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Ito T, Bouguerra M, Bourhis M, Perrier P. Tongue reflex for speech posture control. Sci Rep 2024; 14:6386. [PMID: 38493261 PMCID: PMC10944480 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-56813-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Although there is no doubt from an empirical viewpoint that reflex mechanisms can contribute to tongue motor control in humans, there is limited neurophysiological evidence to support this idea. Previous results failing to observe any tonic stretch reflex in the tongue had reduced the likelihood of a reflex contribution in tongue motor control. The current study presents experimental evidence of a human tongue reflex in response to a sudden stretch while holding a posture for speech. The latency was relatively long (50 ms), which is possibly mediated through cortical-arc. The activation peak in a speech task was greater than in a non-speech task while background activation levels were similar in both tasks, and the peak amplitude in a speech task was not modulated by the additional task to react voluntarily to the perturbation. Computer simulations with a simplified linear mass-spring-damper model showed that the recorded muscle activation response is suited for the generation of tongue movement responses that were observed in a previous study with the appropriate timing when taking into account a possible physiological delay between reflex muscle activation and the corresponding force. Our results evidenced clearly that reflex mechanisms contribute to tongue posture stabilization for speech production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Ito
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP (Institute of Engineering Université Grenoble Alpes), GIPSA-lab, 38000, Grenoble, France.
- GIPSA-lab, CNRS, 11 rue des Mathématiques, Grenoble Campus BP46, 38402, Saint Martin d'Hères Cedex, France.
| | - Mohamed Bouguerra
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP (Institute of Engineering Université Grenoble Alpes), GIPSA-lab, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Morgane Bourhis
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP (Institute of Engineering Université Grenoble Alpes), GIPSA-lab, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Pascal Perrier
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP (Institute of Engineering Université Grenoble Alpes), GIPSA-lab, 38000, Grenoble, France
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2
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Chiang B, Garcia G, Leverone F, Hernandez JA, Carrera‐Justiz S. Intraobserver and interobserver agreement of 8 segmental reflexes in healthy dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2024; 38:1101-1110. [PMID: 38339888 PMCID: PMC10937510 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND No available literature supports the claim that the patellar and withdrawal (flexor) reflexes are the only reliable segmental reflexes in dogs. OBJECTIVE Measure intra- and interobserver agreement of 8 segmental reflexes in dogs without clinical evidence of orthopedic or neurologic disease. ANIMALS One-hundred and one client- or staff-owned dogs between 1 and 10 years of age with no clinical evidence of orthopedic disease, myelopathy, or neuromuscular disease. METHODS Descriptive study. The intraobserver proportion of agreement (%) of responses to selected segmental reflexes in right versus left limbs by 3 observers was calculated and reported. The interobserver agreement of 2 observers of responses to selected reflexes was estimated by calculating proportions of agreement, kappa values, and 95% confidence intervals. A segmental reflex with an acceptable agreement was defined as that with a proportion of agreement ≥90% and a Kappa value ≥0.61 in both limbs. RESULTS The intraobserver proportion of agreement for all 3 observers was high (≥95%) for the extensor carpi radialis, withdrawal, patellar, and cranial tibial reflexes. Between observers 1 and 3 and observers 2 and 3, the interobserver proportion of agreement was high (≥ 92%) for the extensor carpi radialis (κ 0.66, not determined [ND]), withdrawal (both limbs, κ ND), patellar (κ ND), and cranial tibial reflexes (κ ND). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE The extensor carpi radialis, withdrawal, patellar, and cranial tibial reflexes had a higher proportion of agreement and kappa values between 2 observers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Chiang
- Small Animal Clinical SciencesCollege of Veterinary Medicine, University of FloridaGainesvilleFloridaUSA
| | - Gabriel Garcia
- Small Animal Clinical SciencesCollege of Veterinary Medicine, University of FloridaGainesvilleFloridaUSA
| | - Francesco Leverone
- Small Animal Clinical SciencesCollege of Veterinary Medicine, University of FloridaGainesvilleFloridaUSA
| | - Jorge A. Hernandez
- Large Animal Clinical SciencesCollege of Veterinary Medicine, University of FloridaGainesvilleFloridaUSA
| | - Sheila Carrera‐Justiz
- Small Animal Clinical SciencesCollege of Veterinary Medicine, University of FloridaGainesvilleFloridaUSA
