Recent Advances in the Management of Penile Cancer: A Contemporary Review of the Literature

Current update on pharmacological strategies of penile cancer

INTRODUCTION

Penile cancer considered an orphan malignancy - due to its low incidence - makes research and clinical development challenging. The limited understanding of molecular biology and genetic landscape adds to the complexity of developing effective therapies.

AREAS COVERED

This review takes a closer look at how penile cancer treatment has evolved - from traditional modes like surgery and radiation to now vaccines - over the period of time. Breakthroughs in immunotherapy offer a ray of hope alongside treatments like adoptive T-cell therapies (ATCT), anti-angiogenic agents, Antibody-Drug Conjugates (ADCs), and Bispecific Antibodies (BsAbs).

EXPERT OPINION

The integration of immunotherapy and targeted therapy has demonstrated promising results, particularly in patients with advanced or metastatic disease. While these advancements bring hope, more research is needed to refine treatment strategies to benefit patients from these novel approaches.

Penile cancer awareness and knowledge among adult patients in an ambulatory urology clinic

Penile cancer (PeCa) is a rare urologic malignancy in the United States, and public awareness remains low. In this brief report, we design and execute a survey to evaluate knowledge and awareness of PeCa focusing on general PeCa knowledge, treatment options, and willingness to recommend a preventative intervention. Study participants were recruited with a study flyer from the waiting room of two Los Angeles community-based urology clinics. All patients were English-speaking and over 18 years old. Study recruitment took place from October 2021 to June 2022 and 83 participants were included. The majority of respondents were men (90%) and white (87%), with a mean age 63 years. Ninety-eight percent of respondents reported either knowing "nothing" or "a little" about PeCa; 69% of respondents did not know a person could get cancer on the penis. Knowledge of risk factors for PeCa was particularly poor, with respect to phimosis (5% correctly identified this as a risk factor), balanitis (28%), and human papilloma virus (HPV) (44%). The majority of respondents, however, reported that they would recommend administration of an HPV vaccine for the prevention of PeCa (89%) once informed of HPV as a risk factor. Our findings underscore the lack of knowledge and awareness of PeCa, which may contribute to future delays in care.

Predictors of Inguinal Lymph Node Metastasis in Penile Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Insights from a Single-Center Retrospective Study

Background: Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the penis accounts for approximately 95% of penile cancers and is associated with substantial morbidity and mortality. SCC typically develops in uncircumcised men, most commonly affecting the foreskin or glans. While slow-growing, early detection is crucial to improve survival outcomes. Risk factors include advanced age, lack of circumcision, poor hygiene, HPV infection (types 16 and 18), chronic inflammation, and smoking. Methods: We conducted a retrospective, single-center study at IRCCS Hospital "G. Pascale" of Naples, Italy, involving 59 patients treated between January 2015 and January 2023. The inclusion criteria were surgically treated primary tumors, confirmed SCC pathology, and pathologically verified inguinal lymph node metastasis (ILNM). We analyzed clinical variables including lymph node involvement, lymphovascular invasion (LVI), spongiosum corpus involvement (SCI), HPV infection, and tumor differentiation. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to determine independent predictors of ILNM. Results: The mean age of patients was 66.67 ± 13.97 years. ILNM was confirmed in 24 patients (40.6%), while 35 (59.3%) had no lymph node involvement. Univariate analysis identified lymph node involvement at diagnosis (p = 0.005), LVI (p = 0.003), and SCI (p = 0.003) as significant predictors of ILNM. These factors were confirmed in the multivariate analysis, with lymph node involvement (p = 0.004), LVI (p = 0.025), and SCI (p = 0.028) as independent predictors. Conclusions: Lymph node status, LVI, and SCI are significant predictors of ILNM in penile SCC. Identifying these factors can aid in risk stratification, optimizing surgical decisions, and potentially reducing unnecessary morbidity. Further large-scale studies are recommended to validate these findings and refine prognostic models.

Immunotherapy in the Management of Penile Cancer-A Systematic Review

Penile cancer, though a rare malignancy, presents a significant challenge in the domain of male genitourinary oncology, particularly due to its limited treatment options and due to the profound physical and psychological impact on patients [...].

