrial morphology regulatory proteins, mitofusin 2 (Mfn2) and dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) were decreased in the skeletal muscle of C26 mice, but exercise resulted in similar improvements as seen in markers of mitochondrial content. In isolated mitochondria, 4-hydroxynonenal and protein carbonyls were elevated in C26 mice, but exercise blunted the increases in these markers of oxidative stress. In addition, electron microscopy revealed that exercise alleviated the observed increase in the percentage of damaged mitochondria in C26 mice. These results suggest that voluntary exercise effectively counteracts mitochondrial dysfunction to mitigate muscle loss in cachexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Kitaoka
- Department of Human SciencesKanagawa UniversityYokohamaJapan
| | - Mitsunori Miyazaki
- Department of Integrative PhysiologyGraduate School of Biomedical and Health SciencesHiroshima UniversityHiroshimaJapan
- Department of Physical TherapySchool of Rehabilitation SciencesHealth Sciences University of HokkaidoIshikari‐TobetsuJapan
| | - Shin Kikuchi
- Department of Anatomy 1Sapporo Medical University School of MedicineSapporoJapan
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16
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Song J, Clark A, Wade CE, Wolf SE. Skeletal muscle wasting after a severe burn is a consequence of cachexia and sarcopenia. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2021; 45:1627-1633. [PMID: 34296448 PMCID: PMC9293203 DOI: 10.1002/jpen.2238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Muscle wasting is common and persistent in severely burned patients, worsened by immobilization during treatment. In this review, we posit two major phenotypes of muscle wasting after severe burn, cachexia and sarcopenia, each with distinguishing characteristics to result in muscle atrophy; these characteristics are also likely present in other critically ill populations. An online search was conducted from the PubMed database and other available online resources and we manually extracted published articles in a systematic mini review. We describe the current definitions and characteristics of cachexia and sarcopenia and relate these to muscle wasting after severe burn. We then discuss these putative mechanisms of muscle atrophy in this condition. Severe burn and immobilization have distinctive patterns in mediating muscle wasting and muscle atrophy. In considering these two pathological phenotypes (cachexia and sarcopenia), we propose two independent principal causes and mechanisms of muscle mass loss after burns: (1) inflammation-induced cachexia, leading to proteolysis and protein degradation, and (2) sarcopenia/immobility that signals inhibition of expected increases in protein synthesis in response to protein loss. Because both are present following severe burn, these should be considered independently in devising treatments. Discussing cachexia and sarcopenia as independent mechanisms of severe burn-initiated muscle wasting is explored. Recognition of these associated mechanisms will likely improve outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juquan Song
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Audra Clark
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas, Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Charles E Wade
- Center for Translational Injury Research and Department of Surgery, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Steven E Wolf
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
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17
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Sadek J, Hall DT, Colalillo B, Omer A, Tremblay AK, Sanguin‐Gendreau V, Muller W, Di Marco S, Bianchi ME, Gallouzi I. Pharmacological or genetic inhibition of iNOS prevents cachexia-mediated muscle wasting and its associated metabolism defects. EMBO Mol Med 2021; 13:e13591. [PMID: 34096686 PMCID: PMC8261493 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202013591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cachexia syndrome develops in patients with diseases such as cancer and sepsis and is characterized by progressive muscle wasting. While iNOS is one of the main effectors of cachexia, its mechanism of action and whether it could be targeted for therapy remains unexplored. Here, we show that iNOS knockout mice and mice treated with the clinically tested iNOS inhibitor GW274150 are protected against muscle wasting in models of both septic and cancer cachexia. We demonstrate that iNOS triggers muscle wasting by disrupting mitochondrial content, morphology, and energy production processes such as the TCA cycle and acylcarnitine transport. Notably, iNOS inhibits oxidative phosphorylation through impairment of complexes II and IV of the electron transport chain and reduces ATP production, leading to energetic stress, activation of AMPK, suppression of mTOR, and, ultimately, muscle atrophy. Importantly, all these effects were reversed by GW274150. Therefore, our data establish how iNOS induces muscle wasting under cachectic conditions and provide a proof of principle for the repurposing of iNOS inhibitors, such as GW274150 for the treatment of cachexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Sadek
- Department of BiochemistryMcGill UniversityMontrealQCCanada
- Rosalind & Morris Goodman Cancer Research CenterMcGill UniversityMontrealQCCanada
| | - Derek T Hall
- Department of BiochemistryMcGill UniversityMontrealQCCanada
- Rosalind & Morris Goodman Cancer Research CenterMcGill UniversityMontrealQCCanada
- Sprott Centre for Stem Cell ResearchRegenerative Medicine ProgramOttawa Hospital Research InstituteOttawaONCanada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular MedicineFaculty of MedicineUniversity of OttawaOttawaONCanada
| | - Bianca Colalillo
- Department of BiochemistryMcGill UniversityMontrealQCCanada
- Rosalind & Morris Goodman Cancer Research CenterMcGill UniversityMontrealQCCanada
| | - Amr Omer
- Department of BiochemistryMcGill UniversityMontrealQCCanada
- Rosalind & Morris Goodman Cancer Research CenterMcGill UniversityMontrealQCCanada
| | - Anne‐Marie K Tremblay
- Department of BiochemistryMcGill UniversityMontrealQCCanada
- Rosalind & Morris Goodman Cancer Research CenterMcGill UniversityMontrealQCCanada
| | - Virginie Sanguin‐Gendreau
- Department of BiochemistryMcGill UniversityMontrealQCCanada
- Rosalind & Morris Goodman Cancer Research CenterMcGill UniversityMontrealQCCanada
| | - William Muller
- Department of BiochemistryMcGill UniversityMontrealQCCanada
- Rosalind & Morris Goodman Cancer Research CenterMcGill UniversityMontrealQCCanada
| | - Sergio Di Marco
- Department of BiochemistryMcGill UniversityMontrealQCCanada
- Rosalind & Morris Goodman Cancer Research CenterMcGill UniversityMontrealQCCanada
| | - Marco Emilio Bianchi
- Division of Genetics and Cell BiologyChromatin Dynamics UnitIRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute and Vita‐Salute San Raffaele UniversityMilanItaly
| | - Imed‐Eddine Gallouzi
- Department of BiochemistryMcGill UniversityMontrealQCCanada
- Rosalind & Morris Goodman Cancer Research CenterMcGill UniversityMontrealQCCanada
- KAUST Smart‐Health Initiative and Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE) DivisionKing Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)JeddahSaudi Arabia
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18
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Hyatt HW, Powers SK. Mitochondrial Dysfunction Is a Common Denominator Linking Skeletal Muscle Wasting Due to Disease, Aging, and Prolonged Inactivity. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10040588. [PMID: 33920468 PMCID: PMC8070615 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10040588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle is the most abundant tissue in the body and is required for numerous vital functions, including breathing and locomotion. Notably, deterioration of skeletal muscle mass is also highly correlated to mortality in patients suffering from chronic diseases (e.g., cancer). Numerous conditions can promote skeletal muscle wasting, including several chronic diseases, cancer chemotherapy, aging, and prolonged inactivity. Although the mechanisms responsible for this loss of muscle mass is multifactorial, mitochondrial dysfunction is predicted to be a major contributor to muscle wasting in various conditions. This systematic review will highlight the biochemical pathways that have been shown to link mitochondrial dysfunction to skeletal muscle wasting. Importantly, we will discuss the experimental evidence that connects mitochondrial dysfunction to muscle wasting in specific diseases (i.e., cancer and sepsis), aging, cancer chemotherapy, and prolonged muscle inactivity (e.g., limb immobilization). Finally, in hopes of stimulating future research, we conclude with a discussion of important future directions for research in the field of muscle wasting.
