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Rojas-Quintero J, Díaz MP, Palmar J, Galan-Freyle NJ, Morillo V, Escalona D, González-Torres HJ, Torres W, Navarro-Quiroz E, Rivera-Porras D, Bermúdez V. Car T Cells in Solid Tumors: Overcoming Obstacles. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4170. [PMID: 38673757 PMCID: PMC11050550 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25084170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor T cell (CAR T cell) therapy has emerged as a prominent adoptive cell therapy and a therapeutic approach of great interest in the fight against cancer. This approach has shown notorious efficacy in refractory hematological neoplasm, which has bolstered its exploration in the field of solid cancers. However, successfully managing solid tumors presents considerable intrinsic challenges, which include the necessity of guiding the modified cells toward the tumoral region, assuring their penetration and survival in adverse microenvironments, and addressing the complexity of identifying the specific antigens for each type of cancer. This review focuses on outlining the challenges faced by CAR T cell therapy when used in the treatment of solid tumors, as well as presenting optimizations and emergent approaches directed at improving its efficacy in this particular context. From precise localization to the modulation of the tumoral microenvironment and the adaptation of antigen recognition strategies, diverse pathways will be examined to overcome the current limitations and buttress the therapeutic potential of CAR T cells in the fight against solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joselyn Rojas-Quintero
- Medicine, Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine Department, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - María P. Díaz
- Facultad de Medicina, Centro de Investigaciones Endocrino—Metabólicas, Universidad del Zulia, Maracaibo 4001, Venezuela (J.P.); (V.M.); (D.E.); (W.T.)
| | - Jim Palmar
- Facultad de Medicina, Centro de Investigaciones Endocrino—Metabólicas, Universidad del Zulia, Maracaibo 4001, Venezuela (J.P.); (V.M.); (D.E.); (W.T.)
| | - Nataly J. Galan-Freyle
- Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Barranquilla 080002, Colombia; (N.J.G.-F.); (E.N.-Q.)
| | - Valery Morillo
- Facultad de Medicina, Centro de Investigaciones Endocrino—Metabólicas, Universidad del Zulia, Maracaibo 4001, Venezuela (J.P.); (V.M.); (D.E.); (W.T.)
| | - Daniel Escalona
- Facultad de Medicina, Centro de Investigaciones Endocrino—Metabólicas, Universidad del Zulia, Maracaibo 4001, Venezuela (J.P.); (V.M.); (D.E.); (W.T.)
| | | | - Wheeler Torres
- Facultad de Medicina, Centro de Investigaciones Endocrino—Metabólicas, Universidad del Zulia, Maracaibo 4001, Venezuela (J.P.); (V.M.); (D.E.); (W.T.)
| | - Elkin Navarro-Quiroz
- Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Barranquilla 080002, Colombia; (N.J.G.-F.); (E.N.-Q.)
- Facultad de Ciencias Básicas y Biomédicas, Barranquilla 080002, Colombia
| | - Diego Rivera-Porras
- Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Cúcuta 540001, Colombia;
| | - Valmore Bermúdez
- Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Barranquilla 080002, Colombia; (N.J.G.-F.); (E.N.-Q.)
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Barranquilla 080002, Colombia;
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Trojan A, Lone YC, Briceno I, Trojan J. Anti-Gene IGF-I Vaccines in Cancer Gene Therapy: A Review of a Case of Glioblastoma. Curr Med Chem 2024; 31:1983-2002. [PMID: 38031775 DOI: 10.2174/0109298673237968231106095141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Vaccines for the deadliest brain tumor - glioblastoma (GBM) - are generally based on targeting growth factors or their receptors, often using antibodies. The vaccines described in the review were prepared to suppress the principal cancer growth factor - IGF-I, using anti-gene approaches either of antisense (AS) or of triple helix (TH) type. Our objective was to increase the median survival of patients treated with AS and TH cell vaccines. METHODOLOGY The cells were transfected in vitro by both constructed IGF-I AS and IGF-I TH expression episomal vectors; part of these cells was co-cultured with plant phytochemicals, modulating IGF-I expression. Both AS and TH approaches completely suppressed IGF-I expression and induced MHC-1 / B7 immunogenicity related to the IGF-I receptor signal. RESULTS This immunogenicity proved to be stronger in IGF-I TH than in IGF-I AS-prepared cell vaccines, especially in TH / phytochemical cells. The AS and TH vaccines generated an important TCD8+ and TCD8+CD11b- immune response in treated GBM patients and increased the median survival of patients up to 17-18 months, particularly using TH vaccines; in some cases, 2- and 3-year survival was reported. These clinical results were compared with those obtained in therapies targeting other growth factors. CONCLUSION The anti-gene IGF-I vaccines continue to be applied in current GBM personalized medicine. Technical improvements in the preparation of AS and TH vaccines to increase MHC-1 and B7 immunogenicity have, in parallel, allowed to increase in the median survival of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annabelle Trojan
- INSERM UMR 1197, Cancer Center & University of Paris / Saclay, PO Box: 94802 Villejuif, France
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Cartagena, PO Box: 130014 Cartagena de Indias, Colombia
| | - Yu-Chun Lone
- INSERM UMR 1197, Cancer Center & University of Paris / Saclay, PO Box: 94802 Villejuif, France
- CEDEA / ICGT - Center of Oncological Diseases Diagnosis, PO Box: 110231 Bogota, Colombia
