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Zuiani A, Dulberger CL, De Silva NS, Marquette M, Lu YJ, Palowitch GM, Dokic A, Sanchez-Velazquez R, Schlatterer K, Sarkar S, Kar S, Chawla B, Galeev A, Lindemann C, Rothenberg DA, Diao H, Walls AC, Addona TA, Mensa F, Vogel AB, Stuart LM, van der Most R, Srouji JR, Türeci Ö, Gaynor RB, Şahin U, Poran A. A multivalent mRNA monkeypox virus vaccine (BNT166) protects mice and macaques from orthopoxvirus disease. Cell 2024; 187:1363-1373.e12. [PMID: 38366591 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2024.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
In response to the 2022 outbreak of mpox driven by unprecedented human-to-human monkeypox virus (MPXV) transmission, we designed BNT166, aiming to create a highly immunogenic, safe, accessible, and scalable next-generation vaccine against MPXV and related orthopoxviruses. To address the multiple viral forms and increase the breadth of immune response, two candidate multivalent mRNA vaccines were evaluated pre-clinically: a quadrivalent vaccine (BNT166a; encoding the MPXV antigens A35, B6, M1, H3) and a trivalent vaccine (BNT166c; without H3). Both candidates induced robust T cell responses and IgG antibodies in mice, including neutralizing antibodies to both MPXV and vaccinia virus. In challenge studies, BNT166a and BNT166c provided complete protection from vaccinia, clade I, and clade IIb MPXV. Furthermore, immunization with BNT166a was 100% effective at preventing death and at suppressing lesions in a lethal clade I MPXV challenge in cynomolgus macaques. These findings support the clinical evaluation of BNT166, now underway (NCT05988203).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Özlem Türeci
- BioNTech SE, Mainz, Germany; HI-TRON - Helmholtz Institute for Translational Oncology Mainz by DKFZ, Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Uğur Şahin
- BioNTech SE, Mainz, Germany; TRON gGmbH - Translational Oncology at the University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany.
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Sibeveih Z. Monkeypox and the eye. Med Hypothesis Discov Innov Ophthalmol 2023; 12:157-159. [PMID: 38476572 PMCID: PMC10926312 DOI: 10.51329/mehdiophthal1481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
KEYWORDS
monkey pox, Orthopoxviruses, transmission, communicable disease, conjunctivitides, blepharitides, scleritides, keratitides, uveitides, acquired blindness, pandemic, COVID 19
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Sibeveih
- 31 Khordad Hospital of Manjil, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Manjil, Iran
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3
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Alkalash SH, Marzouk MM, Farag NA, Elesrigy FA, Barakat AM, Ahmed FA, Mohamed RA, Almowafy AA. Evaluation of human monkeypox knowledge and beliefs regarding emerging viral infections among healthcare workers. Int J Emerg Med 2023; 16:75. [PMID: 37853310 PMCID: PMC10583353 DOI: 10.1186/s12245-023-00547-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to evaluate possible factors that might be accompanied by high level of human monkey pox (HMPX) knowledge and to explain the relationship between HMPX knowledge and Beliefs regarding emerging viral infections. STUDY DESIGN A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted for the implementation of this study. METHODS Study was conducted at two general hospitals in Mansoura City (Old General Hospital and International Hospital) El Dakahlia Governorate among 620 healthcare workers (HCWs) using a self-managed questionnaire for 1 week (1 to 7 January 2023). The questionnaire has items adapted from the previously published literature to assess HMPX knowledge and Beliefs regarding emerging viral infections. RESULTS The mean age of the study sample was 27.97 years and most of them were female (86.1%). Physicians and other HCWs (nurses, laboratory technicians, radiographer technicians, and pharmacists) had significantly different levels of knowledge of monkeypox for the majority of the questions. A higher belief was found among two items: viruses are biological weapons manufactured by the superpowers to take global control and the government is misleading the public about the cause of the virus. CONCLUSION This study discovered lower levels of knowledge of HMPX among HCWs in Egypt. Beliefs about emerging viral infections were widespread, and future research should look into their potential negative impact on health behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safa H Alkalash
- Department of Community Medicine and Healthcare, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Al-Qunfudah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Family Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Menoufia, Egypt
| | - Marzouk M Marzouk
- Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Damietta Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Damietta, Egypt
| | - Nagwa A Farag
- Family Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Menoufia, Egypt
| | - Fatma A Elesrigy
- Family Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Menoufia, Egypt
| | - Ayah M Barakat
- Family Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Menoufia, Egypt
| | - Faransa A Ahmed
- College of Applied Medical Sciences in Alnamas, University of Bisha, Bisha, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Pediatric Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Rasha A Mohamed
- Community Health Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
- College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Bisha, Bisha, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Abeer A Almowafy
- International Islamic Center for Population Studies and Research, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt.
