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Russo FP, Battistella S, Zanetto A, Gambato M, Ferrarese A, Germani G, Senzolo M, Mescoli C, Piano S, D’Amico FE, Vitale A, Gringeri E, Feltracco P, Angeli P, Cillo U, Burra P. Chronic Hepatitis B in the Transplant Setting: A 30-Year Experience in a Single Tertiary Italian Center. Viruses 2025; 17:454. [PMID: 40284897 PMCID: PMC12030929 DOI: 10.3390/v17040454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2025] [Revised: 03/17/2025] [Accepted: 03/19/2025] [Indexed: 04/29/2025] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis B virus (HBV) remains a leading etiology for liver transplantation (LT). In a large cohort of HBsAg-positive patients, this study evaluates long-term patient and graft survival after LT over the past 30 years while analyzing trends and outcomes following waiting list (WL) inclusion over the last 15 years. METHODS HBsAg-positive patients who underwent transplantation between 1991 and 2020 and were waitlisted from 2006 to 2020 at Padua Hospital were included in the analysis. Patients were stratified according to hepatitis delta virus (HDV) coinfection, transplant indication (decompensated cirrhosis vs. hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)), and WL inclusion period. RESULTS Among 321 HBsAg-positive LT recipients (31.5% HDV-coinfected, 46.4% HCC), 1-year and 5-year patient/graft survival rates were 87.6%/86.7% and 82.6%/82.2%, respectively. From 2006 to 2020, 284 HBsAg-positive patients were waitlisted (32.6% HDV-coinfected), with a significantly higher prevalence of HCC compared to non-HBV patients (p = 0.008). High-barrier nucleos(t)ide analogues (hbNUCs) significantly reduced mortality (p = 0.041) and improved survival post-WL inclusion (p = 0.007). Survival rates were consistent regardless of LT indication, HDV coinfection, or WL inclusion period. Post-transplant prophylaxis predominantly involved immunoglobulins (HBIG) + NUCs, resulting in only two cases of HBV reactivation, both clinically inconsequential. CONCLUSIONS Over the past 30 years, HBV has remained a consistent indication for LT at our center. Thanks to hbNUCs, WL outcomes have improved and HCC has become the main indication for LT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Paolo Russo
- Gastroenterology and Multivisceral Transplant Unit, Azienda Ospedale—Università di Padova, 35125 Padua, Italy; (S.B.); (A.Z.); (M.G.); (A.F.); (G.G.); (M.S.); (P.B.)
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padua, 35125 Padua, Italy; (F.E.D.); (A.V.); (E.G.); (U.C.)
| | - Sara Battistella
- Gastroenterology and Multivisceral Transplant Unit, Azienda Ospedale—Università di Padova, 35125 Padua, Italy; (S.B.); (A.Z.); (M.G.); (A.F.); (G.G.); (M.S.); (P.B.)
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padua, 35125 Padua, Italy; (F.E.D.); (A.V.); (E.G.); (U.C.)
| | - Alberto Zanetto
- Gastroenterology and Multivisceral Transplant Unit, Azienda Ospedale—Università di Padova, 35125 Padua, Italy; (S.B.); (A.Z.); (M.G.); (A.F.); (G.G.); (M.S.); (P.B.)
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padua, 35125 Padua, Italy; (F.E.D.); (A.V.); (E.G.); (U.C.)
| | - Martina Gambato
- Gastroenterology and Multivisceral Transplant Unit, Azienda Ospedale—Università di Padova, 35125 Padua, Italy; (S.B.); (A.Z.); (M.G.); (A.F.); (G.G.); (M.S.); (P.B.)
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padua, 35125 Padua, Italy; (F.E.D.); (A.V.); (E.G.); (U.C.)
| | - Alberto Ferrarese
- Gastroenterology and Multivisceral Transplant Unit, Azienda Ospedale—Università di Padova, 35125 Padua, Italy; (S.B.); (A.Z.); (M.G.); (A.F.); (G.G.); (M.S.); (P.B.)
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padua, 35125 Padua, Italy; (F.E.D.); (A.V.); (E.G.); (U.C.)
| | - Giacomo Germani
- Gastroenterology and Multivisceral Transplant Unit, Azienda Ospedale—Università di Padova, 35125 Padua, Italy; (S.B.); (A.Z.); (M.G.); (A.F.); (G.G.); (M.S.); (P.B.)
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padua, 35125 Padua, Italy; (F.E.D.); (A.V.); (E.G.); (U.C.)
| | - Marco Senzolo
- Gastroenterology and Multivisceral Transplant Unit, Azienda Ospedale—Università di Padova, 35125 Padua, Italy; (S.B.); (A.Z.); (M.G.); (A.F.); (G.G.); (M.S.); (P.B.)
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padua, 35125 Padua, Italy; (F.E.D.); (A.V.); (E.G.); (U.C.)
| | - Claudia Mescoli
- Department of Medicine, (Pathology Section), University Hospital of Padua, 35125 Padua, Italy;
| | - Salvatore Piano
- Unit of Internal Medicine and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Padua, 35125 Padua, Italy; (S.P.); (P.A.)
| | - Francesco Enrico D’Amico
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padua, 35125 Padua, Italy; (F.E.D.); (A.V.); (E.G.); (U.C.)
