Altitudinal variation in gallic acid content in fruits of Phyllanthus emblica L. and its correlation with antioxidant and antimicrobial activity

Synergistic antibacterial activity of Phyllanthus emblica fruits and its phytocompounds with ampicillin: a computational and experimental study

Phyllanthus emblica L. (syn. Emblica officinalis), popularly known as amla, Indian gooseberry, or the King of Rasyana, is a member of Phyllanthaceae family and is traditionally used in Ayurveda as an immunity booster. The present study aimed to investigate the synergistic interaction of Phyllanthus emblica (FPE) fruits and its selected phytocompounds with ampicillin against selected bacteria. Further, an in silico technique was used to find if major phytocompounds of FPE could bind to proteins responsible for antibiotic resistance in bacterial pathogens and enhance the bioactivity of ampicillin. FPE and all the selected phytocompounds were found to have synergistic antibacterial activity with ampicillin against tested bacteria in different combinations. However, ellagic acid and quercetin interactions with ampicillin resulted in maximum bioactivity enhancement of 32-128 folds and 16-277 folds, respectively. In silico analysis revealed strong ellagic acid, quercetin, and rutin binding with penicillin-binding protein (PBP-) 3, further supported by MD simulations. Ellagic acid and quercetin also fulfill Lipinski's rule, showing similar toxicity characteristics to ampicillin. FPE showed synergistic interaction with ampicillin, possibly due to the presence of phytocompounds such as gallic acid, ellagic acid, quercetin, and rutin. Molecular docking and MD simulations showed the strong interaction of ellagic acid and quercetin with PBP-3 protein. Therefore, these compounds can be explored as potential non-toxic drug candidates to combat bacterial antimicrobial resistance.

Phyllanthus emblica: a comprehensive review of its phytochemical composition and pharmacological properties

Phyllanthus emblica Linn, a prominent member of the euphorbiaceae family, exhibits extensive distribution across a multitude of tropical and subtropical nations. Referred to as "Balakka" in Indonesia, this plant assumes various names across regions, such as "kimalaka," "balakka," "metengo," "malaka," and "kemloko" in North Sumatra, Ternate, Sundanese, and Java respectively. Phyllanthus emblica thrives in tropical locales like Indonesia, Malaysia, and Thailand, while also making its presence felt in subtropical regions like India, China, Uzbekistan, and Sri Lanka. The fruits of Balakka are enriched with bioactive constituents recognized for their wide-ranging benefits, including antioxidant, anti-aging, anti-cholesterol, anti-diabetic, immunomodulatory, antipyretic, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, chemoprotective, hepatoprotective, cardioprotective, antimutagenic, and antimicrobial properties. Comprising a spectrum of phenolic compounds (such as tannins, phenolic acids, and flavonoids), alkaloids, phytosterols, terpenoids, organic acids, amino acids, and vitamins, the bioactive components of Malacca fruit offer a diverse array of health-promoting attributes. In light of these insights, this review aims to comprehensively examine the pharmacological activities associated with P. emblica and delve into the intricate composition of its phytochemical constituents.

Phyllanthus emblica (Amla) methanolic extract regulates multiple checkpoints in 15-lipoxygenase mediated inflammopathies: Computational simulation and in vitro evidence

Amla (Phyllanthus emblica) has long been used in traditional folk medicine to prevent and cure a variety of inflammatory diseases. In this study, the antioxidant activity (DPPH scavenging and reducing power), anti-inflammatory activity (RBC Membrane Stabilization and 15-LOX inhibition), and anticoagulation activity (Serin protease inhibition and Prothrombin Time assays) of the methanolic extract of amla were conducted. Amla exhibited a substantial amount of phenolic content (TPC: 663.53 mg GAE/g) and flavonoid content (TFC: 418.89 mg GAE/g). A strong DPPH scavenging effect was observed with an IC50 of 311.31 µg/ml as compared to standard ascorbic acid with an IC50 of 130.53 µg/ml. In reducing power assay, the EC50 value of the extract was found to be 196.20 µg/ml compared to standard ascorbic acid (EC50 = 33.83 µg/ml). The IC50 value of the RBC membrane stabilization and 15-LOX assays was observed as 101.08 µg/ml (IC50 of 58.62 µg/ml for standard aspirin) and 195.98 µg/ml (IC50 of 19.62 µg/ml for standard quercetin), respectively. The extract also strongly inhibited serine protease (trypsin) activity with an IC50 of 505.81 µg/ml (IC50 of 295.44 µg/ml for standard quercetin). The blood coagulation time (PTT) was found to be 11.91 min for amla extract and 24.11 min for standard Warfarin. Thus, the findings of an in vitro study revealed that the methanolic extract of amla contains significant antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticoagulation activity. Furthermore, in silico docking and simulation of reported phytochemicals of amla with human 15-LOXA and 15-LOXB were carried out to validate the anti-inflammatory activity of amla. In this analysis, epicatechin and catechin showed greater molecular interaction and were considerably stable throughout the 100 ns simulation with 15-lipoxygenase A (15-LOXA) and 15-lipoxygenase B (15-LOXB) respectively.