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Begum JPS, Ngangom L, Semwal P, Painuli S, Sharma R, Gupta A. Emergence of monkeypox: a worldwide public health crisis. Hum Cell 2023; 36:877-893. [PMID: 36749539 PMCID: PMC9903284 DOI: 10.1007/s13577-023-00870-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The human monkeypox virus (MPV), a zoonotic illness that was hitherto solely prevalent in Central and West Africa, has lately been discovered to infect people all over the world and has become a major threat to global health. Humans unintentionally contract this zoonotic orthopoxvirus, which resembles smallpox, when they come into contact with infected animals. Studies show that the illness can also be transferred through frequent proximity, respiratory droplets, and household linens such as towels and bedding. However, MPV infection does not presently have a specified therapy. Smallpox vaccinations provide cross-protection against MPV because of antigenic similarities. Despite scant knowledge of the genesis, epidemiology, and ecology of the illness, the incidence and geographic distribution of monkeypox outbreaks have grown recently. Polymerase chain reaction technique on lesion specimens can be used to detect MPV. Vaccines like ACAM2000, vaccinia immune globulin intravenous (VIG-IV), and JYNNEOS (brand name: Imvamune or Imvanex) as well as FDA-approved antiviral medications such as brincidofovir (brand name: Tembexa), tecovirimat (brand name: TPOXX or ST-246), and cidofovir (brand name: Vistide) are used as therapeutic medications against MPV. In this overview, we provide an outline of the MPV's morphology, evolution, mechanism, transmission, diagnosis, preventative measures, and therapeutic approaches. This study offers the fundamental information required to prevent and manage any further spread of this emerging virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. P. Shabaaz Begum
- grid.448909.80000 0004 1771 8078Department of Life Sciences, Graphic Era (Deemed to Be University), Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248002 India
| | - Leirika Ngangom
- grid.448909.80000 0004 1771 8078Department of Life Sciences, Graphic Era (Deemed to Be University), Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248002 India
| | - Prabhakar Semwal
- grid.448909.80000 0004 1771 8078Department of Life Sciences, Graphic Era (Deemed to Be University), Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248002 India
| | - Sakshi Painuli
- Uttarakhand Council for Biotechnology (UCB), Prem Nagar, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248007 India
| | - Rohit Sharma
- grid.411507.60000 0001 2287 8816Faculty of Ayurveda, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005 India
| | - Ashim Gupta
- Future Biologics, Lawrenceville, GA 30043 USA ,South Texas Orthopaedic Research Institute (STORI Inc.), Laredo, TX 78045 USA ,BioIntegrate, Lawrenceville, GA 30043 USA ,Regenerative Orthopaedics, Uttar Pradesh, Noida, 201301 India
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Nikitina PA, Basanova EI, Nikolaenkova EB, Os'kina IA, Serova OA, Bormotov NI, Shishkina LN, Perevalov VP, Tikhonov AY. Synthesis of esters and amides of 2-aryl-1-hydroxy-4-methyl-1H-imidazole-5-carboxylic acids and study of their antiviral activity against orthopoxviruses. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2023; 79:129080. [PMID: 36414175 PMCID: PMC9674569 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2022.129080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Smallpox was eradicated >40 years ago but it is not a reason to forget forever about orthopoxviruses pathogenic to humans. Though in 1980 the decision of WHO to cease vaccination against smallpox had seemed logical, it led to the decrease of cross immunity against other infections caused by orthopoxviruses. As a result, in 2022 the multi-country monkeypox outbreak becomes a topic of great concern. In spite of existing FDA-approved drugs for the treatment of such diseases, the search for new small-molecule orthopoxvirus inhibitors continues. In the course of this search a series of novel 2-aryl-1-hydroxyimidazole derivatives containing ester or carboxamide moieties in position 5 of heterocycle has been synthesized and tested for activity against Vaccinia virus in Vero cell culture. Some of the compounds under consideration revealed a selectivity index higher than that of the reference drug Cidofovir. The highest selectivity index SI = 919 was exhibited by ethyl 1-hydroxy-4-methyl-2-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1H-imidazole-5-carboxylate 1f. The most active compound also demonstrated inhibitory activity against the cowpox virus (SI = 20) and the ectromelia virus (SI = 46).
