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Ricci AA, Evans C, Stull C, Peacock CA, French DN, Stout JR, Fukuda DH, La Bounty P, Kalman D, Galpin AJ, Tartar J, Johnson S, Kreider RB, Kerksick CM, Campbell BI, Jeffery A, Algieri C, Antonio J. International society of sports nutrition position stand: nutrition and weight cut strategies for mixed martial arts and other combat sports. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2025; 22:2467909. [PMID: 40059405 PMCID: PMC11894756 DOI: 10.1080/15502783.2025.2467909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2025] [Accepted: 02/04/2025] [Indexed: 03/14/2025] Open
Abstract
Following an extensive literature review, the International Society of Sports Nutrition (ISSN) has developed an official position on nutritional and weight cut strategies for combat sports. The type of combat sport, length of the fight camp, and time between weigh-in and competition are factors influencing nutritional and weight cut strategies. The following 16 points constitute the Position Statement of the Society; the Research Committee has approved them. 1. Combat sports have differing weight categories, official weigh-in times, and competition frequencies, influencing the nutritional and weight cut strategies for training and competition. 2. As the duration of a combat match increases, >4 min, contribution of the aerobic system can rise to >70%, yet anaerobic alactic pathways and anaerobic glycolytic pathways support high-output bursts. 3. During the off camp/general preparation phase, athletes should maintain a weight ranging 12% to 15% above the weight division requirement. 4. Supplements including creatine, beta-alanine, beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate, and caffeine have been shown to enhance performance and/or recovery during preparation phases, competition, and post-competition. 5. During fight camp, strategic decreases in calorie intake are necessary for an efficient longitudinal weight descent. Individual caloric needs can be determined using indirect calorimetry or validated equations such as Mifflin St. Jeor or Cunningham. 6. Protein should be prioritized during longitudinal weight descents to preserve lean body mass, and the timely delivery of carbohydrates supports training demands. Macronutrients should not drop below the following: carbohydrates 3.0-4.0 g/kg, protein 1.2-2.0 g/kg, and fat 0.5 to 1.0 g/kg/day. 7. Suitable losses in body mass range from 6.7% at 72 h, 5.7% at 48 h, and 4.4% at 24 h, prior to weigh-in. 8. Sodium restriction and water loading are effective for inducing polyuria and acute water loss. 9. During fight week, water-bound glycogen stores can be depleted through exercise and carbohydrate restriction, facilitating a 1% to 2% loss in body mass, with equivalent losses from a low-fiber intake of <10 g/day for 4 days. 10. During fight week, acute water loss strategies, including sauna, hot water immersion, and mummy wraps, can be used effectively with appropriate supervision (optimally ~2-4% of body mass within 24 h of weigh-in). 11. Post-weigh-in, rapid weight gain strategies are utilized to recover lost body fluid/mass before competition with the intent of gaining a competitive advantage. 12. Oral rehydration solutions (1 to 1.5 liters/h) combined with a sodium range of 50-90 mmol/dL should take precedence immediately post-weigh-in. 13. Fast-acting carbohydrates at a tolerable rate of ≤ 60 g/h should follow oral rehydration solutions. Post weigh-in intake of fiber should be limited to avoid gastrointestinal distress. 14. Post-weigh-in carbohydrate intake at 8-12 g/kg may be appropriate for combat athletes that undertook significant glycogen depletion strategies during fight week. About 4-7 g/kg may be suitable for modest carbohydrate restriction. 15. Post weigh-in, rehydration/refueling protocols should aim to regain ≥10% of body mass to mitigate declines in performance and the negative effects of rapid weight loss. 16. The long-term effects of frequent weight cuts on health and performance are unknown, necessitating further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony A. Ricci
- Nova Southeastern University, Department of Health and Human Performance, Fight Science Lab, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA
- Nova Southeastern University, Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA
| | - Cassandra Evans
- Nova Southeastern University, Department of Health and Human Performance, Fight Science Lab, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA
| | | | - Corey A. Peacock
- Nova Southeastern University, Department of Health and Human Performance, Fight Science Lab, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA
| | | | - Jeffery R. Stout
- University of Central Florida, Institute of Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation Science, School of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation Sciences, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - David H. Fukuda
- University of Central Florida, Institute of Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation Science, School of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation Sciences, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Paul La Bounty
- University of Mary Hardin Baylor, Mayborn College of Health Sciences, Belton, TX, USA
| | - Douglas Kalman
- Nova Southeastern University, Department of Nutrition, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA
| | | | - Jaime Tartar
- Nova Southeastern University, Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA
| | - Sarah Johnson
- Texas A&M University, Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Department of Kinesiology and Sports Management, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Richard B. Kreider
- Texas A&M University, Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Department of Kinesiology and Sports Management, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Chad M. Kerksick
- Lindenwood University, Exercise and Performance Nutrition Laboratory, St. Charles, MO, USA
| | - Bill I. Campbell
- University of South Florida, Performance & Physique Enhancement Laboratory, Tampa, FL, USA
| | | | - Chris Algieri
- Nova Southeastern University, Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Davie, FL USA
| | - Jose Antonio
- Nova Southeastern University, Department of Health and Human Performance, Fight Science Lab, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA
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Yue F, Wang Y, Yang H, Zhang X. Effects of high-intensity interval training on aerobic and anaerobic capacity in olympic combat sports: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Physiol 2025; 16:1576676. [PMID: 40415789 PMCID: PMC12098572 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2025.1576676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2025] [Accepted: 04/15/2025] [Indexed: 05/27/2025] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to summarize the findings of research comparing the effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) with active controls (alternative training methods) and passive controls (no exercise intervention) on aerobic and anaerobic performance in male and female athletes engaged in Olympic combat sports. Using the PICOS framework, the study included original research on healthy, trained male and female athletes in Olympic combat sports. These studies compared HIIT interventions (lasting at least 4 weeks) with control groups, focusing on aerobic and anaerobic performance outcomes. Studies that measured other fitness parameters, had non-randomized designs, or involved mixed interventions were excluded. A database search was conducted on February 1, 2025, through PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. Study quality and risk of bias were assessed using the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) scale, while the GRADE scale was used to assess the certainty of evidence. After screening, 20 studies were deemed eligible for inclusion in this review. The results showed a significant effect of HIIT over control groups for maximal oxygen uptake, with a moderate effect size (ES = 1.007, 95% CI 0.701 to 1.312, p < 0.001). A significant, but small, effect favoring HIIT was also found for peak power output (ES = 0.528, 95% CI 0.102 to 0.954, p = 0.015). Furthermore, the analysis of mean power output showed a moderate significant effect of HIIT over controls (ES = 0.871, 95% CI 0.392 to 1.350, p < 0.001). In conclusion, HIIT, whether performed through running or sport-specific techniques, appears to effectively enhance both aerobic and anaerobic performance in athletes participating in Olympic combat sports. These improvements could contribute to better overall performance, supporting the physical and physiological demands of these sports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengshan Yue
- Department of Physical Education, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Yuyan Wang
- Department of Physical Education, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, China
| | - He Yang
- Public Teaching Department, Xinyang Aviation Vocational College, Xinyang, China
| | - Xiaolei Zhang
- School of Physical Education, University of Sanya, Sanya, China
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Arnaoutis G, Neophytou P. The Effect of Acute Dehydration upon Muscle Strength Indices at Elite Karate Athletes: A Randomized Crossover Study. Nutrients 2025; 17:1452. [PMID: 40362761 PMCID: PMC12073676 DOI: 10.3390/nu17091452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2025] [Revised: 04/23/2025] [Accepted: 04/24/2025] [Indexed: 05/15/2025] Open
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Acute dehydration, commonly induced through fluid restriction and/or excessive sweating, is a common weight-cutting strategy among combat sport athletes. However, its impact on muscle strength and power remains a concern. The aim of the study was to evaluate the impact of 2% body mass reduction via dehydration on lower-limb strength and power in elite karate athletes. Methods: Fourteen male elite karate athletes completed two conditions: euhydrated (EUH) and dehydrated (DEH) (-2% body mass via 24-h fluid restriction). Performance was assessed using squat jump (SJ) and countermovement jump (CMJ) tests, along with isokinetic knee flexion and extension at 60, 180, and 300°/s. Results: Dehydration significantly reduced squat jump height (37.19 ± 3.69 vs. 39.34 ± 5.08 cm (EUH), p = 0.04), power output (2188.2 ± 307.2 vs. 2351.1 ± 347.2 W (EUH), p = 0.001), and knee extension and flexion strength at 60°/s (p = 0.018). CMJ height and higher-velocity knee flexion/extension were unaffected (p > 0.05). Conclusions: Acute dehydration impairs lower-body maximal force production at low velocities but has no significant effect on high velocity movements. Athletes and coaches should carefully manage hydration strategies when "cutting weight" to avoid any negative performance effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giannis Arnaoutis
- Laboratory of Nutrition & Clinical Dietetics, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio University of Athens, El. Venizelou Ave. 70, Kallithea, GR 17676 Athens, Greece;
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Ciaccioni S, Lee Y, Guidotti F, Stankovic N, Pocecco E, Izzicupo P, Capranica L. Combat sports and wellbeing: advancing health and inclusion in athletes and practitioners. An opinion paper. Front Psychol 2025; 16:1587672. [PMID: 40330305 PMCID: PMC12052789 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1587672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2025] [Accepted: 04/04/2025] [Indexed: 05/08/2025] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Simone Ciaccioni
- Department of Education and Sport Sciences, Pegaso Telematic University, Naples, Italy
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico,”Rome, Italy
| | - Youngjun Lee
- Department of Kinesiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Flavia Guidotti
- Department of Human Sciences and Promotion of Quality of Life, University of Rome “San Raffaele,”Roma, Italy
| | - Nemanja Stankovic
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Niš, Niš, Serbia
| | - Elena Pocecco
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Pascal Izzicupo
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, University of Chieti-Pescara “Gabriele D'Annunzio”, Pescara, Italy
| | - Laura Capranica
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico,”Rome, Italy
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Trybulski R, Stanula A, Vovkanych A, Muracki J, Wang HK, Kużdżał A. Immediate effect of ice and dry massage during rest breaks on recovery in MMA fighters : a randomized crossover clinical trial study. Sci Rep 2025; 15:12323. [PMID: 40210733 PMCID: PMC11986066 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-025-97194-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2025] [Indexed: 04/12/2025] Open
Abstract
The MMA fight consists of 5 rounds of 5 min with minimal breaks between the rounds. The exertion load is excessive for the fighters, and the 1-minute breaks give little time for any intervention. This study aimed to examine the acute effects of two methods of regenerative strategies, ice massage and dry massage, and analyze their impact on Reactive Strength Index (RSI - m s- 1), muscles' biomechanical properties: muscle tone (T-Hz), elasticity (E - arb- relative arbitrary unit), stiffness (S - N/m), pressure pain threshold, (PPT - N/cm²), and compare their influence with passive rest. The maximum number of jumps (J - n) treated as an indirect effective measure of the interventions that were conducted was also recorded for each participant in each regenerative strategy. Thirty male MMA fighters took part in the study. Three subgroups of 10 participants (Ice massage, n = 10; dry massage, n = 10; and control, n = 10) were enrolled in the cross-over randomized clinical trial study design. The groups were randomized, and each group underwent each procedure (30 tested in each procedure). Five sets of jumps on a 50 cm box to exhaustion were used as a fatigue protocol with 1-minute breaks. The recovery interventions were performed during the breaks. The statistically significant results revealed in the post-exercise tests: RSI and number of jumps - the lowest decrease was observed in the massage group (p < 0.001 and p < 0.0001 respectively), the minor increases in T, E and S were also observed in the massage group ((p < 0.0001 for all measurements); the post-exercise PPT was the highest (higher means better) in the Ice group (p < 0.001). In every other parameter, the ice massage group showed slightly worse results than the dry massage group. Responder analysis confirms that the number of jumps profoundly impacted biomechanical variables, leading to increased muscle stiffness and tension, decreased elasticity and force endurance, and heightened pain sensitivity. Obtained results confirm that both dry and ice massage can significantly affect acute recovery following rounds of combat sport-related exertions. The Ice and Massage interventions differed in effectiveness - Massage was the most effective in preventing increases in stiffness and tension and preserving muscle elasticity. At the same time, ice cooling had a lesser impact, particularly on muscle elasticity changes but higher for PPT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Trybulski
- Medical Department, Wojciech Korfanty Upper Silesian Academy, Katowice, 40-659, Poland.
- Department of Physical Therapy and Ergotherapy, Ivan Boberkyj Lviv State University of Physical Culture, Lviv, 79007, Ukraine.
| | - Arkadiusz Stanula
- Laboratory of Sport Performance Analysis, Institute of Sport Sciences, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Katowice, 40-065, Poland
| | - Andriy Vovkanych
- Department of Physical Therapy and Ergotherapy, Ivan Boberkyj Lviv State University of Physical Culture, Lviv, 79007, Ukraine
| | - Jarosław Muracki
- Institute of Physical Culture Sciences, Department of Physical Culture and Health, University of Szczecin, Szczecin, 70-453, Poland.