| | - Ignacio Briceno
- Faculty of Medicine, University of La Sabana, PO Box: 250008 Chia, Colombia
| | - Jerzy Trojan
- INSERM UMR 1197, Cancer Center & University of Paris / Saclay, PO Box: 94802 Villejuif, France
- CEDEA / ICGT - Center of Oncological Diseases Diagnosis, PO Box: 110231 Bogota, Colombia
- National Academy of Medicine - ANM, PO Box: 75272 Paris, France
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Frieling JS, Tordesillas L, Bustos XE, Ramello MC, Bishop RT, Cianne JE, Snedal SA, Li T, Lo CH, de la Iglesia J, Roselli E, Benzaïd I, Wang X, Kim Y, Lynch CC, Abate-Daga D. γδ-Enriched CAR-T cell therapy for bone metastatic castrate-resistant prostate cancer. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadf0108. [PMID: 37134157 PMCID: PMC10156127 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adf0108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Immune checkpoint blockade has been largely unsuccessful for the treatment of bone metastatic castrate-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). Here, we report a combinatorial strategy to treat mCRPC using γδ-enriched chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells and zoledronate (ZOL). In a preclinical murine model of bone mCRPC, γδ CAR-T cells targeting prostate stem cell antigen (PSCA) induced a rapid and significant regression of established tumors, combined with increased survival and reduced cancer-associated bone disease. Pretreatment with ZOL, a U.S. Food and Drug Administration-approved bisphosphonate prescribed to mitigate pathological fracture in mCRPC patients, resulted in CAR-independent activation of γδ CAR-T cells, increased cytokine secretion, and enhanced antitumor efficacy. These data show that the activity of the endogenous Vγ9Vδ2 T cell receptor is preserved in CAR-T cells, allowing for dual-receptor recognition of tumor cells. Collectively, our findings support the use of γδ CAR-T cell therapy for mCRPC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy S. Frieling
- Department of Tumor Biology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Leticia Tordesillas
- Department of Immunology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Xiomar E. Bustos
- Department of Immunology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Maria Cecilia Ramello
- Department of Immunology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Ryan T. Bishop
- Department of Tumor Biology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Junior E. Cianne
- Department of Immunology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Sebastian A. Snedal
- Department of Immunology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Tao Li
- Department of Tumor Biology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Chen Hao Lo
- Department of Tumor Biology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Janis de la Iglesia
- Department of Pathology Research, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Emiliano Roselli
- Department of Immunology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Ismahène Benzaïd
- Department of Immunology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Xuefeng Wang
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Youngchul Kim
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Conor C. Lynch
- Department of Tumor Biology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Daniel Abate-Daga
- Department of Immunology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
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Lv L, Wu Y, Shi H, Sun X, Deng Z, Huo H, Li R, Liu Y. Efficacy and safety of chimeric antigen receptor T-cells treatment in central nervous system lymphoma: a PRISMA-compliant single-arm meta-analysis. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2023; 72:211-221. [PMID: 35796863 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-022-03246-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells are used to treat refractory and recurrent B-cell lymphoma. When administered intravenously, CAR T cells can be detected in cerebrospinal fluid, and thus represent a promising method for the treatment of central nervous system lymphoma (CNSL). This meta-analysis aimed to clarify the effectiveness and safety of CAR T-cell therapy in the treatment of CNSL. METHODS Studies involving patients with CNSL who received CAR T-cell therapy that reported overall response (OR), complete response (CR), and partial response (PR) were included. A random-effects or fixed-effects model with double arcsine transformation was used for the pooled analysis and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were determined for all outcomes. RESULTS Eight studies, comprising 63 patients, were identified and were included in the meta-analysis. The pooled OR and CR rates after treatment with CAR T cells were 69% (95% CI, 56-81%) and 51% (95% CI, 37-64%), respectively. The pooled rate of progressive disease after remission was 38% (95% CI, 21-55%). The pooled rate for neurotoxicity grade 3 or above was 12% (95% CI, 3-24%, I2 = 0.00%, p = 0.53). No treatment-related deaths were reported. CONCLUSIONS CAR T-cell therapy is a promising option for the treatment of CNSL owing to a high short-term remission rate and controllable side effects. However, the high recurrence rate after remission must be addressed. Long-term follow-up data with large sample sizes are also needed to better assess the effectiveness and safety of CAR T-cell therapy. REGISTRATION This meta-analysis was registered in the international prospective register of systematic reviews (PROSPERO) (CRD42022301332).