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19
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Martin A, Freyssenet D. Phenotypic features of cancer cachexia-related loss of skeletal muscle mass and function: lessons from human and animal studies. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2021; 12:252-273. [PMID: 33783983 PMCID: PMC8061402 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.12678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cachexia is a complex multi-organ catabolic syndrome that reduces mobility, increases fatigue, decreases the efficiency of therapeutic strategies, diminishes the quality of life, and increases the mortality of cancer patients. This review provides an exhaustive and comprehensive analysis of cancer cachexia-related phenotypic changes in skeletal muscle at both the cellular and subcellular levels in human cancer patients, as well as in animal models of cancer cachexia. Cancer cachexia is characterized by a major decrease in skeletal muscle mass in human and animals that depends on the severity of the disease/model and the localization of the tumour. It affects both type 1 and type 2 muscle fibres, even if some animal studies suggest that type 2 muscle fibres would be more prone to atrophy. Animal studies indicate an impairment in mitochondrial oxidative metabolism resulting from a decrease in mitochondrial content, an alteration in mitochondria morphology, and a reduction in mitochondrial metabolic fluxes. Immuno-histological analyses in human and animal models also suggest that a faulty mechanism of skeletal muscle repair would contribute to muscle mass loss. An increase in collagen deposit, an accumulation of fat depot outside and inside the muscle fibre, and a disrupted contractile machinery structure are also phenotypic features that have been consistently reported in cachectic skeletal muscle. Muscle function is also profoundly altered during cancer cachexia with a strong reduction in skeletal muscle force. Even though the loss of skeletal muscle mass largely contributes to the loss of muscle function, other factors such as muscle-nerve interaction and calcium handling are probably involved in the decrease in muscle force. Longitudinal analyses of skeletal muscle mass by imaging technics and skeletal muscle force in cancer patients, but also in animal models of cancer cachexia, are necessary to determine the respective kinetics and functional involvements of these factors. Our analysis also emphasizes that measuring skeletal muscle force through standardized tests could provide a simple and robust mean to early diagnose cachexia in cancer patients. That would be of great benefit to cancer patient's quality of life and health care systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnès Martin
- Inter‐university Laboratory of Human Movement BiologyUniversité de Lyon, University Jean Monnet Saint‐EtienneSaint‐ÉtienneFrance
| | - Damien Freyssenet
- Inter‐university Laboratory of Human Movement BiologyUniversité de Lyon, University Jean Monnet Saint‐EtienneSaint‐ÉtienneFrance
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20
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Kunz HE, Dorschner JM, Berent TE, Meyer T, Wang X, Jatoi A, Kumar R, Lanza IR. Methylarginine metabolites are associated with attenuated muscle protein synthesis in cancer-associated muscle wasting. J Biol Chem 2021; 295:17441-17459. [PMID: 33453990 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.014884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cachexia is characterized by reductions in peripheral lean muscle mass. Prior studies have primarily focused on increased protein breakdown as the driver of cancer-associated muscle wasting. Therapeutic interventions targeting catabolic pathways have, however, largely failed to preserve muscle mass in cachexia, suggesting that other mechanisms might be involved. In pursuit of novel pathways, we used untargeted metabolomics to search for metabolite signatures that may be linked with muscle atrophy. We injected 7-week-old C57/BL6 mice with LLC1 tumor cells or vehicle. After 21 days, tumor-bearing mice exhibited reduced body and muscle mass and impaired grip strength compared with controls, which was accompanied by lower synthesis rates of mixed muscle protein and the myofibrillar and sarcoplasmic muscle fractions. Reductions in protein synthesis were accompanied by mitochondrial enlargement and reduced coupling efficiency in tumor-bearing mice. To generate mechanistic insights into impaired protein synthesis, we performed untargeted metabolomic analyses of plasma and muscle and found increased concentrations of two methylarginines, asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) and NG-monomethyl-l-arginine, in tumor-bearing mice compared with control mice. Compared with healthy controls, human cancer patients were also found to have higher levels of ADMA in the skeletal muscle. Treatment of C2C12 myotubes with ADMA impaired protein synthesis and reduced mitochondrial protein quality. These results suggest that increased levels of ADMA and mitochondrial changes may contribute to impaired muscle protein synthesis in cancer cachexia and could point to novel therapeutic targets by which to mitigate cancer cachexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hawley E Kunz
- Endocrine Research Unit, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Jessica M Dorschner
- Nephrology and Hypertension Research Unit, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Taylor E Berent
- Nephrology and Hypertension Research Unit, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Thomas Meyer
- Nephrology and Hypertension Research Unit, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Xuewei Wang
- Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Aminah Jatoi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Rajiv Kumar
- Nephrology and Hypertension Research Unit, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
| | - Ian R Lanza
- Endocrine Research Unit, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
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21
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Abstract
Cells use mitophagy to remove dysfunctional or excess mitochondria, frequently in response to imposed stresses, such as hypoxia and nutrient deprivation. Mitochondrial cargo receptors (MCR) induced by these stresses target mitochondria to autophagosomes through interaction with members of the LC3/GABARAP family. There are a growing number of these MCRs, including BNIP3, BNIP3L, FUNDC1, Bcl2-L-13, FKBP8, Prohibitin-2, and others, in addition to mitochondrial protein targets of PINK1/Parkin phospho-ubiquitination. There is also an emerging link between mitochondrial lipid signaling and mitophagy where ceramide, sphingosine-1-phosphate, and cardiolipin have all been shown to promote mitophagy. Here, we review the upstream signaling mechanisms that regulate mitophagy, including components of the mitochondrial fission machinery, AMPK, ATF4, FoxOs, Sirtuins, and mtDNA release, and address the significance of these pathways for stress responses in tumorigenesis and metastasis. In particular, we focus on how mitophagy modulators intersect with cell cycle control and survival pathways in cancer, including following ECM detachment and during cell migration and metastasis. Finally, we interrogate how mitophagy affects tissue atrophy during cancer cachexia and therapy responses in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Logan P Poole
- The Ben May Department for Cancer Research, The Gordon Center for Integrative Sciences, W-338, The University of Chicago, 929 E 57th Street, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
- The Committee on Cancer Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, USA
| | - Kay F Macleod
- The Ben May Department for Cancer Research, The Gordon Center for Integrative Sciences, W-338, The University of Chicago, 929 E 57th Street, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
- The Committee on Cancer Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, USA.
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22
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Joseph J, Doles JD. Disease-associated metabolic alterations that impact satellite cells and muscle regeneration: perspectives and therapeutic outlook. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2021; 18:33. [PMID: 33766031 PMCID: PMC7992337 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-021-00565-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Many chronic disease patients experience a concurrent loss of lean muscle mass. Skeletal muscle is a dynamic tissue maintained by continuous protein turnover and progenitor cell activity. Muscle stem cells, or satellite cells, differentiate (by a process called myogenesis) and fuse to repair and regenerate muscle. During myogenesis, satellite cells undergo extensive metabolic alterations; therefore, pathologies characterized by metabolic derangements have the potential to impair myogenesis, and consequently exacerbate skeletal muscle wasting. How disease-associated metabolic disruptions in satellite cells might be contributing to wasting is an important question that is largely neglected. With this review we highlight the impact of various metabolic disruptions in disease on myogenesis and skeletal muscle regeneration. We also discuss metabolic therapies with the potential to improve myogenesis, skeletal muscle regeneration, and ultimately muscle mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josiane Joseph
- Mayo Clinic Medical Scientist Training Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Jason D Doles
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
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23
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Hiroux C, Dalle S, Koppo K, Hespel P. Voluntary exercise does not improve muscular properties or functional capacity during C26-induced cancer cachexia in mice. J Muscle Res Cell Motil 2021; 42:169-181. [PMID: 33606189 DOI: 10.1007/s10974-021-09599-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Exercise training is considered as a potential intervention to counteract muscle degeneration in cancer cachexia. However, evidence to support such intervention is equivocal. Therefore, we investigated the effect of exercise training, i.e. voluntary wheel running, on muscle wasting, functional capacity, fiber type composition and vascularization during experimental cancer cachexia in mice. Balb/c mice were injected with PBS (CON) or C26 colon carcinoma cells to induce cancer cachexia (C26). Mice had free access to a running wheel in their home cage (CONEX and C26EX, n = 8-9) or were sedentary (CONS and C26S, n = 8-9). Mice were sacrificed 18 days upon tumor cell injection. Immunohistochemical analyes were performed on m. gastrocnemius and quadriceps, and ex vivo contractile properties were assessed in m. soleus and extensor digitorum longus (EDL). Compared with CON, C26 mice exhibited body weight loss (~ 20 %), muscle atrophy (~ 25 %), reduced grip strength (~ 25 %), and lower twitch and tetanic force (~ 20 %) production in EDL but not in m. soleus. Furthermore, muscle of C26 mice were characterizd by a slow-to-fast fiber type shift (type IIx fibers: +57 %) and increased capillary density (~ 30 %). In C26 mice, wheel running affect neither body weight loss, nor muscle atrophy or functional capacity, nor inhibited tumor growth. However, wheel running induced a type IIb to type IIa fiber shift in m. quadriceps from both CON and C26, but not in m. gastrocnemius. Wheel running does not exacerbate muscular degeneration in cachexic mice, but, when voluntary, is insufficient to improve the muscle phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Hiroux
- Exercise Physiology Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, KU Leuven, Tervuursevest 101, box 1500, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sebastiaan Dalle
- Exercise Physiology Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, KU Leuven, Tervuursevest 101, box 1500, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Katrien Koppo
- Exercise Physiology Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, KU Leuven, Tervuursevest 101, box 1500, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peter Hespel
- Exercise Physiology Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, KU Leuven, Tervuursevest 101, box 1500, 3001, Leuven, Belgium.