- Provita Medical Center, Żory, 44-240, Poland.
| | - Hsing-Kuo Wang
- School and Graduate Institute of Physical Therapy, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Center of Physical Therapy, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Adrian Kużdżał
- Institute of Health Sciences, College of Medical Sciences, University of Rzeszów, Rzeszów, 35-310, Poland
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Terbalyan A, Skotniczny K, Krzysztofik M, Chycki J, Kasparov V, Roczniok R. Effect of Post-Activation Performance Enhancement in Combat Sports: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis-Part I: General Performance Indicators. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2025; 10:88. [PMID: 40137340 PMCID: PMC11943059 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk10010088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2025] [Revised: 02/28/2025] [Accepted: 03/07/2025] [Indexed: 03/27/2025] Open
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Post-activation performance enhancement (PAPE) has been explored for its potential to improve general performance in combat sports. This systematic review and meta-analysis investigated the effects of PAPE protocols on physical performance, focusing on differences across disciplines, competitive levels, and testing methods. Methods: A PRISMA-guided search (2010-2023) identified 19 studies examining PAPE protocols in combat sports athletes. The inclusion criteria required human trials using defined PAPE protocols, with outcomes of general performance indicators such as countermovement jumps (CMJs). A meta-analysis was conducted on data from 866 athletes using random effects modeling. Results: The PAPE protocols yielded a pooled effect size of 0.136 (95% CI, 0.008-0.263) across 866 athletes. Taekwondo athletes exhibited the most pronounced improvements in CMJ performance, particularly when using protocols that combined repeated vertical jumps with heavy-resistance cluster sets, and with dynamic, sport-specific movements such as the bandal chagui protocol achieving an effect size of 1.19 (p < 0.001). Conversely, Muay Thai athletes experienced performance declines when the protocols incorporated highly specific techniques, such as roundhouse kicks (ES = -1.36, p = 0.009). Analysis by competitive level revealed pooled effect sizes of 0.14 (95% CI, -0.01 to 0.29) for amateur athletes and 0.13 (95% CI, -0.11 to 0.38) for elite athletes, with no statistically significant differences observed between these groups. Conclusions: PAPE's effectiveness depends on tailoring protocols to the competitive level and discipline. Short rest intervals support plyometric protocols for amateurs, while heavy-resistance exercises enhance elite performers. Further research is needed to standardize PAPE protocols and explore discipline-specific adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artur Terbalyan
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, 40-065 Katowice, Poland; (A.T.); (K.S.); (J.C.); (V.K.); (R.R.)
| | - Karol Skotniczny
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, 40-065 Katowice, Poland; (A.T.); (K.S.); (J.C.); (V.K.); (R.R.)
| | - Michał Krzysztofik
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, 40-065 Katowice, Poland; (A.T.); (K.S.); (J.C.); (V.K.); (R.R.)
- Department of Sport Games, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University in Prague, 162 52 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Chycki
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, 40-065 Katowice, Poland; (A.T.); (K.S.); (J.C.); (V.K.); (R.R.)
| | - Vadim Kasparov
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, 40-065 Katowice, Poland; (A.T.); (K.S.); (J.C.); (V.K.); (R.R.)
| | - Robert Roczniok
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, 40-065 Katowice, Poland; (A.T.); (K.S.); (J.C.); (V.K.); (R.R.)
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Robalino J, e Silva Cabral ALC, Franchini E, Goethel MF, Vilas-Boas JP, Mezêncio B, Ferreira JC. Assessing the Reliability of a Combat Sports Kick-Time Device. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2025; 25:1420. [PMID: 40096253 PMCID: PMC11902465 DOI: 10.3390/s25051420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2024] [Revised: 02/18/2025] [Accepted: 02/24/2025] [Indexed: 03/19/2025]
Abstract
In combat sports, precise technique evaluation is crucial for performance optimization; however, traditional systems for evaluating kick performance are frequently unreasonably complicated and costly. This study offers a useful and accessible substitute by introducing a contact mat-based tool that measures the roundhouse kick's execution time during both the attack and recovery phases and by demonstrating its reliability. The experimental sessions involved 16 male Shotokan karate athletes (age: 25.6 ± 7.1 years; height: 1.74 ± 0.05 m; body mass: 71.5 ± 8.7 kg; body fat percentage: 14.7 ± 6.7%; training experience: 11.0 ± 4.9 years). The protocol included four sessions, starting with a familiarization phase followed by three testing sessions (test, retest, and retest two), during which a standardized warm-up was performed along with the roundhouse kick test. The intraclass coefficient correlation (ICC) used indicated high reliability for the at-tack (ICC = 0.85, 95% CI [0.64, 0.94]), recovery (ICC = 0.89, 95% CI [0.75, 0.96]), and total time (ICC = 0.90, 95% CI [0.76, 0.96]). The Friedman test revealed no significant difference between testing sessions (p > 0.31), demonstrating high reliability and no significant differences between sessions. This study confirms the system as a simple and reliability tool for measuring roundhouse-kick timing in combat sports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Robalino
- Postgraduate Program in Physical Education, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá 78060-900, Brazil; (J.R.); (J.C.F.)
- Centre for Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sports, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal;
- Porto Biomechanics Laboratory (LABIOMEP), University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal;
| | | | - Emerson Franchini
- Martial Arts and Combat Sports Research Group, Sport Department, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-060, Brazil;
| | - Márcio Fagundes Goethel
- Centre for Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sports, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal;
- Porto Biomechanics Laboratory (LABIOMEP), University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal;
| | - João Paulo Vilas-Boas
- Centre for Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sports, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal;
- Porto Biomechanics Laboratory (LABIOMEP), University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal;
| | - Bruno Mezêncio
- Biomechanics Laboratory, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-060, Brazil;
| | - Jacielle Carolina Ferreira
- Postgraduate Program in Physical Education, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá 78060-900, Brazil; (J.R.); (J.C.F.)
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Martínez-Mireles X, Nava-González EJ, López-Cabanillas Lomelí M, Puente-Hernández DS, Gutiérrez-López M, Lagunes-Carrasco JO, López-García R, Ramírez E. The Shape of Success: A Scoping Review of Somatotype in Modern Elite Athletes Across Various Sports. Sports (Basel) 2025; 13:38. [PMID: 39997969 PMCID: PMC11860359 DOI: 10.3390/sports13020038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2024] [Revised: 01/15/2025] [Accepted: 01/21/2025] [Indexed: 02/26/2025] Open
Abstract
This scoping review aimed to determine the somatotype of modern elite athletes across various sports. The literature search followed the PRISMA guidelines for scoping reviews. Four databases were consulted, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Clarivate InCites, as well as platforms such as Google Scholar, Taylor & Francis Online, Books Ovid, CAB eBooks, MyiLibrary, and Core Collection. Eligibility criteria included articles published between 1995 and 2024 involving athletes at the elite level, such as junior, senior, Olympic, first-division professionals, world-class competitors, national competitors, black belts, master athletes, non-professional athletes with at least 10 years of experience, those ranked in the national or international top 10, and high-level collegiate athletes. A total of 66 studies were included. Modern male elite athletes predominantly exhibited an endomorphic mesomorphic somatotype, whereas female athletes were classified as central. The present study was the first to synthesize data from 66 articles, encompassing athletes of varying elite levels, both males and females, while providing detailed information on age, weight, height, BMI, somatotype and its classification, and complemented by somatoplot references. Future research is recommended to include a greater diversity of sports and a more significant number of elite female athletes to enhance the representativeness of elite athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ximena Martínez-Mireles
- Facultad de Salud Pública y Nutrición, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, UANL, Av. Universidad S/N Ciudad Universitaria, San Nicolás de los Garza 66451, Nuevo León, Mexico; (X.M.-M.); (E.J.N.-G.); (M.L.-C.L.); (D.S.P.-H.); (M.G.-L.)
| | - Edna Judith Nava-González
- Facultad de Salud Pública y Nutrición, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, UANL, Av. Universidad S/N Ciudad Universitaria, San Nicolás de los Garza 66451, Nuevo León, Mexico; (X.M.-M.); (E.J.N.-G.); (M.L.-C.L.); (D.S.P.-H.); (M.G.-L.)
| | - Manuel López-Cabanillas Lomelí
- Facultad de Salud Pública y Nutrición, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, UANL, Av. Universidad S/N Ciudad Universitaria, San Nicolás de los Garza 66451, Nuevo León, Mexico; (X.M.-M.); (E.J.N.-G.); (M.L.-C.L.); (D.S.P.-H.); (M.G.-L.)
| | - Debbie Samantha Puente-Hernández
- Facultad de Salud Pública y Nutrición, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, UANL, Av. Universidad S/N Ciudad Universitaria, San Nicolás de los Garza 66451, Nuevo León, Mexico; (X.M.-M.); (E.J.N.-G.); (M.L.-C.L.); (D.S.P.-H.); (M.G.-L.)
| | - Miriam Gutiérrez-López
- Facultad de Salud Pública y Nutrición, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, UANL, Av. Universidad S/N Ciudad Universitaria, San Nicolás de los Garza 66451, Nuevo León, Mexico; (X.M.-M.); (E.J.N.-G.); (M.L.-C.L.); (D.S.P.-H.); (M.G.-L.)
| | - José Omar Lagunes-Carrasco
- Facultad de Organización Deportiva, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, UANL, Av. Universidad S/N Ciudad Universitaria, San Nicolás de los Garza 66451, Nuevo León, Mexico; (J.O.L.-C.); (R.L.-G.)
| | - Ricardo López-García
- Facultad de Organización Deportiva, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, UANL, Av. Universidad S/N Ciudad Universitaria, San Nicolás de los Garza 66451, Nuevo León, Mexico; (J.O.L.-C.); (R.L.-G.)
| | - Erik Ramírez
- Facultad de Salud Pública y Nutrición, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, UANL, Av. Universidad S/N Ciudad Universitaria, San Nicolás de los Garza 66451, Nuevo León, Mexico; (X.M.-M.); (E.J.N.-G.); (M.L.-C.L.); (D.S.P.-H.); (M.G.-L.)
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Cinarli FS, Aydogdu O, Aydin Y, Tokgöz G, Kahraman A, Beykumül A, Aygoren C, Yılmaz N, Ramirez-Campillo R. Maximal strength, sprint and jump performance in elite kumite karatekas. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2025; 17:8. [PMID: 39819699 PMCID: PMC11736946 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-024-01051-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2024] [Accepted: 12/30/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2025]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Both maximal muscle strength and muscle power are independently important for karatekas. However, the relationship between strength and power in elite male kumite karatekas is under researched. This study aimed to determine the relationship between back-leg-chest (BLC) isometric muscle strength with sprint and jump variables in elite male karatekas. METHODS Male elite/international level (tier 4) kumite karatekas (n = 14; age, 20.79 ± 1.67 year; height, 1.77 ± 0.06 m; weight, 72.21 ± 5.20 kg) were recruited. BLC strength, sprint and jump values were measured with a dynamometer, a photocell, and an application, respectively. Pearson correlation (trivial r < 0.1; small r < 0.3; moderate r < 0.5; large r < 0.7; very large r < 0.9; nearly perfect/perfect r ≥ 0.9) and linear regression analyses were performed to determine the relationship and shared variance between BLC strength, sprint, and jump performance. RESULTS There were large to very large correlations between BLC strength and sprint time (r = - 0.930, p < 0.01), velocity (r = 0.918; p < 0.01), acceleration (r = 0.913; p < 0.01) and running momentum (r = 0.721; p < 0.01). Additionally, BLC strength correlated with jump height (moderate, r = 0.550, p < 0.05), peak anaerobic power (moderate, r = 0.672, p < 0.01) and power to body mass ratio (moderate, r = 0.545, p < 0.05). BLC strength and sprint variables showed an r2 = 0.52-0.86 (p < 0.01), while BLC strength and jump variables showed an r2 = 0.29-0.45 (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS BLC strength is related to jump and sprint performance in male elite karate athletes. This relationship underscores the importance of including strength training that targets BLC muscle strength in training programs for coaches and athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Onur Aydogdu
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Yalcin Aydin
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Malatya Turgut Ozal University, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Gürkan Tokgöz
- Faculty of Sport Science, Munzur University, Tunceli, Turkey
| | | | - Ayşegül Beykumül
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Department, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Caner Aygoren
- Health Sciences Institute, Munzur University, Tunceli, Turkey
| | - Nurkan Yılmaz
- Physical Education and Sports Teaching, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Rodrigo Ramirez-Campillo
- Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, School of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
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10
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Luo H, Tengku Kamalden TF, Zhu X, Xiang C, Nasharuddin NA. Advantages of different dietary supplements for elite combat sports athletes: a systematic review and Bayesian network meta-analysis. Sci Rep 2025; 15:271. [PMID: 39747536 PMCID: PMC11696872 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-84359-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2024] [Accepted: 12/23/2024] [Indexed: 01/04/2025] Open
Abstract
With an increasing number of studies delving into the impact of dietary supplements on combat sports performance, researchers are actively seeking a more efficient dietary supplement for use in these sports. Nonetheless, controversies persist. Hence, we undertook a systematic review and Bayesian network meta-analysis to discern the most effective dietary supplements in combat sports by synthesizing the available evidence. We conducted a comprehensive search across PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane, Embase, and SPORTDiscus, covering the period from their establishment to November 2, 2023. Our aim was to identify randomized controlled trials that evaluated the benefits of various dietary supplements for elite combat sports athletes. The risk of bias in these trials was assessed using the revised Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool for Randomized Trials. Subsequently, we employed Bayesian network meta-analysis through R software and Stata 15.0. During the analysis, we performed subgroup analysis based on the type of combat, distinguishing between striking and grappling disciplines. The analysis is based on 67 randomized controlled trials that meet all the inclusion criteria, involving 1026 elite combat sports athletes randomly assigned to 26 different dietary supplements or placebos. Results from the 50 trials included in the network meta-analysis indicate that compared to a placebo, sodium bicarbonate combined with caffeine (SMD: 2.3, 95% CrI: 1.5, 3.2), caffeine (SMD: 0.72, 95% CrI: 0.53, 0.93), beta-alanine (SMD: 0.58, 95% CrI: 0.079, 1.1), and sodium bicarbonate (SMD: 0.54, 95% CrI: 0.30, 0.81) was associated with a statistically significant increase in blood lactate concentrations. Compared to placebo, caffeine (SMD: 0.27, 95% CrI: 0.12, 0.41) was associated with a statistically significant increase in the final heart rate. Compared to placebo, creatine combined with sodium bicarbonate (SMD: 2.2, 95% CrI: 1.5, 3.1), creatine (SMD: 1.0, 95% CrI: 0.38, 1.6), and sodium bicarbonate (SMD: 0.42, 95% CrI: 0.18, 0.66) was associated with a statistically significant increase in mean power. Compared to placebo, creatine combined with sodium bicarbonate (SMD: 1.6, 95% CrI: 0.85, 2.3), creatine (SMD: 1.1, 95% CrI: 0.45, 1.7), and sodium bicarbonate (SMD: 0.35, 95% CrI: 0.11, 0.57) was associated with a statistically significant increase in peak power. Compared to placebo, caffeine (SMD: 1.4, 95% CrI: 0.19, 2.7) was associated with a statistically significant increase in the number of kicks. Compared to placebo, caffeine (SMD: 0.35, 95% CrI: 0.081, 0.61) was associated with a statistically significant increase in the number of throws. This study suggests that a range of dietary supplements, including caffeine, sodium bicarbonate, sodium bicarbonate combined with caffeine, creatine, creatine combined with sodium bicarbonate, and beta-alanine can improve the athletic performance of elite combat sports athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Luo
- Department of Sport Studies, Faculty of Educational Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Seri Kembangan, Malaysia
| | | | - Xiaolin Zhu
- College of Sport and Art, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Changqing Xiang
- Faculty of Physical Education, Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, China
| | - Nurul Amelina Nasharuddin
- Department of Multimedia, Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Seri Kembangan, Malaysia.
