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Recording Field Potentials and Synaptic Plasticity From Freely Behaving Rodents. HANDBOOK OF BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-812028-6.00001-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Ben-Ami Bartal I, Rodgers DA, Bernardez Sarria MS, Decety J, Mason P. Pro-social behavior in rats is modulated by social experience. eLife 2014. [PMID: 24424411 DOI: 10.7554/elife.01385#.dpuf] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In mammals, helping is preferentially provided to members of one's own group. Yet, it remains unclear how social experience shapes pro-social motivation. We found that rats helped trapped strangers by releasing them from a restrainer, just as they did cagemates. However, rats did not help strangers of a different strain, unless previously housed with the trapped rat. Moreover, pair-housing with one rat of a different strain prompted rats to help strangers of that strain, evidence that rats expand pro-social motivation from one individual to phenotypically similar others. To test if genetic relatedness alone can motivate helping, rats were fostered from birth with another strain and were not exposed to their own strain. As adults, fostered rats helped strangers of the fostering strain but not rats of their own strain. Thus, strain familiarity, even to one's own strain, is required for the expression of pro-social behavior. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.01385.001.
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Ben-Ami Bartal I, Rodgers DA, Bernardez Sarria MS, Decety J, Mason P. Pro-social behavior in rats is modulated by social experience. eLife 2014; 3:e01385. [PMID: 24424411 PMCID: PMC3884117 DOI: 10.7554/elife.01385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In mammals, helping is preferentially provided to members of one’s own group. Yet, it remains unclear how social experience shapes pro-social motivation. We found that rats helped trapped strangers by releasing them from a restrainer, just as they did cagemates. However, rats did not help strangers of a different strain, unless previously housed with the trapped rat. Moreover, pair-housing with one rat of a different strain prompted rats to help strangers of that strain, evidence that rats expand pro-social motivation from one individual to phenotypically similar others. To test if genetic relatedness alone can motivate helping, rats were fostered from birth with another strain and were not exposed to their own strain. As adults, fostered rats helped strangers of the fostering strain but not rats of their own strain. Thus, strain familiarity, even to one’s own strain, is required for the expression of pro-social behavior. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.01385.001 Humans help family members and friends under circumstances where they may not help strangers. However, they also help complete strangers through both direct actions, such as helping someone who has stumbled, and indirect actions, such as giving to charity. Ben-Ami Bartal et al. have now explored the biological basis of such socially selective helping by testing whether rats help strangers, and if so, under what circumstances. In the experiments a free rat was exposed to another rat trapped inside a plastic tube with an outward-facing door for 12 one-hour sessions. When tested with a cagemate trapped inside the tube, most free rats learned within a few days to release the trapped rat by opening the door. Ben-Ami Bartal et al. then exposed the free rats to strangers they had never met or seen before. Remarkably the rats consistently released the trapped stranger, acting toward strangers just as they had acted toward familiar cagemates. This result suggested that individual familiarity is not required for helping to occur. To test the limits of rat benevolence, Ben-Ami Bartal et al. tested free rats (always white albino rats) with trapped rats from a different outbred strain (black-hooded rats). The rats helped cagemates of a different strain but not strangers of a different strain. These results could be explained by a requirement for strain familiarity or individual familiarity. To distinguish between these possibilities, albino rats were housed for 2 weeks with a rat of a different strain, and then re-housed with another albino rat before being tested with a trapped rat belonging to a different strain. Consistent with a requirement for strain but not individual familiarity, the free rats now helped stranger rats from the different, but now familiar, strain. To explore if there is any role for genetics or relatedness in socially selective helping, Ben-Ami Bartal et al. tested whether rats will help strangers of their own strain based on genetic relatedness alone. To do this albino pups were transferred to litters of a different strain on the day they were born, and never saw or interacted with another albino rat until testing. Remarkably, the albino rats helped strangers from the different strain that they were raised with, but they did not help strangers of their own strain because this strain was unfamiliar to them. The fact that the motivation to help other rats has its origins in social interactions rather than genetics provides the flexibility that is needed to navigate their way through social environments that often change unexpectedly. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.01385.002
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Ben-Ami Bartal I, Rodgers DA, Bernardez Sarria MS, Decety J, Mason P. Pro-social behavior in rats is modulated by social experience. eLife 2014; 3:e01385. [PMID: 24424411 DOI: 10.7554/elife.01385.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
In mammals, helping is preferentially provided to members of one's own group. Yet, it remains unclear how social experience shapes pro-social motivation. We found that rats helped trapped strangers by releasing them from a restrainer, just as they did cagemates. However, rats did not help strangers of a different strain, unless previously housed with the trapped rat. Moreover, pair-housing with one rat of a different strain prompted rats to help strangers of that strain, evidence that rats expand pro-social motivation from one individual to phenotypically similar others. To test if genetic relatedness alone can motivate helping, rats were fostered from birth with another strain and were not exposed to their own strain. As adults, fostered rats helped strangers of the fostering strain but not rats of their own strain. Thus, strain familiarity, even to one's own strain, is required for the expression of pro-social behavior. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.01385.001.
