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Prestidge RL, Hearn MTW. The Application of Buffer Electrofocusing to Granulated Flat Bed Media. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/03602548108066005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Stastná M, Slais K. Dynamics of gel isoelectric focusing with ampholytic dyes monitored by camera in real-time. J Chromatogr A 2003; 1008:193-203. [PMID: 12967184 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(03)00968-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The dynamics of gel isoelectric focusing were studied by using amphoteric low-molecular-mass colored substances (isoelectric point markers). The polyacrylamide gel in slab format was in direct contact with the electrodes. In addition to isoelectric focusing with a pH gradient composed of synthetic carrier ampholytes, pH gradients created by simple buffers of acetic acid, 2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid, histidine and N,N,N',N'-tetramethylethylenediamine were applied. The progress of the electrofocusing process was monitored by a charge-coupled device camera and video recording. The gradient profile and dynamics were approximated from the positions of isoelectric point markers, which were focused both on boundaries between individual zones of simple buffers and within the zones themselves. The obtained animated records enabled the observation of the entire real focusing run within fractions of a minute, which is useful both for the understanding and optimization of the focusing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslava Stastná
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Veveri 97, 611 42 Brno, Czech Republic.
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Abstract
The high-resolution capacity of two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2-D PAGE) makes it an excellent tool for the analysis and characterisation of complex protein mixtures. The evolution of two-dimensional electrophoresis is briefly described. The various steps involved in 2-D PAGE, the identification and characterization of proteins separated by 2-D PAGE and the quantitative and qualitative analysis of 2-D patterns are discussed in detail and some new approaches are described. In the final section a brief outline of some of the biomedical applications of 2-D PAGE to screening of body fluids, genetic diseases, inborn errors of metabolism, cancer and neoplastic transformation are discussed.
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Pollock JA, Lipson ED, Sullivan DT. Electrophoretic analysis of proteins from night-blind mutants of Phycomyces. Biochem Genet 1985; 23:379-90. [PMID: 4038250 DOI: 10.1007/bf00499081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, we have analyzed proteins from a plasma membrane-enriched fraction from Phycomyces sporangiophores. Specifically, we have compared gels for night-blind mutants and a wild-type strain to find proteins involved in the early steps of the sensory transduction chain for phototropism. In the gels for a mutant affected in the gene madA, a protein spot [51 kilodaltons (kdal) and pI 6.35] appears that is absent from the wild-type and the other mad mutants. Mutants affect in either of two madB alleles lack a protein spot (57 kdal and pI 6.6) that is present in the wild-type and all other mad strains; this spot probably represents the madB gene product. In some madC mutants, two spots (59 kdal, pI 6.5, with a covalently linked flavin; and 50 kdal, pI 6.4) are absent; however, in other madC strains, one or both of these spots are present. These four protein spots that are altered in madA, madB, and madC mutants may represent component of the photoreceptor complex responsible for phototropism in Phycomyces.
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Pollock JA, Lipson ED, Sullivan DT. Analysis of microsomal flavoproteins from Phycomyces sporangiophores: Candidates for the blue-light photoreceptor. PLANTA 1985; 163:506-516. [PMID: 24249450 DOI: 10.1007/bf00392708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/1984] [Accepted: 09/23/1984] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
To help identify components of the blue-light photoreceptor system for phototropism in Phycomyces blakesleeanus Bgff., proteins from a microsomal fraction obtained from synchronous sporangiophores were studied. By two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, two proteins (FP1, FP2) with covalently bound flavins were found. FP1 has a molecular weight of 71 000 and an isoelectric point of 6.6; FP2 has a molecular weight of 59 000 and an isoelectric point of 6.5. These flavoproteins were purified by column chromatography and gel filtration while assaying for flavins by fluorescence. The relative concentrations of FP1 and FP2 were affected by light applied during growth. These flavoproteins are likely components of the blue-light photoreceptor complex mediating phototropism in Phycomyces.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Pollock
- Department of Physics, Syracuse University, 13210, Syracuse, New York, USA
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Gassner G, Sears S, Graham C, Janardan KG. A measuring grid for the analysis of isoelectrically focused proteins in polyacrylamide gel slabs. Electrophoresis 1985. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.1150060504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Hjelmeland LM, Allenmark S, An der Lan B, Jackiw BA, Nguyen NY, Chrambach A. Electrophoresis in gels containing zwitterionic groups. Electrophoresis 1981. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.1150020204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Jonsson M, Fredriksson S. Generation of stable pH gradients for preparative isoelectric focusing by electrolysis of two-component buffer solutions in a multi-compartment apparatus. Electrophoresis 1981. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.1150020402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Nguyen NY, Grindeland RE, Chrambach A. Isolation of human growth hormone isohormones D and E in milligram amounts (II), using isoelectric focusing on polyacrylamide gel. PREPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY 1981; 11:173-89. [PMID: 6454130 DOI: 10.1080/00327488108064240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Human growth hormone (hGH) isohormones D and E were prepared from a partial enzymatic hydrolyzate catalyzed by plasmin, using isoelectric focusing on polyacrylamide gel to fractionate the digest. Separation between the two isohormones species was optimized by employing a maximally flattened pH gradient between pH's 4.3 and 5.6. Gel slices containing isohormones D and E were extracted and concentrated by Steady-State Stacking on polyacrylamide gel. The extract was purified by gel filtration and lyophilized. Overall yields of lyophilized isohormones D and E were 10.9 mg and represented a recovery of 51% relative to the densitometrically estimated isohormone concentrations in the hGH digest. Purity of the products, based on Lowry analysis, U.V. absorbance and radioimmunoassay (RIA) was 60-70%. The isolated isohormone species were active in the rat tibia-line assay and in the specific RIA for hGH.