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Affiliation(s)
- Liwei Lv
- Department of Hematology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuchen Wu
- Department of Hematology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Han Shi
- Department of Hematology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xuefei Sun
- Department of Hematology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zixin Deng
- Department of Hematology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hongjia Huo
- Department of Hematology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ruonan Li
- Department of Hematology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanbo Liu
- Department of Hematology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
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Chen L, Xie T, Wei B, Di DL. Current progress in CAR‑T cell therapy for tumor treatment (Review). Oncol Lett 2022; 24:358. [PMID: 36168313 PMCID: PMC9478623 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2022.13478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cells are a type of tumor immunotherapy that is a breakthrough technology in the clinical treatment of tumors. The basic principle of this method is to extract the patient's T cells and equip them with targeting recognition receptors of tumor cells and return them to the patient's body to recognize and kill tumor cells specifically. Most CAR-T cell therapies treat hematological diseases such as leukemia or lymphoma and achieved encouraging results. The safety and effectiveness of CAR-T cell technology in solid tumor treatment require to be improved, although it has demonstrated promising efficacy in treating hematological malignancies. It is worth noting that certain patients may experience fatal adverse reactions after receiving CAR-T cell therapy. At present, the difficulty of this therapy mainly lies in how to reduce adverse reactions and target escape effects during the course of treatment. The improvement of CAR-T cell therapy mainly focuses on improving CAR-T structure, finding suitable tumor targets and combining them with immune checkpoint inhibitors to the enhance efficacy and safety of treatment. The problems in the rapid development of CAR-T cell therapy provide both obstacles and opportunities. The present review elaborates on the clinical application of CAR-T cell technology to provide a reference for clinical practice and research on tumor treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Chen
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, P.R. China
| | - Ting Xie
- School of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong 261031, P.R. China
| | - Bing Wei
- Department of Immunology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong 261053, P.R. China
| | - Da-Lin Di
- Department of Immunology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong 261053, P.R. China
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Čelešnik H, Potočnik U. Peripheral Blood Transcriptome in Breast Cancer Patients as a Source of Less Invasive Immune Biomarkers for Personalized Medicine, and Implications for Triple Negative Breast Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14030591. [PMID: 35158858 PMCID: PMC8833511 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14030591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive and heterogeneous breast cancer (BC) type which is difficult to treat and accompanied by disease recurrence. A better understanding of TNBC and the identification of novel biomarkers is needed to facilitate clinical decisions. Immune-related biomarkers are of particular interest, since immune responses play an important role in BC outcome. Transcriptome studies of peripheral blood cells can help us to understand the systemic immune responses to cancer cells and the mechanisms underlying cancer initiation and progression. They enable the identification of novel immune biomarkers for early cancer detection and personalized BC management and may bring forward new immunotherapy options. Recent transcriptome analyses of peripheral blood cells have delineated novel BC-patient immune subgroups. This categorization has implications for cancer prognosis, the identification of patients likely to benefit from immunotherapy, and treatment efficacy monitoring. Additionally, transcriptome studies have identified TNBC-enriched blood transcriptional signatures that can differentiate TNBC from other classical BC subtypes. Abstract Transcriptome studies of peripheral blood cells can advance our understanding of the systemic immune response to the presence of cancer and the mechanisms underlying cancer onset and progression. This enables the identification of novel minimally invasive immune biomarkers for early cancer detection and personalized cancer management and may bring forward new immunotherapy options. Recent blood gene expression analyses in breast cancer (BC) identified distinct patient subtypes that differed in the immune reaction to cancer and were distinct from the clinical BC subtypes, which are categorized based on expression of specific receptors on tumor cells. Introducing new BC subtypes based on peripheral blood gene expression profiles may be appropriate, since it may assist in BC prognosis, the identification of patients likely to benefit from immunotherapy, and treatment efficacy monitoring. Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive, heterogeneous, and difficult-to-treat disease, and identification of novel biomarkers for this BC is crucial for clinical decision-making. A few studies have reported TNBC-enriched blood transcriptional signatures, mostly related to strong inflammation and augmentation of altered immune signaling, that can differentiate TNBC from other classical BC subtypes and facilitate diagnosis. Future research is geared toward transitioning from expression signatures in unfractionated blood cells to those in immune cell subpopulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Čelešnik