- General Surgery 2, Azienda Ospedale—Università di Padova, 35125 Padua, Italy
| | - Alessandro Vitale
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padua, 35125 Padua, Italy; (F.E.D.); (A.V.); (E.G.); (U.C.)
- General Surgery 2, Azienda Ospedale—Università di Padova, 35125 Padua, Italy
| | - Enrico Gringeri
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padua, 35125 Padua, Italy; (F.E.D.); (A.V.); (E.G.); (U.C.)
- General Surgery 2, Azienda Ospedale—Università di Padova, 35125 Padua, Italy
| | - Paolo Feltracco
- Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Department of Medicine, Padua University Hospital, 35125 Padua, Italy;
| | - Paolo Angeli
- Unit of Internal Medicine and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Padua, 35125 Padua, Italy; (S.P.); (P.A.)
| | - Umberto Cillo
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padua, 35125 Padua, Italy; (F.E.D.); (A.V.); (E.G.); (U.C.)
- General Surgery 2, Azienda Ospedale—Università di Padova, 35125 Padua, Italy
| | - Patrizia Burra
- Gastroenterology and Multivisceral Transplant Unit, Azienda Ospedale—Università di Padova, 35125 Padua, Italy; (S.B.); (A.Z.); (M.G.); (A.F.); (G.G.); (M.S.); (P.B.)
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padua, 35125 Padua, Italy; (F.E.D.); (A.V.); (E.G.); (U.C.)
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Maggiorella MT, Sernicola L, Picconi O, Pizzi E, Belli R, Fulgenzi D, Rovetto C, Bruni R, Costantino A, Taffon S, Chionne P, Madonna E, Pisani G, Borsetti A, Falvino C, Ranieri R, Baccalini R, Pansera A, Castelvedere F, Babudieri S, Madeddu G, Starnini G, Dell'Isola S, Cervellini P, Ciccaglione AR, Ensoli B, Buttò S. Epidemiological and molecular characterization of HBV and HCV infections in HIV-1-infected inmate population in Italy: a 2017-2019 multicenter cross-sectional study. Sci Rep 2023; 13:14908. [PMID: 37689795 PMCID: PMC10492787 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-41814-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023] Open
Abstract
HBV/HCV co-infection is common in HIV-1-infected prisoners. To investigate the characteristics of HIV co-infections, and to evaluate the molecular heterogeneity of HIV, HBV and HCV in prisoners, we carried-out a multicenter cross-sectional study, including 65 HIV-1-infected inmates enrolled in 5 Italian detention centers during the period 2017-2019. HIV-1 subtyping showed that 77.1% of inmates were infected with B subtype and 22.9% with non-B subtypes. Italian nationals were all infected with subtype B (93.1%), except two individuals, one infected with the recombinant form CRF72_BF1, and the other with the HIV-1 sub-subtype A6, both previously not identified in inmates of Italian nationality. Non-Italian nationals were infected with subtype B (52.6%), CRFs (36.8%) and sub-subtypes A1 and A3 (5.2%). HIV variants carrying resistance mutations to NRTI, NNRTI, PI and InSTI were found in 7 inmates, 4 of which were never exposed to the relevant classes of drugs associated with these mutations. HBV and/or HCV co-infections markers were found in 49/65 (75.4%) inmates, while 27/65 (41.5%) showed markers of both HBV and HCV coinfection. Further, Italian nationals showed a significant higher presence of HCV markers as compared to non-Italian nationals (p = 0.0001). Finally, HCV phylogenetic analysis performed in 18 inmates revealed the presence of HCV subtypes 1a, 3a, 4d (66.6%, 16.7% and 16.7%, respectively). Our data suggest the need to monitor HIV, HBV and HCV infections in prisons in order to prevent spreading of these viruses both in jails and in the general population, and to implement effective public health programs that limit the circulation of different genetic forms as well as of viral variants with mutations conferring resistance to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Teresa Maggiorella
- National HIV/AIDS Research Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, V.le Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy.