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24
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Looijaard SMLM, Te Lintel Hekkert ML, Wüst RCI, Otten RHJ, Meskers CGM, Maier AB. Pathophysiological mechanisms explaining poor clinical outcome of older cancer patients with low skeletal muscle mass. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2021; 231:e13516. [PMID: 32478975 PMCID: PMC7757176 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Low skeletal muscle mass is highly prevalent in older cancer patients and affects 5% to 89% depending on the type and stage of cancer. Low skeletal muscle mass is associated with poor clinical outcomes such as post-operative complications, chemotherapy toxicity and mortality in older cancer patients. Little is known about the mediating pathophysiological mechanisms. In this review, we summarize proposed pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the association between low skeletal muscle mass and poor clinical outcomes in older cancer patients including a) systemic inflammation; b) insulin-dependent glucose handling; c) mitochondrial function; d) protein status and; e) pharmacokinetics of anticancer drugs. The mechanisms of altered myokine balance negatively affecting the innate and adaptive immune system, and altered pharmacokinetics of anticancer drugs leading to a relative overdosage of anticancer drugs are best-substantiated. The effects of glucose intolerance and circulating mitochondrial DNA as a consequence of low skeletal muscle mass are topics of interest for future research. Restoring myokine balance through physical exercise, exercise mimetics, neuro-muscular activation and adapting anticancer drug dosing on skeletal muscle mass could be targeted approaches to improve clinical outcomes in older cancer patients with low skeletal muscle mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie M L M Looijaard
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, @AgeAmsterdam, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Miriam L Te Lintel Hekkert
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, @AgeAmsterdam, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rob C I Wüst
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, @AgeAmsterdam, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - René H J Otten
- University Library, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Carel G M Meskers
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andrea B Maier
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, @AgeAmsterdam, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Medicine and Aged Care, @AgeMelbourne, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
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25
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Dolly A, Dumas JF, Servais S. Cancer cachexia and skeletal muscle atrophy in clinical studies: what do we really know? J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2020; 11:1413-1428. [PMID: 33053604 PMCID: PMC7749617 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.12633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Research investigators have shown a growing interest in investigating alterations underlying skeletal muscle wasting in patients with cancer. However, skeletal muscle dysfunctions associated with cancer cachexia have mainly been studied in preclinical models. In the present review, we summarize the results of clinical studies in which skeletal muscle biopsies were collected from cachectic vs. non-cachectic cancer patients. Most of these studies suggest the presence of significant physiological alterations in skeletal muscle from cachectic cancer patients. We suggest a hypothesis, which connects structural and metabolic parameters that may, at least in part, be responsible for the skeletal muscle atrophy characteristic of cancer cachexia. Finally, we discuss the importance of a better standardization of the diagnostic criteria for cancer cachexia, as well as the requirement for additional clinical studies to improve the robustness of these conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeline Dolly
- INSERM UMR 1069, Nutrition Croissance et Cancer, Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Jean-François Dumas
- INSERM UMR 1069, Nutrition Croissance et Cancer, Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Stéphane Servais
- INSERM UMR 1069, Nutrition Croissance et Cancer, Université de Tours, Tours, France
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26
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Tamura Y, Kouzaki K, Kotani T, Nakazato K. Electrically stimulated contractile activity-induced transcriptomic responses and metabolic remodeling in C 2C 12 myotubes: twitch vs. tetanic contractions. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2020; 319:C1029-C1044. [PMID: 32936700 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00494.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The contraction of myotubes using electrical pulse stimulation is a research tool used to mimic muscle contractile activity and exercise in rodents and humans. Most protocols employed in previous work used low-frequency twitch contractions. However, high-frequency tetanus contractions that are more physiologically relevant to muscle contractions in vivo are poorly characterized. In this report, the similarities and differences in acute responses and chronic adaptations with different contractile modes using twitches (2 Hz, continuous, 3 h) and tetanus (66 Hz, on: 5 s/off: 5 s, 3 h) were investigated. RNA sequencing-based transcriptome analysis and subsequent bioinformatics analysis suggest that tetanus may promote bioenergetic remodeling rather than twitch. Based on in silico analyses, metabolic remodeling after three contractile sessions of twitch and tetanus were investigated. Although twitch and tetanus had no significant effect on glycolysis, both types of contraction upregulated glucose oxidation capacity. Both twitch and tetanus qualitatively caused mitochondrial adaptations (increased content, respiratory chain enzyme activity, and respiratory function). The magnitude of adaptation was much greater under tetanus conditions. Our findings indicate that the contraction of myotubes by tetanus may be a useful experimental model, especially in the study of metabolic adaptations in C2C12 myotubes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Tamura
- Graduate School of Health and Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo, Japan.,Research Institute for Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo, Japan.,Faculty of Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Karina Kouzaki
- Graduate School of Medical and Health Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo, Japan.,Faculty of Medical Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takaya Kotani
- Research Institute for Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koichi Nakazato
- Graduate School of Health and Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo, Japan.,Graduate School of Medical and Health Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo, Japan.,Research Institute for Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo, Japan.,Faculty of Medical Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo, Japan
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27
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Biswas AK, Acharyya S. The Etiology and Impact of Muscle Wasting in Metastatic Cancer. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2020; 10:cshperspect.a037416. [PMID: 31615873 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a037416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Metastasis arises when cancer cells disseminate from their site of origin and invade distant organs. While cancer cells rarely colonize muscle, they often induce a debilitating muscle-wasting condition known as cachexia that compromises feeding, breathing, and cardiac function in metastatic cancer patients. In fact, nearly 80% of metastatic cancer patients experience a spectrum of muscle-wasting states, which deteriorates the quality of life and overall survival of cancer patients. Muscle wasting in cancer results from increased muscle catabolism induced by circulating tumor factors and a systemic metabolic dysfunction. In addition, muscle loss can be exacerbated by the exposure to antineoplastic therapies and the process of aging. With no approved therapies to alleviate cachexia, muscle health, therefore, becomes a key determinant of prognosis, treatment response, and survival in metastatic cancer patients. This review will discuss the current understanding of cancer-associated cachexia and highlight promising therapeutic strategies to treat muscle wasting in the context of metastatic cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anup K Biswas
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Swarnali Acharyya
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA.,Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, USA.,Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, New York, New York 10032, USA
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28
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Kanazashi M, Tanaka M, Maezawa T, Fujino H. Effects of reloading after chronic neuromuscular inactivity on the three-dimensional capillary architecture in rat soleus muscle. Acta Histochem 2020; 122:151617. [PMID: 33066839 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2020.151617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to investigate the effects of ambulatory reloading following hindlimb unloading on the three-dimensional (3D) capillary architecture of rat soleus muscle. In this study, 15 male Sprague-Dawley rats were used. The rats were randomly assigned to the following 3 groups: a normal weight bearing control group (CON), 14 days of hindlimb unloading group (HU), and 14 days of hindlimb unloading followed by 7 days of ambulatory reloading group (HU-RL). The capillary diameter and volume were measured using confocal laser microscopy, and capillary number was determined by two-dimensional (2D) capillary staining in the soleus muscle of each group. The capillary diameter and volume as well as the capillary number were significantly lower in the HU group than in the CON group and significantly higher in the HU-RL group than in the HU group. These results provided novel information about the effectiveness of reloading following unloading on not only the 2D increase in capillary number but also the 3D capillary remodeling in the diameter and volume within the unloaded soleus muscle.
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29
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Lower Central Fat Increase Risk of One-Year Muscle Mass Loss in Menopausal Women. Mediators Inflamm 2020; 2020:4650318. [PMID: 32934604 PMCID: PMC7484679 DOI: 10.1155/2020/4650318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Hormonal changes had been found in menopausal women. Muscle and bone mass decline after menopause and with aging, increasing the risk for sarcopenia and osteoporosis in later life. Only a few studies suggest that menopausal hormonal changes have an effect on the decline in muscle mass. Objectives This study aimed at evaluating the risk of muscle mass loss in menopausal women. Materials and Methods Menopausal women from routine physical health examination were eligible for this study. Muscle mass was determined using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry at baseline and 1 year later. All of the patients underwent the assessments for liver and kidney function, diabetes, and hypertension, and associated comorbidities were recorded. Results A total of 172 patients were enrolled. 70 patients had muscle loss at 1 year, and the other 102 did not had loss. The mean age was 70.26 ± 9.93 years at the muscle loss group, while 69.25 ± 10.50 at the nonprogress group (p = 0.531). The mean body mass index was 22.96 ± 1.91 kg/m2 at the muscle loss group, while 23.33 ± 3.71 kg/m2 at the nonprogress group (p = 0.433). The baseline trunk limb fat mass ratio was 1.01 ± 0.20 in the muscle loss group and 1.12 ± 0.26 in the no muscle loss (p = 0.004). Using muscle mass loss as the outcome, logistical regression analysis showed that a baseline trunk limb mass ratio could predict muscle loss, and a higher baseline trunk limb mass ratio was associated with less muscle loss, while a lower trunk limb mass ratio was associated with increased muscle mass loss (p = 0.01). Conclusion This is the first study to investigate the risk of muscle mass loss in menopausal women. Menopausal women with higher central fat had less muscle mass loss, while lower central fat was a risk factor for muscle mass loss. Chronic kidney disease was also a risk factor for muscle mass loss in menopausal women in this study.
