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Ahuja R, Vishwakarma P, Kumar V, Khatri R, Chatterjee A, Mishra S, Rizvi ZA, Singh A, Kaur G, Maithil V, Tarane K, Chauhan A, Singh S, Yadav P, Yadav D, Sinha SK, Ali SK, Chatterjee A, Priyadarsiny P, Awasthi A, Prasad VM, Ahmed S, Samal S. Next-gen novel nanocage-based multivalent vaccine candidate to tackle the rising menace of Mpox. NPJ Vaccines 2025; 10:117. [PMID: 40480973 PMCID: PMC12144111 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-025-01174-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2025] [Accepted: 05/25/2025] [Indexed: 06/11/2025] Open
Abstract
The recent emergence and global spread of the human Monkeypox virus (MPXV), including its transmission to non-endemic regions, have raised significant global health concerns. In this proof-of-concept study, we developed a recombinant protein-based MPXV vaccine candidate, employing an innovative and versatile multivalent, self-assembled nanocage protein scaffold. Two immunogenic antigens derived from the contemporary circulating MPXV strain have been incorporated into a self-assembled non-structural protein-10 (NSP-10) scaffold, expressed, and purified using an Escherichia coli expression system without a purification tag. The vaccine candidate elicited strong antibody responses in mice and conferred protection against the lethal Vaccinia virus in an intranasal and skin pock in vivo study. Additionally, an intranasal challenge with the MPXV strain clade IIb in immunized mice demonstrated promising outcomes, including a significant reduction in viral titres and eliciting a robust neutralizing antibody response. This study demonstrates a feasible, scalable, and cost-effective approach for the development of the MPXV vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Ahuja
- Centre for Virus Research, Therapeutics and Vaccines, Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Preeti Vishwakarma
- Centre for Virus Research, Therapeutics and Vaccines, Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Varun Kumar
- Centre for Virus Research, Therapeutics and Vaccines, Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Ritika Khatri
- Centre for Virus Research, Therapeutics and Vaccines, Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Ananya Chatterjee
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Surbhi Mishra
- Centre for Virus Research, Therapeutics and Vaccines, Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Zaigham Abbas Rizvi
- Centre for Immunobiology and Immunotherapy, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Anup Singh
- Centre for Virus Research, Therapeutics and Vaccines, Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Gurleen Kaur
- Centre for Virus Research, Therapeutics and Vaccines, Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Vikas Maithil
- Centre for Virus Research, Therapeutics and Vaccines, Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Kunal Tarane
- Centre for Virus Research, Therapeutics and Vaccines, Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Akanksha Chauhan
- Centre for Virus Research, Therapeutics and Vaccines, Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Sarjeet Singh
- Centre for Virus Research, Therapeutics and Vaccines, Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Pooja Yadav
- Centre for Virus Research, Therapeutics and Vaccines, Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Devendra Yadav
- Centre for Virus Research, Therapeutics and Vaccines, Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Sangita Kumari Sinha
- Centre for Virus Research, Therapeutics and Vaccines, Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | | | | | | | - Amit Awasthi
- Centre for Immunobiology and Immunotherapy, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Vidya Mangala Prasad
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
- Center for Infectious Diseases Research (CIDR), Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Shubbir Ahmed
- Centre for Virus Research, Therapeutics and Vaccines, Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, India.
- Centralized Core Research Facility (CCRF), All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, New Delhi, India.
| | - Sweety Samal
- Centre for Virus Research, Therapeutics and Vaccines, Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, India.
