1
|
Zhao JY, Ji XX, Pan YF, Chen J. [Research progress on the neural mechanism of the regulation of social isolation on innate behaviors]. Sheng Li Xue Bao 2024; 76:309-318. [PMID: 38658379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Innate behavior is mainly controlled by genetics, but is also regulated by social experiences such as social isolation. Studies in animal models such as Drosophila and mice have found that social isolation can regulate innate behaviors through the changes at the molecular level, such as hormone, neurotransmitter, neuropeptide level, and at the level of neural circuits. In this review, we summarized the research progress on the regulation of social isolation on various animal innate behaviors, such as sleep, reproduction and aggression by altering the expression of conserved neuropeptides and neurotransmitters, hoping to deepen the understanding of the key and conserved signal pathways that regulate innate behavior by social isolation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Ying Zhao
- School of Life Science and Technology, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Xiao-Xiao Ji
- School of Life Science and Technology, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Yu-Feng Pan
- School of Life Science and Technology, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Jie Chen
- School of Life Science and Technology, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Thiem J, Viskadourou M, Gaitanidis A, Stravopodis DJ, Strauß R, Duch C, Consoulas C. Biological aging of two innate behaviors of Drosophila melanogaster: Escape climbing versus courtship learning and memory. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0293252. [PMID: 38593121 PMCID: PMC11003613 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0293252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Motor and cognitive aging can severely affect life quality of elderly people and burden health care systems. In search for diagnostic behavioral biomarkers, it has been suggested that walking speed can predict forms of cognitive decline, but in humans, it remains challenging to separate the effects of biological aging and lifestyle. We examined a possible association of motor and cognitive decline in Drosophila, a genetic model organism of healthy aging. Long term courtship memory is present in young male flies but absent already during mid life (4-8 weeks). By contrast, courtship learning index and short term memory (STM) are surprisingly robust and remain stable through mid (4-8 weeks) and healthy late life (>8 weeks), until courtship performance collapses suddenly at ~4.5 days prior to death. By contrast, climbing speed declines gradually during late life (>8 weeks). The collapse of courtship performance and short term memory close to the end of life occur later and progress with a different time course than the gradual late life decline in climbing speed. Thus, during healthy aging in male Drosophila, climbing and courtship motor behaviors decline differentially. Moreover, cognitive and motor performances decline at different time courses. Differential behavioral decline during aging may indicate different underlying causes, or alternatively, a common cause but different thresholds for defects in different behaviors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Thiem
- Institute of Developmental Biology and Neurobiology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany
| | - Maria Viskadourou
- Laboratory of Experimental Physiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (NKUA), Athens, Greece
| | - Alexandros Gaitanidis
- Laboratory of Experimental Physiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (NKUA), Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios J. Stravopodis
- Section of Cell Biology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, School of Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (NKUA), Athens, Greece
| | - Roland Strauß
- Institute of Developmental Biology and Neurobiology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany
| | - Carsten Duch
- Institute of Developmental Biology and Neurobiology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany
| | - Christos Consoulas
- Laboratory of Experimental Physiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (NKUA), Athens, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Peddinti V, Avaghade MM, Suthar SU, Rout B, Gomte SS, Agnihotri TG, Jain A. Gut instincts: Unveiling the connection between gut microbiota and Alzheimer's disease. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2024; 60:266-280. [PMID: 38479921 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2024.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder marked by neuroinflammation and gradual cognitive decline. Recent research has revealed that the gut microbiota (GM) plays an important role in the pathogenesis of AD through the microbiota-gut-brain axis. However, the mechanism by which GM and microbial metabolites alter brain function is not clearly understood. GM dysbiosis increases the permeability of the intestine, alters the blood-brain barrier permeability, and elevates proinflammatory mediators causing neurodegeneration. This review article introduced us to the composition and functions of GM along with its repercussions of dysbiosis in relation to AD. We also discussed the importance of the gut-brain axis and its role in communication. Later we focused on the mechanism behind gut dysbiosis and the progression of AD including neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and changes in neurotransmitter levels. Furthermore, we highlighted recent developments in AD management, such as microbiota-based therapy, dietary interventions like prebiotics, probiotics, and fecal microbiota transplantation. Finally, we concluded with challenges and future directions in AD research based on GM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vasu Peddinti
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Ahmedabad, Palaj, Gandhinagar, 382355, Gujarat, India
| | - Manoj Mohan Avaghade
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Ahmedabad, Palaj, Gandhinagar, 382355, Gujarat, India
| | - Sunil Umedmal Suthar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Ahmedabad, Palaj, Gandhinagar, 382355, Gujarat, India
| | - Biswajit Rout
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Ahmedabad, Palaj, Gandhinagar, 382355, Gujarat, India
| | - Shyam Sudhakar Gomte
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Ahmedabad, Palaj, Gandhinagar, 382355, Gujarat, India
| | - Tejas Girish Agnihotri
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Ahmedabad, Palaj, Gandhinagar, 382355, Gujarat, India
| | - Aakanchha Jain
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Ahmedabad, Palaj, Gandhinagar, 382355, Gujarat, India.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wang Y, Bao C, Chen W, Wen S. The forgotten militant and his enduring mission: Zing-Yang Kuo and his extraordinary years in behavioral neuroembryology (1929-1939). J Hist Neurosci 2024; 33:125-146. [PMID: 37722812 DOI: 10.1080/0964704x.2023.2254350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
Zing-Yang Kuo (1898-1970), hailed as China's behaviorist psychologist, earned "Out-Watsons Mr. Watson" in the international anti-instinct movement. His contributions to the field on behavioral neuroembryology (1929-1939) are often overlooked in comparison to his achievements in psychology. We retrieved the titles of all of Kuo's publications from 1929 to 1939 and examined those related to his research on the origins and development of embryonic behavioral ontogeny and the neural basis of embryonic behavior. Remarkably, Kuo concurrently focused on embryos during the same period as North American neuroembryologists. He maintained an independent stance in the debate over the sequence of behavioral ontogeny, represented by the embryonic neuroscientists Coghill and Windle, and critically pointed out limitations in research on both sides of the debate. Drawing from his experiments with chicken embryos, Kuo proposed the theory of behavioral epigenesis, which attempted to end the nature-nurture dichotomy and promote the transformation of the research path of behavioral embryology from elementary physiological anatomy toward a deep "comprehensive science." Kuo's achievements directly laid the foundation for the interdisciplinary field of developmental psychobiology, constructing a new conceptual framework for the systematic analysis of behavioral development and promoting the establishment and development of a new approach to epiphenotype epigenetics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Wang
- Institute of Education, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- Center for Brain, Mind, and Education, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, China
| | - Chenye Bao
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Wei Chen
- Center for Brain, Mind, and Education, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, China
- Interdisciplinary Platform of Philosophy and Cognitive Science, Renmin University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Shengjun Wen
- Department of Cognitive Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Shi W, Eidenberger T. Is food preference innate instinct driven or human's free will? J Texture Stud 2024; 55:e12822. [PMID: 38366799 DOI: 10.1111/jtxs.12822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
The question whether food preference decisions are controlled by innate instincts, or a conscious decision-making process is still open. The answer to this question is important not only for neuroscientists, psychologists, and philosophers but also for food scientists and developers. Looking from different perspectives involved in food preference decisions could not only settle a long ongoing debate but also pave the way to understand why people prefer to eat what they eat.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas Eidenberger
- University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria, FH-Studienbetriebs GmbH, Wels, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Liu J, He Y, Lavoie A, Bouvier G, Liu BH. A direction-selective cortico-brainstem pathway adaptively modulates innate behaviors. Nat Commun 2023; 14:8467. [PMID: 38123558 PMCID: PMC10733370 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42910-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Sensory cortices modulate innate behaviors through corticofugal projections targeting phylogenetically-old brainstem nuclei. However, the principles behind the functional connectivity of these projections remain poorly understood. Here, we show that in mice visual cortical neurons projecting to the optic-tract and dorsal-terminal nuclei (NOT-DTN) possess distinct response properties and anatomical connectivity, supporting the adaption of an essential innate eye movement, the optokinetic reflex (OKR). We find that these corticofugal neurons are enriched in specific visual areas, and they prefer temporo-nasal visual motion, matching the direction bias of downstream NOT-DTN neurons. Remarkably, continuous OKR stimulation selectively enhances the activity of these temporo-nasally biased cortical neurons, which can efficiently promote OKR plasticity. Lastly, we demonstrate that silencing downstream NOT-DTN neurons, which project specifically to the inferior olive-a key structure in oculomotor plasticity, impairs the cortical modulation of OKR and OKR plasticity. Our results unveil a direction-selective cortico-brainstem pathway that adaptively modulates innate behaviors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiashu Liu
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON, L5L 1C6, Canada
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G5, Canada
| | - Yingtian He
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON, L5L 1C6, Canada
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G5, Canada
| | - Andreanne Lavoie
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON, L5L 1C6, Canada
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G5, Canada
| | - Guy Bouvier
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut des Neurosciences Paris-Saclay, 91400, Saclay, France
| | - Bao-Hua Liu
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON, L5L 1C6, Canada.