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Nikitina
- D.I. Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, Miusskaya sq., 9, Moscow 125047, Russia.
| | - E I Basanova
- D.I. Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, Miusskaya sq., 9, Moscow 125047, Russia
| | - E B Nikolaenkova
- N.N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Lavrentiev Avenue, 9, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - I A Os'kina
- N.N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Lavrentiev Avenue, 9, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - O A Serova
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR, Koltsovo, Novosibirsk Region, 630559, Russia
| | - N I Bormotov
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR, Koltsovo, Novosibirsk Region, 630559, Russia
| | - L N Shishkina
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR, Koltsovo, Novosibirsk Region, 630559, Russia
| | - V P Perevalov
- D.I. Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, Miusskaya sq., 9, Moscow 125047, Russia
| | - A Ya Tikhonov
- N.N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Lavrentiev Avenue, 9, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
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Ballesteros-Sanabria L, Pelaez-Prestel HF, Reche PA, Lafuente EM. EPIPOX: A Resource Facilitating Epitope-Vaccine Design Against Human Pathogenic Orthopoxviruses. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2673:175-185. [PMID: 37258914 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3239-0_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
EPIPOX is a specialized online resource intended to facilitate the design of epitope-based vaccines against orthopoxviruses. EPIPOX is built upon a collection of T cell epitopes that are shared by eight pathogenic orthopoxviruses, including variola minor and major strains, monkeypox, cowpox, and vaccinia viruses. In EPIPOX, users can select T cell epitopes attending to the predicted binding to distinct major histocompatibility molecules (MHC) and according to various features that may have an impact on epitope immunogenicity. Among others, EPIPOX allows to discern epitopes by their structural location in the virion and the temporal expression of the counterpart antigens. Overall, the annotations in EPIPOX are optimized to facilitate the rational design of T cell epitope-based vaccines. In this chapter, we describe the main features of EPIPOX and exemplify its use, retrieving orthopoxvirus-specific T cell epitopes with features set to enhance their immunogenicity. EPIPOX is available for free public use at http://bio.med.ucm.es/epipox/ .