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Ortega-Nieto C, Vázquez-Calvo Á, García-Castey M, Alcamí A, Palomo JM. Copper-Silver Nanoparticle/Lipase Nanobiohybrids for Enhanced Activity Against Viral Pathogens. ACS APPLIED NANO MATERIALS 2025; 8:10559-10567. [PMID: 40432747 PMCID: PMC12107529 DOI: 10.1021/acsanm.5c01377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2025] [Revised: 05/06/2025] [Accepted: 05/07/2025] [Indexed: 05/29/2025]
Abstract
The development of sustainable, low-toxicity materials that are effective against a wide range of microorganisms is crucial in addressing emerging infectious diseases. The recent spread of monkeypox virus (MPXV), respiratory pathogens such as rhinoviruses or seasonal coronaviruses, and animal pathogens such as porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) highlights the urgent need for innovative solutions in both human and animal health. In this study, we designed a bimetallic nanobiohybrid material, NanoCuAg, composed of a lipase and in situ-synthesized copper and silver nanoparticles, with a low silver-to-copper ratio, through a simple and sustainable synthetic process. The nanobiomaterial, featuring a supramolecular flower structure containing ∼4 nm average diameter nanoparticles, contains 32% copper and 3% silver, mainly in the Cu-(II) and Ag-(I) oxidation states. Despite its low silver content, the nanobiomaterial showed a strong catalytic efficacy in different model reactions. Then, its virucidal activity was evaluated under different conditions. At 200 ppm, in combination with hydrogen peroxide, it inactivated 99% of human rhinovirus B14 and 99.99% of human coronavirus 229E. At 1000 ppm, it achieved 90% efficacy against MPXV and a 4.8 log10 (≈99.999%) reduction in PRRSV. These results demonstrate the potential of NanoCuAg as a highly effective virucidal material, capable of inactivating both enveloped and nonenveloped viruses at low concentrations, making it a promising candidate for broad-spectrum virucidal applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Ortega-Nieto
- Instituto
de Catálisis y Petroleoquímica (ICP), CSIC, C/Marie Curie 2, 28049Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángela Vázquez-Calvo
- Centro
de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-Universidad
Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), 28049Madrid, Spain
| | - Mayte García-Castey
- Centro
de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-Universidad
Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), 28049Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Alcamí
- Centro
de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-Universidad
Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), 28049Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose M. Palomo
- Instituto
de Catálisis y Petroleoquímica (ICP), CSIC, C/Marie Curie 2, 28049Madrid, Spain
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3
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Ghasemi F, Valizadeh F, Mohammadi R, Goodarzi H. The relationship between maternal emotional self-disclosure and children's anxiety in the post-COVID-19 era. BMC Psychiatry 2025; 25:381. [PMID: 40241026 PMCID: PMC12004662 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-025-06810-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2025] [Indexed: 04/18/2025] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Following pandemics, anxiety often remains prevalent within families, particularly among mothers, even after the acute phase. Mothers typically engage in increased emotional self-disclosure and interactions with family members, which can promote improved mental health and strengthen family dynamics through the shared expression and management of psychological concerns. This study aimed to determine the relationship between maternal emotional self-disclosure and children's anxiety in the post-COVID-19 era. METHODS In this cross-sectional correlation study, 305 mothers of elementary school children in Borujerd, Lorestan, Iran, in 2022 were included using a multi-stage sampling method. Data collection tools comprised demographic questionnaires, the Emotional Self-Disclosure Scale, and the Spence Children's Anxiety Scale-Parent Report, all of which were completed by mothers as self-reports. Independent t-tests, one-way analysis of variance, Pearson's correlation test, and multivariate regression were employed to analyze the data. RESULTS There was a negative and significant correlation between mothers' emotional self-disclosure and children's anxiety (r = -0.890, P < 0.001) which remained significant after controlling for confounding variables (B = -0.667, P < 0.001). There was a statistically significant difference in mothers' mean emotional self-disclosure scores based on their place of residence, education, occupation, and their spouse's age, education, and occupation, as well as the child's sex, educational level, and age (P < 0.001). However, the results were insignificant concerning the mother's age (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS There was an inverse and relatively strong relationship between maternal emotional self-disclosure and child anxiety. This indicates that an increase in maternal emotional self-disclosure was associated with a reduction in child anxiety. Therefore, in similar crises, managing and promoting emotional self-disclosure among mothers may help in reducing children's anxiety, particularly in mothers who are well-educated, employed, reside in urban areas; have younger, well-educated, and employed spouses; and have female children with younger age and lower educational levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Ghasemi
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Valizadeh
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Department of Pediatric Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Rasool Mohammadi
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Nutrition, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Hanieh Goodarzi
- Student Research Committee, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran.