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G5, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
De Masi F. The Ego and the Id: Concepts and developments. Int J Psychoanal 2023; 104:1091-1100. [PMID: 38127478 DOI: 10.1080/00207578.2023.2277024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
In this note I have limited myself to describing some convergent and divergent developments arising from the innovative concepts present in The Ego and the Id. It could be argued that a part of the psychoanalytic movement wished to emphasize the function of the Ego (Anna Freud, Hartmann, Rapaport), while another part (Melanie Klein and her followers) delved into the dynamics of the Superego and the Id in primitive and pathological states of mind. I will examine three themes presents in The Ego and the Id: the assertion that a part of the Ego is unconscious; the idea that the death drive becomes part of the dynamics of melancholia and its Superego; the concept of fusion and defusion of the life and death instinct. Freud's writing represents a forge of new ideas that have made psychoanalysis ever more creative and capable of understanding the complexity and mysteriousness of the human mind.
Collapse
|
8
|
Hoban B. Books: The Dictionary of Obscure Sorrows: The Language Instinct. Br J Gen Pract 2023; 73:560. [PMID: 38035803 PMCID: PMC10688941 DOI: 10.3399/bjgp23x735741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
|
9
|
Nersesian S, Carter EB, Lee SN, Westhaver LP, Boudreau JE. Killer instincts: natural killer cells as multifactorial cancer immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1269614. [PMID: 38090565 PMCID: PMC10715270 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1269614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells integrate heterogeneous signals for activation and inhibition using germline-encoded receptors. These receptors are stochastically co-expressed, and their concurrent engagement and signaling can adjust the sensitivity of individual cells to putative targets. Against cancers, which mutate and evolve under therapeutic and immunologic pressure, the diversity for recognition provided by NK cells may be key to comprehensive cancer control. NK cells are already being trialled as adoptive cell therapy and targets for immunotherapeutic agents. However, strategies to leverage their naturally occurring diversity and agility have not yet been developed. In this review, we discuss the receptors and signaling pathways through which signals for activation or inhibition are generated in NK cells, focusing on their roles in cancer and potential as targets for immunotherapies. Finally, we consider the impacts of receptor co-expression and the potential to engage multiple pathways of NK cell reactivity to maximize the scope and strength of antitumor activities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Nersesian
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Beatrice Hunter Cancer Research Institute, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Emily B. Carter
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Beatrice Hunter Cancer Research Institute, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Stacey N. Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Beatrice Hunter Cancer Research Institute, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | | | - Jeanette E. Boudreau
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Beatrice Hunter Cancer Research Institute, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Baraitser L. Passivity and Gender: Psychical inertia and maternal stillness. Int J Psychoanal 2023; 104:912-926. [PMID: 37902474 DOI: 10.1080/00207578.2023.2255470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
Who is afraid of passivity? Historically, women and minoritized people have had good reason to be, given that passivity has been a way to keep them out of the world of "reason." Freud's move from the activity/passivity binary as the principle of all instinct, to its gendering as femininity/passivity and masculinity/activity, leads him to assert the "repudiation of femininity" as the bedrock of psychic life (Freud, S. 1937. "Analysis Terminable and Interminable." In The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, 23, 209-254. London: Hogarth Press). This has led to a generative history of feminist, queer and Black psychoanalytic scholarship that constantly re-opens the question of female subjectivity and sexuality, and what we mean by psychic femininity and masculinity. However, what does remains as "bedrock," even in this theorizing, is the figure of the mother in the internal world of the infant - supposedly castrated yet all-powerful, and requiring that the infant defend itself against what is stirred up as a result of dependency on her. After reviewing some of the psychoanalytic debates about femininity, I turn to "stillness" rather than passivity to suggest that we can identify a maternal element that is on the side of development, a figuration of psychical inertia that holds the capacity for waiting, stopping, ceasing and withdrawing in a world in which these mental functions are sorely missing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Baraitser
- Birkbeck, University of London, and the British Psychoanalytical Society, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Takayanagi-Kiya S, Shioya N, Nishiuchi T, Iwami M, Kiya T. Cell assembly analysis of neural circuits for innate behavior in Drosophila melanogaster using an immediate early gene stripe/ egr-1. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2303318120. [PMID: 37549285 PMCID: PMC10438382 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2303318120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Innate behavior, such as courtship behavior, is controlled by a genetically defined set of neurons. To date, it remains challenging to visualize and artificially control the neural population that is active during innate behavior in a whole-brain scale. Immediate early genes (IEGs), whose expression is induced by neural activity, can serve as powerful tools to map neural activity in the animal brain. We screened for IEGs in vinegar fly Drosophila melanogaster and identified stripe/egr-1 as a potent neural activity marker. Focusing on male courtship as a model of innate behavior, we demonstrate that stripe-GAL4-mediated reporter expression can label fruitless (fru)-expressing neurons involved in courtship in an activity (experience)-dependent manner. Optogenetic reactivation of the labeled neurons elicited sexual behavior in males, whereas silencing of the labeled neurons suppressed courtship and copulation. Further, by combining stripe-GAL4-mediated reporter expression and detection of endogenous Stripe expression, we established methods that can label neurons activated under different contexts in separate time windows in the same animal. The cell assembly analysis of fru neural population in males revealed that distinct groups of neurons are activated during interactions with a female or another male. These methods will contribute to building a deeper understanding of neural circuit mechanisms underlying innate insect behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seika Takayanagi-Kiya
- Division of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Natural Science & Technology, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa920-1192, Japan
| | - Natsumi Shioya
- Division of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Natural Science & Technology, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa920-1192, Japan
| | - Takumi Nishiuchi
- Research Center for Experimental Modeling of Human Disease, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa920-8640, Japan
| | - Masafumi Iwami
- Division of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Natural Science & Technology, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa920-1192, Japan
| | - Taketoshi Kiya
- Division of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Natural Science & Technology, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa920-1192, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Vicedo M. Beyond the Instinct Debate: Daniel Lehrman's Contributions to Animal Behavior Studies. J Hist Biol 2023; 56:251-284. [PMID: 36790597 DOI: 10.1007/s10739-023-09706-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
This paper examines the contributions of Daniel S. Lehrman (1919-1972) to animal behavior studies. Though widely cited as a critic of the early ethological program presented by Konrad Lorenz and Niko Tinbergen, other significant aspects of Lehrman's career and research have not received historical attention. In this paper, I offer a fuller account of Lehrman's work by situating his debate with ethologists within the larger context of Lehrman's early scholarly development under G. K. Noble and T. C. Schneirla, by examining his scientific research on the ring-dove as well as his epistemological views about the best way to understand animal behaviour, and by presenting his leadership in institution and network-building of interdisciplinary approaches to animal behavior. This essay highlights Lehrman's impact on the evolution of ethology, endocrinology, and developmental biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marga Vicedo
- Institute for the History and Philosophy of Science and Technology, University of Toronto, 91 Charles St. West, Toronto, ON, M5S 1K7, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Jefferson SJ, Gregg I, Dibbs M, Liao C, Wu H, Davoudian PA, Woodburn SC, Wehrle PH, Sprouse JS, Sherwood AM, Kaye AP, Pittenger C, Kwan AC. 5-MeO-DMT modifies innate behaviors and promotes structural neural plasticity in mice. Neuropsychopharmacology 2023; 48:1257-1266. [PMID: 37015972 PMCID: PMC10354037 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-023-01572-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2023]
Abstract
Serotonergic psychedelics are gaining increasing interest as potential therapeutics for a range of mental illnesses. Compounds with short-lived subjective effects may be clinically useful because dosing time would be reduced, which may improve patient access. One short-acting psychedelic is 5-MeO-DMT, which has been associated with improvement in depression and anxiety symptoms in early phase clinical studies. However, relatively little is known about the behavioral and neural mechanisms of 5-MeO-DMT, particularly the durability of its long-term effects. Here we characterized the effects of 5-MeO-DMT on innate behaviors and dendritic architecture in mice. We showed that 5-MeO-DMT induces a dose-dependent increase in head-twitch response that is shorter in duration than that induced by psilocybin at all doses tested. 5-MeO-DMT also substantially suppresses social ultrasonic vocalizations produced during mating behavior. 5-MeO-DMT produces long-lasting increases in dendritic spine density in the mouse medial frontal cortex that are driven by an elevated rate of spine formation. However, unlike psilocybin, 5-MeO-DMT did not affect the size of dendritic spines. These data provide insights into the behavioral and neural consequences underlying the action of 5-MeO-DMT and highlight similarities and differences with those of psilocybin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Jefferson
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Ian Gregg
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Mark Dibbs
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Clara Liao
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Hao Wu
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Pasha A Davoudian
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Samuel C Woodburn
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Patrick H Wehrle
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | | | | | - Alfred P Kaye
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
- VA National Center for PTSD Clinical Neuroscience Division, West Haven, CT, 06516, USA
| | - Christopher Pittenger
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
- Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Alex C Kwan
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA.