| | - L Sernicola
- National HIV/AIDS Research Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, V.le Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - O Picconi
- National HIV/AIDS Research Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, V.le Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - E Pizzi
- Core Facilities, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - R Belli
- National HIV/AIDS Research Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, V.le Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - D Fulgenzi
- National HIV/AIDS Research Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, V.le Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - C Rovetto
- National HIV/AIDS Research Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, V.le Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - R Bruni
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - A Costantino
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - S Taffon
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - P Chionne
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - E Madonna
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - G Pisani
- National Center for Immunobiologicals, Research and Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - A Borsetti
- National HIV/AIDS Research Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, V.le Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - C Falvino
- National HIV/AIDS Research Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, V.le Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - R Ranieri
- Infectious Diseases Service, Penitentiary Health System, Azienda Socio-Sanitaria Territoriale Santi Paolo e Carlo, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | | | - S Babudieri
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - G Madeddu
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - G Starnini
- Belcolle Hospital, ASL Viterbo, Viterbo, Italy
| | | | | | - A R Ciccaglione
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - B Ensoli
- National HIV/AIDS Research Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, V.le Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - S Buttò
- National HIV/AIDS Research Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, V.le Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
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Sagnelli C, Sica A, Creta M, Calogero A, Ciccozzi M, Sagnelli E. Epidemiological and clinical aspects of hepatitis B virus infection in Italy over the last 50 years. World J Gastroenterol 2022; 28:3081-3091. [PMID: 36051347 PMCID: PMC9331523 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v28.i26.3081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A relevant gradual reduction of both the incidence rate of acute hepatitis B (AHB) and prevalence of chronic hepatitis B has occurred in Italy in the last 50 years, due to substantial epidemiological changes: Improvement in socioeconomic and hygienic conditions, reduction of the family unit, accurate screening of blood donations, abolition of re-usable glass syringes, hepatitis B virus (HBV)-universal vaccination started in 1991, use of effective well tolerated nucleo(t)side analogues able to suppress HBV replication available from 1998, and educational mediatic campaigns against human immunodeficiency virus infection focusing on the prevention of sexual and parenteral transmission of infections. As an example, AHB incidence has gradually decreased from 10/100000 inhabitants in 1985 to 0.21 in 2020. Unfortunately, the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has interrupted the trend towards HBV eradication. In fact, several HBV chronic carriers living in the countryside have become unable to access healthcare facilities for screening, diagnosis, clinical management, and nucleo(t)side analogue therapy in the COVID-19 pandemic, mainly for anxiety of becoming infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), movement restrictions, and reduced gains from job loss. In addition, one-third of healthcare facilities and personnel for HBV patients have been devolved to the COVID-19 assistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Sagnelli
- Department of Mental Health and Public Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples 80138, Italy
| | - Antonello Sica
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples 80131, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Creta
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples 80138, Italy
| | - Armando Calogero
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences-UO General Surgery, University Federico II of Naples, Naples 80127, Italy
| | - Massimo Ciccozzi
- Medical Statistics and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Campus Bio-Medico University, Rome 80138, Italy
| | - Evangelista Sagnelli
- Department of Mental Health and Public Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples 80138, Italy
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LCR based quick detection of hotspot G1896A mutation in patients with different spectrum of hepatitis B. J Infect Public Health 2021; 14:651-654. [PMID: 33857724 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2021.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
G1896A switch is one of the hotspots in subjects affected with hepatitis B. This hotspot mutation is observed in all the different spectrum of hepatitis B, and it has a very dangerous and a long lasting effect. The major purpose of the study was to screen G1986A mutations at a large scale and also to establish ligase chain reaction as a mutation testing tool. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Nucleotide Sequencing was done to identify the G1896A mutation in the precore region of the genome. All the 331 HBV positive patients were screened. Almost 29% (24/82) of the cases remarkably had the presence of G1896A mutation confirmed by LCR and direct sequencing. The precore G1896A mutation is responsible for one third of the patients suffering from precore stop codon mutation. It clearly exhibits that LCR is 100% in sync with direct sequencing and is extremely reliable and the results are highly reproducible.
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Ye X, Li T, Li R, Liu H, Zhao J, Zeng J. Molecular characteristics of HBV infection among blood donors tested HBsAg reactive in a single ELISA test in southern China. BMC Infect Dis 2021; 21:83. [PMID: 33468062 PMCID: PMC7814446 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-020-05747-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a major concern for blood safety in high-prevalence HBV countries such as China. In Shenzhen, dual hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) have been adopted in parallel with nucleic acid testing (NAT) for donors for over a decade. A small proportion of blood donors test reactive (R) for HBsAg but negative through routine NAT, which can lead to HBV infection with an extremely low viral load. Objectives We aimed to investigate and analyze the molecular characteristics of HBV among blood donors that tested HBsAg R in a single ELISA test. Methods Blood donations were evaluated in this study if confirmed HBsAg R through one of two ELISA kits. Samples with non-reactive (NR) results by NAT were collected and tested for HBsAg by chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay (CLIA) with a neutralization test. The level of HBsAg was further assessed by electrochemiluminescence immunoassay (ECLIA). The viral basic core promoter (BCP) and pre-core (PC) and S regions were amplified by nested PCR. Quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) for viral load determination and individual donation (ID)-NAT were adopted simultaneously. HBsAg was confirmed with CLIA, ECLIA, nested PCR, qPCR, and ID-NAT. Results Of the 100,252 donations, 38 and 41 were identified as HBsAg R with Wantai and DiaSorin ELISA kits, respectively. Seventy-nine (0.077%, 79/100,252) blood samples with ELISA R-NR and NAT NR results were enrolled in the study. Of these, 17 (21.5%,17/79) were confirmed as HBsAg-positive. Of the 14 genotyped cases, 78.6% (11/14) were genotype B, and C and D were observed in two and one sample, respectively. Mutations were found in the S gene, including Y100C, Y103I, G145R, and L175S, which can affect the detection of HBsAg. A high-frequency mutation, T1719G (93.3%), was detected in the BCP/PC region, which reduced the viral replication. Conclusion A small number of blood samples with HBsAg ELISA R-NR and NAT NR results were confirmed as HBV infection, viral nucleic acids were found in most of the samples through routine NAT methods. It is necessary to employ more sensitive and specific assays for the detection of HBV infection among blood donors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianlin Ye
- Shenzhen Blood Center, Meigang South Road, Shenzhen, 518000, P. R. China
| | - Tong Li
- Shenzhen Blood Center, Meigang South Road, Shenzhen, 518000, P. R. China
| | - Ran Li
- Shenzhen Blood Center, Meigang South Road, Shenzhen, 518000, P. R. China
| | - Heng Liu
- Shenzhen Blood Center, Meigang South Road, Shenzhen, 518000, P. R. China
| | - Junpeng Zhao
- Shenzhen Blood Center, Meigang South Road, Shenzhen, 518000, P. R. China. .,Department of Transfusion, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Jiefang Load 88, Hangzhou, 310000, P. R. China.