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, Smetanova Ulica 17, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia;
- Center for Human Genetics & Pharmacogenomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Taborska Ulica 8, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Uroš Potočnik
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, Smetanova Ulica 17, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia;
- Center for Human Genetics & Pharmacogenomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Taborska Ulica 8, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
- Department for Science and Research, University Medical Centre Maribor, Ljubljanska Ulica 5, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +386-2-330-5874
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Xie S, Hou X, Yang W, Shi W, Yang X, Duan S, Mo F, Liu A, Wang W, Lu X. Endoglin-Aptamer-Functionalized Liposome-Equipped PD-1-Silenced T Cells Enhance Antitumoral Immunotherapeutic Effects. Int J Nanomedicine 2021; 16:6017-6034. [PMID: 34511903 PMCID: PMC8418331 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s317220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The broader application of adoptive cell therapy (ACT) in cancer immunotherapies (particularly for solid tumors) has always been limited by the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) and the insufficient targetability of effector T cells, resulting in unsatisfied therapeutic outcome. Here, we designed a new strategy by using aptamer-based immunoliposomes to modify PD-1-silencing T cells, which were activated by dendritic cell (DC)/tumor fusion cells (FCs) to improve the antitumor potency of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs/CD8+ T cells). Methods PD-1 gene was knocked out from CD8+ T cells using CRISPR/Cas9 system to liberate T cell activity from immunosuppression. The PD-1− T cells were stimulated with DC/tumor FCs, followed by further functional modification of tumor-specific nanoliposomes (hEnd-Apt/CD3-Lipo) to generate FC/PD-1− CTLs. The activation and proliferation and specificity of the modified FC/PD-1− CTLs were measured. The antitumor activity of these CTLs against HepG2-tumors was evaluated in xenograft NOD/SCID mice, and the antitumor mechanism was investigated based on tissue immunohistochemistry and serum ELISA. Results Our results indicated that the modification of hEnd-Apt/CD3-Lipo nanocomposites on the FC/PD-1− CTLs had a more substantial synergetic effect in inhibiting tumor growth and prolonging animal survival, rather than other control liposomes. Furthermore, the hEnd-Apt/CD3-Lipo-modified FC/PD-1− CTLs showed a stronger antitumor outcome in the tumor-bearing mouse model, through the mechanisms of suppressing tumor cell proliferation, promoting tumor apoptosis, reducing angiogenesis but increasing the infiltration of the FC/PD-1− CTLs in the tumor tissue, as well as upregulating the systemic levels of IFN-γ, IL-2, TNF-α and IL-6 cytokines, by comparison of the control settings. Conclusion In sum, our investigation suggests an enhancement of antitumor effect by the surface modification of endoglin-targeting nanoliposomes upon DC/tumor FC-activated PD-1− CTLs, therefore, provides a new tumoral endoglin-targeted approach as a promising strategy to reduce immunosuppression of tumor microenvironment and improve the immunotherapeutic outcome of anticancer ACT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenxia Xie
- School of Preclinical Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, People's Republic of China.,Pharmaceutical College, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoqiong Hou
- School of Preclinical Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, People's Republic of China.,International Nanobody Research Center of Guangxi, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Yang
- School of Preclinical Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, People's Republic of China.,International Nanobody Research Center of Guangxi, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Shi
- School of Preclinical Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, People's Republic of China.,International Nanobody Research Center of Guangxi, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaomei Yang
- School of Preclinical Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, People's Republic of China.,International Nanobody Research Center of Guangxi, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Siliang Duan
- International Nanobody Research Center of Guangxi, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Fengzhen Mo
- International Nanobody Research Center of Guangxi, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Aiqun Liu
- International Nanobody Research Center of Guangxi, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Wu Wang
- School of Preclinical Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, People's Republic of China.,Laboratory of Tropical Biomedicine and Biotechnology, School of Tropical Medicine and Laboratory Medicine, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, 571101, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoling Lu
- School of Preclinical Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, People's Republic of China.,International Nanobody Research Center of Guangxi, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, People's Republic of China.,College of Stomatology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