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Salberg S, Macowan M, Yamakawa GR, Beveridge JK, Noel M, Marsland BJ, Mychasiuk R. Gut instinct: Sex differences in the gut microbiome are associated with changes in adolescent nociception following maternal separation in rats. Dev Neurobiol 2023; 83:219-233. [PMID: 37488954 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
Adolescent chronic pain is a growing public health epidemic. Our understanding of its etiology is limited; however, several factors can increase susceptibility, often developing in response to an acute pain trigger such as a surgical procedure or mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), or an adverse childhood experience (ACE). Additionally, the prevalence and manifestation of chronic pain is sexually dimorphic, with double the rates in females than males. Despite this, the majority of pre-clinical pain research focuses on males, leaving a gap in mechanistic understanding for females. Given that emerging evidence has linked the gut microbiome and the brain-gut-immune axis to various pain disorders, we aimed to investigate sex-dependent changes in taxonomic and functional gut microbiome features following an ACE and acute injury as chronic pain triggers. Male and female Sprague Dawley rat pups were randomly assigned to either a maternal separation (MS) or no stress paradigm, then further into a sham, mTBI, or surgery condition. Chronically, the von Frey test was used to measure mechanical nociception, and fecal samples were collected for 16S rRNA sequencing. Animals in the surgery group had an increase in pain sensitivity when compared to mTBI and sham groups, and this was complemented by changes to the gut microbiome. In addition, significant sex differences were identified in gut microbiome composition, which were exacerbated in response to MS. Overall, we provide preliminary evidence for sex differences and ACE-induced changes in bacterial composition that, when combined, may be contributing to heterogeneity in pain outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Salberg
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Matthew Macowan
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Glenn R Yamakawa
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jaimie K Beveridge
- Department of Psychology, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, The University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Melanie Noel
- Department of Psychology, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, The University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Benjamin J Marsland
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Richelle Mychasiuk
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Osiurak F, Federico G, Claidière N. Technical reasoning: neither cognitive instinct nor cognitive gadget. Trends Cogn Sci 2023; 27:339-340. [PMID: 36709097 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2022.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- François Osiurak
- Laboratoire d'Étude des Mécanismes Cognitifs, Université de Lyon, 5 avenue Pierre Mendès France, 69676 Bron Cedex, France; Institut Universitaire de France, 1 rue Descartes, 75231 Paris Cedex 5, France.
| | - Giovanni Federico
- IRCCS Synlab SDN S.p.A., Via Emanuele Gianturco 113, 80143, Naples, Italy
| | - Nicolas Claidière
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, LPC, 3 Place Victor Hugo, 13331 Marseille, France
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Patel R. We must encourage people to trust their instincts when delivering or receiving healthcare. BMJ 2023; 380:127. [PMID: 36690358 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.p127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi Patel
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Smith LE, Wessely S, Rubin GJ. Public health communicators should stop telling people to rely on their instincts. BMJ 2022; 379:o3008. [PMID: 36517038 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.o3008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Louise E Smith
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emergency Preparedness and Response at King's College London
| | - Simon Wessely
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emergency Preparedness and Response at King's College London
| | - G James Rubin
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emergency Preparedness and Response at King's College London
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Abstract
In the past two decades, work on the microbiota-gut-brain axis has led to a renewed appreciation for the interconnectedness between body systems in both clinical and scientific circles. In the USA alone, millions of adults are burdened with non-communicable chronic diseases whose putative etiologies were previously thought to be restricted to either the gut or brain, such as inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel syndrome, Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease, and autism spectrum disorder. However, the recent explosion of research into the impacts of the gut microbiome on diverse aspects of human health has revealed the potentially critical importance of reciprocal interactions between the gut microbiota, the immune system, and the brain in diverse diseases and disorders. In this review, we revisit the history of gut-brain interactions in science and medicine, which dates back to at least the eighteenth century, and outline how concepts in this field have shifted and evolved across eras. Next, we highlight the modern resurgence of gut-brain axis research, focusing on neuro-immune-microbiota interactions and recent progress towards a mechanistic understanding of the diverse impacts of the microbiome on human health. Finally, we offer a forward-looking perspective on the future of microbiota-gut-brain research, which may eventually reveal new paths towards the treatment of diverse diseases influenced by the complex connections between the microbiota and the brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mytien Nguyen
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, 10 Amistad Street, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, 20815, USA
| | - Noah W Palm
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, 10 Amistad Street, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, 20815, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Bonfield S. Society for the History of Psychology news and notes. Hist Psychol 2022; 25:290-291. [PMID: 35925731 DOI: 10.1037/hop0000222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Cheiron's Book Prize Committee is pleased to announce that the recipient of the 2022 Prize is Nadine Weidman, Lecturer on the History of Science at Harvard University, for her book Killer Instinct: The Popular Science of Human Nature in Twentieth-Century America. In other news from the Society for the History of Psychology, Marjorie Lorch has recently published an article on how the concept of a matched control group was initially developed in neuropsychological testing. Lorch, M. P. (2022). Defining 'normal': Methodological issues in Aphasia and intelligence research. Cortex, 153, 224-234. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).
Collapse
|
20
|
Abstract
Ferenczi's idea of the unwelcome child and his death instinct is used as a background for discussing the treatment of adult patients who do not expect to be received and understood and who turn their aggression back upon themselves, destroying their will to live. When these patients enter analysis, they are very difficult to reach because they have internalized an obstructive object (Bion, 1958). Further, I have linked the unwelcoming of a child to the hatred of the new idea. The paper highlights the deadening defenses that arise in response to awareness of premature separateness between mother and baby, inevitably experienced by an unwelcome child. Coming alive involves suffering the pain of the original loss. To avoid this pain, patients reject anything new, and become stuck in monotonous, seemingly lifeless, patterns where new ideas and new ways of being threaten the static order. This includes the threat that relationship with the analyst brings.