| | - Jinfeng Zeng
- Shenzhen Blood Center, Meigang South Road, Shenzhen, 518000, P. R. China.
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A Systematic Review of the Current Hepatitis B Viral Infection and Hepatocellular Carcinoma Situation in Mediterranean Countries. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:7027169. [PMID: 32626758 PMCID: PMC7305551 DOI: 10.1155/2020/7027169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Viral hepatitis B is a global public health problem affecting nearly two billion subjects; 3.3% of whom are from the WHO (World Health Organization) Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMRO). It induces both acute and chronic hepatic disorders with subsequent liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in a considerable percentage of patients based on the age of exposure. In this review, hepatitis B virus (HBV) and HCC prevalence, distribution and prevalence of different genotypes, and male/female infection frequencies in relation to the vaccination status in the Mediterranean countries were reported. Study Design. This systematic review describes the prevalence of hepatitis B infection, genotype distribution of hepatitis B virus, and prevalence and incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma in Mediterranean countries belonging to three different continents: Southern Europe (Spain, France, Italy, Croatia, and Greece), North Africa (Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, and Egypt), and the Near East region (Syria, Lebanon, Turkey, Israel, and Palestine). We tried to collect new data from electronic databases: PubMed, ScienceDirect, ResearchGate, Google Scholar, and public health reports between 1980 and 2019. For each publication, we recorded reference, publication year, study characteristics (date, locations, sample size, and study population), and participant characteristics (population group, year, age, and sex). No language limitation was imposed, and articles or reports from non-peer-reviewed sources were not considered for this analysis. The main keywords were HBV prevalence, hepatitis B infection, HBV genotype, and HCC. Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria. Healthy population-based studies included the following sample populations: (i) voluntary blood donors, (ii) pregnant women, (iii) community studies, (iv) hemodialysis patients, (v) hospitalized patients, (vi) healthcare workers, (vii) sex workers, (viii) drug abusers, and (ix) prisoners. We excluded studies from the following special groups who were assumed to be at a special high risk: patients from sexually transmitted disease clinics and thalassemia clinics and professional or paid blood donors.
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Bruni R, Villano U, Taffon S, Equestre M, Madonna E, Chionne P, Candido A, Dettori S, Pisani G, Rapicetta M, Bortolotti F, Ciccaglione AR. Retrospective analysis of acute HBV infections occurred in 1978-79 and 1994-95 in North-East Italy: increasing prevalence of BCP/pre-core mutants in sub-genotype D3. BMC Infect Dis 2020; 20:78. [PMID: 31992230 PMCID: PMC6988336 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-019-4713-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background At the end of the 1970s, in Italy more than 2% of the general population was HBsAg carrier. In the late ‘70s and late ‘80s, two remarkable events might have impacted on HBV strains transmitted in North-East Italy: (a) the increased HBV incidence due to parenteral drugs between 1978 and 1982; (b) the preventive anti-HIV educational campaign, started locally in 1985. Methods To address if those events impacted on circulating HBV variants, acute cases occurred in North-East Italy in 1978–79 (n = 50) and 1994–95 (n = 30) were retrospectively analysed. HBV sequences obtained from serum samples were subjected to phylogenetic analysis and search for BCP/pre-core and S mutations. Results HBV-D was the most prevalent genotype in both 1978–79 (43/50, 86%) and 1994–95 (24/30, 80.0%), with HBV-A in all but one remaining cases. Among HBV-D cases, sub-genotype HBV-D3 was the most prevalent (25/29, 86.2% in 1978–79; 13/16, 81.2% in 1994–95), with HBV-D1 and HBV-D2 in the remaining cases. All HBV-A cases were sub-genotype A2. Single and multiple BCP/pre-core mutations, responsible for HBeAg(−) hepatitis, were detected in 6/50 (12%) cases in 1978/79 vs. 12/30 (40.0%) in 1994/95 (p = 0.006). They were found exclusively in HBV-D; in the most abundant sub-genotype, HBV-D3, they were detected in 2/25 (8%) cases in 1978–79 vs. 6/13 (46%) in 1994–95 (p = 0.011). No vaccine escape S mutations were observed. The IDU risk factor was significantly more frequent in 1994–95 (8/30, 26.7%) than in 1978–79 (4/50, 8%) (p = 0.048). Conclusions The above mentioned epidemiological and public health events did not affect the proportion of genotypes and sub-genotypes that remained unchanged over 16 years. In contrast, the proportion of BCP/pre-core mutants increased more than three-fold, mostly in HBV-D3, a sub-genotype highly circulating in IDUs; drug abuse likely contributed to the spread of these mutants. The findings contribute to explain a previously described major change in HBV epidemiology in Italy: the proportion of HBeAg(−) cases in the carrier cohort changed from low in late 1970s, to high at the beginning of the 2000s. In addition to other recognized factors, the increased circulation of BCP/pre-core mutants likely represents a further factor that contributed to this change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Bruni
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
| | - Umbertina Villano
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefania Taffon
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Michele Equestre
- Department of Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Madonna
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Chionne
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Angela Candido
- Notified Body 0373, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Dettori