Bispecific antibodies as powerful immunotherapeutic agents for urological cancers: Recent innovations based on preclinical and clinical evidence

Conventional immunotherapy has emerged as a key option for cancer treatment. However, its efficacy has been limited in urological cancers, especially prostate cancer, because of the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME), difficulty in drug delivery, aberrant immune response, and damage to normal cells. Bispecific antibodies (BsAbs) are engineered proteins with two different antigen-binding domains, designed using different technologies and in various formats. BsAb-based tumor immunotherapy has yielded optimistic results in preclinical and clinical investigations of many tumor types, including urological cancers. However, a series of challenges, including tumor heterogeneity, TME, Ab immunogenicity, adverse effects, serum half-life, low response rates, and drug resistance, hamper the application of BsAbs. In this review, we provide insights into the most common BsAb platforms with different mechanisms of action, which are under preclinical and clinical research, along with ways to overcome the challenges in BsAb administration for treating urological cancer.

Role of Neoadjuvant Immunotherapy in Genitourinary Malignancies

Genitourinary (GU) malignancies are common and associated with significant morbidity and mortality. In patients with localized GU cancers, surgical resection or definitive radiation remain the mainstays of treatment. Despite definitive treatment, many patients with high-risk localized disease experience recurrence. There is growing interest in using neoadjuvant immunotherapy to improve outcomes. This narrative review summarizes the current evidence for neoadjuvant immunotherapy in patients with localized high-risk GU cancers including renal cell carcinoma, urothelial carcinoma, prostate cancer, penile squamous cell carcinoma, and testicular germ cell tumors. We also discuss ongoing clinical trials and candidate biomarkers to optimize patient selection and improve treatment outcomes.

Disparities in Penile Cancer Incidence, Mortality, and Place of Death Trends From 1999 to 2020

INTRODUCTION

Penile cancer is rare in the United States (US); however, disparities have been found in the incidence, treatment, and outcomes of penile cancer. There is a need for evaluation of recent trends in penile cancer mortality, incidence, and place of death across all demographics.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Using the CDC WONDER database, penile cancer-specific mortality (PNCSM) trends in the US were evaluated from 1999 to 2020 by race/ethnicity, age group, census region, and place of death. Penile cancer incidence trends for the US from 1995 to 2019 were gathered from the NAACCR database. Average annual percent changes for mortality and incidence rates were determined using Joinpoint regression modeling. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression were used to evaluate independent predictors associated with place of death.

RESULTS

From 1999 to 2020, 5833 people died from penile cancer in the US. Overall PNCSM increased by 1.8% per year from 1999-2020 (95% CI, 1.3%, 2.2%). Non-Hispanic White patients and Hispanic patients had increasing PNCSM rates from 1999-2020 (2.1 [95% CI, 1.5%, 2.7%]; 1.9 [95% CI, 1.0%, 2.8%], respectively). From the place of death analysis, Hispanic patients were at higher odds of dying at home or hospice when compared to non-Hispanic White patients (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 1.19, P = .045). Age-adjusted incidence rates for all stages of penile cancer increased significantly from 1995-2016 (AAPC, 0.7% [95% CI, 0.4%, 1.0%]), driven by regional and distant penile cancer incidence rates (AAPC 1995-2019, regional: 2.0% [95% CI, 1.7%, 2.4%]; AAPC 1995-2019, distant: 2.5% [95% CI, 1.8%, 3.1%]).

CONCLUSION

The increasing penile cancer-specific mortality and incidence rates indicate the need for further improvements in screening, diagnosis, and treatment. Widespread efforts across all demographics are needed to ensure early detection of the disease.

Multimodal Therapy of Locally-Advanced Penile Cancer: A Case Report With Literature Review

Cancer of the penis is a rare tumor that occurs in the elderly. Because of its rarity, it is often not diagnosed early, and its treatment poses difficulties for practicing oncologists. We report the case of an elderly patient treated for locally advanced squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the penis, with a review of the literature. A 71-year-old man, who had been complaining of pruritus on the penis two years ago, presented with an ulcerated lesion on the prepuce and the glans. A biopsy of the lesion with pathological study showed a SCC of the penis. Pelvic MRI showed tumor thickening centered on the glans of the penis, infiltrating the fascia and the spongy urethra with discrete upstream dilatation and bilateral inguinal adenomegaly. CT scan of the neck, chest, abdomen, and pelvis showed no secondary localizations. Treatment initially consisted of carcinological surgery by a partial penectomy with bilateral inguinal lymph node dissection. The tumor was therefore classified as pT3N3M0. A PET CT scan performed later was in favor of local and regional recurrence. Surgery was not feasible, so concomitant chemo-radiotherapy was indicated at a total dose of 70 Gy in 35 fractions of 2 Gy concomitantly with platinum-based chemotherapy, withgood evolution.