Collapse
|
21
|
Nishanth MJ, Jha S. Understanding the neural basis of survival instinct vs. suicidal behavior: a key to decode the biological enigma of human suicidal behavior. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2022; 272:531-533. [PMID: 33944999 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-021-01269-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Suicidal behavior is a globally widespread psychiatric disorder with a high rate of mortality. Suicide causes psychological and economic hardships for the families and societies, necessitating the development of effective prevention and treatment programs. However, a clear understanding of the neural basis of suicidal behavior would be essential to develop clinically effective therapies. To date, several neurobiological studies have reported the genetic and epigenetic factors, brain regions, and neurotransmitters involved in suicidal behavior; but, a clear understanding of the origins of self-destructive tendencies is lacking. The high prevalence of self-destructive tendency, a potential hallmark of suicidal behavior presents a biological enigma in light of the evolutionarily pervasive struggle for existence and survival (self-preservation instinct). The potential neural correlates of suicidality and survival behavior have been separately investigated. Several regions of prefrontal cortex were implicated in suicide, while the survival circuits regulating the life-processes (defense, thermoregulation, energy and nutrition, fluid balance, and reproduction) include hypothalamus, amygdala, and parabrachial nucleus, among other structures. Future research to understand the possible influence of malfunctioning survival circuits in suicide could provide valuable insights into suicidal behavior. In addition, understanding the possible evolutionary significance of suicidal traits can help us understand the mechanisms of evolution, and also serve towards alleviation of social stigma around suicide. Thus, future research to unravel the biological correlates of survival vs. suicidal instincts, equipped with high-resolution neuroimaging techniques, would be clinically and socially advantageous towards suicide prevention and treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M J Nishanth
- School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed To Be University, Thanjavur, 613401, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Shanker Jha
- School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed To Be University, Thanjavur, 613401, Tamil Nadu, India.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Dhein K. Karl von Frisch and the Discipline of Ethology. J Hist Biol 2021; 54:739-767. [PMID: 34993742 DOI: 10.1007/s10739-021-09660-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In 1973, the discipline of ethology came into its own when three of its most prominent practitioners-Konrad Lorenz, Nikolaas Tinbergen, and Karl von Frisch-jointly received the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine. Historians have shown how Lorenz and Tinbergen were central to the practical and theoretical innovations that came to define ethology as a distinct form of animal behavior research in the twentieth century. Frisch is rarely mentioned in such histories. In this paper, I ask, What is Frisch's relationship to the discipline of ethology? To answer that question, I examine Tinbergen's relationship to Frisch's grey card experiments between Tinbergen's time as a student at the University of Leiden in the mid 1920s and his 1951 publication of The Study of Instinct. In doing so, I highlight previously neglected affinities between Frisch's early career research and the program of classical ethology, and I show how Frisch's research meant different things at different times to Tinbergen and others working in the ethological tradition.
Collapse
|
23
|
O'Connor DM. A Mother on Trial-Best Interests and the Conflict of Maternal Instincts: Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust and Z (by Her Litigation Friend, The Official Solicitor) [2020] EWCOP 20. Med Law Rev 2021; 29:562-573. [PMID: 34120164 DOI: 10.1093/medlaw/fwab018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
|
24
|
Loewke AC, Minerva AR, Nelson AB, Kreitzer AC, Gunaydin LA. Frontostriatal Projections Regulate Innate Avoidance Behavior. J Neurosci 2021; 41:5487-5501. [PMID: 34001628 PMCID: PMC8221601 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2581-20.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC) has been linked to avoidance and decision-making under conflict, key neural computations altered in anxiety disorders. However, the heterogeneity of prefrontal projections has obscured identification of specific top-down projections involved. While the dmPFC-amygdala circuit has long been implicated in controlling reflexive fear responses, recent work suggests that dmPFC-dorsomedial striatum (DMS) projections may be more important for regulating avoidance. Using fiber photometry recordings in both male and female mice during the elevated zero maze task, we show heightened neural activity in frontostriatal but not frontoamygdalar projection neurons during exploration of the anxiogenic open arms. Additionally, using optogenetics, we demonstrate that this frontostriatal projection preferentially excites postsynaptic D1 receptor-expressing neurons in the DMS and causally controls innate avoidance behavior. These results support a model for prefrontal control of defensive behavior in which the dmPFC-amygdala projection controls reflexive fear behavior and the dmPFC-striatum projection controls anxious avoidance behavior.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The medial prefrontal cortex has been extensively linked to several behavioral symptom domains related to anxiety disorders, with much of the work centered around reflexive fear responses. Comparatively little is known at the mechanistic level about anxious avoidance behavior, a core feature across anxiety disorders. Recent work has suggested that the striatum may be an important hub for regulating avoidance behaviors. Our work uses optical circuit dissection techniques to identify a specific corticostriatal circuit involved in encoding and controlling avoidance behavior. Identifying neural circuits for avoidance will enable the development of more targeted symptom-specific treatments for anxiety disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adrienne C Loewke
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158
| | - Adelaide R Minerva
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158
| | - Alexandra B Nelson
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158
- Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience is at University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158
| | - Anatol C Kreitzer
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158
- Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience is at University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158
- Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158
- Neurological Disease Institute, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California 94158
| | - Lisa A Gunaydin
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158
- Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience is at University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Hasriadi, Wasana PWD, Vajragupta O, Rojsitthisak P, Towiwat P. Automated home-cage for the evaluation of innate non-reflexive pain behaviors in a mouse model of inflammatory pain. Sci Rep 2021; 11:12240. [PMID: 34112846 PMCID: PMC8192791 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-91444-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The failure to develop analgesic drugs is attributed not only to the complex and diverse pathophysiology of pain in humans but also to the poor experimental design and poor preclinical assessment of pain. Although considerable efforts have been devoted to overcoming the relevant problems, many features of the behavioral pain assessment remain to be characterized. For example, a decreased locomotor activity as a common presentation of pain-like behavior has yet to be described. Studies on mice experimentally induced with carrageenan have provided opportunities to explore pain-related behaviors in automated home-cage monitoring. Through this approach, the locomotor activities of mice with carrageenan-induced inflammatory pain can be precisely and objectively captured. Here, we found that the mobile behaviors of mice reduced, and their immobility increased, indicating that carrageenan induction in mice caused a significant decrease in locomotor activity. These non-reflexive pain behaviors were strongly correlated with the reflexive pain behaviors measured via von Frey and plantar tests. Furthermore, the pharmacological intervention using indomethacin improved the locomotor activity of mice with carrageenan-induced pain. Thus, the analysis of the locomotor activity in automated home-cage monitoring is useful for studying the behavioral analgesia and the pharmacological screening of analgesic drugs. The combined evaluation of reflexive and non-reflexive pain behaviors enhances the translational utility of preclinical pain research in rodents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hasriadi
- Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology Program, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Peththa Wadu Dasuni Wasana
- Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology Program, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Opa Vajragupta
- Research Affairs, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Pornchai Rojsitthisak
- Department of Food and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
- Natural Products for Ageing and Chronic Diseases Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Pasarapa Towiwat
- Natural Products for Ageing and Chronic Diseases Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Wu W, Zhu S, Huang X, Wei W, Jin C, Ni BJ. Determination of Instinct Components of Biomass on the Generation of Persistent Free Radicals (PFRs) as Critical Redox Sites in Pyrogenic Chars for Persulfate Activation. Environ Sci Technol 2021; 55:7690-7701. [PMID: 33998225 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c01882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Persulfate (PS) activation on biochar (BC) is a promising technology for degrading the aqueous organic contaminants. However, the complexity of activation mechanisms and components in biomass that used to produce BC makes it difficult to predict the performance of PS activation. In this study, we employed eight sludges as the representative biomass that contained absolutely different organic or inorganic components. Results showed that the elemental composition, surface properties, and structures of the sludge-derived BCs (SBCs) clearly depended on the inherent components in the sludges. The intensities of persistent free radicals (PFRs) in the electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) correlated positively with N-containing content of sludges as electron shuttle, but negatively with the metal content as electron acceptor. Linking with PFRs as crucial sites of triggering a radical reaction, a poly-parameter relationship of predicting PS activation for organic degradation using the sludge components was established (kobs,PN = 0.004 × Cprotein + 0.16 × CM-0.895 -0.118). However, for the PS activation on those SBCs without PFRs, this redox process only relied on the sorption or conductivity-related characteristics, not correlating with the content of intrinsic components in biomass but with pyrolysis temperatures. This study provided insightful information of predicting the remediation efficiency of PS activation on BCs and further understanding the fate of contaminants and stoichiometric efficiency of oxidants in a field application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, P. R. China
| | - Shishu Zhu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China
| | - Xiaochen Huang
- School of Agriculture, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China
| | - Wei Wei
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Chao Jin
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China
| | - Bing-Jie Ni
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Li Z, Wei JX, Zhang GW, Huang JJ, Zingg B, Wang X, Tao HW, Zhang LI. Corticostriatal control of defense behavior in mice induced by auditory looming cues. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1040. [PMID: 33589613 PMCID: PMC7884702 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21248-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Animals exhibit innate defense behaviors in response to approaching threats cued by the dynamics of sensory inputs of various modalities. The underlying neural circuits have been mostly studied in the visual system, but remain unclear for other modalities. Here, by utilizing sounds with increasing (vs. decreasing) loudness to mimic looming (vs. receding) objects, we find that looming sounds elicit stereotypical sequential defensive reactions: freezing followed by flight. Both behaviors require the activity of auditory cortex, in particular the sustained type of responses, but are differentially mediated by corticostriatal projections primarily innervating D2 neurons in the tail of the striatum and corticocollicular projections to the superior colliculus, respectively. The behavioral transition from freezing to flight can be attributed to the differential temporal dynamics of the striatal and collicular neurons in their responses to looming sound stimuli. Our results reveal an essential role of the striatum in the innate defense control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Li
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jin-Xing Wei
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Guang-Wei Zhang
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Junxiang J Huang
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Program in Biomedical and Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Brian Zingg
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Xiyue Wang
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Huizhong W Tao
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Li I Zhang
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Benveniste DS. Mother-Infant Observations: A View into the Wordless Social Instincts that Form the Foundation of Human Psychodynamics. J Am Psychoanal Assoc 2021; 69:33-50. [PMID: 33845637 DOI: 10.1177/0003065121997402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Mother-infant observations attune the psychotherapist to the nonverbal interactions that shape the child's experience of the world. The origins of our interest in psychoanalytic mother-infant observations can be traced back to clinical work with adults, child analyses, ethology (the study of animal behavior), and theoretical questions about the development of the symbolic function in infancy. More recently, seminars and direct experience in mother-infant observation have been gaining popularity as components of psychoanalytic training. Indeed, mother-infant observations are a kind of human ethological investigation that offer a rare peek into the wordless social instincts that find their origins in the ancient evolution of our species.