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Tripathi P, Pandey S, Yadav D, Joshi S. Emergence and evolution of monkeypox virus: Epidemiology, pathology, clinical symptoms, preventative and treatment measures. Int Immunopharmacol 2025; 152:114448. [PMID: 40073815 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2025.114448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2025] [Revised: 02/23/2025] [Accepted: 03/06/2025] [Indexed: 03/14/2025]
Abstract
As the COVID-19 pandemic situation was on an end, a new monkeypox menace has been discovered in several places of the world. The most comforting thing is that the fatality rate of monkeypox is unlike Covid-19. But the recent global outbreaks and the rise in the number of cases has drawn attention of world towards it. The number of cases in multiple countries have already surpassed 25,000, according to the WHO report released on July 25, 2022. The zoonotic disease monkey-pox virus causes a feverish sickness in humans, with characteristic skin rashes and is similar to smallpox in structure, clinical presentation, and response to antiviral medicine. This review offers important insights on the evolution of the monkeypox virus and its different modes of transmission. It also discusses epidemiology, clinical findings, management, challenges, and current strategies for the disease, as well as the implications of the current epidemic on public health. Comprehensive research on the pathophysiology and management of monkeypox is still lacking. In order to solve this problem, we reviewed the pathology and virology of monkeypox infection and provided an overview of the most recent developments in anti-monkeypox medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Purnima Tripathi
- Anangpuria School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ballabgarh, Faridabad, Haryana 121004, India.
| | - Sonia Pandey
- Department of Pharmacy, Yashraj College of Professional Studies, Kanpur, UP 209217, India
| | - Deepika Yadav
- Anangpuria School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ballabgarh, Faridabad, Haryana 121004, India
| | - Shrikant Joshi
- Maliba Pharmacy College, Uka Tarsadia University, Bardoli, Gujrat 394350, India
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Ebede SO, Orabueze IN, Maduakor UC, Nwafia IN, Ohanu ME. Recurrent Mpox: divergent virulent clades and the urgent need for strategic measures including novel vaccine development to sustain global health security. BMC Infect Dis 2025; 25:536. [PMID: 40234768 PMCID: PMC12001483 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-025-10896-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2025] [Indexed: 04/17/2025] Open
Abstract
In August 2024, the Africa CDC and WHO declared Mpox a Public Health Emergency of Continental Security and a Public Health Emergency of International Concern, respectively, following a devastating global outbreak driven by newly emerged virulent clades I (Ia, IIb) and II (IIa, IIb) of the Mpox virus. These new clades are genetically and phylogenetically distinct from previously known strains, with the re-emerging variants originating from the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) and rapidly spreading to neighbouring regions and across the globe. The ongoing epidemic is characterized by alarming morbidity and mortality, and the newly identified clades are linked to significant changes in the epidemiology of the disease, resulting in worse clinical outcomes. Sexual transmission has emerged as a key factor in sustaining the spread of the virus, particularly among sexually active young adults, facilitating the virus's spread beyond Africa. To combat the growing threat, there is an urgent need for the development of a polyvalent vaccine that incorporates the diverse circulating clades as part of other mitigation measures.. Widespread vaccination with such a vaccine could help achieve herd immunity and complement other infection prevention and control strategies to effectively mitigate the impact of this global health crisis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Onuzulike Ebede
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Basic Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria, Ituku-Ozalla Campus, Enugu, Enugu State, Nigeria
- Department of Microbiology, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Ituku-Ozalla, Enugu, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Ibuchukwu Nkeonyenasoya Orabueze
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Basic Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria, Ituku-Ozalla Campus, Enugu, Enugu State, Nigeria.