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Ramirez-Navarro A, Lima-Silveira L, Glazebrook PA, Dantzler HA, Kline DD, Kunze DL. Kv2 channels contribute to neuronal activity within the vagal afferent-nTS reflex arc. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2024; 326:C74-C88. [PMID: 37982174 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00366.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
Diversity in the functional expression of ion channels contributes to the unique patterns of activity generated in visceral sensory A-type myelinated neurons versus C-type unmyelinated neurons in response to their natural stimuli. In the present study, Kv2 channels were identified as underlying a previously uncharacterized delayed rectifying potassium current expressed in both A- and C-type nodose ganglion neurons. Kv2.1 and 2.2 appear confined to the soma and initial segment of these sensory neurons; however, neither was identified in their central presynaptic terminals projecting onto relay neurons in the nucleus of the solitary tract (nTS). Kv2.1 and Kv2.2 were also not detected in the peripheral axons and sensory terminals in the aortic arch. Functionally, in nodose neuron somas, Kv2 currents exhibited frequency-dependent current inactivation and contributed to action potential repolarization in C-type neurons but not A-type neurons. Within the nTS, the block of Kv2 currents does not influence afferent presynaptic calcium influx or glutamate release in response to afferent activation, supporting our immunohistochemical observations. On the other hand, Kv2 channels contribute to membrane hyperpolarization and limit action potential discharge rate in second-order neurons. Together, these data demonstrate that Kv2 channels influence neuronal discharge within the vagal afferent-nTS circuit and indicate they may play a significant role in viscerosensory reflex function.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We demonstrate the expression and function of the voltage-gated delayed rectifier potassium channel Kv2 in vagal nodose neurons. Within sensory neurons, Kv2 channels limit the width of the broader C-type but not narrow A-type action potential. Within the nucleus of the solitary tract (nTS), the location of the vagal terminal field, Kv2 does not influence glutamate release. However, Kv2 limits the action potential discharge of nTS relay neurons. These data suggest a critical role for Kv2 in the vagal-nTS reflex arc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelina Ramirez-Navarro
- Rammelkamp Center for Education and Research, MetroHealth Medical Center Campus, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
| | - Ludmila Lima-Silveira
- Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States
| | - Patricia A Glazebrook
- Rammelkamp Center for Education and Research, MetroHealth Medical Center Campus, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
| | - Heather A Dantzler
- Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States
| | - David D Kline
- Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States
| | - Diana L Kunze
- Rammelkamp Center for Education and Research, MetroHealth Medical Center Campus, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
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Liu J, He Y, Lavoie A, Bouvier G, Liu BH. A direction-selective cortico-brainstem pathway adaptively modulates innate behaviors. Nat Commun 2023; 14:8467. [PMID: 38123558 PMCID: PMC10733370 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42910-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Sensory cortices modulate innate behaviors through corticofugal projections targeting phylogenetically-old brainstem nuclei. However, the principles behind the functional connectivity of these projections remain poorly understood. Here, we show that in mice visual cortical neurons projecting to the optic-tract and dorsal-terminal nuclei (NOT-DTN) possess distinct response properties and anatomical connectivity, supporting the adaption of an essential innate eye movement, the optokinetic reflex (OKR). We find that these corticofugal neurons are enriched in specific visual areas, and they prefer temporo-nasal visual motion, matching the direction bias of downstream NOT-DTN neurons. Remarkably, continuous OKR stimulation selectively enhances the activity of these temporo-nasally biased cortical neurons, which can efficiently promote OKR plasticity. Lastly, we demonstrate that silencing downstream NOT-DTN neurons, which project specifically to the inferior olive-a key structure in oculomotor plasticity, impairs the cortical modulation of OKR and OKR plasticity. Our results unveil a direction-selective cortico-brainstem pathway that adaptively modulates innate behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiashu Liu
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON, L5L 1C6, Canada
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G5, Canada
| | - Yingtian He
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON, L5L 1C6, Canada
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G5, Canada
| | - Andreanne Lavoie
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON, L5L 1C6, Canada
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G5, Canada
| | - Guy Bouvier
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut des Neurosciences Paris-Saclay, 91400, Saclay, France
| | - Bao-Hua Liu
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON, L5L 1C6, Canada.
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G5, Canada.