Collapse
|
29
|
Matsuo T, Isosaka T, Tang L, Soga T, Kobayakawa R, Kobayakawa K. Artificial hibernation/life-protective state induced by thiazoline-related innate fear odors. Commun Biol 2021; 4:101. [PMID: 33483561 PMCID: PMC7822961 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-01629-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate fear intimately connects to the life preservation in crises, although this relationships is not fully understood. Here, we report that presentation of a supernormal innate fear inducer 2-methyl-2-thiazoline (2MT), but not learned fear stimuli, induced robust systemic hypothermia/hypometabolism and suppressed aerobic metabolism via phosphorylation of pyruvate dehydrogenase, thereby enabling long-term survival in a lethal hypoxic environment. These responses exerted potent therapeutic effects in cutaneous and cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury models. In contrast to hibernation, 2MT stimulation accelerated glucose uptake in the brain and suppressed oxygen saturation in the blood. Whole-brain mapping and chemogenetic activation revealed that the sensory representation of 2MT orchestrates physiological responses via brain stem Sp5/NST to midbrain PBN pathway. 2MT, as a supernormal stimulus of innate fear, induced exaggerated, latent life-protective effects in mice. If this system is preserved in humans, it may be utilized to give rise to a new field: "sensory medicine."
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiko Matsuo
- Institute of Biomedical Science, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, 573-1010, Japan
| | - Tomoko Isosaka
- Institute of Biomedical Science, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, 573-1010, Japan
| | - Lijun Tang
- Institute of Biomedical Science, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, 573-1010, Japan
| | - Tomoyoshi Soga
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Tsuruoka, Yamagata, 997-0052, Japan
| | - Reiko Kobayakawa
- Institute of Biomedical Science, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, 573-1010, Japan.
| | - Ko Kobayakawa
- Institute of Biomedical Science, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, 573-1010, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Storchi R, Milosavljevic N, Allen AE, Zippo AG, Agnihotri A, Cootes TF, Lucas RJ. A High-Dimensional Quantification of Mouse Defensive Behaviors Reveals Enhanced Diversity and Stimulus Specificity. Curr Biol 2020; 30:4619-4630.e5. [PMID: 33007242 PMCID: PMC7728163 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Instinctive defensive behaviors, consisting of stereotyped sequences of movements and postures, are an essential component of the mouse behavioral repertoire. Since defensive behaviors can be reliably triggered by threatening sensory stimuli, the selection of the most appropriate action depends on the stimulus property. However, since the mouse has a wide repertoire of motor actions, it is not clear which set of movements and postures represent the relevant action. So far, this has been empirically identified as a change in locomotion state. However, the extent to which locomotion alone captures the diversity of defensive behaviors and their sensory specificity is unknown. To tackle this problem, we developed a method to obtain a faithful 3D reconstruction of the mouse body that enabled to quantify a wide variety of motor actions. This higher dimensional description revealed that defensive behaviors are more stimulus specific than indicated by locomotion data. Thus, responses to distinct stimuli that were equivalent in terms of locomotion (e.g., freezing induced by looming and sound) could be discriminated along other dimensions. The enhanced stimulus specificity was explained by a surprising diversity. A clustering analysis revealed that distinct combinations of movements and postures, giving rise to at least 7 different behaviors, were required to account for stimulus specificity. Moreover, each stimulus evoked more than one behavior, revealing a robust one-to-many mapping between sensations and behaviors that was not apparent from locomotion data. Our results indicate that diversity and sensory specificity of mouse defensive behaviors unfold in a higher dimensional space, spanning multiple motor actions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Storchi
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Science, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
| | - Nina Milosavljevic
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Science, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Annette E Allen
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Science, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Antonio G Zippo
- Institute of Neuroscience, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Milan, Italy
| | - Aayushi Agnihotri
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Science, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Timothy F Cootes
- Division of Informatics, Imaging & Data Science, School of Health Science, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Robert J Lucas
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Science, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Perler BK. Love of a Lady Bug. Patient Educ Couns 2020; 103:1864-1865. [PMID: 32381286 DOI: 10.1016/j.pec.2020.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bryce Klein Perler
- Department of Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Bryce Perler.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Gao Z, Sun Y, Hu H, Zhang T, Gao F. Investigation of the instinctive reaction of human drivers in social dilemma based on the use of a driving simulator and a questionnaire survey. Traffic Inj Prev 2020; 21:254-258. [PMID: 32310690 DOI: 10.1080/15389588.2020.1739274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2019] [Revised: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Objective:The moral and ethical issue is a great challenge to the development of autonomous vehicles. There may be distinctions between the choices made by an observer and a participant. The paper is designed to investigate whether drivers will sacrifice the fewest people to save more people in social dilemma, and whether human drivers would give priority to protecting pedestrians or self-protection in an emergency.Methodology: The experiment was conducted with a total of 50 participants assigned to three groups. Three experimental scenarios were designed and each of them contained a social dilemma. A driving simulator was used in this study to explore the choices of human drivers in social dilemma. In addition, the simulator results were compared with those of questionnaire survey.Result: In study 1, 73% of 22 participants swerved into the right lane to hit only one pedestrian for the safety of other five. In study 2 and 3, more participants chose to hit the barrier to protect the pedestrian.Conclusion: A conclusion can be drawn from the second and third group of experiments that most drivers consider not only their own safety, but the safety of pedestrians. Most of the participants intended to minimize the total amount of harm in social dilemma. The choice of crashing into barriers to protect a pedestrian can also be seen as a way to minimize the total amount of harm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhai Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Automotive Simulation and Control, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yiteng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Automotive Simulation and Control, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hongyu Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Automotive Simulation and Control, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Tianyao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Automotive Simulation and Control, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Fei Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Automotive Simulation and Control, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Brown SJ. Listening to the Little Voice Inside. Fam Pract Manag 2020; 27:38. [PMID: 31934733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
|
34
|
Reinhard K, Li C, Do Q, Burke EG, Heynderickx S, Farrow K. A projection specific logic to sampling visual inputs in mouse superior colliculus. eLife 2019; 8:e50697. [PMID: 31750831 PMCID: PMC6872211 DOI: 10.7554/elife.50697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Using sensory information to trigger different behaviors relies on circuits that pass through brain regions. The rules by which parallel inputs are routed to downstream targets are poorly understood. The superior colliculus mediates a set of innate behaviors, receiving input from >30 retinal ganglion cell types and projecting to behaviorally important targets including the pulvinar and parabigeminal nucleus. Combining transsynaptic circuit tracing with in vivo and ex vivo electrophysiological recordings, we observed a projection-specific logic where each collicular output pathway sampled a distinct set of retinal inputs. Neurons projecting to the pulvinar or the parabigeminal nucleus showed strongly biased sampling from four cell types each, while six others innervated both pathways. The visual response properties of retinal ganglion cells correlated well with those of their disynaptic targets. These findings open the possibility that projection-specific sampling of retinal inputs forms a basis for the selective triggering of behaviors by the superior colliculus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katja Reinhard