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Roselli E, Faramand R, Davila ML. Insight into next-generation CAR therapeutics: designing CAR T cells to improve clinical outcomes. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:142030. [PMID: 33463538 DOI: 10.1172/jci142030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy has shown considerable promise for hematologic malignancies, leading to the US Food and Drug Administration approval of two CAR T cell-based therapies for the treatment of B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia and large B cell lymphoma. Despite success in hematologic malignancies, the treatment landscape of CAR T cell therapy for solid tumors has been limited. There are unique challenges in the development of novel CAR T cell therapies to improve both safety and efficacy. Improved understanding of the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment and resistance mechanisms has led to encouraging approaches to mitigating these obstacles. This Review will characterize challenges with current CAR T designs for hematologic malignancies and solid tumors and emphasize preclinical and clinical strategies to overcome them with novel CAR T cell therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rawan Faramand
- Department of Blood and Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Immunotherapy, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Marco L Davila
- Department of Clinical Science, and.,Department of Blood and Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Immunotherapy, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA.,Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA.,Department of Immunology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA
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9
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Chimeric antigen receptor- and natural killer cell receptor-engineered innate killer cells in cancer immunotherapy. Cell Mol Immunol 2021; 18:2083-2100. [PMID: 34267335 PMCID: PMC8429625 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-021-00732-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-engineered T-cell (CAR-T) therapy has demonstrated impressive therapeutic efficacy against hematological malignancies, but multiple challenges have hindered its application, particularly for the eradication of solid tumors. Innate killer cells (IKCs), particularly NK cells, NKT cells, and γδ T cells, employ specific antigen-independent innate tumor recognition and cytotoxic mechanisms that simultaneously display high antitumor efficacy and prevent tumor escape caused by antigen loss or modulation. IKCs are associated with a low risk of developing GVHD, thus offering new opportunities for allogeneic "off-the-shelf" cellular therapeutic products. The unique innate features, wide tumor recognition range, and potent antitumor functions of IKCs make them potentially excellent candidates for cancer immunotherapy, particularly serving as platforms for CAR development. In this review, we first provide a brief summary of the challenges hampering CAR-T-cell therapy applications and then discuss the latest CAR-NK-cell research, covering the advantages, applications, and clinical translation of CAR- and NK-cell receptor (NKR)-engineered IKCs. Advances in synthetic biology and the development of novel genetic engineering techniques, such as gene-editing and cellular reprogramming, will enable the further optimization of IKC-based anticancer therapies.
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Hernández-López A, Téllez-González MA, Mondragón-Terán P, Meneses-Acosta A. Chimeric Antigen Receptor-T Cells: A Pharmaceutical Scope. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:720692. [PMID: 34489708 PMCID: PMC8417740 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.720692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is among the leading causes of death worldwide. Therefore, improving cancer therapeutic strategies using novel alternatives is a top priority on the contemporary scientific agenda. An example of such strategies is immunotherapy, which is based on teaching the immune system to recognize, attack, and kill malignant cancer cells. Several types of immunotherapies are currently used to treat cancer, including adoptive cell therapy (ACT). Chimeric Antigen Receptors therapy (CAR therapy) is a kind of ATC where autologous T cells are genetically engineered to express CARs (CAR-T cells) to specifically kill the tumor cells. CAR-T cell therapy is an opportunity to treat patients that have not responded to other first-line cancer treatments. Nowadays, this type of therapy still has many challenges to overcome to be considered as a first-line clinical treatment. This emerging technology is still classified as an advanced therapy from the pharmaceutical point of view, hence, for it to be applied it must firstly meet certain requirements demanded by the authority. For this reason, the aim of this review is to present a global vision of different immunotherapies and focus on CAR-T cell technology analyzing its elements, its history, and its challenges. Furthermore, analyzing the opportunity areas for CAR-T technology to become an affordable treatment modality taking the basic, clinical, and practical aspects into consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandrina Hernández-López
- Laboratorio 7 Biotecnología Farmacéutica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Autónoma Del Estado de Morelos, UAEM, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Mario A. Téllez-González
- Laboratorio 7 Biotecnología Farmacéutica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Autónoma Del Estado de Morelos, UAEM, Cuernavaca, Mexico