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Boele HJ, Jung C, Sherry S, Roggeveen LEM, Dijkhuizen S, Öhman J, Abraham E, Uvarov A, Boele CP, Gultig K, Rasmussen A, Vinueza-Veloz MF, Medina JF, Koekkoek SKE, De Zeeuw CI, Wang SSH. Accessible and reliable neurometric testing in humans using a smartphone platform. Sci Rep 2023; 13:22871. [PMID: 38129487 PMCID: PMC10739701 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-49568-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Tests of human brain circuit function typically require fixed equipment in lab environments. We have developed a smartphone-based platform for neurometric testing. This platform, which uses AI models like computer vision, is optimized for at-home use and produces reproducible, robust results on a battery of tests, including eyeblink conditioning, prepulse inhibition of acoustic startle response, and startle habituation. This approach provides a scalable, universal resource for quantitative assays of central nervous system function.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Boele
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - C Jung
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton, USA
| | - S Sherry
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton, USA
| | - L E M Roggeveen
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - S Dijkhuizen
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J Öhman
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - E Abraham
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton, USA
| | | | - C P Boele
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - K Gultig
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A Rasmussen
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - M F Vinueza-Veloz
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Community Medicine and Global Health, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - J F Medina
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, USA
| | - S K E Koekkoek
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - C I De Zeeuw
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - S S-H Wang
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton, USA.
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Abstract
Our rich behavioural repertoire is supported by complicated synaptic connectivity in the central nervous system, which must be modulated to prevent behavioural control from being overwhelmed. For this modulation, presynaptic inhibition is an efficient mechanism because it can gate specific synaptic input without interfering with main circuit operations. Previously, we reported the task-dependent presynaptic inhibition of the cutaneous afferent input to the spinal cord in behaving monkeys. Here, we report presynaptic inhibition of the proprioceptive afferent input. We found that the input from shortened muscles is transiently facilitated, whereas that from lengthened muscles is persistently reduced. This presynaptic inhibition could be generated by cortical signals because it started before movement onset, and its size was correlated with the performance of stable motor output. Our findings demonstrate that presynaptic inhibition acts as a dynamic filter of proprioceptive signals, enabling the integration of task-relevant signals into spinal circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeka Tomatsu
- National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Behavioral Development, Department of System Neuroscience, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
- Department of Physiological Sciences, School of Life Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Hayama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - GeeHee Kim
- National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Behavioral Development, Department of Developmental Physiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Komaba, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinji Kubota
- National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Seki
- National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan.
- Department of Physiological Sciences, School of Life Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Hayama, Kanagawa, Japan.
- Division of Behavioral Development, Department of Developmental Physiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan.
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7
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Surowińska J, Sobieska M, Gajewska E. Qualitative assessment in the third month of life allows for a better prognosis of the achievement of motor milestones versus assessment of pathological reflexes- prospective studies on Polish children. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1253137. [PMID: 37780436 PMCID: PMC10536227 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1253137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The characteristic feature of primitive reflexes is that they occur early in development and must expire at a well-defined age. The study was conducted prospectively on a group of 107 children (74 boys). The study population included 83 infants born on time (weight 3,465 ± 395 g) and 24 born prematurely (weight 2,225 ± 793 g). Methods An analysis of motor development at 3 months of age consisting of a qualitative assessment (motor performance) and a check of reflexes was performed; at 9 months, the child was checked for crawling and sitting down, and at 16 months for walking. Results The more abnormal reflexes, the less likely it was to achieve the assessed milestones in time. It is possible to notice that the qualitative assessment is, in each case, a better predictor of the milestones than any of the reflexes, except for walking, where the Babkin reflex was strongly predictive. However, the qualitative assessment sum still occupies the second and third positions in prone and supine positions. Discussion The occurrence of Babkin's reflex at 3 months of age impacts the achievement of sitting down and walking functions. An abnormal Galant reflex was strongly associated with the lack of occurrence of crawling on time. At the same time, a high-quality score at 3 months of age guarantees the development of crawling on time, sitting down, and walking.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Magdalena Sobieska
- Department of Rehabilitation and Physiotherapy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Ewa Gajewska
- Chair and Clinic of the Developmental Neurology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
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8
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Blot FGC, White JJ, van Hattem A, Scotti L, Balaji V, Adolfs Y, Pasterkamp RJ, De Zeeuw CI, Schonewille M. Publisher Correction: Purkinje cell microzones mediate distinct kinematics of a single movement. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5375. [PMID: 37666824 PMCID: PMC10477193 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40694-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Joshua J White
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Amy van Hattem
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Licia Scotti
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Vaishnavi Balaji
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Youri Adolfs
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - R Jeroen Pasterkamp
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Chris I De Zeeuw
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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9
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Bunz EK, Haeufle DFB, Remy CD, Schmitt S. Bioinspired preactivation reflex increases robustness of walking on rough terrain. Sci Rep 2023; 13:13219. [PMID: 37580375 PMCID: PMC10425464 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-39364-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Walking on unknown and rough terrain is challenging for (bipedal) robots, while humans naturally cope with perturbations. Therefore, human strategies serve as an excellent inspiration to improve the robustness of robotic systems. Neuromusculoskeletal (NMS) models provide the necessary interface for the validation and transfer of human control strategies. Reflexes play a crucial part during normal locomotion and especially in the face of perturbations, and provide a simple, transferable, and bio-inspired control scheme. Current reflex-based NMS models are not robust to unexpected perturbations. Therefore, in this work, we propose a bio-inspired improvement of a widely used NMS walking model. In humans, different muscles show an increase in activation in anticipation of the landing at the end of the swing phase. This preactivation is not integrated in the used reflex-based walking model. We integrate this activation by adding an additional feedback loop and show that the landing is adapted and the robustness to unexpected step-down perturbations is markedly improved (from 3 to 10 cm). Scrutinizing the effect, we find that the stabilizing effect is caused by changed knee kinematics. Preactivation, therefore, acts as an accommodation strategy to cope with unexpected step-down perturbations, not requiring any detection of the perturbation. Our results indicate that such preactivation can potentially enable a bipedal system to react adequately to upcoming unexpected perturbations and is hence an effective adaptation of reflexes to cope with rough terrain. Preactivation can be ported to robots by leveraging the reflex-control scheme and improves the robustness to step-down perturbation without the need to detect the perturbation. Alternatively, the stabilizing mechanism can also be added in an anticipatory fashion by applying an additional knee torque to the contralateral knee.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsa K Bunz
- Institute for Modelling and Simulation of Biomechanical Systems, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany.