- Neuro-Electronics Research FlandersLeuvenBelgium
- VIBLeuvenBelgium
- Department of BiologyKU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - Chen Li
- Neuro-Electronics Research FlandersLeuvenBelgium
- VIBLeuvenBelgium
- Department of BiologyKU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - Quan Do
- Neuro-Electronics Research FlandersLeuvenBelgium
- Northeastern UniversityBostonUnited States
| | - Emily G Burke
- Neuro-Electronics Research FlandersLeuvenBelgium
- Northeastern UniversityBostonUnited States
| | | | - Karl Farrow
- Neuro-Electronics Research FlandersLeuvenBelgium
- VIBLeuvenBelgium
- Department of BiologyKU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
- IMECLeuvenBelgium
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Storchi R, Rodgers J, Gracey M, Martial FP, Wynne J, Ryan S, Twining CJ, Cootes TF, Killick R, Lucas RJ. Measuring vision using innate behaviours in mice with intact and impaired retina function. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10396. [PMID: 31316114 PMCID: PMC6637134 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46836-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Measuring vision in rodents is a critical step for understanding vision, improving models of human disease, and developing therapies. Established behavioural tests for perceptual vision, such as the visual water task, rely on learning. The learning process, while effective for sighted animals, can be laborious and stressful in animals with impaired vision, requiring long periods of training. Current tests that that do not require training are based on sub-conscious, reflex responses (e.g. optokinetic nystagmus) that don't require involvement of visual cortex and higher order thalamic nuclei. A potential alternative for measuring vision relies on using visually guided innate defensive responses, such as escape or freeze, that involve cortical and thalamic circuits. In this study we address this possibility in mice with intact and degenerate retinas. We first develop automatic methods to detect behavioural responses based on high dimensional tracking and changepoint detection of behavioural time series. Using those methods, we show that visually guided innate responses can be elicited using parametisable stimuli, and applied to describing the limits of visual acuity in healthy animals and discriminating degrees of visual dysfunction in mouse models of retinal degeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Storchi
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
| | - J Rodgers
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - M Gracey
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - F P Martial
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - J Wynne
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - S Ryan
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - C J Twining
- School of Computer Science, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - T F Cootes
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - R Killick
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - R J Lucas
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Han JJ, Vapiwala N. Challenging assumptions of innateness - leave nothing unturned. Med Educ 2019; 53:423-425. [PMID: 30828859 DOI: 10.1111/medu.13824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jason J Han
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Neha Vapiwala
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
한 선. The Connection between Charles Darwin's Evolutionary Theory of 'Heredity of Behaviors' and the 19th Century Neuroscience: The Influence of Neuroscience on Darwin's Overcoming of Lamarck's Theory of Evolution. Uisahak 2019; 28:291-350. [PMID: 31092809 PMCID: PMC10568163 DOI: 10.13081/kjmh.2019.28.291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The nineteenth century neuroscience studied the instinct of animal to understand the human mind. In particular, it has been found that the inheritance of unconscious behavior like instinct is mediated through ganglion chains, such as the spinal cord or sympathetic nervous system, which control unconscious reflexes. At the same time, the theory of Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics (hereafter 'IAC') widely known as Lamarck's evolutionary theory provided the theoretical frame on the origin of instinct and the heredity of action that the parental generation's habits were converted into the nature of the offspring generation. Contrary to conventional knowledge, this theory was not originally invented by Lamarck, and Darwin also did not discard this theory even after discovering the theory of natural selection in 1838 and maintained it throughout his intellectual life. Above all, in the field of epigenetics, the theory of 'IAC' has gained attention as a reliable scientific theory today. Darwin discovered crucial errors in the late 1830s that the Lamarck version's theory of 'IAC' did not adequately account for the principle of the inheritance of unconscious behavior like instinct. Lamarck's theory regarded habits as conscious and willful acts and saw that those habits are transmitted through the brain to control conscious actions. Lamarck's theory could not account for the complex and elaborate instincts of invertebrate animals, such as brainless ants. Contrary to Lamarck's view, Darwin established the new theory of 'IAC' that could be combined with contemporary neurological theory, which explains the heredity of unconscious behavior. Based on the knowledge of neurology, Darwin was able to translate the 'principle of habit' into a neurological term called 'principle of reflex'. This article focuses on how Darwin join the theory of 'IAC' with nineteenth century neuroscience and how the neurological knowledge from the nineteenth century contributed to Darwin's overcoming of Lamarck's 'IAC'. The significance of this study is to elucidate Darwin's notion of 'IAC' theory rather than natural selection theory as a principle of heredity of behavior. The theory of 'IAC' was able to account for the rapid variation of instincts in a relatively short period of time, unlike natural selection, which operates slowly in geological time spans of tens of millions of years. The nineteenth century neurological theory also provided neurological principles for 'plasticity of instinct,' empirically supporting the fact that all nervous systems responsible for reflexes respond sensitively to very fine stimuli. However, researchers of neo-Darwinian tendencies, such as Richard Dawkins and evolutionary psychologists advocating the 'selfish gene' hypothesis, which today claim to be Darwin's descendants, are characterized by human nature embedded in biological information, such as the brain and genes, so that it cannot change at all. This study aims to contribute to reconstructing the evolutionary discourse by illuminating Darwin's insights into the "plasticity of nature" that instincts can change relatively easily even at the level of invertebrates such as earthworms.
Collapse
|
38
|
|
39
|
Abstract
Ferenczi (1929) writes about the unwelcome child who is not ushered into this world with care and grows up in the grip of the death instinct, with a depressive streak and a weakness in the capacity for life. Andre Green's (1986) concept of the dead mother describes a similar phenomenon, by which the image of a loving mother is transformed into an inanimate, dead parent. The absent mother becomes the negative, which will then take up a central position in the child's psyche. Winnicott (1956) describes a different maternal participation, and proposes that towards the end of her pregnancy the ordinary devoted mother develops a psychological condition which he calls primary maternal preoccupation, the main feature of which is the mother's heightened attunement to her baby at the expense of all else. I suggest that there is a potent and clinically relevant connection among these concepts: a depressed or damaged mother can still provide temporary devotion before reverting back to a state of depressive absence and that, conversely, even the devoted mother will eventually recover from the state of primary maternal preoccupation and begin to tend to other matters, and the mother's reclaiming herself can be traumatic for the child even under the best of circumstances. The connection among these concepts is illustrated with clinical material, including transference and countertransference implications, from the treatment of a young woman who grew up as an unwelcome child.