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11
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Trybulski R, Roczniok R, Gałęziok K, Matuszczyk F, Bichowska-Pawęska M, Wilk M, Muracki J. Immediate Effect of Compression Contrast Therapy on Quadriceps Femoris Muscles' Regeneration in MMA Fighters. J Clin Med 2024; 13:7292. [PMID: 39685751 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13237292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2024] [Revised: 11/26/2024] [Accepted: 11/28/2024] [Indexed: 12/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the immediate effect of Game Ready (GR) heat-cold compression contrast therapy (HCCT) on changes in the biomechanical parameters of the quadriceps femoris muscles and tissue perfusion. Methods: Fifteen male MMA fighters were subjected to HCCT on the dominant leg's thigh and control sham therapy on the other. The experimental intervention used a pressure cuff with the following parameters: time-20 min; pressure-25-75 mmHg; and temp.-3-45°C, changing every 2 min. For the control group, the temp. of sham therapy was 15-36 °C, and pressure was 15-25 mmHg, changing every 2 min. Measurements were taken on the head of the rectus femoris muscle (RF) 5 min before therapy, 5 min after, and 1 h after therapy in the same order in all participants: microcirculatory response (PU), muscle tension (MT), stiffness (S), flexibility (E), tissue temperature (°C), and pressure pain threshold (PPT). Results: The analysis revealed significant differences between the HCCT and sham therapy groups and the measurement time (rest vs. post 5 min and post 1 h) for PU, MT, E, and °C (p < 0.00001) (a significant effect of time was found) in response to GR therapy. No significant differences were found for the PPT. Conclusions: The results of this study prove that GR HCCT evokes changes in the biomechanical parameters of the RF muscles and perfusion in professional MMA fighters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Trybulski
- Medical Department, The Wojciech Korfanty Upper Silesian Academy, 40-659 Katowice, Poland
- Provita Żory Medical Center, 44-240 Żory, Poland
| | - Robert Roczniok
- Institute of Sport Science, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, 40-065 Katowice, Poland
| | | | | | - Marta Bichowska-Pawęska
- Faculty of Physical Education, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, 80-336 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Michał Wilk
- Institute of Sport Science, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, 40-065 Katowice, Poland
| | - Jarosław Muracki
- Institute of Physical Culture Sciences, Department of Physical Culture and Health, University of Szczecin, 70-453 Szczecin, Poland
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12
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Park CH, O'Sullivan DM, Kim MS, An YJ, Jung HC. Comparisons of tactical and technical performance factors between winners and non-winners in Para Taekwondo: A comprehensive analysis of the 2020 Tokyo Paralympic Games. J Sports Sci 2024; 42:1-8. [PMID: 39508424 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2024.2416812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 10/08/2024] [Indexed: 11/15/2024]
Abstract
This study aims to analyse the differences in tactical and technical elements between winners and non-winners and identify key strategic and technical elements contributing to performance in Para Taekwondo. Notational analysis was used to achieve these objectives, and 78 Para Taekwondo matches (36 men's matches and 42 women's matches) from the 2020 Tokyo Paralympics were analysed. The recorded videos were analysed using Adobe Premiere Pro software (version 24.2) with a frame-by-frame analysis of 0.033 seconds. The main results are: a) winners had significantly higher kick-to-score ratios compared to non-winners (male: 38.3 ± 17.37% vs. 19.4 ± 11.95%, p < .001; female: 32.7 ± 18.17% vs. 11.0 ± 7.72%, p < .001); b) winners had fewer attack attempts but higher scoring efficiency; c) non-winners used the front leg more frequently (male: 43.2% vs. 39.7%, p < .05; female: 47.5% vs. 42.7%, p < .001); d) logistic regression analysis showed that kick-to-score ratio significantly impacted match outcomes for both male (OR = 1.10, p < .001) and female athletes (OR = 1.19, p < .001), while offensive frequency negatively impacted female athletes' match outcomes (OR = 0.89, p = .002). This study emphasizes the importance of scoring efficiency and strategic defensive actions, consistent with patterns in Olympic Taekwondo. It provides insights for enhancing athlete training and match strategy in combat sports, enriching the understanding of Para Taekwondo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan-Ho Park
- Department of Physical Education, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - David Michael O'Sullivan
- Department of Physical Education, College of Education, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Moo Sung Kim
- Department of Physical Education, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Ye-Jin An
- Department of Physical Education, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Chul Jung
- Department of Sports Coaching, College of Physical Education, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Republic of Korea
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13
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Calabrese JC, Silva RG, Bertuzzi R, Lima-Silva AE. Time-Motion and Technical-Tactical Aspects of Glory World Series Matches in the Male Middle-Heavy-Weight Category. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2024; 19:1122-1127. [PMID: 39191384 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2023-0491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE To characterize the time structure of K1 kickboxing matches of Glory World Series (Glory) and to determine potential differences between winners and losers. METHODS Seventeen matches of Glory 2019 (17 first rounds, 13 second rounds, and 8 third rounds) were video-analyzed to quantify (1) the time expended in high- and low-intensity activity and pauses, (2) the number and pattern of attacks, and (3) the number of effective attacks. Fighters were professional male athletes (age 27.9 [2.7] y) of the middle-weight category (85 kg). The number and the pattern of attacks and the number of effective attacks were compared between winners and losers. RESULTS The mean times expended in high- and low-intensity activity and pauses were 234.6 (133.9) seconds, 97.4 (60.1) seconds, and 36.0 (19.9) seconds, respectively, resulting in an effort-to-pause ratio of ∼1.8:1. Compared with losers, winners presented (1) a greater number of attacks in the second round (P = .004) and entire match (P = .009), (2) a greater number of attacks containing 3 attacks in sequence in the second round (P = .001) and attacks containing >3 attacks in the third round (P = .049), and (3) a greater number of effective attacks in the second round (P = .011) and entire match (P = .008). CONCLUSIONS The findings of the present study indicate that K1 kickboxing in Glory matches presents a ∼1.8:1 effort-to-pause ratio and that winners perform more attacks, effective attacks, and attacks in sequence. These data provide useful insights to improve the training specificity of kickboxing athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean C Calabrese
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Paraná, Paraná, Brazil
- Human Performance Research Group, Federal University of Technology-Paraná (UTFPR), Paraná, Brazil
| | - Renata G Silva
- Human Performance Research Group, Federal University of Technology-Paraná (UTFPR), Paraná, Brazil
| | - Romulo Bertuzzi
- Endurance Performance Research Group (GEDAE-USP), University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Adriano E Lima-Silva
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Paraná, Paraná, Brazil
- Human Performance Research Group, Federal University of Technology-Paraná (UTFPR), Paraná, Brazil
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14
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Trybulski R, Kużdżał A, Stanula A, Muracki J, Kawczyński A, Kuczmik W, Wang HK. Acute effects of cold, heat and contrast pressure therapy on forearm muscles regeneration in combat sports athletes: a randomized clinical trial. Sci Rep 2024; 14:22410. [PMID: 39333728 PMCID: PMC11437117 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-72412-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 09/06/2024] [Indexed: 09/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Due to the specific loads that occur in combat sports athletes' forearm muscles, we decided to compare the immediate effect of monotherapy with the use of compressive heat (HT), cold (CT), and alternating therapy (HCT) in terms of eliminating muscle tension, improving muscle elasticity and tissue perfusion and forearm muscle strength. This is a single-blind, randomized, experimental clinical trial. Group allocation was performed using simple 1:1 sequence randomization using the website randomizer.org. The study involved 40 40 combat sports athletes divided into four groups and four therapeutic sessions lasting 20 min. (1) Heat compression therapy session (HT, n = 10) (2) (CT, n = 10), (3) alternating (HCT, n = 10), and sham, control (ShT, n = 10). All participants had measurements of tissue perfusion (PU, [non-reference units]), muscle tension (T-[Hz]), elasticity (E-[arb- relative arbitrary unit]), and maximum isometric force (Fmax [kgf]) of the dominant hand at rest (Rest) after the muscle fatigue protocol (PostFat.5 min), after therapy (PostTh.5 min) and 24 h after therapy (PostTh.24 h). A two-way ANOVA with repeated measures: Group (ColdT, HeatT, ContrstT, ControlT) × Time (Rest, PostFat.5 min, PostTh.5 min, Post.24 h) was used to examine the changes in examined variables. Post-hoc tests with Bonferroni correction and ± 95% confidence intervals (CI) for absolute differences (△) were used to analyze the pairwise comparisons when a significant main effect or interaction was found. The ANOVA for PU, T, E, and Fmax revealed statistically significant interactions of Group by Time factors (p < 0.0001), as well as main effects for the Group factors (p < 0.0001; except for Fmax). In the PostTh.5 min. Period, significantly (p < 0.001) higher PU values were recorded in the HT (19.45 ± 0.91) and HCT (18.71 ± 0.67) groups compared to the ShT (9.79 ± 0.35) group (△ = 9.66 [8.75; 10.57 CI] > MDC(0.73), and △ = 8.92 [8.01; 9.83 CI] > MDC(0.73), respectively). Also, significantly (p < 0.001) lower values were recorded in the CT (3.69 ± 0.93) compared to the ShT (9.79 ± 0.35) group △ = 6.1 [5.19; 7.01 CI] > MDC(0.73). For muscle tone in the PostTh.5 m period significantly (p < 0.001) higher values were observed in the CT (20.08 ± 0.19 Hz) group compared to the HT (18.61 ± 0.21 Hz), HCT (18.95 ± 0.41 Hz) and ShT (19.28 ± 0.33 Hz) groups (respectively: △ = 1.47 [1.11; 1.83 CI] > MDC(0.845); △ = 1.13 [0.77; 1.49 CI] > MDC(0.845), and △ = 0.8 [0.44; 1.16 CI], < MDC(0.845)). The highest elasticity value in the PostTh.5 m period were observed in the CT (1.14 ± 0.07) group, and it was significantly higher than the values observed in the HT (0.97 ± 0.03, △ = 0.18 [0.11; 0.24 CI] > MDC(0.094), p < 0.001), HCT (0.90 ± 0.04, △ = 0.24 [0.17; 0.31 CI] > MDC(0.094), p < 0.001) and ShT (1.05 ± 0.07, △ = 0.094 [0.03; 0.16 CI] = MDC(0.094), p = 0.003) groups. For Fmax, there were no statistically significant differences between groups at any level of measurement. The results of the influence of the forearm of all three therapy forms on the muscles' biomechanical parameters confirmed their effectiveness. However, the effect size of alternating contrast therapy cannot be confirmed, especially in the PostTh24h period. Statistically significant changes were observed in favor of this therapy in PU and E measurements immediately after therapy (PostTh.5 min). Further research on contrast therapy is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Trybulski
- Provita Żory Medical Center, Żory, Poland.