- Coordinación de Investigación, Centro Médico Nacional “20 de Noviembre” ISSSTE, Mexico city, Mexico
| | - Paul Mondragón-Terán
- Coordinación de Investigación, Centro Médico Nacional “20 de Noviembre” ISSSTE, Mexico city, Mexico
| | - Angélica Meneses-Acosta
- Laboratorio 7 Biotecnología Farmacéutica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Autónoma Del Estado de Morelos, UAEM, Cuernavaca, Mexico
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12
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Acharya UH, Walter RB. Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR)-Modified Immune Effector Cell Therapy for Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML). Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E3617. [PMID: 33287224 PMCID: PMC7761730 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12123617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the availability of an increasing number of targeted therapeutics and wider use of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, many patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) ultimately succumb to this disease. Given their remarkable efficacy in B-acute lymphoblastic leukemia and other CD19-expressing B cell malignancies, there is hope adoptive cellular transfer, particularly chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-modified immune effector cell (IEC) therapies, may afford a novel, potent immune-based approach for the treatment of AML that complements or replaces existing ones and improves cure rates. However, it is unclear how best to translate the success of these therapies from B cell malignancies, where use of highly potent immunotherapies is facilitated by identified target antigens with near ubiquitous expression on malignant cells and non-fatal consequences from "on-target, off-tumor cell" toxicities. Herein, we review the current status of CAR-modified IEC therapies for AML, with considerations regarding suitable, relatively leukemia-restricted target antigens, expected toxicities, and interactions of the engineered cells with a profoundly immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment that restricts their therapeutic efficacy. With these challenges in mind, we will discuss possible strategies to improve the cells' potency as well as their therapeutic window for optimal clinical use in AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Utkarsh H. Acharya
- Divisions of Hematologic Malignancies & Immune Effector Cell Therapy, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Roland B. Walter
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA;
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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The Landscape of CAR-T Cell Clinical Trials against Solid Tumors-A Comprehensive Overview. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12092567. [PMID: 32916883 PMCID: PMC7563774 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12092567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Certain immune cells, namely T cells, of cancer patients can be genetically manipulated to express so-called chimeric antigen receptors (CARs), which enables these cells to kill the tumor cells after recognition by the receptor. This therapy is very successful in the treatment of hematologic tumors such as lymphoma or leukemia. However, tumors growing as a solid mass are less susceptible to this kind of treatment. This review summarizes known data of all clinical trials using this therapy against solid tumors that are registered at clinicaltrials.gov. Abstract CAR-T cells showed great potential in the treatment of patients with hematologic tumors. However, the clinical efficacy of CAR-T cells against solid tumors lags behind. To obtain a comprehensive overview of the landscape of CAR-T cell clinical trials against this type of cancer, this review summarizes all the 196 studies registered at clinicaltrials.gov. Special focus is on: (1) geographical distribution; (2) targeted organs, tumor entities, and antigens; (3) CAR transfer methods, CAR formats, and extra features introduced into the T cells; and (4) patient pretreatments, injection sites, and safety measurements. Finally, the few data on clinical outcome are reported. The last assessment of clinicaltrials.gov for the data summarized in this paper was on 4 August 2020.
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Abstract
Purpose of the review The adoptive transfer of alloantigen-specific regulatory T cells (Tregs) following organ transplantation is an emerging treatment paradigm that may induce tolerance and reduce the risk for graft rejection. In particular, redirecting Treg specificity via expression of synthetic chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) has demonstrated therapeutic promise in several preclinical studies. In this review, we highlight recent progress and remaining barriers to the clinical translation of CAR-Treg therapies. Recent findings CAR Tregs targeting human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-A2 showed antigen-specific in vitro activation and superior in vivo protective function relative to polyclonal Tregs. Adoptively transferred anti-HLA-A2 CAR Tregs prolonged the survival of HLA-A2-positive grafts in humanized mouse models. Summary Donor HLA molecules are attractive candidate antigens to target with CAR Tregs in transplantation due to mismatched HLA only expressed on the transplanted organ. The feasibility of this approach has been demonstrated by several independent groups in recent years. However, substantial challenges in CAR design and preclinical modeling must be more extensively addressed prior to clinical application.