A population-based analysis of the epidemiology of penile cancer in Newfoundland and Labrador

INTRODUCTION

Penile cancers are a rare subset of carcinomas accounting for <1% of all diagnosed malignancies. There have been recent reports of increasing incidence globally; however, there is limited Canadian literature pertaining to these neoplasms. The province of Newfoundland and Labrador (NL ) represents an important entity to study, possessing the highest national incidence of cancer, along with a plethora of relevant risk factors for penile cancer.

METHODS

A retrospective chart analysis of all patients with a diagnosis of penile cancer in NL between the years of 2006 and 2018 was conducted. The main outcomes included overall incidence, proportion with metastatic disease, tumor demographics, and overall survival (OS ). Incidence among the male population was calculated using Statistics Canada annual reports.

RESULTS

An identified 81 cases satisfied the inclusion criteria, with a median age at diagnosis of 65 (interquartile range 20) years. Crude incidence of penile cancer ranged from 1.20-4.27/100 000 males in 2007 and 2010, respectively, while the average age-standardized incidence was 2.34/100 000 males across the study timeframe. Metastatic disease was noted in 17 (21.0%) patients, with a five-year OS of 74% for all penile malignancies, decreasing to 66% in those with invasive squamous cell carcinoma.

CONCLUSIONS

The incidence of penile cancer in our population was higher than reported Western jurisdictions and showed frequent rates of metastatic spread. These observations are likely multifactorial, resultant of chronic inflammation paired with high rates of modifiable risk factors and diagnostic delays. An evident need for greater examination and improved reporting of these malignancies in the province was identified.

Long-term follow-up of comparative study of open and endoscopic lymphadenectomy in patients with penile carcinoma

BACKGROUND

Penile carcinoma is an uncommon cancer that develops in the penis tissue. The standard surgical method to manage regional lymph nodes after local excision is radical inguinal lymphadenectomy, but it has a high rate of complications. The objective of this retrospective study was to compare the long-term outcomes of endoscopic inguinal lymphadenectomy and open inguinal lymphadenectomy in patients with penile carcinoma.

METHODS

The study included patients diagnosed with penile carcinoma who underwent open inguinal lymphadenectomy (n = 23) or endoscopic inguinal lymphadenectomy (n = 27) at a single hospital between January 2013 and January 2021. Operation time, blood loss, drainage, hospital stay, postoperative complications, and survival rates were assessed and compared between the two groups.

RESULTS

The two groups were comparable in terms of age, tumor size and stage, inguinal lymph nodes, and follow-up. The endoscopic group had significantly lower blood loss (27.1 ± 1.5 ml vs 55.0 ± 2.7 ml, P < 0.05), shorter drainage time and hospital stay (4.7 ± 1.1 days vs 8.1 ± 2.2 days, and 13.4 ± 1.0 days vs 19 ± 2.0 days, respectively, P < 0.05), and longer operation time compared to the open group (82.2 ± 4.3 min in endoscopic group vs 53.1 ± 2.2 min in open group, P < 0.05). There were significant differences in the incidence of incisional infection, necrosis, and lymphorrhagia in both groups (4 vs 0, 4 vs 0, and 2 vs 0, respectively, P < 0.05). The inguinal lymph node harvested was comparable between the two groups. The mean follow-up time was similar for both groups (60.4 ± 7.7 m vs 59.8 ± 7.3 m), and the recurrence mortality rates were not significantly different.

CONCLUSIONS

The study shows that both open and endoscopic methods work well for controlling penile carcinoma in the long term. But the endoscopic approach is better because it has fewer severe complications. So, the choice of surgery method might depend on factors like the surgeon's experience, what they like, and what resources are available.

The Utility of Salvage Radiotherapy for an Inoperable Inguinal Recurrence of Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Penis

Penile cancer is a rare genitourinary malignancy for which limited treatment options exist beyond primary surgical resection. Metastatic lymphadenopathy represents a particularly poor prognosis with a lack of literature to suggest the effectiveness of radiation or systemic therapies. Our case documents an inguinal recurrence of penile squamous cell carcinoma not amenable to surgical intervention demonstrating complete response to salvage radiotherapy in the palliative setting. These observations propose the need for further research around the utility of radiotherapy in the management of metastatic penile malignancies.