- Notified Body 0373, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Giulio Pisani
- National Centre for the Control and Evaluation of Medicines, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Rapicetta
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Flavia Bortolotti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
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Kmet Lunaček N, Poljak M, Matičič M. Distribution of hepatitis B virus genotypes in Europe and clinical implications: a review. ACTA DERMATOVENEROLOGICA ALPINA PANNONICA ET ADRIATICA 2018. [PMID: 30244264 DOI: 10.15570/actaapa.2018.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Long-Term Follow-Up of Acute Hepatitis B: New Insights in Its Natural History and Implications for Antiviral Treatment. Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:genes9060293. [PMID: 29895748 PMCID: PMC6027296 DOI: 10.3390/genes9060293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute hepatitis B infection (AHB) is still a common viral acute hepatitis worldwide. As vaccination, antiviral treatment, and immigration are bound to affect the epidemiological landscape of HBV infections, and some of its aspects need to be investigated: (1) the circulation of vaccine escape mutants and of primary drug resistant strains; (2) the change in HBV genotype prevalence; and (3) the clinical implications of AHB and the probability of chronification. The serological, virological, and clinical parameters of 75 patients, acutely infected by HBV, were gathered for a retrospective study. Long-term follow up, either to complete seroconversion or for up to five years, was possible for 44 patients. Sequence analysis of the reverse transcriptase/HBsAg and precore regions was performed to investigate the molecular epidemiology and pathogenesis of recent infections by HBV. Genotype distribution in AHB in Italian patients was radically different from that of chronic infections, with a dramatic increase of extra-European genotypes (A1, F), suggesting that a proportion of AHBs are currently related to imported strains. None of the documented infections occurred in vaccinated individuals, while HBsAg variants (potentially vaccine escape variants) were rare and less prevalent than in chronic infections. No drug resistant strains were observed. Spontaneous viral clearance occurred in all but three cases. Time to viral clearance was inversely proportional to liver damage, but HBsAg titer on day 28 and, better still, HBsAg decay from day 0 to day 28 after admission, were the best predictors of chronification. They are, thus, potentially useful to guide antiviral treatment to prevent chronic evolution.
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10
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Stasi C, Silvestri C, Berni R, Brunetto MR, Zignego AL, Orsini C, Milani S, Ricciardi L, De Luca A, Blanc P, Nencioni C, Aquilini D, Bartoloni A, Bresci G, Marchi S, Filipponi F, Colombatto P, Forte P, Galli A, Luchi S, Chigiotti S, Nerli A, Corti G, Sacco R, Carrai P, Ricchiuti A, Giusti M, Almi P, Cozzi A, Carloppi S, Laffi G, Voller F, Cipriani F. Clinical epidemiology of chronic viral hepatitis B: A Tuscany real-word large-scale cohort study. World J Hepatol 2018; 10:409-416. [PMID: 29844854 PMCID: PMC5971227 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v10.i5.409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To build a regional database of chronic patients to define the clinical epidemiology of hepatitis B virus (HBV)-infected patients in the Tuscan public health care system. METHODS This study used a cross-sectional cohort design. We evaluated chronic viral hepatitis patients with HBV referred to the outpatient services of 16 hospital units. Information in the case report forms included main demographic data, blood chemistry data, viral hepatitis markers, instrumental evaluations, and eligibility for treatment or ongoing therapy and liver transplantation. RESULTS Of 4015 chronic viral hepatitis patients, 1096 (27.3%) were HBV infected. The case report form was correctly completed for only 833 patients (64% males, 36% females; mean age 50.1 ± 15.4). Of these HBV-infected patients, 73% were Caucasian, 21% Asian, 4% Central African, 1% North African and 1% American. Stratifying patients by age and nationality, we found that 21.7% of HBV-infected patients were aged < 34 years (only 2.8% were Italian). The most represented routes of transmission were nosocomial/dental procedures (23%), mother-to-child (17%) and sexual transmission (12%). The most represented HBV genotypes were D (72%) and A (14%). Of the patients, 24.7% of patients were HBeAg positive, and 75.3% were HBeAg negative. Of the HBV patients 7% were anti-HDV positive. In the whole cohort, 26.9% were cirrhotic (35.8% aged < 45 years), and 47% were eligible for or currently undergoing treatment, of whom 41.9 % were cirrhotic. CONCLUSION Only 27.3% of chronic viral hepatitis patients were HBV infected. Our results provide evidence of HBV infection in people aged < 34 years, especially in the foreign population not protected by vaccination. In our cohort of patients, liver cirrhosis was also found in young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Stasi
- Observatory of Epidemiology, Regional Health Agency of Tuscany, Florence 50141, Italy
| | - Caterina Silvestri
- Observatory of Epidemiology, Regional Health Agency of Tuscany, Florence 50141, Italy
| | - Roberto Berni
- Web Solutions, Data Visualization and Scientific Documentation, Regional Health Agency of Tuscany, Florence 50141, Italy
| | - Maurizia Rossana Brunetto
- Hepatology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa 56100, Italy
| | - Anna Linda Zignego
- Center for Systemic Manifestations of Hepatitis Viruses (MaSVE), Internal Medicine and Liver Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Careggi University Hospital, Florence 50134, Italy
| | - Cristina Orsini
- Web Solutions, Data Visualization and Scientific Documentation, Regional Health Agency of Tuscany, Florence 50141, Italy
| | - Stefano Milani