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Nguyen NY, Chrambach A. Electrofocusing on flat pH gradients: Systematic pH gradient modification leading to improved protein separation. Electrophoresis 1980. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.1150010104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Jackiw BA, Chrambach A. Natural pH gradients formed by two and three aminoacids on polyacrylamide gel: Changes of pH, segmental voltages and aminoacid distributions with time. Electrophoresis 1980. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.1150010305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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An der Lan B, Chrambach A. Modification of pH gradients in isolelectric focusing by the pH of the anolyte. Electrophoresis 1980. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.1150010105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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an der Lan B, Habig WH, Hardegree MC, Chrambach A. Heterogeneity of 125I-labeled tetanus toxin in isoelectric focusing on polyacrylamide gel and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Arch Biochem Biophys 1980; 200:206-15. [PMID: 7362252 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(80)90347-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Chrambach A. Electrophoresis and electrofocusing on polyacrylamide gel in the study of native macromolecules. Mol Cell Biochem 1980; 29:23-46. [PMID: 6988692 DOI: 10.1007/bf00230953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Prestidge RL, Hearn MT. Preparative flatbed electrofocusing in granulated gels with natural pH gradients generated from simple buffers. Anal Biochem 1979; 97:95-102. [PMID: 39470 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(79)90332-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Nguyen NY, Chrambach A. A three-step method for isolating a few to several hundred milligrams of protein. JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOPHYSICAL METHODS 1979; 1:171-87. [PMID: 552385 DOI: 10.1016/0165-022x(79)90036-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
An operationally simple general protein isolation method was devised from three previously available separation tools, and was tested by application to two demanding fractionation problems and for yield. One test system was the isolation by gel electrofocusing of two model proteins with pI values of 4.6 and 4.8, bovine serum albumin and ovalbumin, with a load of 220 mg each. The other test was the isolation of 10 mg of human growth hormone isohormone B from a mixture of closely migrating other isohormones. The three-step procedure comprises of: (1) separation into zones of homogeneous protein by gel electrofocusing; (2) excision of the zones of homogeneous protein from the gel followed by concentration of the protein to a small volume of solution by means of Steady-State Stacking; (3) purification from polyacrylamide-like contaminants and non-volatile buffers by gel filtration followed by lyophilization. The average overall recovery was 70--80%.
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Hjelmeland LM, Nebert DW, Chrambach A. Electrofocusing of integral membrane proteins in mixtures of zwitterionic and nonionic detergents. Anal Biochem 1979; 95:201-8. [PMID: 495956 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(79)90206-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Nguyen NY, Chrambach A. Amino acid spacing in isotachophoresi; on polyacrylamide gel: a critical evaluation. Anal Biochem 1979; 94:202-10. [PMID: 464281 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(79)90810-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Kapadia GG, Kortright KH, Lee SY, McIntire KR, Waldmann TA. Isolation of human alpha-fetoprotein in two fractionation steps and demonstration of homogeneity. PREPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY 1979; 9:109-32. [PMID: 86988 DOI: 10.1080/00327487908061678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Human alpha-fetoprotein (hAFP) has been isolated from cord serum in 40% yield using an isolation procedure consisting of only two major steps: affinity chromatography followed by preparative polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). The final product appeared homogeneous on the basis of five independent criteria for purity. Sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) demonstrated a single polypeptide chain with molecular weight of 71,000. The protein exhibited an apparent isoelectric point (pI') of 4.85, molecular radius of 3.0 nm and a valence (net H+/molecule) of 21.9 derived from computation of analytical PAGE data. The two-step isolation procedure made it possible for a single operator to isolate milligram amounts of hAFP in a matter of weeks.
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Nguyen NY, McCormick AG, Chrambach A. An anodic drift of pH gradients in isoelectric focusing on polyacrylamide gel. Anal Biochem 1978; 88:186-9. [PMID: 29514 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(78)90410-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Nguyen NY, Chrambach A. A test of the resolving power of cascade electrofocusing and cascade stacking: separation of BSA from ovalbumin. Anal Biochem 1978; 87:576-85. [PMID: 686373 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(78)90708-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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McCormick AG, Wachslicht H, Chrambach A. Preparative separation of hemoglobins A and S by gel electrofocusing, using selective zone elution by gel transposition between suitable anolytes and catholytes. Anal Biochem 1978; 85:209-18. [PMID: 24367 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(78)90291-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Nguyen NY, Chrambach A. Stabilization of pH gradients in buffer electrofocusing on polyacrylamide gel. Anal Biochem 1977; 82:54-62. [PMID: 20813 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(77)90133-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Caspers ML, Chrambach A. Natural pH gradients formed by amino acids: ampholyte distribution, time course, use in electrofocusing of protein, relation to pH gradients in isotachophoresis, and separator effects. Anal Biochem 1977; 81:26-39. [PMID: 19991 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(77)90595-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Nguyen NY, Chrambach A. Natural pH gradients in buffer mixtures: formation in the absence of strongly acidic and basic anolyte and catholyte, gradient steepening by sucrose, and stabilization by high buffer concentrations in the electrolyte chambers. Anal Biochem 1977; 79:462-9. [PMID: 17329 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(77)90422-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Nguyen NY, Salokangas A, Chrambach A. Electrofocusing in natural pH gradients formed by buffers: gradient modification. Anal Biochem 1977; 78:287-94. [PMID: 15469 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(77)90035-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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