- Department of Medical Sciences, The Wojciech Korfanty Upper Silesian Academy, Katowice, Poland.
| | - Adrian Kużdżał
- College of Medical Sciences, Institute of Health Sciences, University of Rzeszów, Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Arkadiusz Stanula
- Laboratory of Sport Performance Analysis, Institute of Sport Sciences, Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Jarosław Muracki
- Institute of Physical Culture Sciences, Department of Physical Culture and Health, University of Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Adam Kawczyński
- Department of Paralympic Sport, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Wacław Kuczmik
- Department and Clinic of General Surgery, Vascular Surgery, Angiology and Phlebology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Hsing-Kuo Wang
- School and Graduate Institute of Physical Therapy, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Center of Physical Therapy, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Kużdżał A, Clemente FM, Kawczyński A, Ryszkiel I, Trybulski R. Comparing The Effects of Compression Contrast Therapy and Dry Needling on Muscle Functionality, Pressure Pain Threshold, and Perfusion after Isometric Fatigue in Forearm Muscles of Combat Sports Athletes: A Single-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial. J Sports Sci Med 2024; 23:548-558. [PMID: 39228772 PMCID: PMC11366852 DOI: 10.52082/jssm.2024.548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 09/05/2024]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare the acute effects of compression contrast therapy (CT) and dry needling therapy (DN) on muscle tension (MT), muscle strength (Fmax), pressure pain threshold (PPT), and perfusion (PU) following fatigue of forearm muscles (e.g., flexor carpi radialis) in combat sports athletes. A single-blind randomized controlled trial was employed. Participants first underwent muscle fatigue induction, which involved sustaining an isometric handgrip at 60% of their maximum voluntary contraction in 5-second cycles. This was followed by exposure to one of the regenerative therapies. Forty-five participants were randomly assigned to one of three groups: CT/DN (n = 15), CT/ShDN (n = 15), and ShCT/DN (n = 15). The sham condition (Sh) involved a simulated version of the technique. Measurements were taken at four time points: (i) at rest; (ii) immediately after exercise that led to a state of fatigue; (iii) 5 minutes after therapy (PostTh5min); and (iv) 24 hours after therapy (PostTh24h). Each participant was exposed to one experimental condition and one control condition, thereby undergoing evaluation in two sessions. Significant differences between groups were found in MT during the PostTh5min (p = 0.005), as well as in PU during the PostTh5min (p < 0.001) and PU during the PostTh24h (p < 0.001). All groups showed significant improvements at 5 minutes post-therapy compared to immediately post-muscle fatigue. As conclusions, CT/DN seems to be significantly better for enhancing MT and PU after 5 minutes of muscle fatigue induction. Using either CT, DN, or both combined is recommended to enhance the recovery of muscle functionality and properties, favoring recovery and potentially speeding up performance enhancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Kużdżał
- Institute of Health Sciences, College of Medical Sciences, University of Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Filipe Manue Clemente
- Department of Biomechanics and Sport Engineering, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Poland
- Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun'Álvares, Viana do Castelo, Portugal
- Sport Physical Activity and Health Research & Innovation Center, Viana do Castelo, Portugal
| | - Adam Kawczyński
- Department of Biomechanics and Sport Engineering, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Poland
| | - Ireneusz Ryszkiel
- Medical University of Silesia, College of Medical Sciences, Katowice Poland
| | - Robert Trybulski
- Medical Department Wojciech Korfanty, Upper Silesian Academy, Katowice, Poland
- Provita Żory Medical Center, Żory, Poland
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16
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Reale R, Wang J, Hu Stull C, French D, Amasinger D, Wang R. Acute and Chronic Weight-Making Practice in Professional Mixed Martial Arts Athletes: An Analysis of 33 Athletes Across 80 Fights. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2024; 34:275-285. [PMID: 38871343 DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.2023-0229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Mixed martial arts' popularity has increased in recent years, alongside descriptive research and evidence-based performance recommendations. Guidelines for (both chronic and acute) weight making exist; however, how these translate in real-life scenarios and detailed investigations on practices in larger groups deserve attention. The present study examined the body mass (BM) and composition of 33 professional mixed martial arts athletes preparing for 80 fights. Athletes were supported by on-site dietitians, who encouraged evidence-based practices. Fasted BM was measured throughout the last ∼10 days before all bouts (acute weight management phase). A subset of athletes had body composition assessed before and after the chronic weight loss phase for 40 fights. Most athletes engaged in chronic BM loss, and all engaged in acute weight loss. Many lost fat-free mass (FFM) during the chronic phase, with rates of BM loss <0.5% best preserving FFM. Regardless of losses, the present athletes possessed greater FFM than other combat sport athletes and engaged in greater acute weight loss. Dehydration in the 24-48 hr before the weigh-in was not reflective of weight regain after the weigh-in, rather BM 7-10 days before the weigh-in was most reflective. These findings suggest that many mixed martial arts athletes could increase FFM at the time of competition by maintaining leaner physiques outside of competition and/or allowing increased time to reduce BM chronically. Acutely, athletes can utilize evidence-based protocols, eliminating carbohydrates, fiber, sodium, and finally fluid in a staged approach, before the weigh-in, reducing the amount of sweating required, thus theoretically better protecting health and preserving performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reid Reale
- UFC Performance Institute, Shanghai, SHG, China
| | - Junzhu Wang
- UFC Performance Institute, Shanghai, SHG, China
| | | | | | | | - Ran Wang
- Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, SHG, China
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17
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Trybulski R, Kużdżał A, Wilk M, Więckowski J, Fostiak K, Muracki J. Reliability of MyotonPro in measuring the biomechanical properties of the quadriceps femoris muscle in people with different levels and types of motor preparation. Front Sports Act Living 2024; 6:1453730. [PMID: 39267811 PMCID: PMC11390662 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2024.1453730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2024] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of this research was to evaluate the reliability of the measurements of biomechanical parameters of the muscles of athletes representing different disciplines as well as untrained people. Ninety-four young, healthy male individuals participated in the study and were divided into five subgroups: footballers (n = 25), volleyballers (n = 14), handballers (n = 19), MMA fighters (n = 16), and undrained group (n = 20). All of the participants underwent measurements of stiffness (S), muscle tone (T) and elasticity (E) by two independent measurers using MyotonPro equipment. Analysis was conducted on two different parts of the quadriceps femoris: rectus femoris (RF) and vastus medialis (VM. Consequently, the comprehensive analysis comprised 564 measurements (94 participants * 3 parameters = 282 * 2 measurers = 564). The results proves high reliability of the myotonometry (Pearson's CC over 0.8208-0.8871 for different parameters, ICC from to 0.74 to 0.99 for different muscles and parameters) excluding only stiffness for the VM which was characterized withlow ICC of 0.08 and relatively highest between the examined parameters MAE% of 8.7% which still remains low value. The most significant differences between the parameters in examined groups were observed between MMA fighters and volleyballers in terms of muscle tone and elasticity of the VM (correlation of 0.14842 and 0.15083 respecitively). These results confirm the usability of myotonometry in measuring the biomechanical properties of the muscles in different sports groups and confirm the independence of the results obtained from the person performing the measurement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Trybulski
- Medical Center Provita Żory, Żory, Poland
- Medical Department, Wojciech Korfanty Upper Silesian Academy, Katowice, Poland
| | - Adrian Kużdżał
- Institute of Health Sciences, College of Medical Sciences, University of Rzeszów, Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Michał Wilk
- Institute of Sports Science, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, Katowice, Poland
| | | | | | - Jarosław Muracki
- Institute of Physical Culture Sciences, Department of Physical Culture and Health, University of Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
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Anastasiou K, Morris M, Akam L, Mastana S. The Genetic Profile of Combat Sport Athletes: A Systematic Review of Physiological, Psychological and Injury Risk Determinants. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2024; 21:1019. [PMID: 39200631 PMCID: PMC11353526 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph21081019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2024] [Revised: 07/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 09/02/2024]
Abstract
This systematic review aims to assess the genetic determinants influencing combat sports performance and address potential gaps in previous reviews. Twenty-four selected studies were analysed, investigating genetic influences on physiological performance, psychological traits, psychophysiological factors like pain perception, and injury susceptibility in combat sport athletes. The systematic literature search, using keywords, encompassed PubMed, Scopus, SportDiscus, Medline, and Google Scholar. The Covidence systematic review management software facilitated the screening process and the creation of the PRISMA flow diagram. The quality assessment complied with the PRISMA guidelines, featuring a custom 10-point scale and the STREGA criteria for more reliable study inclusion. Collectively, the 24 studies incorporated 18,989 participants, of which 3323 were combat athletes of majority European ancestry (71.7%) from various combat sports disciplines. Twenty-five unique genetic variants were significantly associated with combat sports performance across diverse domains. These included physiological performance (nine genetic variants), psychological traits (ten genetic variants), psychophysiological factors (one genetic variant), and injury susceptibility (four genetic variants). In conclusion, this systematic review lays the foundation for a more comprehensive exploration of the association between genetics and athletic performance in the demanding arena of combat sports, offering valuable insights for talent identification, training optimisation, and injury prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sarabjit Mastana
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, UK; (K.A.); (M.M.); (L.A.)
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Zhang Z, Xie L, Ji H, Chen L, Gao C, He J, Lu M, Yang Q, Sun J, Li D. Effects of different work-to-rest ratios of high-intensity interval training on physical performance and physiological responses in male college judo athletes. J Exerc Sci Fit 2024; 22:245-253. [PMID: 38577388 PMCID: PMC10990747 DOI: 10.1016/j.jesf.2024.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Zhang
- Digitalized Strength and Conditioning Training Laboratory, Guang Zhou Sport of University, Guang Zhou, China
| | - Lin Xie
- Digitalized Strength and Conditioning Training Laboratory, Guang Zhou Sport of University, Guang Zhou, China
| | - Hongshen Ji
- School of Athletic Training, Guangzhou Sport University, Guang Zhou, China
| | - Lunxin Chen
- Digitalized Strength and Conditioning Training Laboratory, Guang Zhou Sport of University, Guang Zhou, China
| | - Chong Gao
- School of Athletic Training, Guangzhou Sport University, Guang Zhou, China
| | - Jiaxin He
- School of Athletic Training, Guangzhou Sport University, Guang Zhou, China
| | - Min Lu
- School of Athletic Training, Guangzhou Sport University, Guang Zhou, China
| | - Qun Yang
- School of Athletic Training, Guangzhou Sport University, Guang Zhou, China
| | - Jian Sun
- School of Athletic Training, Guangzhou Sport University, Guang Zhou, China
| | - Duanying Li
- School of Athletic Training, Guangzhou Sport University, Guang Zhou, China
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Trybulski R, Stanula A, Żebrowska A, Podleśny M, Hall B. Acute Effects of the Dry Needling Session on Gastrocnemius Muscle Biomechanical Properties, and Perfusion with Latent Trigger Points - A Single-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial in Mixed Martial Arts Athletes. J Sports Sci Med 2024; 23:136-146. [PMID: 38455447 PMCID: PMC10915622 DOI: 10.52082/jssm.2024.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
The study aimed to evaluate the immediate effects of a dry needling (DN) therapy session on biomechanical properties, muscle power, perfusion, and pressure pain threshold of the gastrocnemius muscle with latent trigger points. Twenty mixed martial arts athletes (MMA) were randomly divided into two groups: experimental (eDN, n = 10) and sham (qDN, n = 10) to undergo one session of DN either with a real or a qazi needle. The measurements were taken at rest, 1-5 minutes after the DN (Post1-5min) and 24h after the DN (Post24h). DN significantly increased the muscle perfusion (Post1-5min and Post24h, p < 0.001), reduced its tone (Post1-5min and Post24h, p < 0.001) and stiffness (Post1-5min, p < 0.05; Post24 h, p < 0.001), and improved its elasticity (Post1-5min and Post24h, p < 0.001). DN also caused a significant increase in pressure pain threshold (Post1-5min, p < 0.001; Post24h, p < 0.05) and in muscle power (Post24h, p < 0.01). The DN session increased the blood perfusion and improved the biomechanical properties of the gastrocnemius muscle, which led to improved muscle power. The DN also had an analgesic effect. These effects were maintained at 24 h, which suggests that DN could facilitate muscle recovery in a post-exercise period of MMA athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Trybulski
- Medical Department of the Wojciech Korfanty Upper Silesian Academy, Poland
| | - Arkadiusz Stanula
- Laboratory of Sport Performance Analysis, Institute of Sport Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Żebrowska
- Department of Physiology, School of Physiological-Medical Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Poland
| | | | - Barbara Hall
- Department of Physiology, School of Physiological-Medical Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Poland
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21
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Gonçalves AF, Miarka B, Maurício CDA, Teixeira RPA, Brito CJ, Ignácio Valenzuela Pérez D, Slimani M, Znazen H, Bragazzi NL, Reis VM. Enhancing performance: unveiling the physiological impact of submaximal and supramaximal tests on mixed martial arts athletes in the -61 kg and -66 kg weight divisions. Front Physiol 2024; 14:1257639. [PMID: 38283281 PMCID: PMC10811793 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1257639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
This study delves into the intricate details of Mixed Martial Arts (MMA) by examining key variables such as maximal oxygen uptake (VO2 peak), aerobic energy (EAER), anaerobic energy (EAN), and accumulated O2 deficit (DOA). By investigating associations and comparing athletes in the -61 kg bantamweight and -66 kg featherweight weight divisions, we aim to shed light on their physiological characteristics. The sample consisted of 20 male volunteers separated into two paired groups: ten athletes in the category up to 61 kg (age: 27.7 ± 5.9 years old, height: 170.9 ± 3.4 cm, body mass: 72.8 ± 1.4 kg, fat percentage: 9.5% ± 3.0%, professional experience: 7.5 ± 7.1 years) and ten athletes up to 66 kg (age: 27.6 ± 2.9 years old, height: 176.0 ± 5.5 cm, body mass: 77.0 ± 1.5 kg, fat percentage: 7.85% ± 0.3%, professional experience: 5.5 ± 1.5 years). Remarkably, our findings revealed striking similarities between the two weight divisions. Furthermore, we discovered a negative correlation between VO2 peak and the number of MMA fights, indicating a potential impact of professional experience on aerobic capacity (r = -0.65, p < 0.01). Additionally, the number of fights exhibited negative correlations with anaerobic energy (r = -0.53, p < 0.05) and total energy cost (r = -0.54, p < 0.05). These results provide valuable insights for designing training programs in the context of MMA. While training both weight divisions together can be beneficial, it is equally crucial to incorporate specific weight-class-focused training to address each division's unique physical demands and requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandro Ferreira Gonçalves
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
- Laboratory of Psychophysiology and Performance in Sports and Combats, Graduate Program in Physical Education, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Bianca Miarka
- Laboratory of Psychophysiology and Performance in Sports and Combats, Graduate Program in Physical Education, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Clóvis de Albuquerque Maurício
- Laboratory of Psychophysiology and Performance in Sports and Combats, Graduate Program in Physical Education, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rafael Pereira Azevedo Teixeira
- Laboratory of Psychophysiology and Performance in Sports and Combats, Graduate Program in Physical Education, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ciro José Brito
- Sciences of Physical Activity, Sports and Health School, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Maamer Slimani
- School of Public Health, Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL), Genoa University, Genoa, Italy
| | - Hela Znazen
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, College of Education, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nicola Luigi Bragazzi
- Laboratory for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (LIAM), Department of Mathematics and Statistics, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Victor Machado Reis
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
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Almeida-Neto PFD, Baxter-Jones A, de Medeiros JA, Dantas PMS, Cabral BGDAT. Are there differences in anaerobic relative muscle power between upper and lower limbs in adolescent swimmers: A blinded study. SPORTS MEDICINE AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2023; 5:290-298. [PMID: 38314042 PMCID: PMC10831378 DOI: 10.1016/j.smhs.2023.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Success in speed swimming depends on the efficiency of the anaerobic system for the production of cellular energy, especially during muscle power production. In the adolescent athletes much is unknown with regards to the relationships between relative power of upper and lower limbs with speed swimming performance. The aim the present study was to identify differences in relative muscle power of upper and lower limbs in adolescent swimmers and relate these to speed swimming performances. Sixty adolescents, of both sexes (50% female, 50% male, 30 swimmers and 30 controls), were recruited. The relative upper limb power (ULP[W/kg]) was assessed by a medicine ball test and the relative lower limbs power (LLP[W/kg]) by a jump test on a jumping platform. Lean mass of the upper and lower limbs was assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) (g). Sport performance was assessed during national level competition (50-m swimming time [in seconds]). Biological maturation (BM) was indexed by years from attainment of peak height velocity. ULP(W/kg) was higher than LLP(W/kg) in both groups (p < 0.05). Upper and lower limb lean mass (g) correlated significantly with ULP(W/kg) and LLP(W/kg) in both groups (p < 0.05). ULP(W/kg) and LLP(W/kg) correlated with 50-m swimming performance (s), in both sexes (p < 0.05). Advanced BM was associated with ULP(W/kg) and LLP(W/kg) in both groups (p < 0.05), and with 50-m swimming performance (s) in both sexes (p < 0.05). We concluded that ULP(W/kg) is higher than LLP (W/kg) in adolescent swimmers. Upper and lower limb lean mass and BM were both positively associated with increased ULP (W/kg) and LLP (W/kg).