- Gastroenterology Research Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", Careggi University Hospital, Florence 50134, Italy
| | - Liana Ricciardi
- Infectious Disease Unit, Hospital of Lucca, Lucca 55100, Italy
| | - Andrea De Luca
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, Siena University Hospital, Siena 53100, Italy
| | - Pierluigi Blanc
- Infectious Disease Unit, "S. Maria Annunziata" Hospital, Ponte a Niccheri 50012, Italy
| | - Cesira Nencioni
- Infectious Disease Unit, Hospital of Grosseto, Grosseto 58100, Italy
| | | | - Alessandro Bartoloni
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Careggi University Hospital, Florence 50134, Italy
| | - Giampaolo Bresci
- Gastroenterology and Metabolic Disorders, Department of Surgery, Cisanello University Hospital, Pisa 56100, Italy
| | - Santino Marchi
- Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, Cisanello University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa 56100, Italy
| | - Franco Filipponi
- Liver Surgery and Transplantation Unit, Department of Surgical Pathology, Medicine, Molecular and Critical Area, Cisanello University Hospital, Pisa 56100, Italy
| | - Piero Colombatto
- Hepatology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa 56100, Italy
| | - Paolo Forte
- Gastroenterology Research Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", Careggi University Hospital, Florence 50134, Italy
| | - Andrea Galli
- Gastroenterology Research Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", Careggi University Hospital, Florence 50134, Italy
| | - Sauro Luchi
- Infectious Disease Unit, Hospital of Lucca, Lucca 55100, Italy
| | - Silvia Chigiotti
- Infectious Disease Unit, Hospital of Grosseto, Grosseto 58100, Italy
| | | | - Giampaolo Corti
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Careggi University Hospital, Florence 50134, Italy
| | - Rodolfo Sacco
- Gastroenterology and Metabolic Disorders, Department of Surgery, Cisanello University Hospital, Pisa 56100, Italy
| | - Paola Carrai
- Liver Surgery and Transplantation Unit, Department of Surgical Pathology, Medicine, Molecular and Critical Area, Cisanello University Hospital, Pisa 56100, Italy
| | - Angelo Ricchiuti
- Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, Cisanello University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa 56100, Italy
| | - Massimo Giusti
- Internal Medicine Unit, "San Jacopo" Hospital, Pistoia 51100, Italy
| | - Paolo Almi
- Infectious Diseases and Hepatology Unit, Department of Internal and Specialized Medicine, University Hospital of Siena, Siena 53100, Italy
| | - Andrea Cozzi
- Gastroenterology Research Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", Careggi University Hospital, Florence 50134, Italy
| | - Silvia Carloppi
- Gastroenterology Unit, San Giuseppe Hospital, Empoli 50053, Italy
| | - Giacomo Laffi
- Internal Medicine and Liver Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Careggi University Hospital, Florence 50135, Italy
| | - Fabio Voller
- Observatory of Epidemiology, Regional Health Agency of Tuscany, Florence 50141, Italy
| | - Francesco Cipriani
- Department of Prevention, Central Tuscany Local Unit, Florence 50100, Italy
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Lai A, Sagnelli C, Presti AL, Cella E, Angeletti S, Spoto S, Costantino S, Sagnelli E, Ciccozzi M. What is changed in HBV molecular epidemiology in Italy? J Med Virol 2018; 90:786-795. [PMID: 29315661 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection represents the most common cause of chronic liver diseases worldwide. Consequently, to the introduction of the universal HBV vaccination program, the prevalence of hepatitis B surface antigen was markedly reduced and less than 1% of the population of Western Europe and North America is chronically infected. To date, despite great advances in therapeutics, HBV chronic infection is considered an incurable disease. Ten hepatitis B virus genotypes (A-J) and several subgenotypes have been identified so far, based on intergroup divergences of 8% and 4%, respectively, in the complete viral genome. HBV-D genotype has been found throughout the world, with highest prevalence in the Mediterranean area. In the present review, several articles concerning HBV epidemiology, and phylogeny in Italy have been analyzed, mainly focusing on the changes occurred in the last decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Lai
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences L. Sacco, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Caterina Sagnelli
- Department of Mental Health and Public Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - Alessandra L Presti
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic, and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Epidemiology Unit, Reference Centre on Phylogeny, Molecular Epidemiology, and Microbial Evolution (FEMEM), National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy
| | - Eleonora Cella
- Unit of Clinical Laboratory Science, University of Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Angeletti
- Unit of Clinical Laboratory Science, University of Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Spoto
- Internal Medicine Department, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Evangelista Sagnelli
- Department of Mental Health and Public Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - Massimo Ciccozzi
- Unit of Clinical Laboratory Science, University of Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Rome, Italy
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12