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hector F Pelaez-Prestel
- School of Medicine, Department of Immunology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pedro A Reche
- School of Medicine, Department of Immunology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Esther M Lafuente
- School of Medicine, Department of Immunology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
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Beig M, Mohammadi M, Nafe Monfared F, Nasereslami S. Monkeypox: An emerging zoonotic pathogen. World J Virol 2022; 11:426-434. [PMID: 36483104 PMCID: PMC9724206 DOI: 10.5501/wjv.v11.i6.426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Monkeypox virus (MPXV), which belongs to the orthopoxvirus genus, causes zoonotic viral disease. This review discusses the biology, epidemiology, and evolution of MPXV infection, particularly cellular, human, and viral factors, virus transmission dynamics, infection, and persistence in nature. This review also describes the role of recombination, gene loss, and gene gain in MPXV evol-vement and the role of signal transduction in MPXV infection and provides an overview of the current access to therapeutic options for the treatment and prevention of MPXV. Finally, this review highlighted gaps in knowledge and proposed future research endeavors to address the unresolved questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoumeh Beig
- Department of Microbiology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran 5423566512, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Mohammadi
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan 8715973449, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Nafe Monfared
- Department of Virology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 5151561892, Iran
| | - Somaieh Nasereslami
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran 5214632542, Iran
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Ejaz H, Junaid K, Younas S, Abdalla AE, Bukhari SNA, Abosalif KOA, Ahmad N, Ahmed Z, Hamza MA, Anwar N. Emergence and dissemination of monkeypox, an intimidating global public health problem. J Infect Public Health 2022; 15:1156-1165. [PMID: 36174285 PMCID: PMC9534090 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2022.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The monkeypox virus (MPXV) is the cause of a zoonotic infection similar to smallpox. Although it is endemic to Africa, it has recently begun to circulate in other parts of the world. In July 2022, the World Health Organization declared monkeypox an international public health emergency. This review aims to provide an overview of this neglected zoonotic pathogen. MPXV circulates as two distinct clades, the Central African and West African, with case fatality rates of 10.6% and 3.6%, respectively. The risk of infection is greater for those who work with animals or infected individuals. The virus' entry into the human body provokes both natural and acquired immunity. Although natural killer cells, CD4 + T cells, and CD8 + T cells play an essential role in eradicating MPXV, there is still a gap in the understanding of the host immune response to the virus. Currently, there are no specific therapeutic guidelines for treating monkeypox; however, some antiviral drugs such as tecovirimat and cidofovir may help to abate the severity of the disease. The use of nonpharmaceutical interventions and immunization can reduce the risk of infection. Increased surveillance and identification of monkeypox cases are crucial to understand the constantly shifting epidemiology of this resurging and intimidating disease. The present review provides a detailed perspective on the emergence and circulation of MPXV in human populations, infection risks, human immune response, disease diagnosis and prevention strategies, and future implications, and highlights the importance of the research community engaging more with this disease for an effective global response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Ejaz
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Al Jouf 72388, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Kashaf Junaid
- School of Biological and Behavioural Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, E1 4NS London, United Kingdom
| | - Sonia Younas
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Abualgasim E Abdalla
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Al Jouf 72388, Saudi Arabia
| | - Syed Nasir Abbas Bukhari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka, Al Jouf 72388, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid O A Abosalif
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Al Jouf 72388, Saudi Arabia
| | - Naveed Ahmad
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka, Al Jouf 72388, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zeeshan Ahmed
- Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, GC University, Lahore 5400, Pakistan
| | - Manhal Ahmed Hamza
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Omdurman Islamic University, Omdurman 14415, Sudan
| | - Naeem Anwar
- Allied Health Department, College of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Bahrain, 32038, Kingdom of Bahrain