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30
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Penna F, Ballarò R, Costelli P. The Redox Balance: A Target for Interventions Against Muscle Wasting in Cancer Cachexia? Antioxid Redox Signal 2020; 33:542-558. [PMID: 32037856 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2020.8041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Significance: The management of cancer patients is frequently complicated by the occurrence of a complex syndrome known as cachexia. It is mainly characterized by muscle wasting, a condition that associates with enhanced protein breakdown and with negative energy balance. While the mechanisms underlying cachexia have been only partially elucidated, understanding the pathogenesis of muscle wasting in cancer hosts is mandatory to design new targeted therapeutic strategies. Indeed, most of cancer patients will experience cachexia during the course of their disease, and about 25% of cancer-related deaths are due to this syndrome, rather than to the tumor itself. Recent Advances: Compelling evidence suggests that an altered redox homeostasis likely contributes to cancer-induced muscle protein depletion, directly or indirectly activating the intracellular degradative pathways. In addition, oxidative stress impinges on both mitochondrial number and function; the other way round, altered mitochondria lead to enhanced redox imbalance, creating a vicious loop that eventually results in negative energy metabolism. Critical Issues: The present review focuses on the possibility that pharmacological and nonpharmacological strategies able to restore a physiologic redox balance could be useful components of treatment schedules aimed at counteracting cancer-induced muscle wasting. Future Directions: Exercise and the use of exercise mimetic drugs represent the most promising approaches capable of reinforcing the muscle antioxidant defenses of cancer patients. The results from ongoing and new clinical trials are needed to validate the preclinical studies and provide effective therapies for cancer cachexia. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 33, 542-558.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Penna
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Riccardo Ballarò
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Paola Costelli
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
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31
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Dave DT, Patel BM. Mitochondrial Metabolism in Cancer Cachexia: Novel Drug Target. Curr Drug Metab 2020; 20:1141-1153. [PMID: 31418657 DOI: 10.2174/1389200220666190816162658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer cachexia is a metabolic syndrome prevalent in the majority of the advanced cancers and is associated with complications such as anorexia, early satiety, weakness, anaemia, and edema, thereby reducing performance and impairing quality of life. Skeletal muscle wasting is a characteristic feature of cancer-cachexia and mitochondria is responsible for regulating total protein turnover in skeletal muscle tissue. METHODS We carried out exhaustive search for cancer cachexia and role of mitochondria in the same in various databases. All the relevant articles were gathered and the pertinent information was extracted out and compiled which was further structured into different sub-sections. RESULTS Various findings on the mitochondrial alterations in connection to its disturbed normal physiology in various models of cancer-cachexia have been recently reported, suggesting a significant role of the organelle in the pathogenesis of the complications involved in the disorder. It has also been reported that reduced mitochondrial oxidative capacity is due to reduced mitochondrial biogenesis as well as altered balance between fusion and fission protein activities. Moreover, autophagy in mitochondria (termed as mitophagy) is reported to play an important role in cancer cachexia. CONCLUSION The present review aims to put forth the changes occurring in mitochondria and hence explore possible targets which can be exploited in cancer-induced cachexia for treatment of such a debilitating condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhwani T Dave
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Sarkhej-Gandhinagar Highway, Ahmedabad 382481, Gujarat, India
| | - Bhoomika M Patel
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Sarkhej-Gandhinagar Highway, Ahmedabad 382481, Gujarat, India
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32
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Gupta P, Dutt V, Kaur N, Kalra P, Gupta S, Dua A, Dabur R, Saini V, Mittal A. S-allyl cysteine: A potential compound against skeletal muscle atrophy. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2020; 1864:129676. [PMID: 32649980 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2020.129676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxidative stress is crucial player in skeletal muscle atrophy pathogenesis. S-allyl cysteine (SAC), an organosulfur compound of Allium sativum, possesses broad-spectrum properties including immuno- and redox-modulatory impact. Considering the role of SAC in regulating redox balance, we hypothesize that SAC may have a protective role in oxidative-stress induced atrophy. METHODS C2C12 myotubes were treated with H2O2 (100 μM) in the presence or absence of SAC (200 μM) to study morphology, redox status, inflammatory cytokines and proteolytic systems using fluorescence microscopy, biochemical analysis, real-time PCR and immunoblotting approaches. The anti-atrophic potential of SAC was confirmed in denervation-induced atrophy model. RESULTS SAC pre-incubation (4 h) could protect the myotube morphology (i.e. length/diameter/fusion index) from atrophic effects of H2O2. Lower levels of ROS, lipid peroxidation, oxidized glutathione and altered antioxidant enzymes were observed in H2O2-exposed cells upon pre-treatment with SAC. SAC supplementation also suppressed the rise in cytokines levels (TWEAK/IL6/myostatin) caused by H2O2. SAC treatment also moderated the degradation of muscle-specific proteins (MHCf) in the H2O2-treated myotubes supported by lower induction of diverse proteolytic systems (i.e. cathepsin, calpain, ubiquitin-proteasome E3-ligases, caspase-3, autophagy). Denervation-induced atrophy in mice illustrates that SAC administration alleviates the negative effects (i.e. mass loss, decreased cross-sectional area, up-regulation of proteolytic systems, and degradation of total/specific protein) of denervation on muscles. CONCLUSIONS SAC exerts significant anti-atrophic effects to protect myotubes from H2O2-induced protein loss and myofibers from denervation-induced muscle loss, due to the prevention of elevated proteolytic systems and inflammatory/oxidative molecules. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The results signify the potential of SAC against muscle atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prachi Gupta
- Skeletal Muscle Laboratory, Institute of Integrated and Honors Studies, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, Haryana 136119, India
| | - Vikas Dutt
- Skeletal Muscle Laboratory, Institute of Integrated and Honors Studies, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, Haryana 136119, India
| | - Nirmaljeet Kaur
- Skeletal Muscle Laboratory, Institute of Integrated and Honors Studies, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, Haryana 136119, India
| | - Priya Kalra
- Laboratory of Infection Biology and Translational Research, Department of Biotechnology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Sanjeev Gupta
- Skeletal Muscle Laboratory, Institute of Integrated and Honors Studies, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, Haryana 136119, India
| | - Anita Dua
- Skeletal Muscle Laboratory, Institute of Integrated and Honors Studies, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, Haryana 136119, India
| | - Rajesh Dabur
- Biochemistry Department, MD University, Rohtak, Haryana 124001, India
| | - Vikram Saini
- Laboratory of Infection Biology and Translational Research, Department of Biotechnology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Ashwani Mittal
- Skeletal Muscle Laboratory, Institute of Integrated and Honors Studies, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, Haryana 136119, India.
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Arneson-Wissink PC, Hogan KA, Ducharme AM, Samani A, Jatoi A, Doles JD. The wasting-associated metabolite succinate disrupts myogenesis and impairs skeletal muscle regeneration. JCSM RAPID COMMUNICATIONS 2020; 3:56-69. [PMID: 32905522 PMCID: PMC7470228 DOI: 10.1002/rco2.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Muscle wasting is a debilitating co-morbidity affecting most advanced cancer patients. Alongside enhanced muscle catabolism, defects in muscle repair/regeneration contribute to cancer-associated wasting. Among the factors implicated in suppression of muscle regeneration are cytokines that interfere with myogenic signal transduction pathways. Less understood is how other cancer/wasting-associated cues, such as metabolites, contribute to muscle dysfunction. This study investigates how the metabolite succinate affects myogenesis and muscle regeneration. METHODS We leveraged an established ectopic metabolite treatment (cell permeable dimethyl-succinate) strategy to evaluate the ability of intracellular succinate elevation to 1) affect myoblast homeostasis (proliferation, apoptosis), 2) disrupt protein dynamics and induce wasting-associated atrophy, and 3) modulate in vitro myogenesis. In vivo succinate supplementation experiments (2% succinate, 1% sucrose vehicle) were used to corroborate and extend in vitro observations. Metabolic profiling and functional metabolic studies were then performed to investigate the impact of succinate elevation on mitochondria function. RESULTS We found that in vitro succinate supplementation elevated intracellular succinate about 2-fold, and did not have an impact on proliferation or apoptosis of C2C12 myoblasts. Elevated succinate had minor effects on protein homeostasis (~25% decrease in protein synthesis assessed by OPP staining), and no significant effect on myotube atrophy. Succinate elevation interfered with in vitro myoblast differentiation, characterized by significant decreases in late markers of myogenesis and fewer nuclei per myosin heavy chain positive structure (assessed by immunofluorescence staining). While mice orally administered succinate did not exhibit changes in overall body composition or whole muscle weights, these mice displayed smaller muscle myofiber diameters (~6% decrease in the mean of non-linear regression curves fit to the histograms of minimum feret diameter distribution), which was exacerbated when muscle regeneration was induced with barium chloride injury. Significant decreases in the mean of non-linear regression curves fit to the histograms of minimum feret diameter distributions were observed 7 days and 28 days post injury. Elevated numbers of myogenin positive cells (3-fold increase) supportive of the differentiation defects observed in vitro were observed 28 days post injury. Metabolic profiling and functional metabolic assessment of myoblasts revealed that succinate elevation caused both widespread metabolic changes and significantly lowered maximal cellular respiration (~35% decrease). CONCLUSIONS This study broadens the repertoire of wasting-associated factors that can directly modulate muscle progenitor cell function and strengthens the hypothesis that metabolic derangements are significant contributors to impaired muscle regeneration, an important aspect of cancer-associated muscle wasting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paige C Arneson-Wissink