Non-human papillomavirus penile squamous cell carcinoma with unusual coral-like polymorphic lesion

Penile cancer is a rare malignancy of the male genital system. Approximately 98% of penile cancer corresponds to squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), with further morphological and molecular classification into human papillomavirus (HPV) dependent and non-HPV SCC. Compared to HPV-induced SCC, non-HPV SCC appeared to have a worse prognosis. Here, we present a case of an uncircumcised male with an unusual coral-like polymorphic lesion, and confirmed histopathology of well-differentiated non-HPV penile SCC with rapid growth progression.

Influence of Race/Ethnicity and Household Median Income on Penile Cancer Mortality

INTRODUCTION

Penile cancer, while relatively rare in developed nations, presents substantial disparities in outcomes among different demographic groups. Previous research has shown race/ethnicity and socioeconomic status, often proxied by household median income, to be critical determinants of health outcomes across various diseases.

OBJECTIVE

This study examines the association of race/ethnicity and household median income with survival among penile cancer patients in the United States.

METHODS

We utilized the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Registry to identify patients with a primary diagnosis of penile malignancies from 2000 to 2019. Our primary outcome of interest was the hazard of death following a diagnosis of penile cancer. We utilized the Cox regression model to explore the association between race/ethnicity and median household income and how this influences survival among these patients. We adjusted for patients' characteristics, disease stage at presentation, and treatment modalities.

RESULT

Of the 6,520 penile cancer patients identified, 5,242 (80.4%) had primary malignancies. The distribution of patients was as follows: 64.1% non-Hispanic Whites, 8.9% non-Hispanic Blacks, 20.8% Hispanics, and 6.2% from other racial/ethnic groups. The median diagnosis age was 66 years (interquartile range: 56-74). Survival rates at 5, 10, and 15 years showed racial disparities: 76.4%, 72.5%, and 69.7% for non-Hispanic Whites; 70.6%, 64.1%, and 61.1% for non-Hispanic Blacks; and 70.5%, 67.4%, and 65.6% for Hispanics. Multivariate Cox regression revealed worst survival for Black (HR=1.40; 95% CI=1.08-1.81, p=0.01) and Hispanic patients (HR=1.24; 95% CI=1.01-1.52, p=0.04). No association was found between median household income and survival. Interaction analysis indicated that the poorest Black men had worse outcomes than the poorest Whites did (HR=2.08; 95% CI=1.27-3.41, p=0.003).

CONCLUSION

Survival rates for non-Hispanic Black and Hispanic patients are significantly lower than those for non-Hispanic Whites. Furthermore, survival is worse for low-income Black patients than their White counterparts in the same income bracket.

Sintilimab-Induced Diabetic Ketoacidosis in a Patient with Radiation and Multichemorefractory Penile Cancer: A Case Report and Literature Review

Penile squamous cell carcinoma (PSCC) is a rare disease. The treatment options for advanced penile cancer are often limited, and the prognosis remains poor. We reported a 52-year-old male recurrent and metastatic PSCC patient with high PD-L1 expression (90%) and TMB (14.4 muts/Mb). He had undergone penectomy, bilateral inguinal lymph node dissection, and excision of the abdominal wall mass. Despite cisplatin-based concurrent chemoradiotherapy and sequential chemotherapy with docetaxel plus cisplatin then being carried out, the carcinoma still progressed. The patient then obtained progression-free survival with continuous sintilimab, although he experienced the new onset of ICI-induced diabetes after 24 cycles of sintilimab and required sustained insulin treatment. He had negative type 1 diabetes-associated autoantibodies and the susceptible HLA genotype DR3-DQ2 haplotype. This is the first patient with radiation and multichemorefractory PSCC who has obtained the remarkable anti-tumor effect of partial regression exceeding 32 months during continuous sintilimab and anlotinib treatment.