- Department of Microbiology, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Ituku-Ozalla, Enugu, Enugu State, Nigeria.
| | - Uzoamaka Charity Maduakor
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus, Enugu, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Ifeyinwa Nkeiruka Nwafia
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Basic Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria, Ituku-Ozalla Campus, Enugu, Enugu State, Nigeria
- Department of Microbiology, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Ituku-Ozalla, Enugu, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Martin Ekechukwu Ohanu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Basic Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria, Ituku-Ozalla Campus, Enugu, Enugu State, Nigeria
- Department of Microbiology, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Ituku-Ozalla, Enugu, Enugu State, Nigeria
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Chu X, Chen H, Wu R, Zhang L, Zhang Y, Xu H, Ma C. Development of a multiplex droplet digital PCR method for detection and differentiation of mpox virus clades. J Virol Methods 2025; 332:115078. [PMID: 39603512 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2024.115078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 11/04/2024] [Accepted: 11/21/2024] [Indexed: 11/29/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The current outbreak of mpox has been declared a public health emergency of international concern by the World Health Organization. However, distinguishing symptoms of mpox virus (MPXV) infection from other orthopoxviruses is atypical, necessitating laboratory confirmatory tests to aid in clinical diagnosis. Therefore, rapid and accurate detection and differentiation of various clades of MPXV are imperative. OBJECTIVE A multiplex droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) method was developed to detect and differentiate various clades of MPXV with subsequent evaluation of its sensitivity and accessibility through the analysis of 17 clinical samples. METHODS Primers and probes for multiple ddPCR were designed by comparing multiple complete genomes of orthopoxviruses. Primer and probe concentrations, reaction conditions were tentatively optimized on the Biorad QX200 platform. Seventeen clinical samples of MPXV were detected and verified by Sanger sequencing. RESULTS The established ddPCR method could detect and differentiate MPXV, and the results were consistent with those of Sanger sequencing. CONCLUSION Multiplex ddPCR could be used to detect and distinguish different clades of MPXV rapidly and accurately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyue Chu
- Shaanxi Blood Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, PR China
| | - Hailong Chen
- Xi'an Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710054, PR China
| | - Rui Wu
- Xi'an Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710054, PR China
| | - Linghao Zhang
- Shaanxi Blood Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, PR China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Shaanxi Blood Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, PR China
| | - Hua Xu
- Shaanxi Blood Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, PR China
| | - Chaofeng Ma
- Shaanxi Blood Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, PR China.
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Naga NG, Nawar EA, Mobarak AA, Faramawy AG, Al-Kordy HMH. Monkeypox: a re-emergent virus with global health implications - a comprehensive review. Trop Dis Travel Med Vaccines 2025; 11:2. [PMID: 39810237 PMCID: PMC11734370 DOI: 10.1186/s40794-024-00237-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2024] [Accepted: 11/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/16/2025] Open
Abstract
Monkeypox virus (MPXV) is an enclosed, double-stranded DNA virus from the Orthopoxvirus genus, which also contains variola, vaccinia, and cowpox. MPXV, which was once confined to West and Central Africa, has recently had a rebound, spreading beyond its original range since 2017. The virus is distinguished by its unique morphology, which includes an oval or brick-shaped structure and a complex lipid and protein makeup. The current multi-country outbreak designated a public health emergency in 2022, has highlighted MPXV's shifting epidemiology and ability to spread rapidly over the globe. 'No one is safe until everyone is safe' is a slogan we often heard during the COVID-19 pandemic, which is now also required for the growing global and regional mpox outbreaks. The epidemic is divided into two clades: Clade I and Clade II, which have distinct pathogenic characteristics. Diagnostic approaches have developed with advances in molecular techniques, yet problems persist in resource-constrained situations. This overview summarizes the virus's history, epidemiology, morphology, and clinical characteristics, offering insights into its recent comeback and current global response efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nourhan G Naga
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.
| | - Enas A Nawar
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - A'laa A Mobarak
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Aya G Faramawy
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt
| | - Hend M H Al-Kordy
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt.