Collapse
|
40
|
|
41
|
Wang Y, Cao L, Lee CY, Matsuo T, Wu K, Asher G, Tang L, Saitoh T, Russell J, Klewe-Nebenius D, Wang L, Soya S, Hasegawa E, Chérasse Y, Zhou J, Li Y, Wang T, Zhan X, Miyoshi C, Irukayama Y, Cao J, Meeks JP, Gautron L, Wang Z, Sakurai K, Funato H, Sakurai T, Yanagisawa M, Nagase H, Kobayakawa R, Kobayakawa K, Beutler B, Liu Q. Large-scale forward genetics screening identifies Trpa1 as a chemosensor for predator odor-evoked innate fear behaviors. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2041. [PMID: 29795268 PMCID: PMC5966455 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04324-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate behaviors are genetically encoded, but their underlying molecular mechanisms remain largely unknown. Predator odor 2,4,5-trimethyl-3-thiazoline (TMT) and its potent analog 2-methyl-2-thiazoline (2MT) are believed to activate specific odorant receptors to elicit innate fear/defensive behaviors in naive mice. Here, we conduct a large-scale recessive genetics screen of ethylnitrosourea (ENU)-mutagenized mice. We find that loss of Trpa1, a pungency/irritancy receptor, diminishes TMT/2MT and snake skin-evoked innate fear/defensive responses. Accordingly, Trpa1 -/- mice fail to effectively activate known fear/stress brain centers upon 2MT exposure, despite their apparent ability to smell and learn to fear 2MT. Moreover, Trpa1 acts as a chemosensor for 2MT/TMT and Trpa1-expressing trigeminal ganglion neurons contribute critically to 2MT-evoked freezing. Our results indicate that Trpa1-mediated nociception plays a crucial role in predator odor-evoked innate fear/defensive behaviors. The work establishes the first forward genetics screen to uncover the molecular mechanism of innate fear, a basic emotion and evolutionarily conserved survival mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yibing Wang
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, 102206, Beijing, China
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Liqin Cao
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan
| | - Chia-Ying Lee
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Matsuo
- Functional Neuroscience Lab, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka, 573-1010, Japan
| | - Kejia Wu
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, 102206, Beijing, China
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Greg Asher
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan
| | - Lijun Tang
- Functional Neuroscience Lab, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka, 573-1010, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Saitoh
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan
| | - Jamie Russell
- Center for Genetics of Host Defense, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Daniela Klewe-Nebenius
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Shingo Soya
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan
| | - Emi Hasegawa
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan
| | - Yoan Chérasse
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan
| | - Jiamin Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Yuwenbin Li
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Tao Wang
- Center for Genetics of Host Defense, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Xiaowei Zhan
- Center for Genetics of Host Defense, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Chika Miyoshi
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan
| | - Yoko Irukayama
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan
| | - Jie Cao
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Julian P Meeks
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Laurent Gautron
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Zhiqiang Wang
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan
| | - Katsuyasu Sakurai
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan
| | - Hiromasa Funato
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Toho University, Ota-Ku, Tokyo, 143-8540, Japan
| | - Takeshi Sakurai
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan
| | - Masashi Yanagisawa
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan
- Life Science Center, Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nagase
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan
| | - Reiko Kobayakawa
- Functional Neuroscience Lab, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka, 573-1010, Japan
| | - Ko Kobayakawa
- Functional Neuroscience Lab, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka, 573-1010, Japan.
| | - Bruce Beutler
- Center for Genetics of Host Defense, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.
| | - Qinghua Liu
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, 102206, Beijing, China.
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan.
- Center for Genetics of Host Defense, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.
- Tsinghua Institute of Multidisciplinary Biomedical Research, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Huong BT, Liamputtong P. 'There was a struggle between my instinct and my head': women's perception and experience of masturbation in contemporary Vietnam. Cult Health Sex 2018; 20:504-515. [PMID: 28857687 DOI: 10.1080/13691058.2017.1359339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This paper investigates how masturbation, as one form of non-coital sexual practice, is interpreted and experienced by young married women in contemporary Vietnam. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 20 professional women aged 25-40 living in Hanoi. Thematic analysis suggests that by embracing the pursuit of pleasure and aspiring to achieve this goal, many women stake a claim for modernity by promoting the idea that they are no longer traditional in this particular domain of social life. However, wider social forces associated with traditional Vietnamese gender ideology and sexual values remain firmly rooted, impacting on their everyday lives as working wives and mothers, and stalling their pursuit of pleasure and thus 'wellbeing' in its fullest sense. Indeed, among participants in this study, sex was interpreted as being almost exclusively organised around penile-vaginal intercourse. Even when sex was conceptualised as involving more than penetration, penile-vaginal intercourse was still viewed as its most essential component, without which a sexual transaction could not be seen as complete. The normality of penetrative sex was sometimes coupled with the stigma and discrimination associated with other non-coital sexual practices, positioning women firmly within conventional discourses of naturalness and health in regard to sex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bui Thu Huong
- a Australian Research Centre in Sex, Health and Society , La Trobe University , Melbourne , Australia
| | - Pranee Liamputtong
- b School of Psychology and Public Health, College of Science, Health and Engineering , La Trobe University , Melbourne , Australia
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Warland J, Heazell AEP, Stacey T, Coomarasamy C, Budd J, Mitchell EA, O'Brien LM. "They told me all mothers have worries", stillborn mother's experiences of having a 'gut instinct' that something is wrong in pregnancy: Findings from an international case-control study. Midwifery 2018; 62:171-176. [PMID: 29684796 DOI: 10.1016/j.midw.2018.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe and explore 'gut instinct' that something was wrong in women who identified that they experienced gut instinct during pregnancy. METHOD A case-control study utilising an international web-based questionnaire. Stillborn cases (n = 146) and liveborn controls (n = 234) answered the gut instinct question within 30 days of the pregnancy ending. Of those, 84 cases and 27 controls also provided qualitative comment data. Descriptive statistics were used for the question, with a fixed option and summative content analysis was used to analyse the comment data. FINDINGS In all, 110 (75%) of the stillborn cases answered "yes" to the gut instinct question vs only 28 (12%) of the controls who had a livebirth meaning the risk of stillbirth was 22.5 fold higher in those who experience "gut instinct" than in those who do not experience this feeling. Four themes were identified from the comment data namely: When the gut instinct occurred; How the gut instinct made the woman feel; Dreams and other related phenomena; Reassured by someone or something. CONCLUSIONS Women who had a stillborn baby reported a "gut instinct" that something was wrong more frequently than mothers of a live born baby. Our findings may be influenced by recall negativity bias, and a prospective study is needed to confirm or refute our findings. The possibility that "maternal intuition" exists during pregnancy and responds to changes in fetal or placental health merits further exploration. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE Maternity care providers should be alert to the woman when she expresses intuitive feelings, as well as asking her to report her concerns and act appropriately to assess and manage fetal wellbeing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jane Warland
- Mother's Babies and Families Research Group, School of Nursing and Midwifery, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia.
| | - Alexander E P Heazell
- St. Mary's Hospital, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9WL, UK; Maternal and Fetal Health Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biological, Medical and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
| | | | - Christin Coomarasamy
- Department of Paediatrics: Child and Youth Health, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Jayne Budd
- St. Mary's Hospital, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9WL, UK; Maternal and Fetal Health Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biological, Medical and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
| | - Edwin A Mitchell
- Department of Paediatrics: Child and Youth Health, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Louise M O'Brien
- Sleep Disorders Center and Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Augustine V, Gokce SK, Lee S, Wang B, Davidson TJ, Reimann F, Gribble F, Deisseroth K, Lois C, Oka Y. Hierarchical neural architecture underlying thirst regulation. Nature 2018; 555:204-209. [PMID: 29489747 PMCID: PMC6086126 DOI: 10.1038/nature25488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Neural circuits for appetites are regulated by both homeostatic perturbations and ingestive behaviour. However, the circuit organization that integrates these internal and external stimuli is unclear. Here we show in mice that excitatory neural populations in the lamina terminalis form a hierarchical circuit architecture to regulate thirst. Among them, nitric oxide synthase-expressing neurons in the median preoptic nucleus (MnPO) are essential for the integration of signals from the thirst-driving neurons of the subfornical organ (SFO). Conversely, a distinct inhibitory circuit, involving MnPO GABAergic neurons that express glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor (GLP1R), is activated immediately upon drinking and monosynaptically inhibits SFO thirst neurons. These responses are induced by the ingestion of fluids but not solids, and are time-locked to the onset and offset of drinking. Furthermore, loss-of-function manipulations of GLP1R-expressing MnPO neurons lead to a polydipsic, overdrinking phenotype. These neurons therefore facilitate rapid satiety of thirst by monitoring real-time fluid ingestion. Our study reveals dynamic thirst circuits that integrate the homeostatic-instinctive requirement for fluids and the consequent drinking behaviour to maintain internal water balance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vineet Augustine
- Computation and Neural Systems, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - Sertan Kutal Gokce
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - Sangjun Lee
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - Bo Wang
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - Thomas J Davidson
- Department of Physiology and Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Frank Reimann
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Fiona Gribble
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Karl Deisseroth
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Carlos Lois
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - Yuki Oka
- Computation and Neural Systems, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Abstract
In this paper, the author attempts to show how Winnicott rejected the basic concepts of Freud's metapsychology, namely the concepts of Trieb (instinct/drive), psychical apparatus and libido. To that purpose, he first elucidates what metapsychology is, according to Freud. Freud describes metapsychology as a speculative superstructure of psychoanalysis in which the aforementioned concepts correspond to the dynamic, topographical and economic viewpoints. The author then presents an explanation of what metapsychology means in Winnicott's view, and examines his criticism of this kind of speculative theorization in psychoanalysis, as well as his suggested substitute for each of those basic concepts. Subsequent analysis shows that Winnicott replaced the main concepts of the metapsychological theory, which have no correlation whatsoever in the phenomenal world, with a set of other, non-speculative concepts, thereby favouring a factual theorization.