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Sallam M, Al-Mahzoum K, Dardas LA, Al-Tammemi AB, Al-Majali L, Al-Naimat H, Jardaneh L, AlHadidi F, Al-Salahat K, Al-Ajlouni E, AlHadidi NM, Bakri FG, Mahafzah A, Harapan H. Knowledge of Human Monkeypox and Its Relation to Conspiracy Beliefs among Students in Jordanian Health Schools: Filling the Knowledge Gap on Emerging Zoonotic Viruses. Medicina (Kaunas) 2022; 58. [PMID: 35888642 DOI: 10.3390/medicina58070924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objective: The recent multi-country outbreak of human monkeypox (HMPX) in non-endemic regions poses an emerging public health concern. University students in health schools/faculties represent a core knowledgeable group that can be helpful to study from a public health point of view. As future healthcare workers, assessment of their knowledge and attitude towards emerging zoonotic viral infections can be helpful to assess their taught material and courses with potential improvement if gaps in knowledge were identified. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the level of HMPX knowledge, conspiracy beliefs regarding emerging virus infections, as well as their associated determinants among university students studying Medicine, Nursing, Dentistry, Pharmacy, Medical Laboratory Sciences, and Rehabilitation in Jordanian health schools/faculties. In addition, we sought to evaluate the correlation between HMPX knowledge and the extent of holding conspiracy beliefs regarding emerging viral infection. Materials and Methods: A convenient sample of university students was obtained through an electronic survey distributed in late May 2022 using the chain-referral approach. Assessment of HMPX knowledge and general attitude towards emerging virus infections was based on survey items adopted from previously published literature. Results: The study sample comprised 615 students with a mean age of 20 years and a majority of females (432, 70.2%) and medical students (n = 351, 57.1%). Out of eleven monkeypox knowledge items, three were identified correctly by >70% of the respondents. Only 26.2% of the respondents (n = 161) knew that vaccination to prevent monkeypox is available. Age was significantly associated with better HMPX knowledge for a majority of items. Older age, females, and affiliation to non-medical schools/faculties were associated with harboring higher levels of conspiracy beliefs regarding emerging virus infections. Our data also indicate that lower levels of HMPX knowledge were associated with higher levels of conspiracy beliefs. Conclusion: The current study pointed to generally unsatisfactory levels of knowledge regarding the emerging HMPX among university students in Jordanian health schools/faculties. Conspiracy beliefs regarding emerging virus infections were widely prevalent, and its potential detrimental impact on health behavior should be evaluated in future studies.
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Poltavchenko AG, Ersh AV, Filatov PV, Yakubitskiy SN. Rapid protocol of dot-immunnoassay for orthopoxviruses detection. J Virol Methods 2020; 279:113859. [PMID: 32209339 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2020.113859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the work was to create a sensitive and fast immunochemical test for the detection of orthopoxviruses (OPXV) in the "point of care" format. This work presents the results of the comparative evaluation of a single-stage (rapid version) and two-stage protocol of dot-immunoassay based on plane protein array for detection of vaccinia virus (VACV), cowpoxvirus (CPXV) and ectromelia virus (ECTV) in viral culture materials with different degrees of purification. It has been established that rabbit polyclonal VACV-antibodies can be used in a one-stage dot-analysis, both as a capture agent immobilized on a substrate and as a detection reagent bound with colloidal gold particles. It is shown that the sensitivity of detection of OPXV is inversely related to the degree of purification of viruses. The one-stage variant of the dot-immunoassay allows reducing the analysis time to 39 min and increasing the detection sensitivity of all the studied orthopoxviruses in crude viral samples to a range of 104-103 PFU/mL. The increase in sensitivity in the rapid version of the analysis, presumably, occurs due to binding of capture antibodies to subviral structures that form large aggregates of gold particles. Ultrasonic treatment of culture virus reduces the detection sensitivity, presumably due to both the destruction of conformational epitopes located on the surface of subvirus structures, as well as the increase in the dispersion of cell debris, which limits diffusion and contacts of viral antigens with capture antibodies on the substrate. Both versions of the analysis are specific and do not detect interactions both with preparations of non-infected cell culture and with heterogeneous controls of the causative agents of erythematous infections. The rapid protocol of dot-immunnoassay described above can be used to detect, or help to exclude, the presence of threat viruses in samples and could be useful in a variety of biodefense applications. Ready-to-use setup, ease of analysis and the ability to visually accounting for results allow the test to be used outside of laboratories.