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo
Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, 55905 USA
| | - Kelly A Hogan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo
Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, 55905 USA
| | - Alexandra M Ducharme
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo
Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, 55905 USA
| | - Adrienne Samani
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo
Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, 55905 USA
| | - Aminah Jatoi
- Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester,
Minnesota
| | - Jason D Doles
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo
Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, 55905 USA
- Corresponding Author: Jason D Doles, Department of
Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW, Guggenheim
16-11A1, Rochester, MN 55905, Tel: (507) 284-9372, Fax: (507) 284-3383,
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Wakabayashi Y, Tamura Y, Kouzaki K, Kikuchi N, Hiranuma K, Menuki K, Tajima T, Yamanaka Y, Sakai A, Nakayama KI, Kawamoto T, Kitagawa K, Nakazato K. Acetaldehyde dehydrogenase 2 deficiency increases mitochondrial reactive oxygen species emission and induces mitochondrial protease Omi/HtrA2 in skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2020; 318:R677-R690. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00089.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Acetaldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) is an enzyme involved in redox homeostasis as well as the detoxification process in alcohol metabolism. Nearly 8% of the world’s population have an inactivating mutation in the ALDH2 gene. However, the expression patterns and specific functions of ALDH2 in skeletal muscles are still unclear. Herein, we report that ALDH2 is expressed in skeletal muscle and is localized to the mitochondrial fraction. Oxidative muscles had a higher amount of ALDH2 protein than glycolytic muscles. We next comprehensively investigated whether ALDH2 knockout in mice induces mitochondrial adaptations in gastrocnemius muscle (for example, content, enzymatic activity, respiratory function, supercomplex formation, and functional networking). We found that ALDH2 deficiency resulted in partial mitochondrial dysfunction in gastrocnemius muscle because it increased mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) emission (2′,7′-dichlorofluorescein and MitoSOX oxidation rate during respiration) and the frequency of regional mitochondrial depolarization. Moreover, we determined whether ALDH2 deficiency and the related mitochondrial dysfunction trigger mitochondrial stress and quality control responses in gastrocnemius muscle (for example, mitophagy markers, dynamics, and the unfolded protein response). We found that ALDH2 deficiency upregulated the mitochondrial serine protease Omi/HtrA2 (a marker of the activation of a branch of the mitochondrial unfolded protein response). In summary, ALDH2 deficiency leads to greater mitochondrial ROS production, but homeostasis can be maintained via an appropriate stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Wakabayashi
- Graduate School of Health and Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuki Tamura
- Graduate School of Health and Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo, Japan
- Research Institute for Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Karina Kouzaki
- Research Institute for Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoki Kikuchi
- Graduate School of Health and Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo, Japan
- Research Institute for Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenji Hiranuma
- Graduate School of Health and Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo, Japan
- Research Institute for Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kunitaka Menuki
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takafumi Tajima
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Yamanaka
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Akinori Sakai
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Keiichi I. Nakayama
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyusyu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Kawamoto
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kyoko Kitagawa
- Department of Molecular Biology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Koichi Nakazato
- Graduate School of Health and Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo, Japan
- Research Institute for Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo, Japan
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Cancer cachexia is a complex condition that occurs in approximately 50% of cancer patients and in 80% of those with advanced cancer. It is characterized by lean body mass loss, adipose tissue loss, altered metabolism, increased inflammation, and a decrease in quality of life. Cancer cachexia is a frustrating condition to manage and treatment requires an innovative approach. The purpose of this article is to review the current treatments for cancer cachexia and how they could be used in a multimodal approach. RECENT FINDINGS Cancer cachexia has many causes, but is primarily a result of reduced energy-protein intake and altered metabolism augmented by a proinflammatory state. There is not a formal consensus on diagnosing cancer cachexia, but proactive screening and assessments for malnutrition are an effective first step toward identifying high-risk patients. Treatment of cancer cachexia includes optimizing nutrition care, using appropriate pharmacological agents, preserving lean body mass, and the cooperation of the healthcare team. SUMMARY Cancer cachexia is a complex multifactorial condition that can only be successfully managed and treated with a multimodal approach that involves a multidisciplinary team that includes an oncology registered dietitian nutritionist and exercise physiologist that target early detection and management of cancer cachexia.
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Sun X, Feng X, Wu X, Lu Y, Chen K, Ye Y. Fat Wasting Is Damaging: Role of Adipose Tissue in Cancer-Associated Cachexia. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:33. [PMID: 32117967 PMCID: PMC7028686 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss of body weight, especially loss of adipose tissue and skeletal muscle weight, characterizes cancer-associated cachexia (CAC). Clinically, therapeutic options for CAC are limited due to the complicated signaling between cancer and other organs. Recent research advances show that adipose tissues play a critical role during thermogenesis, glucose homeostasis, insulin sensitivity, and lipid metabolism. Understanding the adipocyte lipolysis, the formation of beige adipocytes, and the activation of brown adipocytes is vital for novel therapies for metabolic syndromes like CAC. The system-level crosstalk between adipose tissue and other organs involves adipocyte lipolysis, white adipose tissue browning, and secreted factors and metabolites. Novel CAC animal models and accumulating molecular signaling knowledge have provided mechanisms that may ultimately be translated into future therapeutic possibilities that benefit CAC patients. This mini review discusses the role of adipose tissue in CAC development, mechanism, and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoting Sun
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaogang Feng
- Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Xiaojing Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yongtian Lu
- Department of ENT, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Kaihong Chen
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Longyan First Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Longyan, China
| | - Ying Ye
- Department of Oral Implantology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai, China
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37
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Guigni BA, van der Velden J, Kinsey CM, Carson JA, Toth MJ. Effects of conditioned media from murine lung cancer cells and human tumor cells on cultured myotubes. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2020; 318:E22-E32. [PMID: 31689144 PMCID: PMC6985792 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00310.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Factors secreted from tumors/tumor cells are hypothesized to cause skeletal muscle wasting in cancer patients. We examined whether cancer cells secrete factors to promote atrophy by evaluating the effects of conditioned media (CM) from murine lung cancer cells and primary cultures of human lung tumor cells on cultured myotubes. We evaluated murine Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) and KRASG12D cells, and primary cell lines derived from tumor biopsies from patients with lung cancer (hTCM; n = 6). In all experiments, serum content was matched across treatment groups. We hypothesized that CM from murine and human tumor cells would reduce myotube myosin content, decrease mitochondrial content, and increase mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Treatment of myotubes differentiated for 7 days with CM from LLC and KRASG12D cells did not alter any of these variables. Effects of murine tumor cell CM were observed when myotubes differentiated for 4 days were treated with tumor cell CM and compared with undiluted differentiation media. However, these effects were not apparent if tumor cell CM treatments were compared with control cell CM or dilution controls. Finally, CM from human lung tumor primary cell lines did not modify myosin content or mitochondrial content or ROS production compared with either undiluted differentiated media, control cell CM, or dilution controls. Our results do not support the hypothesis that factors released from cultured lung cancer/tumor cells promote myotube wasting or mitochondrial abnormalities, but we cannot dismiss the possibility that these cells could secrete such factors in vivo within the native tumor microenvironment.