Collapse
|
46
|
de la Flor M, Chen L, Manson-Bishop C, Chu TC, Zamora K, Robbins D, Gunaratne G, Roman G. Drosophila increase exploration after visually detecting predators. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0180749. [PMID: 28746346 PMCID: PMC5528251 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Novel stimuli elicit behaviors that are collectively known as specific exploration. These behaviors allow the animal to become more familiar with the novel objects within its environment. Specific exploration is frequently suppressed by defensive reactions to predator cues. Herein, we examine if this suppression occurs in Drosophila melanogaster by measuring the response of these flies to wild harvested predators. The flies used in our experiments have been cultured and had not lived under predator threat for multiple decades. In a circular arena with centrally-caged predators, wild type Drosophila actively avoided the pantropical jumping spider, Plexippus paykulli, and the Texas unicorn mantis, Phyllovates chlorophaena, indicating an innate defensive reaction to these predators. Interestingly, wild type Drosophila males also avoided a centrally-caged mock spider, and the avoidance of the mock spider became exaggerated when it was made to move within the cage. Visually impaired Drosophila failed to detect and avoid the Plexippus paykulli and the moving mock spider, while the broadly anosmic orco2 mutants were fully capable of detecting and avoiding Plexippus paykulli, indicating that these flies principally relied upon vison to perceive the predator stimuli. During early exploration of the arena, exploratory activity increased in the presence of Plexippus paykulli and the moving mock spider. The elevated activity induced by Plexippus paykulli disappeared after the fly had finished exploring, suggesting the flies were capable of habituating the predator cues. Taken together, these results indicate that despite being isolated from predators for decades Drosophila will visually detect these predators, retain innate defensive behaviors, respond by increasing exploratory activity in the arena rather than suppressing activity, and may habituate to normal predator cues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miguel de la Flor
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States of America
- Biology of Behavior Institute, University of Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Lijian Chen
- Department of Physics, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Claire Manson-Bishop
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Tzu-Chun Chu
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Kathya Zamora
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Danielle Robbins
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Gemunu Gunaratne
- Department of Physics, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Gregg Roman
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States of America
- Biology of Behavior Institute, University of Houston, TX, United States of America
- Department of Biology, University of Mississippi, University MS, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Abstract
Instinctive defensive behaviors are essential for animal survival. Across the animal kingdom, there are sensory stimuli that innately represent threat and trigger stereotyped behaviors such as escape or freezing [1-4]. While innate behaviors are considered to be hard-wired stimulus-responses [5], they act within dynamic environments, and factors such as the properties of the threat [6-9] and its perceived intensity [1, 10, 11], access to food sources [12-14], and expectations from past experience [15, 16] have been shown to influence defensive behaviors, suggesting that their expression can be modulated. However, despite recent work [2, 4, 17-21], little is known about how flexible mouse innate defensive behaviors are and how quickly they can be modified by experience. To address this, we have investigated the dependence of escape behavior on learned knowledge about the spatial environment and how the behavior is updated when the environment changes acutely. Using behavioral assays with innately threatening visual and auditory stimuli, we show that the primary goal of escape in mice is to reach a previously memorized shelter location. Memory of the escape target can be formed in a single shelter visit lasting less than 20 s, and changes in the spatial environment lead to a rapid update of the defensive action, including changing the defensive strategy from escape to freezing. Our results show that although there are innate links between specific sensory features and defensive behavior, instinctive defensive actions are surprisingly flexible and can be rapidly updated by experience to adapt to changing spatial environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruben Vale
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK; UCL Sainsbury Wellcome Centre for Neural Circuits and Behaviour, Howland Street, London W1T 4JG, UK
| | - Dominic A Evans
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK; UCL Sainsbury Wellcome Centre for Neural Circuits and Behaviour, Howland Street, London W1T 4JG, UK
| | - Tiago Branco
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK; UCL Sainsbury Wellcome Centre for Neural Circuits and Behaviour, Howland Street, London W1T 4JG, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Blumberg MS. Development evolving: the origins and meanings of instinct. Wiley Interdiscip Rev Cogn Sci 2016; 8. [PMID: 27906515 DOI: 10.1002/wcs.1371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Revised: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
How do migratory birds, herding dogs, and navigating sea turtles do the amazing things that they do? For hundreds of years, scientists and philosophers have struggled over possible explanations. In time, one word came to dominate the discussion: instinct. It became the catch-all explanation for those adaptive and complex abilities that do not obviously result from learning or experience. Today, various animals are said to possess a survival instinct, migratory instinct, herding instinct, maternal instinct, or language instinct. But a closer look reveals that these and other 'instincts' are not satisfactorily described as inborn, pre-programmed, hardwired, or genetically determined. Rather, research in this area teaches us that species-typical behaviors develop-and they do so in every individual under the guidance of species-typical experiences occurring within reliable ecological contexts. WIREs Cogn Sci 2017, 8:e1371. doi: 10.1002/wcs.1371 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark S Blumberg
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Department of Biology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- The DeLTA Center, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are innate lymphoid cells that have adopted activating and inhibitory signaling mechanisms enabling them to be tolerant of normal cells but to distinguish and eliminate tumor cells and virus-infected cells. In this issue of Science Signaling, Matalon et al show how inhibitory receptors disrupt NK cell activation by stimulating dephosphorylation of the adaptor protein LAT (linker of activated T cells) and phospholipase C-γ by the phosphatase SHP-1 [Src homology 2 (SH2) domain-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase 1], as well as ubiquitylation of LAT by Cbl family E3 ubiquitin ligases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kerry S Campbell
- Blood Cell Development and Function Program, Institute for Cancer Research, Fox Chase Cancer Center (FCCC), Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Marinelli L, Mayer A. The Receding Animal: Theorizing Anxiety and Attachment in Psychoanalysis from Freud to Imre Hermann. Sci Context 2016; 29:55-76. [PMID: 26903372 DOI: 10.1017/s0269889715000381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Argument Animals played an important role in the formation of psychoanalysis as a theoretical and therapeutic enterprise. They are at the core of texts such as Freud's famous case histories of Little Hans, the Rat Man, or the Wolf Man. The infantile anxiety triggered by animals provided the essential link between the psychology of individual neuroses and the ambivalent status of the "totem" animal in so-called primitive societies in Freud's attempt to construct an anthropological basis for the Oedipus complex in Totem and Taboo. In the following, we attempt to track the status of animals as objects of indirect observation as they appear in Freud's classical texts, and in later revisionist accounts such as Otto Rank's Trauma of Birth and Imre Hermann's work on the clinging instinct. In the 1920s and 1930s, the Freudian conception of patients' animal phobias is substantially revised within Hermann's original psychoanalytic theory of instincts which draws heavily upon ethological observations of primates. Although such a reformulation remains grounded in the idea of "archaic" animal models for human development, it allows to a certain extent to empiricize the speculative elements of Freud's later instinct theory (notably the death instinct) and to come to a more embodied account of psychoanalytic practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Marinelli
- Centre Alexandre Koyré - Histoire des Sciences et des Techniques,CNRS-EHESSE-mail:
| | - Andreas Mayer
- Centre Alexandre Koyré - Histoire des Sciences et des Techniques,CNRS-EHESSE-mail:
| |
Collapse
|