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Francisco de Almeida-Neto
- Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, UFRN, Natal, RN, Brazil
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, UFRN, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Adam Baxter-Jones
- College of Kinesiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B2, Canada
| | - Jason Azevedo de Medeiros
- Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, UFRN, Natal, RN, Brazil
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, UFRN, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Paulo Moreira Silva Dantas
- Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, UFRN, Natal, RN, Brazil
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, UFRN, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Breno Guilherme de Araújo Tinôco Cabral
- Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, UFRN, Natal, RN, Brazil
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, UFRN, Natal, RN, Brazil
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23
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Harrison PW, Kelly VG, Jenkins DG, McGuigan MR, Holmberg PM, James LP. Does Moderate-Load Priming Activity Influence Maximal Upper-Body Performance and Perceptual State? J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:e581-e587. [PMID: 37883407 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Harrison, PW, Kelly, VG, Jenkins, DG, McGuigan, MR, Holmberg, PM, and James, LP. Does moderate-load priming activity influence maximal upper-body performance and perceptual state?. J Strength Cond Res 37(11): e581-e587, 2023-The results of previous research indicate that resistance exercise "priming" may improve strength-power measures within 48 hours after their completion. Although researchers have primarily examined performance responses after lower-body priming stimuli, investigations examining the effects of upper-body resistance priming exercises are presently limited. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine upper-body pushing and pulling performance in addition to perceptual responses 3 and 27 hours after moderate-load (ML) upper-body resistance priming exercise. Fourteen resistance-trained men were assigned to complete ML priming (4 × 3 bench press and bench pull at 65% 1RM [repetition maximum]) and control (rest) protocols in a randomized and counterbalanced order. Peak velocity during the bench throw and bench pull tests involving different loads (25, 50, and 75% 1RM) showed no practical change at 3 and 27 hours after the priming session (p = 0.216-0.99, Cliff's d = -0.041 to 0.225). Small effect size increases in perceptual measures ("physical feeling," "physical performance," "aggression" [p = 0.400-0.553, Cliff's d = 0.183-0.201], and "muscular heaviness" [p = 0.178, Cliff's d = 0.231]) were found at 3 hours postpriming. A moderate practical increase was observed in perceived "physical feeling" compared with control (p = 0.385, Cliff's d = 0.349) in addition to small effect size increases in perceived "physical performance" and "aggression" (Cliff's d = 0.243-0.290) at 27 hours after priming activities. These results indicate that upper-body strength-power changes within 27 hours after ML upper-body resistance exercise priming are not practically meaningful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter W Harrison
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
- Queensland Academy of Sport, Nathan, Australia
| | - Vincent G Kelly
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - David G Jenkins
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
- School of Health and Sport Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Australia
- Applied Sports Science Technology and Medicine Research Centre, Swansea University, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Michael R McGuigan
- Sports Performance Research Inst New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand; and
| | - Patrick M Holmberg
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Lachlan P James
- Sport and Exercise Science, School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Victoria, Australia
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24
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Pałka T, Rydzik Ł, Tota Ł, Koteja P, Ambroży T, Mucha D, Szpotowicz-Czech B, Lech G, Javdaneh N, Czarny W. Concentration levels of selected hormones in judokas and the extent of their changes during a special performance test at different ambient temperatures. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2023; 15:140. [PMID: 37872638 PMCID: PMC10594670 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-023-00751-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is little scientific literature available on the diversity of physiological responses of judokas to anaerobic interval exercises in warm environments. Understanding the dynamics of changes in the concentration of selected hormones during a special endurance test at different ambient temperatures may have significant practical value, as it provides an opportunity for optimal programming and monitoring of the training process. So, the main aim of the research was to survey interval anaerobic exercises in different ambient temperatures on Concentration levels of selected hormones in judokas. METHODS 15 judokas athletes (age: 20.65 ± 2.03 years; body height: 178.00 ± 6.31 cm; body mass: 76.26 ± 12.57 kg; training experience: 12.1 ± 1.57 years) volunteered for the study. The judokas performed five sequences (each lasting 7.20 min) of pulsatile exercises on a cycle ergometer and hand ergometer in a thermoclimatic chamber at temperatures of 21 ± 0.5 °C and 31 ± 0.5 °C. The exercises were different from typical interval exercises, with varying times, upper and lower limb loads, and were followed by a 15-minute break after each sequence. Total duration of the experiment, including the five sequences of pulsating exercise and four 15-minute rest breaks between each exercise sequence, amounted to 96 min and 20 s. The workload was increased by 20 W for the lower limb tests and 12 W for the upper limb tests every 2 min. Biochemical measurements of testosterone (T), cortisol (C), growth hormone (HGH), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), adrenaline (E), noradrenaline (NE), and β-endorphin (β-end)were performed using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method on blood samples taken before and after five series of pulsatile exercises, at 1, 24, and 48 h. RESULTS Pulsatile exercise at ambient temperatures of 21 and 31 °C resulted in a decrease in body weight of the studied athletes (p < 0.05) and significantly reduced body volume and plasma volume after training (p < 0.05). The concentration of HGH, testosterone, cortisol and NE showed a statistically significant difference after the end of the series of pulsating exercises at both temperatures (p < 0.05) and did not significantly affect the concentration of ACTH, FSH and adrenaline concentration. CONCLUSIONS An increase in the concentration of growth hormone, cortisol and NE was observed after doing the work at both 21 and 31 °C ambient temperature. Physical exertion in both ambient temperatures contributed to a statistically significant decrease in testosterone concentration. Based on the obtained research results, it can be concluded that physical activity in various thermal conditions of the external environment activates the hormonal response to varying degrees, with the direction of changes depending on the external thermal factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Pałka
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, University of Physical Education in Kraków, Kraków, Poland
| | - Łukasz Rydzik
- Institute of Sports Sciences, University of Physical Education, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Łukasz Tota
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, University of Physical Education in Kraków, Kraków, Poland
| | - Piotr Koteja
- Institute of Sports Sciences, University of Physical Education, Kraków, Poland
| | - Tadeusz Ambroży
- Institute of Sports Sciences, University of Physical Education, Kraków, Poland
| | - Dariusz Mucha
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, University of Physical Education in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Barbara Szpotowicz-Czech
- Academy of Applied Sciences in Nowy Sącz, Faculty of Physical Culture and Security Sciences. Nowy Sącz, Nowy Sącz, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Lech
- Institute of Sports Sciences, University of Physical Education, Kraków, Poland
| | - Norollah Javdaneh
- Department of Biomechanics and Sports Injuries, Kharazmi University of Tehran, Tehran, 14911- 15719, Iran
| | - Wojciech Czarny
- College of Medical Sciences, Institute of Physical Culture Studies, University of Rzeszow, Rzeszów, 35- 959, Poland
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Fernández-Lázaro D, Fiandor EM, García JF, Busto N, Santamaría-Peláez M, Gutiérrez-Abejón E, Roche E, Mielgo-Ayuso J. β-Alanine Supplementation in Combat Sports: Evaluation of Sports Performance, Perception, and Anthropometric Parameters and Biochemical Markers-A Systematic Review of Clinical Trials. Nutrients 2023; 15:3755. [PMID: 37686787 PMCID: PMC10490143 DOI: 10.3390/nu15173755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
β-alanine does not have an ergogenic effect by itself, but it does as a precursor for the synthesis of carnosine in human skeletal muscle. β-alanine and carnosine together help improve the muscles' functionality, especially in high-intensity exercises such as combat sports. Therefore, β-alanine could be considered a nutritional ergogenic aid to improve sports performance in combat athletes. We aimed to critically review clinical trial evidence on the impact of β-alanine supplementation on sports performance, perception, and anthropometric parameters, as well as circulating biochemical markers in combat athletes. This systematic review was conducted following the specific methodological guidelines of the Preferred Report Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines (PRISMA), the PICOS question model, the Critical Review Form of McMaster, and the PEDro scale. Furthermore, the Cochrane risk-of-bias assessment tool was used. The search was carried out in the SCOPUS, Web of Science (WOS), and Medline (PubMed) databases for studies published from the beginning of the database until July 31, 2023. Of the 41 registers identified, only 7 met the established criteria and were included in this systematic review. Overall, performance parameters related to strength, power, total exercise work capacity, and combat-specific parameters were significantly improved (p < 0.05). Perception parameters increased non-significantly (p > 0.05). Regarding biochemical parameters, carnosine increased significantly (p < 0.05), pH decreased non-significantly (p > 0.05), and the results for blood bicarbonate and blood lactate were heterogeneous. Finally, there was a non-significant (p > 0.05) improvement in the anthropometric parameters of lean mass and fat mass. β-alanine supplementation appears to be safe and could be a suitable nutritional ergogenic aid for combat athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Fernández-Lázaro
- Department of Cellular Biology, Genetics, Histology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Valladolid, Campus of Soria, 42004 Soria, Spain
- Neurobiology Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valladolid, 47005 Valladolid, Spain
- Research Group “Nutrition and Physical Activity”, Spanish Nutrition Society “SEÑ”, 28010 Madrid, Spain; (E.R.); (J.M.-A.)
| | - Emma Marianne Fiandor
- Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, European University, 28670 Villaviciosa de Odón, Spain;
| | - Juan F. García
- Department of Mechanical, Informatics and Aerospatial Engineering, University of Leon, 24071 Leon, Spain
| | - Natalia Busto
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Burgos, 09001 Burgos, Spain
| | - Mirian Santamaría-Peláez
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Burgos, 09001 Burgos, Spain
| | - Eduardo Gutiérrez-Abejón
- Pharmacological Big Data Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valladolid, 47005 Valladolid, Spain
- Pharmacy Directorate, Castilla y León Health Council, 47007 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Enrique Roche
- Research Group “Nutrition and Physical Activity”, Spanish Nutrition Society “SEÑ”, 28010 Madrid, Spain; (E.R.); (J.M.-A.)
- Department of Applied Biology-Nutrition, Institute of Bioengineering, University Miguel Hernández, 03202 Elche, Spain
- Alicante Institute for Health and Biomedical Research (ISABIAL), 03010 Alicante, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Mielgo-Ayuso
- Research Group “Nutrition and Physical Activity”, Spanish Nutrition Society “SEÑ”, 28010 Madrid, Spain; (E.R.); (J.M.-A.)