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Krishna S, Teotia D, Yadav M, Mahilkar S, Suchiita A, Saxena A, Sonkar SC, Chandra L, Koner BC. Monkeypox (Mpox): Diagnosis and Emerging Challenges. THE YALE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2024; 97:529-534. [PMID: 39703603 PMCID: PMC11650907 DOI: 10.59249/pwon3661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2024]
Abstract
Monkeypox (Mpox) has once again been designated a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) as of August, 2024. The severity of the disease is underscored by its significant mortality rate, and unfortunately, there are no targeted therapeutics currently available for this viral infection. Management relies on preventive measures and the use of existing smallpox vaccines due to their genetic similarity to the Mpox virus. Diagnosing a disease is a critical aspect of managing any health condition, and for a highly contagious viral infection like Mpox, it is essential to employ a specific and sensitive diagnostic approach. The lack of adequate diagnostic facilities in laboratories poses a significant challenge, hindering accurate diagnoses and the identification of underlying etiologies, particularly in low-resource settings. Current serology-based diagnostic tests lack specificity for the Mpox virus, leading to cross-reactivity with other orthopoxviruses. With the emergence of new viral variants, molecular and genomic diagnostic methods are far more reliable for accurately confirming Mpox infections. This review focuses on current diagnostic methods approved worldwide and the future challenges that need to be addressed to effectively control and mitigate the spread of Mpox.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smriti Krishna
- Multidisciplinary Research Unit, Maulana Azad Medical
College and Associated Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Dimpi Teotia
- Multidisciplinary Research Unit, Maulana Azad Medical
College and Associated Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Manisha Yadav
- Multidisciplinary Research Unit, Maulana Azad Medical
College and Associated Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Shakuntala Mahilkar
- Vector-borne Diseases Group, International Center for
Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), New Delhi, India
| | - Anuupama Suchiita
- Department of Biochemistry, Maulana Azad Medical
College and Associated Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Subash Chandra Sonkar
- Multidisciplinary Research Unit, Maulana Azad Medical
College and Associated Hospital, New Delhi, India
- Delhi School of Public Health (DSPH), Institute of
Eminence, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Lal Chandra
- Department of Biochemistry, Maulana Azad Medical
College and Associated Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Bidhan Chandra Koner
- Multidisciplinary Research Unit, Maulana Azad Medical
College and Associated Hospital, New Delhi, India
- Department of Biochemistry, Maulana Azad Medical
College and Associated Hospital, New Delhi, India
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Protopapas K, Dimopoulou D, Kalesis N, Akinosoglou K, Moschopoulos CD. Mpox and Lessons Learned in the Light of the Recent Outbreak: A Narrative Review. Viruses 2024; 16:1620. [PMID: 39459952 PMCID: PMC11512351 DOI: 10.3390/v16101620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2024] [Revised: 10/11/2024] [Accepted: 10/15/2024] [Indexed: 10/28/2024] Open
Abstract
According to the WHO, more than 90,000 cases of mpox have been reported since the 2022 worldwide outbreak, which resulted in 167 deaths, while a new outbreak in Africa since 2023 has resulted in over 18,000 cases and 617 deaths. Mpox is a zoonosis caused by the monkeypox virus, a double-stranded DNA virus belonging to the Orthopoxvirus genus, which causes smallpox-like illness. Until 2022, cases were predominately located in West and Central Africa, with only sporadic cases and outbreaks reported in other parts of the world. During the 2022 outbreak, the primary mode of transmission was sexual contact among men who have sex with men. The changing epidemiology of mpox resulted in new disease phenotypes and populations at risk, disproportionally affecting people who live with HIV. Commonly presenting as a mild, self-limiting illness, mpox can cause severe and protracted disease in people with HIV with a CD4 count < 200 cell/mm3. The global emergence of mpox that followed and intersected with COVID-19 mobilized the scientific community and healthcare stakeholders to provide accurate diagnostics, preventive vaccines and treatment to those most affected. Despite existing gaps, this rapid response helped to contain the outbreak, but challenges remain as new variants emerge. Preparedness and readiness to respond to the next outbreak is crucial in order to minimize the impact to the most vulnerable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Protopapas
- Fourth Department of Internal Medicine, Attikon University Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 12462 Athens, Greece; (K.P.); (C.D.M.)