Simple analytical method for total biogenic amines content determination in wine using a smartphone

A simple, fast, and green smartphone-based procedure for total biogenic amines content determination in wine was developed and validated. Sample preparation and analysis were simplified to make the method suitable for routine analyses even in resource-scarce settings. The commercially available S0378 dye and smartphone-based detection were used for this purpose. The developed method has satisfactory figures of merit for putrescine equivalent determination with R² of 0.9981. The method's greenness was also assessed using the Analytical Greenness Calculator. Samples of Polish wine were analysed to demonstrate the applicability of the developed method. Finally, results obtained with the developed procedure were compared with those previously obtained with GC-MS in order to evaluate the equivalence of the methods.

Analysis of the chemical composition and biological activity of secondary residues of Turkish Gall treated by semi-bionic technology

In order to meet the contemporary concept of sustainable development, the reuse of biological waste has also been emphasized. Lots of papers nowadays study the extraction of primary residues. The disposal of secondary residues is often neglected. The chemical composition and biological activity of secondary residues of Turkish Gall (SRTG) were researched in this paper. We selected five methods to extract the SRTG, and the extraction conditions were water, hydrochloric acid buffer (pH = 2), artificial gastric juice (pH = 2), phosphate buffer (pH = 6.8), and artificial intestinal solution (pH = 6.8). The changes of phenolic components were determined by spectrophotometry and high-performance liquid chromatography. The acid-base environment did not affect total polyphenols contents and gallic acid ethyl ester contents in SRTG. But it affected the gallic acid contents in SRTG. The contents of gallic acid in the hydrochloric acid buffer extraction groups were 1.63 times that of the water extraction group. The SRTG were extracted by hydrochloric acid buffer also had better inhibition on Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. In addition, SRTG showed positive effects on 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl Free, 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid), ·OH radicals, and Ferric ion reducing antioxidant power. Some active components of SRTG can be effectively released through the digestion of simulated gastric juices in vitro. The change of active ingredients affects the antibacterial and antioxidant capacity. The results provide data support for the conversion of secondary residues into products, such as feed additives. The SRTG has certain contributes to the value of the circular economy.

Phyllanthus emblica (Amla) Fruit Powder as a Supplement to Improve Preweaning Dairy Calves' Health: Effect on Antioxidant Capacity, Immune Response, and Gut Bacterial Diversity

Disease is the main reason for the use of antimicrobials in calf rearing, and antibiotics are commonly used to treat calves, including for unknown diseases. This leads to antimicrobial resistance, which is a challenge to the livestock industry and public health. Plant products containing high levels of phytochemicals may improve the immunity and resistance of calves against infections, thereby reducing the use of antimicrobials. This study aimed to investigate the effect of Phyllanthus emblica (Amla) fruit powder (PE) supplementation on antioxidant capacity and immune response of preweaning dairy calves. One hundred, 2-day-old, male Holstein calves were randomly assigned into five treatment groups receiving 0, 5, 10, 20, and 40 g/d PE supplementation. Antioxidant and immune indices and pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines were analyzed from serum samples, whereas 16S rRNA was analyzed from rumen fluid and fecal samples. PE supplementation, at 5 g/d, protected calves against oxidative stress and improved antioxidant enzymes and immune and anti-inflammatory responses, showing its immunity-enhancing and protective roles against infections. However, the antioxidant capacity and immune response decreased with increasing PE levels, illustrating the adverse effects of PE supplementation at higher doses. The analysis of ruminal and fecal bacterial community abundance detected higher proportions of Firmicutes at an early age, and a higher Bacteroidetes to Firmicutes ratio at weaning, in calves supplemented with 5 g/d PE. This contributed to the development of the immune system in early life, and improved immune and anti-inflammatory responses at a later age. The overall results suggest that PE could be supplemented at 5 g/d for preweaning dairy calves to protect against oxidative stress and infections while maintaining normal gut microbial hemostasis.

Functional and Nutraceutical Significance of Amla (Phyllanthus emblica L.): A Review

Phyllanthus emblica L. (also popularly known as amla) is a tree native to the India and Southeast Asia regions that produces fruits rich in bioactive compounds that could be explored as part of the increasing interest in naturally occurring compounds with biological activity. Thus, this review aims to highlight the nutritional aspects, rich phytochemistry and health-promoting effects of amla. Scientific evidence indicates that polyphenols are central components in fruits and other sections of the amla tree, as well as vitamin C. The rich composition of polyphenol and vitamin C imparts an important antioxidant activity along with important in vivo effects that include improved antioxidant status and activity of the endogenous antioxidant defense system. Other potential health benefits are the anti-hyperlipidemia and antidiabetic activities as well as the anticancer, anti-inflammatory, digestive tract and neurological protective activities. The promising results provided by the studies about amla bioactive compounds support their potential role in assisting the promotion of health and prevention of diseases.