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Burgos, 09001 Burgos, Spain
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26
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Ojeda-Aravena A, Herrera-Valenzuela T, Valdés-Badilla P, Báez-San Martín E, Thapa RK, Ramirez-Campillo R. A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis on the Effects of Plyometric-Jump Training on the Physical Fitness of Combat Sport Athletes. Sports (Basel) 2023; 11:33. [PMID: 36828318 PMCID: PMC9965890 DOI: 10.3390/sports11020033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
We aimed to assess the athletic performance changes in combat sport athletes (CoSAs) after plyometric-jump training (PJT), compared to control conditions, through a systematic review with meta-analysis. Following PRISMA guidelines, three electronic databases were searched for includable articles, according to a PICOS approach. Using a random-effects model, Hedges' g effects sizes (ES) were calculated. Heterogeneity was assessed using the I2 statistic, with values of <25%, 25-75%, and >75% representing low, moderate, and high levels of heterogeneity, respectively. Statistical significance was set at p ≤ 0.05. The certainty of evidence was assessed using the GRADE approach. Twelve eligible articles were identified for systematic review, seven of high quality and five of moderate quality, according to the PEDro scale. The studies recruited taekwondo, silat, wrestling, judo, fencing, and karate athletes (292 total participants), including specific-active and active controls. Most participants had a mean age of <18 years and were males (n = 225). Compared to the control, PJT programmes, involving 4-12 weeks and 2-3 sessions per week, induced small to moderate improvements (ES = 0.47 to 1.04) in athletes' maximal strength (e.g., 1RM squat), vertical jump height, change-of-direction speed, and specific performance (e.g., fencing movement velocity), although without meaningful effects on body mass, fat mass, and muscle mass (ES = 0.02 to -0.06). Most (7 of 8) outcomes attained low heterogeneity. The outcome-level GRADE analysis indicated a certainty of evidence from low to moderate. In conclusion, PJT, when compared to control conditions, may improve CoSA athletic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Ojeda-Aravena
- IRyS Group, Physical Education School, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2581967, Chile
| | - Tomás Herrera-Valenzuela
- Department of Physical Activity, Sports and Health Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Santiago 9170022, Chile
| | - Pablo Valdés-Badilla
- Department of Physical Activity Sciences, Faculty of Education Sciences, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca 3530000, Chile
- Sports Coach Career, School of Education, Universidad Viña del Mar, Viña del Mar 2520000, Chile
| | - Eduardo Báez-San Martín
- Sports Coach Career, School of Education, Universidad Viña del Mar, Viña del Mar 2520000, Chile
- Department of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, Universidad de Playa Ancha, Valparaíso 2340000, Chile
| | - Rohit K. Thapa
- School of Physical Education and Sports, Rashtriya Raksha University, Gandhinagar 382305, India
| | - Rodrigo Ramirez-Campillo
- Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, School of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 7591538, Chile
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Brito CJ, Chagas ALDS, Brito MAD, Müller VT, Noronha ÁS, Coswig V, Teixeira FG, Soto DAS, Miarka B. Mental toughness and physical fitness tests of boxing athletes associated with big five personality factors. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE CINEANTROPOMETRIA E DESEMPENHO HUMANO 2023. [DOI: 10.1590/1980-0037.2023v25e87135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT The present study related to boxing athletes' mental toughness and physical fitness performances with Big Five Factors. For this, the sample was composed of eleven recreational boxers who competed at the state level and were regularly training (technical and tactical) 4 times a week during the evaluation period. The 44-item Big Five Inventory (BFI) measures the Big Five dimensions of Conscientiousness, Agreeableness, Neuroticism, Openness, and Extraversion and the 14-item Sports Mental Toughness Questionnaire (SMTQ) were applied with Strength, Power, and Endurance Tests, Pearson and Spearman's correlations were used to verify the association between BFI, physical and mental tests, respectively, p≤.05. Our results demonstrated that significant and strong correlation between agreeableness factor and sit-ups test, with 40.85±12.36 freq./min (r=.72, p=.02) and, in SMTQ, a strong correlation between Neuroticism and Control [10(9;12) score, r=.76, p≤0.01], Constancy [10(9;12) score, r=.84, p≤0.01] and Total SMQT [37(34;37) score, r=.84, p≤0.01]. In conclusion, these results suggest that Neuroticism factors are associated with mental toughness, while the agreeableness factor is related to muscular endurance capability. Mental toughness and endurance results are associated with boxers' personalities whose drive motivates them relentlessly towards success and promotes thriving in boxing training environments or during championships.
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Mańka-Malara K, Mierzwińska-Nastalska E. Head Trauma Exposure in Mixed Martial Arts. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph192013050. [PMID: 36293623 PMCID: PMC9603147 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192013050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Combat sports training involves a high risk of head injury. Previously published research on head trauma exposure in MMA evaluated only the knockouts (KO), without calculating all head strikes. The aim of the research was to evaluate the total head trauma exposure during MMA competitions among male and female fighters. Two thousand four hundred and eighty-eight MMA fights from all numbered UFC events between 2000 and 2021 were analyzed. A database containing the results from officially published scorecards with information such as the outcome of a fight, its duration, number of strikes (significant and total amount of hits) depending on location and knockdowns was created. Additional video verification of the knockout technique was carried out. The athletes received an average of 2.41 significant head strikes out of a total of 6.30 head strikes per minute. Head strikes were more common in female fights than in male. Women executed more total and significant head strikes per minute than men. Head trauma caused the ending of 31.6% of all fights-more often in male fights (32.2%) than female (23.1%). It was the most common cause of knockouts-88.1%. Professional fights in mixed martial arts involve high exposure to head trauma. A careful evaluation of the risk involved in training in such a discipline is necessary to provide adequate prevention methods.
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Miarka B, Soto DAS, Aedo-Muñoz EA, Maurício CA, Müller VT, Bragazzi NL, Brito CJ. Concussion vs. resignation by submission: Technical–tactical behavior analysis considering injury in mixed martial arts. Front Neurol 2022; 13:941829. [PMID: 36119707 PMCID: PMC9473287 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.941829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This research study verified the technical–tactical actions during the mixed martial arts (MMA) fights to generate serious enough injury to stop the MMA round, determining technical-tactical potential risk factors for injury in official MMA combats, according to Concussion or Resignation per Submission. A total of 990 rounds with concussions and 627 resignations per submission were considered with severe injury (i.e., a fight ended by a doctor or referee). All injuries were diagnosed and managed by attending ringside physicians during the MMA fights and rounds and had a continuous technical–tactical behavior analysis, p ≤ 0.05. The leading cause of concussion was due to head trauma (~90%), with higher dependence on head strikes scored actions. Comparisons between Concussion and Resignation per Submission combats demonstrated differences between distance head strikes actions [13(6,25) vs. 9(4,18) frequencies], clinch head strikes actions [1(0;4) vs. 1(0;3) frequencies], ground head strikes actions [1(0;8) vs. 2(0;10) frequencies] and takedowns actions [0(0;1) vs. 1(0;2) frequencies]. This information may provide significant evidence regarding the doctor stoppage in concussion combats and when it could be called by officials supervising MMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Miarka
- Laboratory of Psychophysiology and Performance in Combat and Sports, Physical Education Postgraduate Program, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Dany A. Sobarzo Soto
- Escuela de Kinesiología, Facultad de Salud, Universidad Santo Tomás, Puerto Montt, Chile
- *Correspondence: Dany A. Sobarzo Soto
| | - Esteban A. Aedo-Muñoz
- Department of Physical Education, Sports and Recreation, Universidad Metropolitana de Ciencias de la Educación, Santiago, Chile
| | - Clóvis A. Maurício
- Laboratory of Psychophysiology and Performance in Combat and Sports, Physical Education Postgraduate Program, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Vanessa T. Müller
- Laboratory of Psychophysiology and Performance in Combat and Sports, Physical Education Postgraduate Program, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Nicola L. Bragazzi
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Laboratory for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ciro José Brito
- Physical Education Postgraduate Program, Juiz de Fora Federal University, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
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Chernozub A, Manolachi V, Korobeynikov G, Potop V, Sherstiuk L, Manolachi V, Mihaila I. Criteria for assessing the adaptive changes in mixed martial arts (MMA) athletes of strike fighting style in different training load regimes. PeerJ 2022; 10:e13827. [PMID: 35942124 PMCID: PMC9356583 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background To study the peculiarities of changes in functional indicators and body composition parameters of mixed martial arts (MMA) athletes of strike fighting style and a number of biochemical blood indicators during two months of using different intensity training load regimes, and to determine the most informative criteria for assessing adaptive body changes in these training conditions. Methods We examined 40 MMA athletes (men) aged 20-22, who used mainly strike fighting style in their competitive activity, and divided them into 2 research groups (A and B), 20 athletes in each group. Group A athletes used medium intensity (R a = 0.64), and group B-high intensity (R a = 0.72) training load regime. To assess the adaptive body changes we applied methods of control testing of maximum muscle strength growth (1 RM), special training (the number of accurate kicks on the mannequin for 30 s), and bioimpedansometry. By monitoring biochemical parameters (testosterone, cortisol, creatinine, phosphorus, calcium, cholesterol, LDH) in the blood serum of athletes, we determined the peculiarities of adaptive-compensatory body reactions in response to training loads. Results The obtained results of special training increased during the study period by an average of 10.5% in group B athletes, but group A participants' results had no significant changes compared to basal data. The largest increase in the development of maximum muscle strength growth by an average of 44.4% was recorded after 2 months of research in group B. Group B athletes also had positive changes in body fat and fat-free mass indicators during the study which were two times higher than the results of group A. The laboratory studies and correlation analysis showed informative biochemical markers (cortisol, testosterone and creatinine) for assessing the condition of athletes in both groups before using high and medium training load regimes. The biochemical markers for assessing the adaptive-compensatory reactions of athletes in response to high-intensity physical stimuli at the beginning of the study were indicators of LDH and cholesterol, and in conditions of medium intensity it was LDH, testosterone and cortisol. After 2 months of study the set of biochemical markers assessing the adaptation processes before the load completely changed only in group B athletes and consisted of LDH, phosphorus, cholesterol, and calcium. At the same time, the set of biochemical criteria for assessing adaptive-compensatory reactions after training in group B athletes was completely changed compared with the data recorded at the beginning of the study. Conclusion Defining the optimal set of criteria for assessing the adaptive-compensatory changes in MMA athletes of strike fighting style will allow in the shortest possible time to correct the parameters of the training load regime for accelerating the body functionality in the process of special power training.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Veaceslav Manolachi
- “Dunarea de Jos” University of Galati, Galati, Romania,State University of Physical Education and Sport, Chisinau, Republic of Moldova
| | | | - Vladimir Potop
- State University of Physical Education and Sport, Chisinau, Republic of Moldova,Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Pitesti, Pitesti, Romania
| | | | - Victor Manolachi
- “Dunarea de Jos” University of Galati, Galati, Romania,State University of Physical Education and Sport, Chisinau, Republic of Moldova
| | - Ion Mihaila
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Pitesti, Pitesti, Romania
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Anthropometrics, Performance, and Psychological Outcomes in Mixed Martial Arts Athletes. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11081147. [PMID: 36009774 PMCID: PMC9404939 DOI: 10.3390/biology11081147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The digit ratio (2D:4D) is related to prenatal testosterone (T) and sports performance. Few investigations have explored 2D:4D in determining the potential performance of individuals in power-based sports, specifically combat sports. This study compared 2D:4D between mixed martial arts (MMA) athletes and non-athletes and investigated the association between (1) handgrip strength (HGS) and lean body mass (LBM) with 2D:4D in MMA athletes and (2) psychometric variables and 2D:4D in MMA athletes and non-athletes. In total, 122 men participated in this study (53 non-athletes, 45 professionals, and 24 amateur fighters). The 2D:4D was measured using a caliper, HGS was assessed with a dynamometer, and psychometric variables were evaluated using questionnaires. Athletes displayed significantly (p < 0.05) lower median values of right (0.95 ± 0.04) and left (0.96 ± 0.03) 2D:4D in comparison with non-athletes, (0.97 ± 0.03) and (0.99 ± 0.03), respectively. We observed that left hand 2D:4D was negatively correlated with HGS (r = −0.43; p < 0.05) and lean body mass (r = −0.49; p < 0.05) in professional athletes. Professional athletes also displayed significant differences (* p < 0.05; ** p < 0.001) in psychometric variables compared to non-athletes for (1) agreeableness **, median values (interquartile range) = −0.11 (−0.19−0.07) and 0.2 (−0.09−0.33), respectively; (2) anger **, mean ± standard error = 2.40 ± 0.12 and 2.89 ± 0.89, respectively; and (3) openness *, mean ± standard error = 0.17 ± 0.04 and −0.006 ± 0.04, respectively. However, we did not observe an association between psychometric variables or wins with 2D:4D. In conjunction with other measures, 2D:4D is valuable in determining the potential athleticism of an MMA athlete.
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Folhes O, Reis VM, Marques DL, Neiva HP, Marques MC. Maximum Isometric and Dynamic Strength of Mixed Martial Arts Athletes According to Weight Class and Competitive Level. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:8741. [PMID: 35886591 PMCID: PMC9323058 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19148741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Mixed martial arts (MMA) athletes must achieve high strength levels to face the physical demands of an MMA fight. This study compared MMA athletes' maximal isometric and dynamic strength according to the competitive level and weight class. Twenty-one male MMA athletes were divided into lightweight professional (LWP; n = 9), lightweight elite (LWE; n = 4), heavyweight professional (HWP; n = 4), and heavyweight elite (HWE; n = 4). The handgrip and isometric lumbar strength tests assessed the isometric strength, and the one-repetition maximum (1RM) bench press and 4RM leg press the dynamic strength. Univariate ANOVA showed differences between groups in absolute and relative 1RM bench press and absolute isometric lumbar strength. Post hoc tests showed differences in 1RM bench press between HWE and LWE (117.0 ± 17.8 kg vs. 81.0 ± 10.0 kg) and HWE and LWP athletes (117.0 ± 17.8 kg vs. 76.7 ± 13.7 kg; 1.5 ± 0.2 kg·BW-1 vs. 1.1 ± 0.2 kg·BW-1). In addition, there was a correlation between 1RM bench press and isometric lumbar strength for absolute (r = 0.67) and relative values (r = 0.50). This study showed that the 1RM bench press and isometric lumbar strength were associated and could differentiate MMA athletes according to their competitive level and weight class. Therefore, optimizing the force production in the upper body and lower back seems important in elite and professional MMA athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orlando Folhes
- Department of Sport Sciences, University of Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal; (O.F.); (D.L.M.); (H.P.N.)
| | - Víctor Machado Reis
- Department of Sport Sciences, Exercise and Health, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Diogo Luís Marques
- Department of Sport Sciences, University of Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal; (O.F.); (D.L.M.); (H.P.N.)
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Henrique Pereira Neiva
- Department of Sport Sciences, University of Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal; (O.F.); (D.L.M.); (H.P.N.)
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Mário Cardoso Marques
- Department of Sport Sciences, University of Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal; (O.F.); (D.L.M.); (H.P.N.)