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Hepatitis B virus precore G1896A mutation in chronic liver disease patients with HBeAg negative serology from North India. Saudi J Biol Sci 2016; 25:1257-1262. [PMID: 30505167 PMCID: PMC6252005 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2016.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Revised: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B with precore stop codon mutation is related with severe liver damage in HBeAg negative patients. It is of utmost importance to screen the G1896A precore mutation. The study was designed to assess the impact of G1986A mutations in patients with different clinical spectra of the liver disease by PCR–LCR. 210 HBV positive patients with HBeAg negative serology of different kind of liver diseases (AVH = 72, FH = 21, CH = 79, Cirrhosis = 20 and HCC = 18) were screened. Patients were screened for the presence or absence of precore G1896A mutation by PCR–LCR. Direct nucleotide sequencing was done to confirm the results of LCR. Precore mutant in HCC was 94.4% (17/18), 85.7% (18/21) in FH, 60% (12/20) in liver cirrhosis, 48.1% (38/79) in chronic hepatitis and 27.7% (20/72) in AVH cases. The serum ALT level was statistically significant between HBeAg negative WT and G1896A mutants in chronic hepatitis cases. ALT level and HBV DNA level was slightly raised in the pre core mutant but and was not significant. Genotype D had a higher prevalence (79.5%) as compared to genotype A (20.5%). The mutations detected by PCR–LCR were in 100% concordance with direct sequencing. The exceptionally high prevalence of G1896A in FH and HCC demonstrates that the precore mutants are strongly associated with the progression of liver diseases in patients with HBeAg negative serology. The findings are also suggestive of screening HBV precore G1896A mutation particularly in HBeAg negative cases. The precore G1896A mutation increases proportionately in severe form of liver diseases. LCR can be a suitable tool for screening of G1896A mutations.
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13
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Tosti ME, Alfonsi V, Lacorte E, Mele A, Galli C, Zanetti AR, Romanò L. Acute Hepatitis B After the Implementation of Universal Vaccination in Italy: Results From 22 Years of Surveillance (1993-2014). Clin Infect Dis 2016; 62:1412-8. [PMID: 27009250 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciw162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis B vaccination has proven to be very safe and highly effective. This study assessed the proportion of successfully vaccinated individuals among cases with acute hepatitis B, the proportion of preventable cases if individuals were vaccinated as recommended, and the reasons for failures. METHODS We analyzed data reported to the Italian Surveillance System for Acute Viral Hepatitis from 1993 to 2014. RESULTS A total of 362 of 11 311 (3.2%) cases with acute hepatitis B were vaccinated. Of the 277 cases for whom immunization data were available, 50 (18%) received a complete vaccination course according to the correct schedule and before exposure to hepatitis B virus. Molecular characterization of 17 of these cases showed that 6 were infected with S-gene mutants. Among the 10 949 unvaccinated cases, 213 (1.9%) escaped mandatory vaccination and 2821 (25.8%) were not vaccinated despite being at increased risk of infection. Among the latter, the most common risk factors were cohabitation with hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) carriers, intravenous drug use, and homosexual/bisexual practices. Thirty-seven percent of the unvaccinated households with HBsAg carriers were aware of their risk. Lack of trust in the vaccination, negative attitude, and inaccurate beliefs followed by lack of or poor communication and low perceived severity of the disease were the most frequent reasons for vaccine hesitancy. CONCLUSIONS Development of acute disease in successfully vaccinated individuals is a rare event. Further efforts are needed to enhance the vaccine coverage rate in individuals at increased risk of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Elena Tosti
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Centro Nazionale di Epidemiologia, Sorveglianza e Promozione della Salute, Rome
| | - Valeria Alfonsi
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Centro Nazionale di Epidemiologia, Sorveglianza e Promozione della Salute, Rome
| | - Eleonora Lacorte
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Centro Nazionale di Epidemiologia, Sorveglianza e Promozione della Salute, Rome
| | - Alfonso Mele
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Centro Nazionale di Epidemiologia, Sorveglianza e Promozione della Salute, Rome
| | - Cristina Galli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy
| | | | - Luisa Romanò
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy
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14
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Coppola N, Alessio L, Pisaturo M, Macera M, Sagnelli C, Zampino R, Sagnelli E. Hepatitis B virus infection in immigrant populations. World J Hepatol 2015; 7:2955-2961. [PMID: 26730274 PMCID: PMC4691698 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v7.i30.2955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Revised: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is the most common cause of hepatitis worldwide, with nearly 350 million people chronically infected and 600000 deaths per year due to acute liver failure occurring during acute hepatitis or, more frequently, in HBV-related liver cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma. Ongoing immigration from countries with a high HBV endemicity to those with a low HBV endemicity warrants particular attention to prevent the spread of HBV infection to the native population. This review article analyzes the epidemiology and virological and clinical characteristics of HBV infection in immigrant populations and in their host countries, and suggests prophylactic measures to prevent the spread of this infection. Among the immigrants from different geographical areas, those from South East Asia and sub-Saharan Africa show the highest prevalences of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) carriers, in accordance with the high endemicity of the countries of origin. The molecular characteristics of HBV infection in immigrants reflect those of the geographical areas of origin: HBV genotype A and D predominate in immigrants from Eastern Europe, B and C in those from Asia and genotype E in those from Africa. The literature data on the clinical course and treatment of HBsAg-positive immigrants are scanty. The management of HBV infection in immigrant populations is difficult and requires expert personnel and dedicated structures for their assistance. The social services, voluntary operators and cultural mediators are essential to achieve optimized psychological and clinical intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Coppola