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Meng X, Jing R, Qian L, Zhou C, Sun J. Engineering Cytoplasmic Signaling of CD28ζ CARs for Improved Therapeutic Functions. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1046. [PMID: 32636832 PMCID: PMC7318076 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor modified T cells (CAR-T) have yielded impressive clinical outcomes in treating hematopoietic malignancies. However, relapses have occurred in a substantial number of patients and limited the development of CAR-T therapy. Most underlying reasons for these relapses can be attributed to poor persistence and rapid exhaustion of CAR-T cells in vivo. Despite multiple strategies having been developed, how to improve CAR-T persistence or resist exhaustion while maintaining sufficient cytotoxic functions is still a great challenge. Here we discuss engineering cytoplasmic signaling as an important strategy for CAR optimization. This review summarizes recent advances showing that the anti-tumor function of CAR-T cells can be improved by optimizing the CD3ζ domain or downstream signaling of CD28ζ CAR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianhui Meng
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University & Laboratory of Stem Cell and Immunotherapy Engineering, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ruirui Jing
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University & Laboratory of Stem Cell and Immunotherapy Engineering, Hangzhou, China
| | - Liling Qian
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University & Laboratory of Stem Cell and Immunotherapy Engineering, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chun Zhou
- School of Public Health and Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jie Sun
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University & Laboratory of Stem Cell and Immunotherapy Engineering, Hangzhou, China
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Wu L, Wei Q, Brzostek J, Gascoigne NRJ. Signaling from T cell receptors (TCRs) and chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) on T cells. Cell Mol Immunol 2020; 17:600-612. [PMID: 32451454 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-020-0470-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells react to foreign or self-antigens through T cell receptor (TCR) signaling. Several decades of research have delineated the mechanism of TCR signal transduction and its impact on T cell performance. This knowledge provides the foundation for chimeric antigen receptor T cell (CAR-T cell) technology, by which T cells are redirected in a major histocompatibility complex-unrestricted manner. TCR and CAR signaling plays a critical role in determining the T cell state, including exhaustion and memory. Given its artificial nature, CARs might affect or rewire signaling differently than TCRs. A better understanding of CAR signal transduction would greatly facilitate improvements to CAR-T cell technology and advance its usefulness in clinical practice. Herein, we systematically review the knowns and unknowns of TCR and CAR signaling, from the contact of receptors and antigens, proximal signaling, immunological synapse formation, and late signaling outcomes. Signaling through different T cell subtypes and how signaling is translated into practice are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Wu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 5 Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117545, Singapore
| | - Qianru Wei
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 5 Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117545, Singapore
| | - Joanna Brzostek
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 5 Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117545, Singapore
| | - Nicholas R J Gascoigne
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 5 Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117545, Singapore. .,Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
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CARs: Beyond T Cells and T Cell-Derived Signaling Domains. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21103525. [PMID: 32429316 PMCID: PMC7279007 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21103525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
When optimizing chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) therapy in terms of efficacy, safety, and broadening its application to new malignancies, there are two main clusters of topics to be addressed: the CAR design and the choice of transfected cells. The former focuses on the CAR construct itself. The utilized transmembrane and intracellular domains determine the signaling pathways induced by antigen binding and thereby the cell-specific effector functions triggered. The main part of this review summarizes our understanding of common signaling domains employed in CARs, their interactions among another, and their effects on different cell types. It will, moreover, highlight several less common extracellular and intracellular domains that might permit unique new opportunities. Different antibody-based extracellular antigen-binding domains have been pursued and optimized to strike a balance between specificity, affinity, and toxicity, but these have been reviewed elsewhere. The second cluster of topics is about the cellular vessels expressing the CAR. It is essential to understand the specific attributes of each cell type influencing anti-tumor efficacy, persistence, and safety, and how CAR cells crosstalk with each other and bystander cells. The first part of this review focuses on the progress achieved in adopting different leukocytes for CAR therapy.
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Parriott G, Deal K, Crean S, Richardson E, Nylen E, Barber A. T-cells expressing a chimeric-PD1-Dap10-CD3zeta receptor reduce tumour burden in multiple murine syngeneic models of solid cancer. Immunology 2020; 160:280-294. [PMID: 32144940 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Adoptive transfer of T-cells is a promising therapy for many cancers. To enhance tumour recognition by T-cells, chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) consisting of signalling domains fused to receptors that recognize tumour-associated antigens can be expressed in T-cells. While CAR T-cells have shown clinical success for treating haematopoietic malignancies, using CAR T-cells to treat solid tumours remains a challenge. We developed a chimeric PD1 (chPD1) receptor that recognizes the ligands for the PD1 receptor that are expressed on many types of solid cancer. To determine if this novel CAR could target a wide variety of tumour types, the anti-tumour efficacy of chPD1 T-cells against syngeneic murine models of melanoma, renal, pancreatic, liver, colon, breast, prostate and bladder cancer was measured. Of the 14 cell lines tested, all expressed PD1 ligands on their cell surface, making them potential targets for chPD1 T-cells. ChPD1 T-cells lysed the tumour cells and secreted pro-inflammatory cytokines [interferon (IFN)γ, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)α, interleukin (IL)-2, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), IL-17 and IL-21], but did not secrete the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. Furthermore, T-cells expressing chPD1 receptors reduced an established tumour burden and led to long-term tumour-free survival in all types of solid tumours tested. ChPD1 T-cells did not survive longer than 14 days in vivo; however, treatment with chPD1 T-cells induced protective host anti-tumour memory responses in tumour-bearing mice. Therefore, adoptive transfer of chPD1 T-cells could be a novel therapeutic strategy to treat multiple types of solid cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Parriott