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal
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Effects of ergo-nutritional strategies on recovery in combat sports disciplines. NUTR HOSP 2022; 39:652-662. [PMID: 35076252 DOI: 10.20960/nh.03886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction In order to improve the recovery process in combat sports disciplines, ergo-nutritional strategies could be an effective option in training and competition. Some of these ergo-nutritional aids could improve performance but literature references are scarce, with controversial results regarding actual recovery effects. This systematic review aimed to examine which ergo-nutritional methods are most effective for assisting in the recovery process in combat sports, and to determine the appropriate training stimuli. This systematic review was carried out following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review (PRISMA) guidelines. A computerized search was performed in PubMed, Web of Science, the Cochrane Collaboration Database, Evidence Database, Evidence Based Medicine Search review, National Guidelines, EM-BASE, Scopus and Google Scholar system (from 1995 to April 30, 2021). The PICOS model was used to define inclusion and exclusion criteria. Out of 123 studies initially found, 18 met the eligibility criteria and were included in the review. Data from 367 athletes from different disciplines were examined. The evidence was grouped in 4 areas: oxidative stress, muscle and energy recovery, muscle repair, and metabolic acidosis. Evidence showed that vitamins, minerals, and some natural ergo-nutritional products are effective as antioxidants. Carbohydrates and protein determine the recovery effect. Sodium bicarbonate has a role as primary acidosis metabolic delayer. Accordingly, ergo-nutritional aids can help in the recovery process. Considering the effects outlined in the literature, more studies are needed to provide firm evidence.
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James LP, Suchomel TJ, Comfort P, Haff GG, Connick MJ. Rate of Force Development Adaptations After Weightlifting-Style Training: The Influence of Power Clean Ability. J Strength Cond Res 2022; 36:1560-1567. [PMID: 35622107 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT James, LP, Suchomel, TJ, Comfort, P, Haff, GG, and Connick, M. Rate of force development adaptations after weightlifting-style training: the influence of power clean ability. J Strength Cond Res 36(6): 1560-1567, 2022-This experiment examined changes to the rate of force development (RFD) expressed under loaded jump conditions between individuals with a higher (stronger) and lower (weaker) weightlifting performance (as assessed by the 1 repetition maximum [RM] power clean) after training with the weightlifting derivatives. Two groups of markedly different weightlifting ability undertook 10 weeks of training with the power clean variants, snatch pulls, and jump squats across heavy and light conditions. Testing was performed at baseline, after 5 weeks of training (mid-test) and after training (post-test). During testing, RFD was assessed under a series of loads (20-80% squat 1RM) through the jump squat. Furthermore, the force-velocity relationship, and unloaded jump strategy (through the force-time curve waveform), were also examined. Very large change (Hedge's g, 95% confidence interval [g] = 2.10, 1.24 to 4.16) in RFD at 20% 1RM at mid-test occurred within the stronger group. Conversely, a small increase (g = 0.27, 0.53-1.91) among the weaker subjects existed in this measure at mid-test, reaching a moderate increase at post-test (g = 0.71, -0.18 to 2.15). Limited improvements were seen by the stronger subjects in RFD at 60 and 80% 1RM at either mid-test (60%: g = 0.27, -0.75 to 1.33; 80% = 0.02, -1.01 to 1.00) or post-test (60%: g = 0.52, -0.38 to 1.80; 80% = -0.26, -1.23 to 0.77). The stronger group experienced a shift throughout the force-velocity relationship while a more force-dominant adaptation occurred in weaker subjects. Differences in jump strategy between groups were also noted. Such training will elicit practically different adaptations in rapid force production depending on the individual's baseline weightlifting ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lachlan P James
- Department of Rehabilitation, Nutrition and Sport, School of Allied Health, La Trobe University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Timothy J Suchomel
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Carroll University, Waukesha, Wisconsin
| | - Paul Comfort
- Directorate of Sport, Exercise and Physiotherapy, University of Salford, Salford, Greater Manchester, United Kingdom.,Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - G Gregory Haff
- Directorate of Sport, Exercise and Physiotherapy, University of Salford, Salford, Greater Manchester, United Kingdom.,Center for Sports and Exercise Science, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia; and
| | - Mark J Connick
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, the University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
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Quinzi F, Rosellini G, Sbriccoli P. Lower Limb Maximal Power Predicts Punching Speed in Different Static and Dynamic Attacking Techniques in Karate. J Strength Cond Res 2022; 36:1353-1359. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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36
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Diaz-Lara J, Grgic J, Detanico D, Botella J, Jiménez SL, Del Coso J. Effects of acute caffeine intake on combat sports performance: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 63:9859-9874. [PMID: 35475945 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2068499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The interest in the benefits of caffeine in combat sports has grown exponentially in the last few years, evidenced by the significant rise of post-competition urine caffeine concentration. We conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis on the effects of caffeine on different performance variables in combat sports athletes. In total, we included 25 studies. All studies included had blinded, and cross-over experimental designs, and we conducted a risk of bias analysis. For nonspecific outcomes, there was an ergogenic effect of caffeine on vertical jump height (SMD: 0.38; 95% CI: 0.04, 0.71) and reaction time (SMD: -0.98, 95% CI: -1.46,-0.50). For outcomes specific to combat sports, there was an increase in the number of throws with caffeine in the Special Judo Fitness Test (SMD: 0.62; 95% CI: 0.14, 1.09). Caffeine ingestion increased the number of offensive actions during combats (SMD: 0.40; 95% CI: 0.06, 0.74). Caffeine ingestion increased the duration of offensive actions during combat (SMD: 0.58; 95% CI: 0.21, 0.96). Finally, caffeine ingestion increased blood lactate concentration after bout 1 (SMD: 1.35) bout 2 (SMD: 1.43) and bout 3 (SMD: 1.98). Overall, athletes competing in combat sports may consider supplementing with caffeine for an acute increase in exercise performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Diaz-Lara
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Nutrition, Navarra University, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Jozo Grgic
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Daniele Detanico
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Center of Sports, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Javier Botella
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sergio L Jiménez
- Centre for Sports Studies, Rey Juan Carlos University, Fuenlabrada, Spain
| | - Juan Del Coso
- Centre for Sports Studies, Rey Juan Carlos University, Fuenlabrada, Spain
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Plush MG, Guppy SN, Nosaka K, Barley OR. Exploring the Physical and Physiological Characteristics Relevant to Mixed Martial Arts. Strength Cond J 2022. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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38
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Hames T, Leddington-Wright S, Thake CD, Price M. Characteristics of transplant athletes competing at national and international transplant games. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2022; 8:e001248. [PMID: 35309375 PMCID: PMC8886416 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2021-001248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To describe the characteristics of athletes with solid-organ transplants (TxA) attending the British and World Transplant Games. Methods 220 TxA completed an online survey to explore transplant history, medications, training advice and support and limitations to training. Results TxA were predominantly caucasian, male, kidney recipients in their mid-forties and approximately 11 years post-transplant. The majority of TxA took some form of medication (immunosuppressants 88%, steroids 47%, antihypertensives 47%, statins 28%, antiplatelets 26%, antibiotics/antivirals/antifungals 20%). Stem cell recipients were least likely to require medication. Post-transplant complications were experienced by 40% of TxA, with 53% of these being rejection. Although over half the participants (57%) initially received exercise or training advice post-transplant, only 34% of these received this from their consultants or immediate medical team. Only 1% had been specifically directed towards transplant sport. Half of the TxA (53%) perceived there were limitations preventing them from performing at their potential, 45% considered they did not recover from training as well as non-TxA while 29% felt they trained equally to non-Tx’s. Only 6% considered medication impaired training. TxA competed for a range of reasons from social and health benefits to winning medals. Conclusions TxA compete at the British and World Transplant Games for a diverse range of reasons. Athletes manage a range of medications with a range of exercise and health experiences pre-transplant. TxA face a lack of both general and specific exercise training and recovery guidance. The individuality of each TxA‘s background should be considered and is likely reflected in their exercise capacity and goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Hames
- Health and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, UK
| | | | | | - Mike Price
- Health and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, UK
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Marley A, Grant M, Babraj J. Vitamin D3 supplementation combined with sprint interval training improves aerobic and anaerobic exercise performance over sprint interval training alone in recreational combat sport athletes. Sci Sports 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2021.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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40
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High-Intensity Conditioning for Combat Athletes: Practical Recommendations. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app112210658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Combat sports have been practiced for millennia and today are predominant sports at the Olympic games, with international organizations that host world, continental and national championships at amateur standard. There are also an increasing number of professional combat sports with global audiences. The growing popularity of professional combat sports and their importance at the Olympic games have led to an increase in scientific studies that characterize the physical, physiological, nutritional, biomechanical and training strategies of combat sports athletes. These studies characterize combat sports as high-intensity sports which require training strategies to develop the high-intensity capabilities of athletes. Therefore, the aim of this article is to (i) summarize the physiological demands of combat sports; (ii) present the primary considerations required to program high-intensity conditioning for athletes; (iii) define and present key high-intensity conditioning methods; and (iv) provide guidance for scientists and coaches to help prepare athletes under common but differing circumstances.
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Walters S, Hoffman B, MacAskill W, Johnson MA, Sharpe GR, Mills DE. The control of respiratory pressures and neuromuscular activation to increase force production in trained martial arts practitioners. Eur J Appl Physiol 2021; 121:3333-3347. [PMID: 34432148 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-021-04800-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The mechanisms that explain the ability of trained martial arts practitioners to produce and resist greater forces than untrained individuals to aid combat performance are not fully understood. We investigated whether the greater ability of trained martial arts practitioners to produce and resist forces was associated with an enhanced control of respiratory pressures and neuromuscular activation of the respiratory, abdominal, and pelvic floor musculature. METHODS Nine trained martial arts practitioners and nine untrained controls were instrumented with skin-surface electromyography (EMG) on the sternocleidomastoid, rectus abdominis, and the group formed by the transverse abdominal and internal oblique muscles (EMGtra/io). A multipair oesophageal EMG electrode catheter measured gastric (Pg), transdiaphragmatic (Pdi), and oesophageal (Pe) pressures and EMG of the crural diaphragm (EMGdi). Participants performed Standing Isometric Unilateral Chest Press (1) and Standing Posture Control (2) tasks. RESULTS The trained group produced higher forces normalised to body mass2/3 (0.033 ± 0.01 vs. 0.025 ± 0.007 N/kg2/3 mean force in Task 1), lower Pe, and higher Pdi in both tasks. Additionally, they produced higher Pg (73 ± 42 vs. 49 ± 19 cmH2O mean Pg) and EMGtra/io in Task 1 and higher EMGdi in Task 2. The onset of Pg with respect to the onset of force production was earlier, and the relative contributions of Pg/Pe and Pdi/Pe were higher in the trained group in both tasks. CONCLUSION Our findings demonstrate that trained martial arts practitioners utilised a greater contribution of abdominal and diaphragm musculature to chest wall recruitment and higher Pdi to produce and resist higher forces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherrilyn Walters
- Respiratory and Exercise Physiology Research Group, School of Health and Wellbeing, University of Southern Queensland, 11 Salisbury Road, Ipswich, QLD, 4305, Australia.
- Centre for Health Research, Institute for Resilient Regions, University of Southern Queensland, Ipswich, QLD, Australia.
| | - Ben Hoffman
- Respiratory and Exercise Physiology Research Group, School of Health and Wellbeing, University of Southern Queensland, 11 Salisbury Road, Ipswich, QLD, 4305, Australia
- Centre for Health Research, Institute for Resilient Regions, University of Southern Queensland, Ipswich, QLD, Australia
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - William MacAskill
- Respiratory and Exercise Physiology Research Group, School of Health and Wellbeing, University of Southern Queensland, 11 Salisbury Road, Ipswich, QLD, 4305, Australia
- Centre for Health Research, Institute for Resilient Regions, University of Southern Queensland, Ipswich, QLD, Australia
| | - Michael A Johnson
- Exercise and Health Research Group, Sport, Health and Performance Enhancement (SHAPE) Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, Nottinghamshire, UK
| | - Graham R Sharpe
- Exercise and Health Research Group, Sport, Health and Performance Enhancement (SHAPE) Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, Nottinghamshire, UK
| | - Dean E Mills
- Respiratory and Exercise Physiology Research Group, School of Health and Wellbeing, University of Southern Queensland, 11 Salisbury Road, Ipswich, QLD, 4305, Australia
- Centre for Health Research, Institute for Resilient Regions, University of Southern Queensland, Ipswich, QLD, Australia
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Barley OR, Harms CA. Profiling Combat Sports Athletes: Competitive History and Outcomes According to Sports Type and Current Level of Competition. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2021; 7:63. [PMID: 34432137 PMCID: PMC8387537 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-021-00345-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to investigate the competitive history (the age when training and competing started), training habits and patterns of winning and losing of competitive combat sports athletes across different combat sports as well as the level of competition (e.g. amateurs, state-level and elite). METHODS Competitors (N = 298) from mixed martial arts (MMA), Muay Thai/kickboxing, boxing, Brazilian jiu-jitsu (BJJ), wrestling, judo and traditional striking sports (TSS) completed an online questionnaire. RESULTS Most athletes began competing in their mid-teenage years and competing soon after except for wrestlers who began earlier. Elite athletes began training earlier than amateurs (13.75 ± 7.75 years and 16.2 ± 7.45 years, p<0.01, respectively). Training habits were similar across sports (~4 combat and ~3 non-combat training sessions per week), except for MMA and wrestling which did more combat sports-specific training than Judo and TSS. Wrestlers did more non-combat sports-specific training than all other sports. Elite athletes completed more combat sessions per week than their lower-level contemporaries (4.64 ± 2.49 and 3.9 ± 1.44, p=0.01, respectively). Patterns of winning or losing were consistent across sports, except for amateur athletes who were more likely to report all their victories by points and none of their victories by submission or pin. Additionally, elite athletes are less likely to report none of their victories coming by knockout. CONCLUSIONS Results may indicate that finishing ability is a key distinguisher of competitive level. The present study provides normative data for training and competing habits for athletes, support staff and regulators to use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver R Barley
- Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, WA, 6027, Australia.