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Electrically induced affective attack from the hypothalamus of the albino rat. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.3758/bf03336327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Carbachol-elicited mouse-killing in the rat: Animals attacked and wound location. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.3758/bf03335323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Mouse-killing and hyperemotionality in rats induced by three different kinds of experimental manipulations: A comparative study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.3758/bf03326975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Effects of cholinergic brain injections on mouse killing or carrying by rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.3758/bf03326938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Pellis SM, Pellis VC. Play-fighting differs from serious fighting in both target of attack and tactics of fighting in the laboratory ratRattus norvegicus. Aggress Behav 1987. [DOI: 10.1002/1098-2337(1987)13:4<227::aid-ab2480130406>3.0.co;2-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Kemble ED, Flannelly KJ, Salley H, Blanchard RJ. Mouse killing, insect predation, and conspecific attack by rats with differing prior aggressive experience. Physiol Behav 1985; 34:645-8. [PMID: 4040257 DOI: 10.1016/0031-9384(85)90063-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Mouse-killing, cockroach predation, and conspecific attack were examined in male Long-Evans rats with a history of intraspecific aggression (n = 20), defeat (n = 20), or no aggressive experience (n = 20). Roaches were more likely to be attacked during 30 min tests, and were attacked more rapidly than mice or rats regardless of previous social experience of subjects. Rats with aggressive experience attacked conspecifics more readily than subjects with defeat or no experience. There was no effect of prior experience on mouse-killing. These results indicate that mouse-killing does not correspond closely to either predation or intraspecific attack.
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Abstract
Mouse killing rats matched for killing latency and prey eating were injected (IP) with 0.5, 2.0, or 5.0 mg/kg naloxone or 0.9% saline. Naloxone did not significantly inhibit prey killing or alter prey killing latency at any dose but did reduce prey eating by 50% at the two higher doses. The dissociation of prey killing and prey eating by naloxone is consistent with other evidence that these two behaviors are separate components of predation in rats.
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Abstract
Three forms of behavior--muricide, eating, and drinking--have been studied at six photic periods during a 12/12 hr light/dark circadian cycle to which the subjects have been habituated. One hundred and eight rats served as subjects, 18 per photic period. The frequency of muricide was recorded for each period and subsequent food and water intakes were measured during a 1 hr test period. Results show a significantly higher frequency of muricide during the dark than during periods of light. Food intake covaried significantly with the incidence of muricide rs = 0.89, p less than 0.05), while no such relationship was found between muricide and water intake (rs = 0.17, p less than 0.05). The findings are consistent with reports of circadian changes in other rodent behaviors, including rhythmicity in home-cage and in shock-induced aggression. Covariation of muricide and eating does not establish a causal relation between the two. Three models of physiological mechanisms which might provide substrates for the covariance are discussed.
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Albert DJ, Walsh ML. The inhibitory modulation of agonistic behavior in the rat brain: a review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 1982; 6:125-43. [PMID: 7048154 DOI: 10.1016/0149-7634(82)90051-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Neural regions which exercise an inhibitory influence on agonistic behavior are identified by the enhancement of agonistic behavior that follows their removal. The specific kinds of agonistic behaviors altered by each region are then examined. Increased reactivity to the experimenter and enhanced shock-induced fighting are produced by lesions of the region ventral to the anterior septum, the lateral septum, the medial hypothalamus, and the dorsal and median raphe nuclei. It is argued that the increased reactivity and shock-induced fighting correspond to an enhancement of defensive behavior. Mouse killing is induced by lesions of the anterior olfactory nucleus, the region ventral to the anterior septum, the lateral septum, the medial hypothalamus, the dorsal and median raphe nuclei, and the medial amygdala. Because the lesion-induced mouse killing is similar to that emitted by spontaneous mouse killers, it is argued that these regions normally exert an inhibitory control over predatory killing. The available evidence on social attack behavior has not convincingly identified regions exerting an inhibitory control over this dimension of behavior. Our conclusion is that separate brain systems exert an inhibitory control over defensive behavior, predatory killing, and social attack behavior. To a substantial extent, the regions modulating these behaviors appear to act independently of one another. The only neurotransmitter that is clearly active in these inhibitory systems is serotonin, and has only been directly implicated in the control of mouse killing by neurons originating in the dorsal and median raphe nuclei.