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Longwood University, Farmville, VA, USA
| | - Kelsey Deal
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Longwood University, Farmville, VA, USA
| | - Shane Crean
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Longwood University, Farmville, VA, USA
| | - Elle Richardson
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Longwood University, Farmville, VA, USA
| | - Emily Nylen
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Longwood University, Farmville, VA, USA
| | - Amorette Barber
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Longwood University, Farmville, VA, USA
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Kintz H, Nylen E, Barber A. Inclusion of Dap10 or 4-1BB costimulation domains in the chPD1 receptor enhances anti-tumor efficacy of T cells in murine models of lymphoma and melanoma. Cell Immunol 2020; 351:104069. [PMID: 32106933 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2020.104069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptors (CAR) utilize costimulatory domains to enhance anti-tumor efficacy. However, it is unclear which costimulatory domain is preferable. Therefore, the intracellular domains of CD28, Dap10, 41BB, GITR, ICOS, or OX40 were compared in a murine chimeric PD1 (chPD1) receptor that targets tumor-associated PD1 ligands. Upon antigen restimulation, T cells expressing chPD1-CD28 receptors had reduced lytic capacity. While most of the chPD1 T cell receptors secreted pro-inflammatory (IFNγ, TNFα, IL-2, GM-CSF, IL-17, and IL-21) and anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10), chPD1-Dap10 did not secrete IL-10. Furthermore, chPD1-Dap10 and -41BB receptors induced a memory precursor phenotype, had enhanced persistence in vivo, and superior therapeutic efficacy in murine models of T cell lymphoma and melanoma compared to chPD1-CD28 or chPD1-GITR expressing T cells. Therefore, each costimulatory domain induces differential effects in CAR-expressing T cells and inclusion of Dap10 or 4-1BB costimulatory domains may induce a preferential cytokine profile and differentiation for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailey Kintz
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Longwood University, Farmville, VA, USA
| | - Emily Nylen
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Longwood University, Farmville, VA, USA
| | - Amorette Barber
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Longwood University, Farmville, VA, USA.
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Maennling AE, Tur MK, Niebert M, Klockenbring T, Zeppernick F, Gattenlöhner S, Meinhold-Heerlein I, Hussain AF. Molecular Targeting Therapy against EGFR Family in Breast Cancer: Progress and Future Potentials. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11121826. [PMID: 31756933 PMCID: PMC6966464 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11121826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) family contains four transmembrane tyrosine kinases (EGFR1/ErbB1, Her2/ErbB2, Her3/ErbB3 and Her4/ErbB4) and 13 secreted polypeptide ligands. EGFRs are overexpressed in many solid tumors, including breast, pancreas, head-and-neck, prostate, ovarian, renal, colon, and non-small-cell lung cancer. Such overexpression produces strong stimulation of downstream signaling pathways, which induce cell growth, cell differentiation, cell cycle progression, angiogenesis, cell motility and blocking of apoptosis.The high expression and/or functional activation of EGFRs correlates with the pathogenesis and progression of several cancers, which make them attractive targets for both diagnosis and therapy. Several approaches have been developed to target these receptors and/or the EGFR modulated effects in cancer cells. Most approaches include the development of anti-EGFRs antibodies and/or small-molecule EGFR inhibitors. This review presents the state-of-the-art and future prospects of targeting EGFRs to treat breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amaia Eleonora Maennling
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Mehmet Kemal Tur
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Giessen, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Langhanssstr. 10, 35392 Giessen, Germany
- Department of Pharmacology and Personalised Medicine, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Science, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 40, 6229 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Marcus Niebert
- Department of Molecular Cytology and Functional Genomics, Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Giessen, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Langhanssstr. 10, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Torsten Klockenbring
- Department of Biological Sensing and Detection, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Forckenbeckstrasse 6, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Felix Zeppernick
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Medical Faculty, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Klinikstr. 33, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Stefan Gattenlöhner
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Giessen, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Langhanssstr. 10, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Ivo Meinhold-Heerlein
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Medical Faculty, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Klinikstr. 33, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Ahmad Fawzi Hussain
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Medical Faculty, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Klinikstr. 33, 35392 Giessen, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-64199930570
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