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MESH Headings
- Adenocarcinoma/metabolism
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Animals
- Cachexia/etiology
- Cachexia/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Lewis Lung/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Culture Media, Conditioned/pharmacology
- Female
- Humans
- Lung Neoplasms/metabolism
- Male
- Mice
- Middle Aged
- Mitochondria, Muscle/drug effects
- Mitochondria, Muscle/metabolism
- Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/drug effects
- Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/metabolism
- Myoblasts, Skeletal
- Myosins/metabolism
- Neoplasms/complications
- Neoplasms/metabolism
- Primary Cell Culture
- Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- Blas A Guigni
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Jos van der Velden
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - C Matthew Kinsey
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - James A Carson
- Integrative Muscle Biology Laboratory, College of Health Professions, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Michael J Toth
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
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38
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Maekawa S, Takada S, Furihata T, Fukushima A, Yokota T, Kinugawa S. Mitochondrial respiration of complex II is not lower than that of complex I in mouse skeletal muscle. Biochem Biophys Rep 2019; 21:100717. [PMID: 31890905 PMCID: PMC6928343 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2019.100717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle (SKM) requires a large amount of energy, which is produced mainly by mitochondria, for their daily functioning. Of the several mitochondrial complexes, it has been reported that the dysfunction of complex II is associated with several diseases, including myopathy. However, the degree to which complex II contributes to ATP production by mitochondria remains unknown. As complex II is not included in supercomplexes, which are formed to produce ATP efficiently, we hypothesized that complex II-linked respiration was lower than that of complex I. In addition, differences in the characteristics of complex I and II activity suggest that different factors might regulate their function. The isolated mitochondria from gastrocnemius muscle was used for mitochondrial respiration measurement and immunoblotting in male C57BL/6J mice. Student paired t-tests were performed to compare means between two groups. A univariate linear regression model was used to determine the correlation between mitochondrial respiration and proteins. Contrary to our hypothesis, complex II-linked respiration was not significantly less than complex I-linked respiration in SKM mitochondria (complex I vs complex II, 3402 vs 2840 pmol/[s × mg]). Complex I-linked respiration correlated with the amount of complex I incorporated in supercomplexes (r = 0.727, p < 0.05), but not with the total amount of complex I subunits. In contrast, complex II-linked respiration correlated with the total amount of complex II (r = 0.883, p < 0.05), but not with the amount of each complex II subunit. We conclude that both complex I and II play important roles in mitochondrial respiration and that the assembly of both supercomplexes and complex II is essential for the normal functioning of complex I and II in mouse SKM mitochondria. Complex II-linked respiration was comparable to complex I-linked respiration in isolated skeletal muscle mitochondria. Complex I-linked respiration correlated with the amount of complex I incorporated in supercomplexes, but not with the complex I subunit. Complex II-linked respiration correlated with the amount of complex II, but not with the SDH subunit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Maekawa
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Shingo Takada
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan.,Faculty of Lifelong Sport, Department of Sports Education, Hokusho University, Ebetsu, Japan
| | - Takaaki Furihata
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Arata Fukushima
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takashi Yokota
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Shintaro Kinugawa
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
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39
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Pinault M, Guimaraes C, Dumas J, Servais S, Chevalier S, Besson P, Goupille C. A 1D High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography Method Validated to Quantify Phospholipids Including Cardiolipin and Monolysocardiolipin from Biological Samples. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201900240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Pinault
- Université de Tours, INSERM N2C UMR1069 37032 Tours cedex 01 France
- Faculté de Médecine de Tours Université de Tours 37000 Tours France
| | - Cyrille Guimaraes
- Université de Tours, INSERM N2C UMR1069 37032 Tours cedex 01 France
- Faculté de Médecine de Tours Université de Tours 37000 Tours France
| | - Jean‐François Dumas
- Université de Tours, INSERM N2C UMR1069 37032 Tours cedex 01 France
- Faculté de Pharmacie de Tours Université de Tours 37200 Tours France
| | - Stéphane Servais
- Université de Tours, INSERM N2C UMR1069 37032 Tours cedex 01 France
- IUT de Tours Université de Tours 37100 Tours France
| | - Stephan Chevalier
- Université de Tours, INSERM N2C UMR1069 37032 Tours cedex 01 France
- Faculté de Pharmacie de Tours Université de Tours 37200 Tours France
| | - Pierre Besson
- Université de Tours, INSERM N2C UMR1069 37032 Tours cedex 01 France
- Faculté de Pharmacie de Tours Université de Tours 37200 Tours France
| | - Caroline Goupille
- Université de Tours, INSERM N2C UMR1069 37032 Tours cedex 01 France
- CHRU de Tours, Hôpital Bretonneau 2 boulevard Tonnellé 37000 Tours France
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40
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de Castro GS, Simoes E, Lima JDCC, Ortiz-Silva M, Festuccia WT, Tokeshi F, Alcântara PS, Otoch JP, Coletti D, Seelaender M. Human Cachexia Induces Changes in Mitochondria, Autophagy and Apoptosis in the Skeletal Muscle. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:E1264. [PMID: 31466311 PMCID: PMC6770124 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11091264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cachexia is a wasting syndrome characterized by the continuous loss of skeletal muscle mass due to imbalance between protein synthesis and degradation, which is related with poor prognosis and compromised quality of life. Dysfunctional mitochondria are associated with lower muscle strength and muscle atrophy in cancer patients, yet poorly described in human cachexia. We herein investigated mitochondrial morphology, autophagy and apoptosis in the skeletal muscle of patients with gastrointestinal cancer-associated cachexia (CC), as compared with a weight-stable cancer group (WSC). CC showed prominent weight loss and increased circulating levels of serum C-reactive protein, lower body mass index and decreased circulating hemoglobin, when compared to WSC. Electron microscopy analysis revealed an increase in intermyofibrillar mitochondrial area in CC, as compared to WSC. Relative gene expression of Fission 1, a protein related to mitochondrial fission, was increased in CC, as compared to WSC. LC3 II, autophagy-related (ATG) 5 and 7 essential proteins for autophagosome formation, presented higher content in the cachectic group. Protein levels of phosphorylated p53 (Ser46), activated caspase 8 (Asp384) and 9 (Asp315) were also increased in the skeletal muscle of CC. Overall, our results demonstrate that human cancer-associated cachexia leads to exacerbated muscle-stress response that may culminate in muscle loss, which is in part due to disruption of mitochondrial morphology, dysfunctional autophagy and increased apoptosis. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report showing quantitative morphological alterations in skeletal muscle mitochondria in cachectic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela S de Castro
- Cancer Metabolism Research Group, Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, 05508-900 São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Estefania Simoes
- Cancer Metabolism Research Group, Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, 05508-900 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Joanna D C C Lima
- Cancer Metabolism Research Group, Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, 05508-900 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Milene Ortiz-Silva
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, 05508-900 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - William T Festuccia
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, 05508-900 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Flávio Tokeshi
- Department of Clinical Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, 01246-903 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paulo S Alcântara
- Department of Clinical Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, 01246-903 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José P Otoch
- Department of Clinical Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, 01246-903 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Dario Coletti
- Department of Biological Adaptation and Aging, B2A (CNRS UMR 8256-INSERM ERL U1164-UPMC P6), Sorbonne University, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Marilia Seelaender
- Cancer Metabolism Research Group, Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, 05508-900 São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Clinical Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, 01246-903 São Paulo, Brazil
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41
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Halle JL, Pena GS, Paez HG, Castro AJ, Rossiter HB, Visavadiya NP, Whitehurst MA, Khamoui AV. Tissue-specific dysregulation of mitochondrial respiratory capacity and coupling control in colon-26 tumor-induced cachexia. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2019; 317:R68-R82. [PMID: 31017805 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00028.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
In addition to skeletal muscle dysfunction, cancer cachexia is a systemic disease involving remodeling of nonmuscle organs such as adipose and liver. Impairment of mitochondrial function is associated with multiple chronic diseases. The tissue-specific control of mitochondrial function in cancer cachexia is not well defined. This study determined mitochondrial respiratory capacity and coupling control of skeletal muscle, white adipose tissue (WAT), and liver in colon-26 (C26) tumor-induced cachexia. Tissues were collected from PBS-injected weight-stable mice, C26 weight-stable mice and C26 mice with moderate (10% weight loss) and severe cachexia (20% weight loss). The respiratory control ratio [(RCR) an index of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) coupling efficiency] was low in WAT during the induction of cachexia because of high nonphosphorylating LEAK respiration. Liver RCR was low in C26 weight-stable and moderately cachexic mice because of reduced OXPHOS. Liver RCR was further reduced with severe cachexia, where Ant2 but not Ucp2 expression was increased. Ant2 was inversely correlated with RCR in the liver (r = -0.547, P < 0.01). Liver cardiolipin increased in moderate and severe cachexia, suggesting this early event may also contribute to mitochondrial uncoupling. Impaired skeletal muscle mitochondrial respiration occurred predominantly in severe cachexia, at complex I. These findings suggest that mitochondrial function is subject to tissue-specific control during cancer cachexia, whereby remodeling in WAT and liver arise early and may contribute to altered energy balance, followed by impaired skeletal muscle respiration. We highlight an under-recognized role of liver and WAT mitochondrial function in cancer cachexia and suggest mitochondrial function of multiple tissues to be therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Halle