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Albert DJ, Chew GL, Walsh ML, Rayan J, Lee CS. Lesions of the region ventral to the anterior septum increase mouse killing and reactivity but not social attack. BEHAVIORAL AND NEURAL BIOLOGY 1982; 34:283-95. [PMID: 7201790 DOI: 10.1016/s0163-1047(82)91667-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Onodera K, Ogura Y, Kisara K. Characteristics of muricide induced by thiamine deficiency and its suppression by antidepressants or intraventricular serotonin. Physiol Behav 1981; 27:847-53. [PMID: 7198802 DOI: 10.1016/0031-9384(81)90052-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Albert DJ, Chew GL. The septal forebrain and the inhibitory modulation of attack and defense in the rat. A review. BEHAVIORAL AND NEURAL BIOLOGY 1980; 30:357-88. [PMID: 7013753 DOI: 10.1016/s0163-1047(80)91247-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Rossi AC. The "mouse-killing" rat: ethological discussion on an experimental model of agression. PHARMACOLOGICAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS 1975; 7:199-216. [PMID: 1170577 DOI: 10.1016/0031-6989(75)90020-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Vergnes M. [Initiation of mouse-killing behavior following amygdaloid lesions in the rat(author's transl)]. Physiol Behav 1975; 14:271-6. [PMID: 1169783 DOI: 10.1016/0031-9384(75)90033-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Gregoire SE, Smith DE. Mouse-killing in the rat: effects of sensory deficits on attack behaviour and stereotyped biting. Anim Behav 1975; 23:186-91. [PMID: 1171642 DOI: 10.1016/0003-3472(75)90064-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Sensory transections were performed in rats that killed mice after food-deprivation and subsequent satiation. Following partial maxillary or combined maxillary and optic deafferentation, but not after optic lesions alone, the number of mouse-kills declined sharply. This decline was accounted for by approximately a 50 per cent decrease in the number of mouse-presentations in which attack-behaviour took place and in the occurrence of attack-behaviour that did not always lead to a kill because rats frequently failed to bite. Furthermore, examination of killed mice revealed a shift in the distribution of body-bites away from the rostral regions normally seized by rats to more caudal areas of the mouse's body. Results indicate that certain stimulus-characteristics of mice mediated by the maxillary and optic nerves are important determinants of attack-behaviour and stereotyped biting in the rat.
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Vergnes M, Boehrer A, Karli P. Interspecific aggressiveness and reactivity in mouse-killing and nonkilling rats: Compared effects of olfactory bulb removal and raphe lesions. Aggress Behav 1974. [DOI: 10.1002/1098-2337(1974)1:1<1::aid-ab2480010103>3.0.co;2-d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Alves CN, Carlini EA. Effects of acute and chronic administration of Cannabis sative extract on the mouse-killing behavior of rats. Life Sci 1973; 13:75-85. [PMID: 4796256 DOI: 10.1016/0024-3205(73)90279-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Abstract
Two experiments examined mouse killing as a reinforcer of key pressing by rats that killed mice. In Experiment I, mouse-killing rats performed the key-pressing response when each press was reinforced with presentation of a mouse. Offered a choice between a key that yielded presentation of mice and one that did not, the rats preferred the key that yielded mice. When the contingency was reversed, the rats preferred the other key and continued to kill mice. In Experiment II, mouse-killing rats that did not kill rat pups performed a key-pressing response reinforced with presentation of mice on a variable-interval schedule. In tests for responding reinforced on that schedule with presentation of normal mice, anesthetized mice, dead mice, or rat pups, these rats that killed mice but not rat pups exhibited a decline in response rate when rat pups were the reinforcer. Altering the condition of the mice did not significantly affect performance.
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Ewer R. The Biology and Behaviour of a Free-Living Population of Black Rats (Rattus rattus). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1971. [DOI: 10.1016/s0066-1856(71)80002-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Vergnes M, Karli P. [Elicitation of aggressive behavior by electric stimulation of the medial hypothalamus in the rat]. Physiol Behav 1970; 5:1427-30. [PMID: 5535678 DOI: 10.1016/0031-9384(70)90131-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Smith DE, King MB, Hoebel BG. Lateral hypothalamic control of killing: evidence for a cholinoceptive mechanism. Science 1970; 167:900-1. [PMID: 5460695 DOI: 10.1126/science.167.3919.900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
In rats that would not ordinarily kill mice, lateral hypothalamic injection of crystalline carbachol, a cholinomimetic, elicited killing. Norepinephrine, amphetamine, serotonin, and sodium salts were ineffective at the same site. Carbachol was ineffective when injected into the medial, dorsal, or ventral hypothalamus. As additional evidence for a cholinoceptive mechanism, neostigmine elicited killing, and, in spontaneous killers, methyl atropine blocked it. The results indicate that the lateral hypothalamus contains a cholinoceptive component of an innate system that activates killing, and anticholinergic treatment can be used as a means of suppressing killing.
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Myer JS. Prior killing experience and the suppressive effects of punishment on the killing of mice by rats. Anim Behav 1967; 15:59-61. [PMID: 6067715 DOI: 10.1016/s0003-3472(67)80011-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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