Potential Ophthalmological Side Effects Induced by Anti-Neoplastic Regimens for the Treatment of Genitourinary Cancers: A Review

The outcomes of patients with genitourinary (GU) cancers have been steadily improving in recent years. Novel therapies have entered our armamentarium, while several other regimens are currently being studied in clinical trials. This recent explosion of new agents has improved patient survival and the quality of life for patients, but has also significantly increased the frequency of several side effects. The current review will focus on the potential ocular adverse reactions of GU neoplastic treatments. The broad spectrum of manifestations of ocular toxicity underscores the uniqueness and complexity of the anatomic, physiologic, and metabolic features of the human eye. Most side effects are mild in severity and transient, but some can be severe, disabling, and irreversible. Clinicians should be aware of complications that might be vision threatening and impact the patient's quality of life. In this review, we focused on the ocular toxicity of the antineoplastic regimens that are currently used for the treatment of GU, including prostate cancer, bladder cancer, renal cell carcinoma, testicular cancer, pheochromocytoma, adrenocortical carcinoma, and penile cancer.

Mutational Signature and Integrative Genomic Analysis of Human Papillomavirus-Associated Penile Squamous Cell Carcinomas from Latin American Patients

High-throughput DNA sequencing has allowed for the identification of genomic alterations and their impact on tumor development, progression, and therapeutic responses. In PSCC, for which the incidence has progressively increased worldwide, there are still limited data on the molecular mechanisms involved in the disease pathogenesis. In this study, we characterized the mutational signature of 30 human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated PSCC cases from Latin Americans, using whole-exome sequencing. Copy number variations (CNVs) were also identified and compared to previous array-generated data. Enrichment analyses were performed to reveal disrupted pathways and to identify alterations mapped to HPV integration sites (HPVis) and miRNA-mRNA hybridization regions. Among the most frequently mutated genes were NOTCH1, TERT, TTN, FAT1, TP53, CDKN2A, RYR2, CASP8, FBXW7, HMCN2, and ITGA8. Of note, 92% of these altered genes were localized at HPVis. We also found mutations in ten novel genes (KMT2C, SMARCA4, PTPRB, AJUBA, CR1, KMT2D, NBEA, FAM135B, GTF2I, and CIC), thus increasing our understanding of the potential HPV-disrupted pathways. Therefore, our study reveals innovative targets with potential therapeutic benefits for HPV-associated PSCCs. The CNV analysis by sequencing (CNV-seq) revealed five cancer-associated genes as the most frequent with gains (NOTCH1, MYC, NUMA1, PLAG1, and RAD21), while 30% of the tumors showed SMARCA4 with loss. Additionally, four cancer-associated genes (CARD11, CSMD3, KDR, and TLX3) carried untranslated regions (UTRs) variants, which may impact gene regulation by affecting the miRNAs hybridization regions. Altogether, these data contribute to the characterization of the mutational spectrum and its impact on cellular signaling pathways in PSCC, thus reinforcing the pivotal role of HPV infection in the molecular pathogenesis of these tumors.

Tumor Location May Independently Predict Survival in Patients With M0 Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Penis

Background

To determine the association between tumor location and both clinicopathological characteristics and the survival of patients with M0 squamous cell carcinoma of the penis (SCCP).

Methods

Data of 455 patients diagnosed with M0 SCCP between 1975 and 2018 were collected from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database of the United States National Cancer Institute. The effects of tumor location on overall survival (OS) and penile carcinoma-specific survival (PCSS) were analyzed using the Kaplan–Meier method. The Cox proportional hazards regression model was used to determine the impact of tumor location on PCSS.

Results

SCCP was more likely to occur in the prepuce or glans (90%). Although no significant difference was observed between the OS of patients with M0 SCCP in the prepuce or glans and those with M0 SCCP in the body of the penis (p = 0.307), the former had better PCSS (p = 0.024). Moreover, M0 SCCP in the prepuce or glans was also significantly associated with better PCSS in patients with advanced age (age ≥ 60 years, p = 0.011), other ethnicities (p = 0.003), T2–T4 stage (p = 0.036), larger tumors (≥3 cm, p = 0.001), no regional lymph nodes removed (p = 0.044), and radical surgery (p = 0.027). Multivariate analysis confirmed that tumor location is an independent prognostic factor for patients with M0 SCCP [hazard ratio (HR) 1.881, p = 0.026].

Conclusions

Tumor location is an independent prognostic factor for patients with M0 SCCP, and tumors in the prepuce or glans portend better PCSS.