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Kostina EV, Sinyakov AN, Ryabinin VA. A many probes-one spot hybridization oligonucleotide microarray. Anal Bioanal Chem 2018; 410:5817-5823. [PMID: 29934850 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-018-1190-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A variant of the hybridization oligonucleotide microarray, utilizing the principle of many probes-one spot (MPOS-microarrays), is proposed. A case study based on Orthopoxviruses (Variola, Monkeypox, and Ectromelia viruses) demonstrates a considerable increase in the fluorescence signal (up to 100-fold) when several oligonucleotide probes are printed to one spot. Moreover, the specificity of detection also increases (almost 1000-fold), allowing the use of probes that individually lack such high specificity. The optimal probes have a Tm of 32-37 °C and length of 13-15 bases. We suggest that the high specificity and sensitivity of the MPOS-microarray is a result of cooperativity of DNA binding with all probes immobilized in the spot. This variant of DNA detection can be useful for designing biosensors, tools for point-of-care (POC) diagnostics, microbial ecology, analysis of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR), and others. Graphical abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena V Kostina
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, pr. Lavrentieva 8, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Alexander N Sinyakov
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, pr. Lavrentieva 8, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Vladimir A Ryabinin
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, pr. Lavrentieva 8, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia.
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Earl PL, Americo JL, Cotter CA, Moss B. Comparative live bioluminescence imaging of monkeypox virus dissemination in a wild-derived inbred mouse (Mus musculus castaneus) and outbred African dormouse (Graphiurus kelleni). Virology 2015; 475:150-8. [PMID: 25462355 PMCID: PMC4280325 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2014.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2014] [Revised: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Monkeypox virus belongs to the orthopoxvirus genus, infects rodents and monkeys in Africa, produces a smallpox-like zoonotic disease in humans, and has the potential for global spread and exploitation for bioterrorism. Several small animal models for studying monkeypox virus pathogenesis have been investigated. The African dormouse is a candidate natural host but is outbred and no immunological reagents exist. Although not a natural host, the CAST/EiJ mouse is inbred and animals and reagents are commercially available. We compared the dissemination of monkeypox virus by bioluminescence imaging in CAST/EiJ mice and dormice. In CAST/EiJ mice, intense replication occurred at the intranasal site of inoculation and virus spread rapidly to lungs and abdominal organs, which had a lower virus burden. Compared to CAST/EiJ mice, dormice exhibited a greater variation of virus spread, a slower time course, less replication in the head and chest, and more replication in abdominal organs prior to death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia L Earl
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Jeffrey L Americo
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Catherine A Cotter
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Bernard Moss
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States.
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Keckler MS, Reynolds MG, Damon IK, Karem KL. The effects of post-exposure smallpox vaccination on clinical disease presentation: addressing the data gaps between historical epidemiology and modern surrogate model data. Vaccine 2013; 31:5192-201. [PMID: 23994378 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.08.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2013] [Revised: 08/05/2013] [Accepted: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Decades after public health interventions - including pre- and post-exposure vaccination - were used to eradicate smallpox, zoonotic orthopoxvirus outbreaks and the potential threat of a release of variola virus remain public health concerns. Routine prophylactic smallpox vaccination of the public ceased worldwide in 1980, and the adverse event rate associated with the currently licensed live vaccinia virus vaccine makes reinstatement of policies recommending routine pre-exposure vaccination unlikely in the absence of an orthopoxvirus outbreak. Consequently, licensing of safer vaccines and therapeutics that can be used post-orthopoxvirus exposure is necessary to protect the global population from these threats. Variola virus is a solely human pathogen that does not naturally infect any other known animal species. Therefore, the use of surrogate viruses in animal models of orthopoxvirus infection is important for the development of novel vaccines and therapeutics. Major complications involved with the use of surrogate models include both the absence of a model that accurately mimics all aspects of human smallpox disease and a lack of reproducibility across model species. These complications limit our ability to model post-exposure vaccination with newer vaccines for application to human orthopoxvirus outbreaks. This review seeks to (1) summarize conclusions about the efficacy of post-exposure smallpox vaccination from historic epidemiological reports and modern animal studies; (2) identify data gaps in these studies; and (3) summarize the clinical features of orthopoxvirus-associated infections in various animal models to identify those models that are most useful for post-exposure vaccination studies. The ultimate purpose of this review is to provide observations and comments regarding available model systems and data gaps for use in improving post-exposure medical countermeasures against orthopoxviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Shannon Keckler
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, United States.
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