- Nicola Coppola, Loredana Alessio, Mariantonietta Pisaturo, Margherita Macera, Evangelista Sagnelli, Department of Mental Health and Public Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Second University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Loredana Alessio
- Nicola Coppola, Loredana Alessio, Mariantonietta Pisaturo, Margherita Macera, Evangelista Sagnelli, Department of Mental Health and Public Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Second University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Mariantonietta Pisaturo
- Nicola Coppola, Loredana Alessio, Mariantonietta Pisaturo, Margherita Macera, Evangelista Sagnelli, Department of Mental Health and Public Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Second University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Margherita Macera
- Nicola Coppola, Loredana Alessio, Mariantonietta Pisaturo, Margherita Macera, Evangelista Sagnelli, Department of Mental Health and Public Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Second University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Caterina Sagnelli
- Nicola Coppola, Loredana Alessio, Mariantonietta Pisaturo, Margherita Macera, Evangelista Sagnelli, Department of Mental Health and Public Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Second University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Rosa Zampino
- Nicola Coppola, Loredana Alessio, Mariantonietta Pisaturo, Margherita Macera, Evangelista Sagnelli, Department of Mental Health and Public Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Second University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Evangelista Sagnelli
- Nicola Coppola, Loredana Alessio, Mariantonietta Pisaturo, Margherita Macera, Evangelista Sagnelli, Department of Mental Health and Public Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Second University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy
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15
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Sarkar N, Pal A, Das D, Saha D, Biswas A, Bandopadhayay B, Chakraborti M, Ghosh M, Chakravarty R. Virological Characteristics of Acute Hepatitis B in Eastern India: Critical Differences with Chronic Infection. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0141741. [PMID: 26571502 PMCID: PMC4646492 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) manifests high genetic variability and is classifiable into ten genotypes (A-J). HBV infection can lead to variable clinical outcomes, ranging from self-limiting acute hepatitis to active chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. The present study characterizes HBV strains circulating among patients with acute (AHB) and chronic HBV infection (CHB). Among a total of 653 HBsAg positive cases, 40 manifested acute infection. After sequencing the surface(S), basal core promoter/pre-core(BCP/PC) and the X gene regions, phylogenetic tree was constructed using MEGA4 by neighbor-joining method. Statistical robustness was established with bootstrap analysis. Nucleotide diversity was determined by Shannon entropy per site using the Entropy program of the Los Alamos National Laboratories. Analyses of acute patients revealed that HBV/D2 is the major circulating sub-genotype and commonly associated with sexual promiscuity and the age group between15-30 years. Comparison of AHB and CHB patients revealed that HBeAg positivity, ALT levels and genotype D were significantly high in AHB, whereas CHB patients were predominantly male, had a high viral load, and were commonly associated with genotype C. The frequencies of mutations in the S, BCP/PC, and X gene were low in AHB as compared to CHB. Drug resistant mutations were not detectable in the polymerase gene of AHB. Average nucleotide diversity in AHB was considerably low as compared to CHB. Further, the highest average ΔH (average difference in entropy between chronic and acute infection) was observed in the BCP/PC region implying that this region was most vulnerable to mutations upon HBV persistence, especially in case of genotype C. Additionally, among all substitutions, the A1762T and G1764A BCP mutations were the strongest indicators of chronicity. In conclusion, the study exhibits a general portrait of HBV strains circulating among acute hepatitis B patients in Eastern India and their intricate differences with chronic patients which should be useful from the clinical point of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neelakshi Sarkar
- ICMR Virus Unit, Kolkata, ID & BG Hospital Campus, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Ananya Pal
- ICMR Virus Unit, Kolkata, ID & BG Hospital Campus, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Dipanwita Das
- ICMR Virus Unit, Kolkata, ID & BG Hospital Campus, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Debraj Saha
- ICMR Virus Unit, Kolkata, ID & BG Hospital Campus, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Avik Biswas
- ICMR Virus Unit, Kolkata, ID & BG Hospital Campus, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Bhaswati Bandopadhayay
- Department of Virology, Calcutta School of Tropical Medicine, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Mandira Chakraborti
- Department of Virology, Calcutta School of Tropical Medicine, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Mrinmoy Ghosh
- Department of Medicine, ID & BG Hospital Campus, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Runu Chakravarty
- ICMR Virus Unit, Kolkata, ID & BG Hospital Campus, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
- * E-mail:
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