| | - Craig A Harms
- School of Arts and Humanities, Psychology and Criminology, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
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Paulo Lopes-Silva J, Panissa VLG, Julio UF, Franchini E. Influence of Physical Fitness on Special Judo Fitness Test Performance: A Multiple Linear Regression Analysis. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 35:1732-1738. [PMID: 30418327 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Lopes-Silva, JP, Panissa, VLG, Julio, UF, and Franchini, E. Influence of physical fitness on Special Judo Fitness Test performance: a multiple linear regression analysis. J Strength Cond Res 35(6): 1732-1738, 2021-The purpose of this study was to identify the physical fitness variables that best predict Special Judo Fitness Test (SJFT) performance. Thirty-five male experienced judo athletes took part in this study. All athletes performed 5 tests: upper- and lower-body cycle ergometer graded exercise tests; upper- and lower-body Wingate tests; and SJFT. The peak oxygen consumption (V̇o2peak), maximum heart rate (HRmax), maximum aerobic power, and the variables corresponding to onset blood lactate accumulation (OBLA) were determined during the graded exercise tests. For the Wingate tests, peak power (PP) and mean power were used. Furthermore, the total number of throws, heart rate (HR) immediately and 1 minute after, and SJFT index were calculated. Four separated forward multiple linear regressions (forward model) were used to identify the physical fitness variables that best explained the SJFT variables. Upper-body V̇o2peak (ml·min-1·kg-1) explained 27% of variance in the total number of throws, whereas an additional 7% was explained by upper-body PP. Upper-body HRmax explained 46% of the variance in the HR immediately after the SJFT, whereas lower-body HR at OBLA accounted for an additional 8%. Lower-body HRmax explained 21% of the variance in the HR 1 minute after the SJFT, whereas peak lactate ([La-]peak) after the lower-body graded exercise test accounted for an additional 12%. Upper-body V̇o2peak (ml·min-1·kg-1) alone accounted for 15% of the variance in the SJFT index. Based on these results, the data suggest that physical fitness variables, derived from upper- and lower-body aerobic and anaerobic tests, have a small ability to predict the SJFT variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Paulo Lopes-Silva
- Martial Arts and Combat Sports Research Group, Sport Department, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- School of Physical Education, Cesmac University Center, Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil ; and
- UNINASSAU, Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil
| | | | - Ursula Ferreira Julio
- Martial Arts and Combat Sports Research Group, Sport Department, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Emerson Franchini
- Martial Arts and Combat Sports Research Group, Sport Department, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Combat Center, Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra, Australia
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Miarka B, Nascimento de Carvalho G, Ignácio Valenzuela Pérez D, Aedo-Muñoz E, José Brito C. Comparisons of Pacing Strategy and Technical-Tactical Behaviors in Female Mixed Martial Arts Rounds. Front Psychol 2021; 11:548546. [PMID: 33584398 PMCID: PMC7879976 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.548546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Miarka
- Postgraduate Program in Physical Education, Department of Fights, School of Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Nascimento de Carvalho
- Postgraduate Program in Physical Education, Department of Fights, School of Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Esteban Aedo-Muñoz
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Physical Activity, Sport and Health Sciences Laboratory, Chilean High Performance Center, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ciro José Brito
- Postgraduate Program in Physical Education, School of Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
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Brown DA, Grant G, Evans K, Leung FT, Hides JA. The association of concussion history and symptom presentation in combat sport athletes. Phys Ther Sport 2021; 48:101-108. [PMID: 33406456 DOI: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2020.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to describe the concussion-related symptoms reported among combat sport athletes with and without a history of concussion, and a history of neck injury. DESIGN Cross-sectional survey. SETTING Data were collected using an online survey instrument. PARTICIPANTS Three hundred and nine adult combat sport athletes. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Self-reported 12-month concussion history and neck injury history and a 22-item symptom checklist. RESULTS A history of concussion was reported by 19.1% of athletes, a history of neck injury was reported by 23.0%, and 13.6% reported both injuries. Neck pain was the most frequently reported symptom. Athletes with a history of injury had significantly greater proportions of 'high' total symptoms and symptom severity scores compared with athletes with no history of injury. Athletes with a history of concussion had 2.35 times higher odds of reporting 'high' total symptoms and symptoms severity scores. CONCLUSION Athletes with a history of concussion or neck injury have greater odds of presenting with higher symptom scores. The presence of high total symptom scores and high symptom severity scores may indicate a need for further investigation into domains commonly associated with concussion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Brown
- School of Allied Health Science, 170 Kessels Rd, Nathan, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, 4111, Australia.
| | - Gary Grant
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 1 Parklands Dr, Southport, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, 4215, Australia.
| | - Kerrie Evans
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, 75 East Street, Lidcombe, The University of Sydney, NSW, 2141, Australia; Healthia Limited, Australia, 25 Montpelier Road, Bowen Hills, QLD, 4006, Australia.
| | - Felix T Leung
- School of Allied Health Science, 170 Kessels Rd, Nathan, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, 4111, Australia.
| | - Julie A Hides
- School of Allied Health Science, 170 Kessels Rd, Nathan, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, 4111, Australia.
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Diniz R, Del Vecchio FB, Schaun GZ, Oliveira HB, Portella EG, da Silva ES, Formalioni A, Campelo PCC, Peyré-Tartaruga LA, Pinto SS. Kinematic Comparison of the Roundhouse Kick Between Taekwondo, Karate, and Muaythai. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 35:198-204. [PMID: 29952865 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Diniz, R, Del Vecchio, FB, Schaun, GZ, Oliveira, HB, Portella, EG, da Silva, ES, Formalioni, A, Campelo, PCC, Peyré-Tartaruga, LA, and Pinto, SS. Kinematic comparison of the roundhouse kick between taekwondo, karate, and muaythai. J Strength Cond Res 35(1): 198-204, 2021-The roundhouse kick (RHK) is frequently executed in taekwondo, karate, and muaythai because of its high technical effectiveness during combat. The purpose of this study was to compare kinematic characteristics during RHK performance between taekwondo, karate, and muaythai athletes. Forty-seven male athletes (25.5 ± 4.7 years, 1.75 ± 0.1 m, and 75.8 ± 11.5 kg) volunteered to participate (taekwondo: 17; karate: 15; and muaythai: 15). Self-selected distance from target, mean and peak fifth metatarsus linear velocity (LV5mean; LV5peak), mean and peak hip (HAVmean; HAVpeak) and knee (KAVmean; KAVpeak) angular velocities, as well as target linear acceleration (TLA) were analyzed with a 3D video motion analysis system. Comparisons between modalities were performed with 1-way analysis of variances and Bonferroni's post hoc test (α = 0.05). Self-selected distance was lower in muaythai compared with taekwondo and karate (p < 0.001). Also, karate had greater LV5mean compared with muaythai (p = 0.001), and muaythai showed higher HAVmean than karate (p = 0.011). In addition, HAVpeak was greater in muaythai than in taekwondo and karate (p < 0.001). No differences were found for KAVmean, KAVpeak, and TLA. Although it is similarly described between modalities, RHK showed distinct kinematic characteristics between taekwondo, karate, and muaythai. Based on these results, coaches and athletes can improve their RHK technique according to the specificities of each combat sport. Specifically, it is suggested that combat strategies should aim to increase the distance from the opponent during combat for muaythai athletes, whereas taekwondo and karate athletes should focus on decreasing it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossano Diniz
- Sport Training and Physical Performance Research Group, Physical Education School, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Fabrício B Del Vecchio
- Sport Training and Physical Performance Research Group, Physical Education School, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Z Schaun
- Neuromuscular Assessment Laboratory, Physical Education School, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil ; and
| | - Henrique B Oliveira
- Exercise Research Laboratory, Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance School, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Elisa G Portella
- Neuromuscular Assessment Laboratory, Physical Education School, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil ; and
| | - Edson S da Silva
- Exercise Research Laboratory, Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance School, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Andressa Formalioni
- Sport Training and Physical Performance Research Group, Physical Education School, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Paula C C Campelo
- Sport Training and Physical Performance Research Group, Physical Education School, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
- Neuromuscular Assessment Laboratory, Physical Education School, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil ; and
| | - Leonardo A Peyré-Tartaruga
- Exercise Research Laboratory, Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance School, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Stephanie S Pinto
- Neuromuscular Assessment Laboratory, Physical Education School, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil ; and
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James LP, Haycraft J, Pierobon A, Suchomel TJ, Connick M. Mixed versus Focused Resistance Training during an Australian Football Pre-Season. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2020; 5:jfmk5040099. [PMID: 33467314 PMCID: PMC7804883 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk5040099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this investigation was to determine the effect of a focused versus mixed-methods strength-power training plan on athletes undertaking high volumes of concurrent training. Fourteen junior elite male Australian football players were randomly assigned into either the focused or mixed group. Both training groups undertook a sequenced training intervention consisting of a four-week mesocycle emphasising heavy strength followed by a four-week mesocycle of high velocity emphasis. Training differed between groups by way of the degree of emphasis placed on the targeted attribute in each cycle and occurred during the preseason. Testing occurred pre- and post-training and consisted of the unloaded and loaded (+20 kg) countermovement jump (CMJ). Focused training elicited practical (non-trivial) improvements in flight time to contraction ratio (FT:CT) (g = 0.45, ±90% confidence interval 0.49) underpinned by a small reduction in contraction time (g = -0.46, ±0.45) and a small increase in braking (g = 0.36, ±0.42) and concentric phase mean force (g = 0.22, ±0.39). Conversely, the mixed group demonstrated an unchanged FT:CT (g = -0.13, ±0.56). Similar respective changes occurred in the loaded condition. Preferential improvements in FT:CT occur when a greater focus is placed on a targeted physical quality in a sequenced training plan of junior elite Australian football players during preseason training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lachlan P. James
- Sport and Exercise Science, School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
- Correspondence:
| | - Jade Haycraft
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3011, Australia;
| | | | - Timothy J. Suchomel
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Carroll University, Waukesha, WI 53186, USA;
| | - Mark Connick
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia;
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48
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Changes in the Hormonal Profile of Athletes following a Combat Sports Performance. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:9684792. [PMID: 33145363 PMCID: PMC7599089 DOI: 10.1155/2020/9684792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Results Following fighting, the adrenaline concentration was significantly higher in all athletes, most markedly in K (p < 0.001). Baseline cortisol and BDNF levels did not differ among the groups and rose significantly in all the groups after the performance. Baseline testosterone concentration was slightly higher in K than in JSW and rose in all the groups to reach similar levels; the increase in T was significantly higher than in K. Conclusions Despite substantial differences in the characteristics of the combat sports investigated, including the type of physical effort and the required balance between restraint and aggression, the performance in each of them gives rise to similar hormonal changes with a possible exception of karate showing higher stress hormone levels.
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LÓpez-Laval I, Mielgo-Ayuso J, Terrados N, Calleja-GonzÁlez J. Evidence-based post exercise recovery in combat sports: a narrative review. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2020; 61:386-400. [PMID: 33092328 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.20.11341-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Some methods such as ergo nutritional aids, cooling or massage among others could improve recovery in combat sports (CS). The effects, doses, duration, and timing of these methods remains unknown. Nowadays, there is no clear consensus regarding the recovery strategies and it is necessary to understand the type of fatigue induced in CS and its underlying mechanisms. The main aim of this article is to review the update literature related to recovery strategies in CS. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION A literature search was conducted following preferred reporting items for review statement on the topic of: "combat sports," "recovery," "nutrition," "fatigue," "ergogenic aids," "weight cutting" and "hydration." EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS The initial search of the literature detected 369 articles about CS. Later, 307 were excluded after being determined unrelated to recovery or after failure to fulfill the inclusion criteria. Of the 80 included articles, 19 satisfied the final inclusion criteria. CONCLUSIONS To optimize CS performance, adequate recovery is required during training and competition processes. Traditional ergo nutritional supplementation of carbohydrates and proteins combined. Besides, the consumption of evidence supported supplementation (green tea, beetroot gels, creatine or alkaline water) improve recovery processes. Further methods of recovery including physical (cold water immersion, massage or photobiomodulation) and physiological (types of active recovery, sleep and rest) therapies have also been shown useful. This narrative review elucidates the important role of recovery techniques in CS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac LÓpez-Laval
- Department of Physiatry and Nursing, Faculty of Health and Sport Science, University of Zaragoza, Huesca, Spain -
| | - Juan Mielgo-Ayuso
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, School of Physical Therapy, University of Valladolid, Soria, Spain
| | - Nicolás Terrados
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Burgos, Burgos, Spain
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Kirk C, Clark DR, Langan-Evans C, Morton JP. The physical demands of mixed martial arts: A narrative review using the ARMSS model to provide a hierarchy of evidence. J Sports Sci 2020; 38:2819-2841. [PMID: 32783581 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2020.1802093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The physical demands of mixed martial arts (MMA) training and competition is not yet well quantified. The Applied Research Model for the Sport Sciences (ARMSS) provides a framework through which to conduct sport science, determining pertinent questions to test research findings in real-world settings. The aim of this review was to evaluate MMA research within the context of ARMSS to critically analyse our understanding of the physical requirements of MMA training and competition. Research databases were searched, with 70 peer-reviewed articles being discussed in relation to the specific stage of the ARMSS in which their results best fit. MMA research was found to be mostly foundational and descriptive in nature and has generally not developed along systematic lines. The internal and external loads and responses to training and competition have not been adequately identified. Therefore, it is not currently possible to state which variables are key predictors of success, or how coaches can optimally manipulate these variables. We propose that MMA research be refocused to be conducted within ARMSS. Specifically, stage 2 studies describing the physical, physiological and technical demands of MMA training and competition, and stage 3 studies determining the physiological predictors of performance should be initially prioritised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Kirk
- College of Life and Natural Sciences, University of Derby , Derby, UK.,Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University , Liverpool, UK
| | - David R Clark
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University , Liverpool, UK
| | - Carl Langan-Evans
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University , Liverpool, UK
| | - James P Morton
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University , Liverpool, UK
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