- Department of Exercise Science and Health Promotion, Florida Atlantic University , Boca Raton, Florida
| | - Gabriel S Pena
- Department of Exercise Science and Health Promotion, Florida Atlantic University , Boca Raton, Florida
| | - Hector G Paez
- Department of Exercise Science and Health Promotion, Florida Atlantic University , Boca Raton, Florida
| | - Adrianna J Castro
- Department of Exercise Science and Health Promotion, Florida Atlantic University , Boca Raton, Florida
| | - Harry B Rossiter
- Division of Respiratory and Critical Care Physiology and Medicine, Department of Medicine, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-University of California Los Angeles Medical Center , Torrance, California.,Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds , Leeds , United Kingdom
| | - Nishant P Visavadiya
- Department of Exercise Science and Health Promotion, Florida Atlantic University , Boca Raton, Florida
| | - Michael A Whitehurst
- Department of Exercise Science and Health Promotion, Florida Atlantic University , Boca Raton, Florida
| | - Andy V Khamoui
- Department of Exercise Science and Health Promotion, Florida Atlantic University , Boca Raton, Florida
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42
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Hall DT, Griss T, Ma JF, Sanchez BJ, Sadek J, Tremblay AMK, Mubaid S, Omer A, Ford RJ, Bedard N, Pause A, Wing SS, Di Marco S, Steinberg GR, Jones RG, Gallouzi IE. The AMPK agonist 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide (AICAR), but not metformin, prevents inflammation-associated cachectic muscle wasting. EMBO Mol Med 2019; 10:emmm.201708307. [PMID: 29844217 PMCID: PMC6034131 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201708307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of AMPK has been associated with pro-atrophic signaling in muscle. However, AMPK also has anti-inflammatory effects, suggesting that in cachexia, a syndrome of inflammatory-driven muscle wasting, AMPK activation could be beneficial. Here we show that the AMPK agonist AICAR suppresses IFNγ/TNFα-induced atrophy, while the mitochondrial inhibitor metformin does not. IFNγ/TNFα impair mitochondrial oxidative respiration in myotubes and promote a metabolic shift to aerobic glycolysis, similarly to metformin. In contrast, AICAR partially restored metabolic function. The effects of AICAR were prevented by the AMPK inhibitor Compound C and were reproduced with A-769662, a specific AMPK activator. AICAR and A-769662 co-treatment was found to be synergistic, suggesting that the anti-cachectic effects of these drugs are mediated through AMPK activation. AICAR spared muscle mass in mouse models of cancer and LPS induced atrophy. Together, our findings suggest a dual function for AMPK during inflammation-driven atrophy, wherein it can play a protective role when activated exogenously early in disease progression, but may contribute to anabolic suppression and atrophy when activated later through mitochondrial dysfunction and subsequent metabolic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek T Hall
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Takla Griss
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jennifer F Ma
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Brenda Janice Sanchez
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jason Sadek
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Anne Marie K Tremblay
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Souad Mubaid
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Amr Omer
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Rebecca J Ford
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Nathalie Bedard
- Department of Medicine, McGill University and the Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Arnim Pause
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Simon S Wing
- Department of Medicine, McGill University and the Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Sergio Di Marco
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Gregory R Steinberg
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Russell G Jones
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Imed-Eddine Gallouzi
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada .,Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Life Sciences Division, College of Sciences and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Doha, Qatar
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43
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Chao T, Burmeister DM, Corona BT, Greising SM. Oxidative pathophysiology following volumetric muscle loss injury in a porcine model. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2019; 126:1541-1549. [PMID: 30920884 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00026.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Volumetric muscle loss (VML) occurs after severe orthopedic trauma and results in loss of muscle fibers and function that can leave patients permanently disabled. Although animals models of VML are useful to test possible therapeutic strategies, the pathophysiological characteristics of remaining skeletal muscle and changes in metabolism are not thoroughly understood. Herein, alterations of neuromuscular function, muscle fiber morphology, myosin heavy chain expression, and myofiber mitochondrial respiration were evaluated in an adult Yorkshire swine VML injury model. VML injured animals showed reduced peak isometric strength (P < 0.05) and a shift toward smaller muscle fibers independent of fiber type (P < 0.001). The muscle remaining after VML had a greater distribution of type I fibers and lower distribution of type II fibers (P < 0.001). Skeletal muscle mitochondrial state 2 and state 3, reflecting complex I respiration, increased after injury (P < 0.05) with a consistent trend to display higher oxygen flux per milligram of tissue. However, this was largely driven by increased mitochondrial content after VML which was associated with higher mitochondrial fission (FIS-1 protein levels). This study demonstrates an underlying perturbation of oxidative metabolism within the remaining musculature following surgical creation of an isolated, sterile VML injury in a porcine model that may be influential to the development of insidious pathophysiology and regenerative and rehabilitative therapies. NEW & NOTEWORTHY The natural injury sequela of volumetric muscle loss (VML) and associated pathophysiology of the remaining muscle is still incompletely understood. Herein we demonstrate a chronic muscle function deficit, with an increase in type I muscle fibers and parallel increase in oxidative capacity of remaining skeletal muscle. It is possible that the alteration in oxidative capacity after VML could largely be due to heightened mitochondrial activity and an increase in mitochondrial abundance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony Chao
- Damage Control Resuscitation Task Area, United States Army Institute of Surgical Research, Fort Sam Houston, Texas
| | - David M Burmeister
- Damage Control Resuscitation Task Area, United States Army Institute of Surgical Research, Fort Sam Houston, Texas
| | - Benjamin T Corona
- Extremity Trauma and Regenerative Medicine Task Area, United States Army Institute of Surgical Research, Fort Sam Houston, Texas.,School of Medicine, Wake Forest University , Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Sarah M Greising
- Extremity Trauma and Regenerative Medicine Task Area, United States Army Institute of Surgical Research, Fort Sam Houston, Texas.,School of Kinesiology, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota
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44
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Tanaka M, Kanazashi M, Maeshige N, Kondo H, Ishihara A, Fujino H. Protective effects of Brazilian propolis supplementation on capillary regression in the soleus muscle of hindlimb-unloaded rats. J Physiol Sci 2019; 69:223-233. [PMID: 30232713 PMCID: PMC10717714 DOI: 10.1007/s12576-018-0639-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The protective effects of Brazilian propolis on capillary regression induced by chronically neuromuscular inactivity were investigated in rat soleus muscle. Four groups of male Wistar rat were used in this study; control (CON), control plus Brazilian propolis supplementation (CON + PP), 2-week hindlimb unloading (HU), and 2-week hindlimb unloading plus Brazilian propolis supplementation (HU + PP). The rats in the CON + PP and HU + PP groups received two oral doses of 500 mg/kg Brazilian propolis daily (total daily dose 1000 mg/kg) for 2 weeks. Unloading resulted in a decrease in capillary number, luminal diameter, and capillary volume, and an increase in the expression of anti-angiogenic factors, such as p53 and TSP-1, within the soleus muscle. Brazilian propolis supplementation, however, prevented these changes in capillary structure due to unloading through the stimulation of pro-angiogenic factors and suppression of anti-angiogenic factors. These results suggest that Brazilian propolis is a potential non-drug therapeutic agent against capillary regression induced by chronic unloading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Tanaka
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Human Sciences, Osaka University of Human Sciences, 1-4-1 Shojaku, Settsu, Osaka, 566-8501, Japan
| | - Miho Kanazashi
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health and Welfare, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Mihara, Hiroshima, 723-0053, Japan
| | - Noriaki Maeshige
- Department of Rehabilitation Science, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Sciences, 7-10-2 Tomogaoka, Suma-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 654-0142, Japan
| | - Hiroyo Kondo
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Nagoya Women's University, Nagoya, 4-21 Shioji-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 467-8611, Japan
| | - Akihiko Ishihara
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Life Science, Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Yoshida-nihonmatsu-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Hidemi Fujino
- Department of Rehabilitation Science, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Sciences, 7-10-2 Tomogaoka, Suma-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 654-0142, Japan.