Current State of Cell Therapies for Genitourinary Malignancies

ABSTRACT

Genitourinary (GU) cancers have greatly benefited from immunotherapy treatments, such as immune checkpoint inhibitors. However, the durable clinical response rate for these agents remains relatively low, calling for more innovative immunotherapy approaches. Adoptive cell therapy has shown a significant advancement in the treatment of cancer in recent years and represents a great potential for the treatment of GU cancers. This review summarizes the current advancements in cellular therapy strategies for the treatment of renal cell carcinoma, bladder cancer, and prostate and penile cancers. Further, current and past clinical trials of adoptive cell therapy in GU tumors are reviewed. Finally, a perspective on the future of cell therapy in GU tumors is discussed.

Angioprevention of Urologic Cancers by Plant-Derived Foods

The number of cancer cases worldwide keeps growing unstoppably, despite the undeniable advances achieved by basic research and clinical practice. Urologic tumors, including some as prevalent as prostate, bladder or kidney tumors, are no exceptions to this rule. Moreover, the fact that many of these tumors are detected in early stages lengthens the duration of their treatment, with a significant increase in health care costs. In this scenario, prevention offers the most cost-effective long-term strategy for the global control of these diseases. Although specialized diets are not the only way to decrease the chances to develop cancer, epidemiological evidence support the role of certain plant-derived foods in the prevention of urologic cancer. In many cases, these plants are rich in antiangiogenic phytochemicals, which could be responsible for their protective or angiopreventive properties. Angiogenesis inhibition may contribute to slow down the progression of the tumor at very different stages and, for this reason, angiopreventive strategies could be implemented at different levels of chemoprevention, depending on the targeted population. In this review, epidemiological evidence supporting the role of certain plant-derived foods in urologic cancer prevention are presented, with particular emphasis on their content in bioactive phytochemicals that could be used in the angioprevention of cancer.

Pathogenesis of Penile Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Molecular Update and Systematic Review

Penile squamous cell carcinoma (PSCC) is a rare but aggressive neoplasm with dual pathogenesis (human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated and HPV-independent). The development of targeted treatment is hindered by poor knowledge of the molecular landscape of PSCC. We performed a thorough review of genetic alterations of PSCC focused on somatic mutations and/or copy number alterations. A total of seven articles have been identified which, overall, include 268 PSCC. However, the series are heterogeneous regarding methodologies employed for DNA sequencing and HPV detection together with HPV prevalence, and include, in general, a limited number of cases, which results in markedly different findings. Reported top-ranked mutations involve TP53, CDKN2A, FAT1, NOTCH-1 and PIK3CA. Numerical alterations involve gains in MYC and EGFR, as well as amplifications in HPV integration loci. A few genes including TP53, CDKN2A, PIK3CA and CCND1 harbor both somatic mutations and copy number alterations. Notch, RTK-RAS and Hippo pathways are frequently deregulated. Nevertheless, the relevance of the identified alterations, their role in signaling pathways or their association with HPV status remain elusive. Combined targeting of different pathways might represent a valid therapeutic approach in PSCC. This work calls for large-scale sequencing studies with robust HPV testing to improve the genomic understanding of PSCC.

Efficacy of Applying Kanglaite Injection under Incentive Nursing Intervention in Treating Patients with Advanced Penile Carcinoma and Its Effect on Treatment Compliance

Objective

To explore the efficacy of applying Kanglaite (KLT) injection under incentive nursing intervention (INI) in treating patients with advanced penile carcinoma and its effect on patient treatment compliance.

Methods

The clinical data of 120 patients with advanced penile carcinoma treated in the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University from February 2019 to February 2020 were retrospectively analyzed, and the patients were equally divided into the experimental group (n = 60) and control group (n = 60) according to their admission order. All patients received the KLT injection treatment; those in the control group accepted the conventional nursing; and on this basis, those in the experimental group accepted INI, including psychological nursing intervention, which was conducted concurrently with the treatment, to compare their short-term efficacy, treatment compliance, degree of cancer-related fatigue (Brief Fatigue Inventory), and negative emotion scores (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale) between the two groups.

Results

Compared with the control group, the experimental group presented a significantly higher objective remission rate (58.3%) (P < 0.05), higher rates of excellent and good treatment compliance (P < 0.05), and lower degree of cancer-related fatigue and negative emotion scores (P < 0.001).

Conclusion

INI can improve the negative emotions in patients with advanced carcinoma of the penis, alleviate their degree of cancer-related fatigue, promote their treatment compliance, and achieve a more significant efficacy of applying the KLT injection treatment, so it should be promoted in practice.