| | - Dimitra Dimopoulou
- Second Department of Pediatrics, “Aghia Sophia” Children’s Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece;
| | - Nikolaos Kalesis
- Dermatology Department, General Hospital of Nikaia-Piraeus ‘Agios Panteleimon’, General Hospital of West Attica ‘Agia Varvara’, 12351 Athens, Greece;
| | | | - Charalampos D. Moschopoulos
- Fourth Department of Internal Medicine, Attikon University Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 12462 Athens, Greece; (K.P.); (C.D.M.)
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Grajales DB, Kar S. Exploring Monkeypox: prospects for therapeutics through computational-aided drug discovery. Mol Divers 2024; 28:3497-3521. [PMID: 38079063 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-023-10767-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2024]
Abstract
Monkeypox virus (MPXV) has emerged as a significant public health concern due to its potential for human transmission and its severe clinical manifestations. This review synthesizes findings from peer-reviewed articles spanning the last two decades, shedding light on diverse aspects of MPXV research. The exploration commences with an analysis of transmission dynamics, including zoonotic and human-to-human transmission, and potential reservoir hosts. Detailed insights into viral replication mechanisms illuminate its influence on disease progression and pathogenicity. Understanding the genomic and virion structure of MPXV is pivotal for targeted interventions. Genomic characteristics contributing to virulence are examined, alongside recent advancements in virion structure elucidation through cutting-edge imaging techniques. Emphasizing combat strategies, the review lists potential protein targets within the MPXV lifecycle for computer-aided drug design (CADD). The role of protein-ligand interactions and molecular docking simulations in identifying potential drug candidates is highlighted. Despite the absence of approved MPXV medications, the review outlines updates on ongoing small molecules and vaccine development efforts, spanning traditional and innovative platforms. The evolving landscape of computational drug research for MPXV is explored, encompassing advanced algorithms, machine learning, and high-performance computing. In conclusion, this review offers a holistic perspective on MPXV research by integrating insights spanning transmission dynamics to drug design. Equipping researchers with multifaceted understanding underscore the importance of innovative methodologies and interdisciplinary collaborations in addressing MPXV's challenges as research advances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Bermeo Grajales
- Chemometrics and Molecular Modeling Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Kean University, 1000 Morris Avenue, Union, NJ, 07083, USA
| | - Supratik Kar
- Chemometrics and Molecular Modeling Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Kean University, 1000 Morris Avenue, Union, NJ, 07083, USA.