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45
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Penna F, Ballarò R, Beltrà M, De Lucia S, García Castillo L, Costelli P. The Skeletal Muscle as an Active Player Against Cancer Cachexia. Front Physiol 2019; 10:41. [PMID: 30833900 PMCID: PMC6387914 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The management of cancer patients is frequently complicated by the occurrence of cachexia. This is a complex syndrome that markedly impacts on quality of life as well as on tolerance and response to anticancer treatments. Loss of body weight, wasting of both adipose tissue and skeletal muscle and reduced survival rates are among the main features of cachexia. Skeletal muscle wasting has been shown to depend, mainly at least, on the induction of protein degradation rates above physiological levels. Such hypercatabolic pattern is driven by overactivation of different intracellular proteolytic systems, among which those dependent on ubiquitin-proteasome and autophagy. Selective rather than bulk degradation of altered proteins and organelles was also proposed to occur. Within the picture described above, the muscle is frequently considered a sort of by-stander tissue where external stimuli, directly or indirectly, can poise protein metabolism toward a catabolic setting. By contrast, several observations suggest that the muscle reacts to the wasting drive imposed by cancer growth by activating different compensatory strategies that include anabolic capacity, the activation of autophagy and myogenesis. Even if muscle response is eventually ill-fated, its occurrence supports the idea that in the presence of appropriate treatments the development of cancer-induced wasting might not be an ineluctable event in tumor hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Penna
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, Interuniversity Institute of Myology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Riccardo Ballarò
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, Interuniversity Institute of Myology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Marc Beltrà
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, Interuniversity Institute of Myology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Serena De Lucia
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, Interuniversity Institute of Myology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Lorena García Castillo
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, Interuniversity Institute of Myology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Paola Costelli
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, Interuniversity Institute of Myology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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46
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Lee HW, Baker E, Lee KM, Persinger AM, Hawkins W, Puppa M. Effects of low-dose leucine supplementation on gastrocnemius muscle mitochondrial content and protein turnover in tumor-bearing mice. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2019; 44:997-1004. [PMID: 30768366 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2018-0765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Many forms of cancer are associated with loss of lean body mass, commonly attributed to decreased protein synthesis and stimulation of proteolytic pathways within the skeletal muscle. Leucine has been shown to improve protein synthesis, insulin signaling, and mitochondrial biogenesis, which are key signaling pathways influenced by tumor signaling. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of leucine supplementation on mitochondrial biogenesis and protein turnover in tumor-bearing mice. Twenty male C57BL/6 mice were divided into 4 groups (n = 5): Chow, leucine (Leu), Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) implant, and LLC+Leu. At 9-10 weeks of age, mice were inoculated and supplemented with 5% leucine (w/w) in the diet. C2C12 myotubes were treated with 2.5 mmol/L leucine and 25% LLC conditioned media to further elucidate the direct influence of the tumor and leucine on the muscle. Measures of protein synthesis, mitochondrial biogenesis, and inflammation in the gastrocnemius were assessed via Western blot analysis. Gastrocnemius mass was decreased in LLC+Leu relative to LLC (p = 0.040). Relative protein synthesis rate was decreased in LLC mice (p = 0.001). No change in protein synthesis was observed in myotubes. Phosphorylation of STAT3 was decreased in the Leu group relative to the control in both mice (p = 0.019) and myotubes (p = 0.02), but did not significantly attenuate the inflammatory effect of LLC implantation (p = 0.619). LLC decreased markers of mitochondrial content; however, PGC-1α was increased in LLC+Leu relative to LLC (p = 0.001). While leucine supplementation was unable to preserve protein synthesis or mitochondrial content associated with LLC implantation, it was able to increase mitochondrial biogenesis signaling. Novelty This study provides novel insights on the effect of leucine supplementation on mitochondrial biogenesis and protein turnover in tumor-bearing mice. Leucine increased signaling for mitochondrial biogenesis in the skeletal muscle. Leucine supplementation decreased inflammatory signaling in skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harold W Lee
- School of Health Studies, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, USA.,School of Health Studies, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, USA
| | - Ella Baker
- School of Health Studies, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, USA.,School of Health Studies, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, USA
| | - Kevin M Lee
- School of Health Studies, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, USA.,School of Health Studies, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, USA
| | - Aaron M Persinger
- School of Health Studies, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, USA.,School of Health Studies, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, USA
| | - William Hawkins
- School of Health Studies, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, USA.,School of Health Studies, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, USA
| | - Melissa Puppa
- School of Health Studies, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, USA.,School of Health Studies, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, USA
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47
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Metabolic and Molecular Basis of Sarcopenia: Implications in the Management of Urothelial Carcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20030760. [PMID: 30754663 PMCID: PMC6387186 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20030760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Sarcopenia, which represents the degenerative and systemic loss of skeletal muscle mass, is a multifactorial syndrome caused by various clinical conditions. Sarcopenia reflects not only frailty and poor general health status, but also the possible presence of advanced or progressive cancer or cancer cachexia. Therefore, sarcopenia affects the management of cancer-bearing patients, including those with urothelial carcinoma. Recently, growing evidence has shown that sarcopenia is significantly associated with higher rates of treatment-related complications and worse prognosis in patients with urothelial carcinoma, including muscle-invasive bladder cancer, upper tract urothelial carcinoma, and advanced urothelial carcinoma. Moreover, several studies reported that a post-therapeutic increase in skeletal muscle mass predicts favorable prognosis in urothelial carcinoma patients. To further explore the role of sarcopenia in the management of urothelial carcinoma patients, comprehensive understanding of its pathophysiology is vital. In this article, we reviewed the metabolic and molecular basis of cancer cachexia and sarcopenia. From this viewpoint, we discussed the possible mechanism of changes in skeletal muscle mass during the course of treatment.
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48
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Cui P, Shao W, Huang C, Wu CJ, Jiang B, Lin D. Metabolic derangements of skeletal muscle from a murine model of glioma cachexia. Skelet Muscle 2019; 9:3. [PMID: 30635036 PMCID: PMC6330447 DOI: 10.1186/s13395-018-0188-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cachexia is a complex metabolic disorder and muscle atrophy syndrome, impacting 80% patients with advanced cancers. Malignant glioma is considered to be one of the deadliest human cancers, accounting for about 60% of all primary brain tumors. However, cachexia symptoms induced by glioma have received little attention. This work aims to explore skeletal muscle atrophy in orthotopic glioma murine models. Methods BALB/c nude mice were orthotopicly implanted with normal glial (HEB) and glioma (WHO II CHG5 and WHO IV U87) cells. Cachexia symptoms of mice were depicted by phenotypic, histopathologic, physiological, and biochemical analyses. Muscle atrophy-related proteins were examined by western blot, and the involved signaling pathways were analyzed. NMR-based metabolomic analysis was applied to profile metabolic derangements in the skeletal muscle, including multivariate statistical analysis, characteristic metabolite identification, and metabolic pathway analysis. Results Compared with controls, mice implanted with glioma cells exhibit typical cachexia symptoms, indicating a high correlation with the malignant grades of glioma. U87 mice develop cachexia much earlier and more severe than CHG5 mice. The glioma-bearing mice showed significantly decreased skeletal muscle mass and strength, which were associated with suppressed AKT, activated AMPK, FOXO, Atrogin1, and LC3. Interestingly, expressions of MuRF1, MyoD1, and eIF3f were not significantly changed. Consistently, metabolomic analyses elucidate pronounced metabolic derangements in cachectic gastrocnemius relative to controls. Glucose, glycerol, and 3-hydroxybutyrate were remarkably downregulated, whereas glutamate, arginine, leucine, and isoleucine were upregulated in cachectic gastrocnemius. Furthermore, U87 mice showed more characteristic metabolites and more disturbed metabolic pathways including glucose and lipid metabolism, protein catabolism, anabolism, and citric acid cycle anaplerotic. Conclusions This study demonstrates for the first time that the orthotopic glioma murine model developed here exhibits high fidelity of cachexia manifestations in two malignant grades of glioma. Signaling pathway analysis in combination with metabolomic analysis provides significant insights into the complex pathophysiology of glioma cachexia and expands understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying muscle atrophy. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13395-018-0188-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Cui
- Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, 422 Siming South Road, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Wei Shao
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Chenggong Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Caihua Huang
- Department of Physical Education, Xiamen University of Technology, 600 Ligong Road, Jimei District, Xiamen, 361024, China.
| | - Chang-Jer Wu
- Department of Food Science, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Bin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Donghai Lin
- Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, 422 Siming South Road, Xiamen, 361005, China.
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Abstract
Cancer cachexia is a metabolic disease characterized by a negative energy balance associated with systemic weight loss and poor quality of life.In particular, skeletal muscle, which represents almost 50% of the total body mass, is strongly affected, and metabolic alterations therein (e.g., insulin resistance and mitochondrial dysfunction) can eventually support tumor growth by facilitating nutrient scavenging by the growing mass. Interestingly, metabolic interventions on wasting muscle have been proven to be protective, advocating for the importance of metabolic regulation in the wasting muscle.Here, we will briefly define the current knowledge of metabolic regulation in cachexia and provide a protocol to grow and differentiate in vitro myotubes for the assessment of mitochondrial metabolism during cachexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myriam Y Hsu
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Science, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Paolo E Porporato
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Science, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Torino, Italy.
| | - Elisabeth Wyart
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Science, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
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50
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Fukushima H, Takemura K, Suzuki H, Koga F. Impact of Sarcopenia as a Prognostic Biomarker of Bladder Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19102999. [PMID: 30275370 PMCID: PMC6213561 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19102999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2018] [Revised: 09/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Sarcopenia, the degenerative and systemic loss of skeletal muscle mass, indicates patient frailty and impaired physical function. Sarcopenia can be caused by multiple factors, including advanced age, lack of exercise, poor nutritional status, inflammatory diseases, endocrine diseases, and malignancies. In patients with cancer cachexia, anorexia, poor nutrition and systemic inflammation make the metabolic state more catabolic, resulting in sarcopenia. Thus, sarcopenia is considered as one of manifestations of cancer cachexia. Recently, growing evidence has indicated the importance of sarcopenia in the management of patients with various cancers. Sarcopenia is associated with not only higher rates of treatment-related complications but also worse prognosis in cancer-bearing patients. In this article, we summarized metabolic backgrounds of cancer cachexia and sarcopenia and definitions of sarcopenia based on computed tomography (CT) images. We conducted a systematic literature review regarding the significance of sarcopenia as a prognostic biomarker of bladder cancer. We also reviewed recent studies focusing on the prognostic role of changes in skeletal muscle mass during the course of treatment in bladder cancer patients. Lastly, we discussed the impact of nutritional support, medication, and exercise on sarcopenia in cancer-bearing patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Fukushima
- Department of Urology, Tokyo Metropolitan Cancer and Infectious Diseases Center Komagome Hospital, 3-18-22 Honkomagome, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8677, Japan.
| | - Kosuke Takemura
- Department of Urology, Tokyo Metropolitan Cancer and Infectious Diseases Center Komagome Hospital, 3-18-22 Honkomagome, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8677, Japan.
| | - Hiroaki Suzuki
- Department of Urology, Tokyo Metropolitan Cancer and Infectious Diseases Center Komagome Hospital, 3-18-22 Honkomagome, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8677, Japan.
| | - Fumitaka Koga
- Department of Urology, Tokyo Metropolitan Cancer and Infectious Diseases Center Komagome Hospital, 3-18-22 Honkomagome, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8677, Japan.
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