Traditional uses, bioactive composition, pharmacology, and toxicology of Phyllanthus emblica fruits: A comprehensive review

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

The fruits of Phyllanthus emblica Linn or Emblica officinalis Gaertn (Phyllanthaceae), (FPE) commonly known as Indian gooseberry or Amla, gained immense importance in indigenous traditional medicinal systems, including Ayurveda, for its medicinal and nutritional benefits. It is used to cure several diseases such as common cold, fever, cough, asthma, bronchitis, diabetes, cephalalgia, ophthalmopathy, dyspepsia, colic, flatulence, hyperacidity, peptic ulcer, erysipelas, skin diseases, leprosy, hematogenesis, inflammation, anemia, emaciation, hepatopathy, jaundice, diarrhea, dysentery, hemorrhages, leucorrhea, menorrhagia, cardiac disorders, and premature greying of hair.

AIM OF THE STUDY

In the present review, we presented a comprehensive analysis of the ethnopharmacology, bioactive composition, and toxicity of P. emblica to identify the gap between research and the current applications and to help explore the trends and perspectives for future studies.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

We collected the literature published before April 2021 on the phytochemistry, pharmacology, and toxicity of FPE. Literature in English from scientific databases such as PubMed, ScienceDirect, Wiley, Springer, and Google Scholar, books. These reports were analyzed and summarized to prepare this review. The plant taxonomy was verified by "The Plant List" database (http://www.theplantlist.org).

RESULTS AND CONCLUSION

s: FPE have been used as a rich source of vitamin C, minerals, and amino acids. Several bioactive molecules were isolated and identified from FPE such as tannins, flavonoids, saponins, terpenoids, alkaloids, ascorbic acid etc. The in vitro and in vivo pharmacological studies on FPE revealed its antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, anticancer, radioprotective, hepatoprotective, immunomodulatory, hypolipidemic, anti-venom, wound healing, HIV-reverse transcriptase effect. Toxicological studies on fruits indicated the absence of any adverse effect even at a high dose after oral administration.

CONCLUSIONS

Although FPE showed remarkable therapeutic activities against several diseases such as diabetes, cancer, inflammation, hepatitis B virus, and malaria, there were several drawbacks in some previous reports including the lack of information on the drug dose, standards, controls, and mechanism of action of the extract. Further in-depth studies are required to explain the mechanism of action of the extracts to reveal the role of the bioactive compounds in the reported activities.

New insights on Phyllanthus reticulatus Poir. leaves and stem bark extracts: UPLC-ESI-TOF-MS profiles, and biopharmaceutical and in silico analysis

Our results could provide a great scientific starting point on the way from the bench to functional applications through the use of P. reticulatus, namely novel nutraceuticals, pharmaceuticals and cosmeceuticals.

Bioassay guided fractionation of rhizome extract of Rheum emodi wall as bio-availability enhancer of antibiotics against bacterial and fungal pathogens

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Rheum emodi Wall., is an important medicinal plant extensively used in Ayurvedic and Unani systems of traditional medicine. It is known to possess antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, anticancer, wound healing and immune enhancing activities.

AIM OF THE STUDY

The aim of the current study was to investigate the antimicrobial activity and synergistic potential of different solvent fractions and phytocompounds of Rheum emodi rhizome against bacterial and fungal pathogens.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

The antimicrobial and synergistic potential of the crude methanolic extract, different solvent fractions (n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and residual aqueous) and isolated phytocompounds of the rhizome of Rheum emodi were assayed by broth microdilution method. The bioactive phytocompounds were isolated through silica TLC and quantified using HPTLC and HPLC. The bioactive phytocompounds were identified by LC-MS analysis.

RESULTS

Phytochemical analysis of the sub-fractions showed that the TPC (417.94 ± 1.2 mg g^-1 GAE) and TFC (187.40 ± 0.5 mg g^-1 RE) were highest in residual aqueous extracts. The chloroform sub-fraction possessed the highest antimicrobial activity against bacterial (Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae) and fungal strains (Candida albicans MTCC 277 and ATCC 90028). The MIC of chloroform sub-fraction against S. aureus, K. pneumoniae, E. coli, C. albicans was 1.95, 3.91, 15.62 and 62.5 μg ml^-1, respectively. TLC and LC-MS analysis of chloroform sub-fraction identified phytocompounds namely emodin D4 (m/z 274.262), rhein13c6 (m/z 290.176), chrysophanol dimethyl ether (m/z 282.291), and resveratrol (m/z 340.456). Quantification of emodin content showed that the chloroform sub-fraction (101.4543 μg mg^-1, 194.8037 μg mg^-1 measured through HPTLC and HPLC, respectively), and its TLC fraction (II) (75.18 μg mg^-1, 232.384 μg mg^-1 measured through HPTLC and HPLC, respectively) are rich in emodin. Furthermore, chloroform sub-fraction, its TLC fractions and emodin showed profound synergistic activity in combination with antibacterial and antifungal antibiotics and lowered the dosage of antibiotics by 4-257 folds.

CONCLUSIONS

The bioassay guided fractionation of R. emodi rhizome methanolic extract identified phytocompounds (emodin, rhein13c6, chrysophanol dimethyl ether and resveratrol) that act as bioavailability enhancers of antibacterial and antifungal antibiotics, hence revealing their potential in treating multidrug resistance.