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Priyanka TMC, Gowrisankar A, Banerjee S. Mpox outbreak: Time series analysis with multifractal and deep learning network. CHAOS (WOODBURY, N.Y.) 2024; 34:101103. [PMID: 39413265 DOI: 10.1063/5.0236082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2024] [Accepted: 10/02/2024] [Indexed: 10/18/2024]
Abstract
This article presents an overview of an mpox epidemiological situation in the most affected regions-Africa, Americas, and Europe-tailoring fractal interpolation for pre-processing the mpox cases. This keen analysis has highlighted the irregular and fractal patterns in the trend of mpox transmission. During the current scenario of public health emergency of international concern due to an mpox outbreak, an additional significance of this article is the interpretation of mpox spread in light of multifractality. The self-similar measure, namely, the multifractal measure, is utilized to explore the heterogeneity in the mpox cases. Moreover, a bidirectional long-short term memory neural network has been employed to forecast the future mpox spread to alert the outbreak as it seems to be a silent symptom for global epidemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M C Priyanka
- Department of Mathematics, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632 014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - A Gowrisankar
- Department of Mathematics, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632 014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Santo Banerjee
- Dipartimento di Scienze Matematiche, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi, 24, 10129 Torino, Italy
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Krishna S, Kurrey C, Yadav M, Mahilkar S, Sonkar SC, Vishvakarma NK, Sonkar A, Chandra L, Koner BC. Insights into the emergence and evolution of monkeypox virus: Historical perspectives, epidemiology, genetic diversity, transmission, and preventative measures. INFECTIOUS MEDICINE 2024; 3:100105. [PMID: 38827561 PMCID: PMC11141456 DOI: 10.1016/j.imj.2024.100105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
In 2022, just before the COVID-19 pandemic ended, many countries noticed a viral monkeypox outbreak. Monkeypox virus, a zoonotic pathogen, causes a febrile illness in humans and resembles smallpox. Prevention strategies encompass vaccination, strict infection control measures, and avoiding contact with infected persons. As monkeypox and related poxviruses continue to pose challenges, ongoing surveillance, early diagnosis, prompt isolation, and effective control measures are crucial for limiting transmission and mitigating the impact of outbreaks on public health. This review provides valuable insights into the evolution of the monkeypox virus and its various modes of transmission, including postmortem transmission, and offers an overall perspective on the guidelines issued by the Government of India to prevent and effectively control the spread of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smriti Krishna
- Multidisciplinary Research Unit, Maulana Azad Medical College and Associated Hospital, New Delhi 110002, India
| | - Chhaya Kurrey
- Department of Biotechnology, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya, Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh 495009, India
| | - Manisha Yadav
- Multidisciplinary Research Unit, Maulana Azad Medical College and Associated Hospital, New Delhi 110002, India
| | - Shakuntala Mahilkar
- Vector-borne Diseases Group, International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Subash Chandra Sonkar
- Multidisciplinary Research Unit, Maulana Azad Medical College and Associated Hospital, New Delhi 110002, India
- Delhi School of Public Health (DSPH), Institute of Eminence, University of Delhi, New Delhi 110007, India
| | - Naveen Kumar Vishvakarma
- Department of Biotechnology, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya, Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh 495009, India
| | - Anand Sonkar
- Department of Botany, Hansraj College, University of Delhi, New Delhi 110007, India
| | - Lal Chandra
- Department of Biochemistry, Maulana Azad Medical College and Associated Hospital, New Delhi 110002, India
| | - Bidhan Chandra Koner
- Multidisciplinary Research Unit, Maulana Azad Medical College and Associated Hospital, New Delhi 110002, India
- Department of Biochemistry, Maulana Azad Medical College and Associated Hospital, New Delhi 110002, India
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Kumari R, Arya P, Yadav SP, Mishra RC, Yadav JP. Monkeypox Virus (MPXV) Infection: A Review. Infect Disord Drug Targets 2024; 24:76-82. [PMID: 38243966 DOI: 10.2174/0118715265258451231214063506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
Monkeypox is a viral disease; its outbreak was recently declared a global emergency by the World Health Organization. For the first time, a monkeypox virus (MPXV)-infected patient was found in India. Various researchers back-to-back tried to find the solution to this health emergency just after COVID-19. In this review, we discuss the current outbreak status of India, its transmission, virulence factors, symptoms, treatment, and the preventive guidelines generated by the Indian Health Ministry. We found that monkeypox virus (MPXV) disease is different from smallpox, and the age group between 30-40 years old is more prone to MPXV disease. We also found that, besides homosexuals, gays, bisexuals, and non-vegetarians, it also affects normal straight men and women who have no history of travel. Close contact should be avoided from rats, monkeys and sick people who are affected by monkeypox. To date, there are no monkeypox drugs, but Tecovirimat is more effective than other drugs that are used for other viral diseases like smallpox. Therefore, we need to develop an effective antiviral agent against the virulence factor of MXPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosy Kumari
- Department of Genetics, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, 124001, India
| | - Pooja Arya
- Department of Psychology, University of Patanjali, Haridwar, Uttarakhand, 249405, India
| | - Surya Prakash Yadav
- Department of Yoga, University of Patanjali, Haridwar, Uttarakhand, 249405, India
| | - Ratish Chandra Mishra
- Department of Genetics, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, 124001, India
- Department of Zoology, Om Sterling Global University, Hisar, Haryana, 125001, India
| | - Jaya Parkash Yadav
- Department of Genetics, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, 124001, India
- Indira Gandhi University, Meerpur, Rewari, Haryana, 122502, India
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Andrei G, Snoeck R. Differences in pathogenicity among the mpox virus clades: impact on drug discovery and vaccine development. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2023; 44:719-739. [PMID: 37673695 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2023.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Since May 2022, mpox virus (MPXV) has attracted considerable attention due to a multi-country outbreak. Marked differences in epidemiology, transmission, and pathology between the 2022 global mpox outbreak (clade IIb) and classical mpox disease, endemic in Africa (clades I and IIa) have been highlighted. MPXV genome analysis has identified the genomic changes characterizing clade IIb and the drivers of MPXV rapid evolution. Although mpox cases have largely declined, MPXV cryptic transmission and microevolution continues, which may lead to an MPXV of unpredictable pathogenicity. Vaccines and antivirals developed against variola virus, the agent that caused the extinguished plague smallpox, have been used to contain the 2022 mpox outbreak. In this review article, recent findings on MPXV origin and evolution and relevant models able to recapitulate differences in MPXV pathogenicity, which are important for drug and vaccine development, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graciela Andrei
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Robert Snoeck
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Sharma R, Chen KT, Sharma R. Emerging evidence on Monkeypox: resurgence, global burden, molecular insights, genomics and possible management. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1134712. [PMID: 37153147 PMCID: PMC10154632 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1134712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
An outbreak of monkeypox (encoded enveloped double stranded DNA), resurgence and expansion has emerged in early 2022, posing a new threat to global health. Even though, many reports are available on monkeypox, still a comprehensive updated review is needed. Present updated review is focused to fill the research gaps pertaining to the monkeypox, and an extensive search was conducted in a number of databases, including Google Scholar, Scopus, Web of Science, and Science Direct. Although the disease usually progresses self-limiting, some patients require admission for kidney injury, pharyngitis, myocarditis, and soft tissue super infections. There is no well-known treatment available yet; still there has been a push for the use of antiviral therapy and tecovirimat as a promising option when dealing with co-morbidities. In this study, we mapped and discussed the updates and scientific developments surrounding monkeypox, including its potential molecular mechanisms, genomics, transmission, risk factors, diagnosis, prevention, vaccines, treatment, possible plant-based treatment along with their proposed mechanisms. Each day, a growing number of monkeypox cases are reported, and more cases are expected in the near future. As of now, monkeypox does not have a well-established and proven treatment, and several investigations are underway to find the best possible treatment from natural or synthetic drug sources. Multiple molecular mechanisms on pathophysiological cascades of monkeypox virus infection are discussed here along with updates on genomics, and possible preventive and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruchi Sharma
- Department of Rasa Shastra and Bhaishajya Kalpana, Faculty of Ayurveda, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University (BHU), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Kow-Tong Chen
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Tainan Municipal Hospital (managed by Show Chwan Medical Care Corporation), Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Public Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Rohit Sharma
- Department of Rasa Shastra and Bhaishajya Kalpana, Faculty of Ayurveda, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University (BHU), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
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