- Stuttgart Center for Simulation Science, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Daniel F B Haeufle
- Institute of Computer Engineering, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center for Integrative Neuroscience, Tuebingen, Germany
- Center for Bionic Intelligence Tuebingen Stuttgart, Tuebingen Stuttgart, Germany
| | - C David Remy
- Stuttgart Center for Simulation Science, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
- Center for Bionic Intelligence Tuebingen Stuttgart, Tuebingen Stuttgart, Germany
- Institute for Nonlinear Mechanics, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Syn Schmitt
- Institute for Modelling and Simulation of Biomechanical Systems, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
- Stuttgart Center for Simulation Science, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
- Center for Bionic Intelligence Tuebingen Stuttgart, Tuebingen Stuttgart, Germany
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10
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Blot FGC, White JJ, van Hattem A, Scotti L, Balaji V, Adolfs Y, Pasterkamp RJ, De Zeeuw CI, Schonewille M. Purkinje cell microzones mediate distinct kinematics of a single movement. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4358. [PMID: 37468512 PMCID: PMC10356806 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40111-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The classification of neuronal subpopulations has significantly advanced, yet its relevance for behavior remains unclear. The highly organized flocculus of the cerebellum, known to fine-tune multi-axial eye movements, is an ideal substrate for the study of potential functions of neuronal subpopulations. Here, we demonstrate that its recently identified subpopulations of 9+ and 9- Purkinje cells exhibit an intermediate Aldolase C expression and electrophysiological profile, providing evidence for a graded continuum of intrinsic properties among PC subpopulations. By identifying and utilizing two Cre-lines that genetically target these floccular domains, we show with high spatial specificity that these subpopulations of Purkinje cells participate in separate micromodules with topographically organized connections. Finally, optogenetic excitation of the respective subpopulations results in movements around the same axis in space, yet with distinct kinematic profiles. These results indicate that Purkinje cell subpopulations integrate in discrete circuits and mediate particular parameters of single movements.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joshua J White
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Amy van Hattem
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Licia Scotti
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Vaishnavi Balaji
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Youri Adolfs
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - R Jeroen Pasterkamp
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Chris I De Zeeuw
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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11
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Abstract
The upper airway (nasal passages, paranasal sinuses, pharynx, and glottis) provides the sentinel portion of the human respiratory tract, with the combined senses of olfaction (cranial nerve I) and trigeminal sensation (cranial nerve V) signaling the quality of inspired air. Trigeminal function also complements the sense of taste (in turn mediated by cranial nerves VII, IX and X), and participates in the genesis of taste aversions. The ability of trigeminal stimulation in the upper aero-digestive tract to trigger a variety of respiratory and behavioral reflexes has long been recognized. In this context, the last three decades has seen a proliferation of observations at a molecular level regarding the mechanisms of olfaction, irritation, and gustation. Concurrently, an ever-widening network of physiological interactions between olfaction, taste, and trigeminal function has been uncovered. The objective of this review is to summarize the relatively recent expansion of research in this sub-field of sensory science, and to explore the clinical and therapeutic implications thereof.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Shusterman
- Division of Occupational, Environmental and Climate Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0843, USA
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12
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Sugioka T, Tanimoto M, Higashijima SI. Biomechanics and neural circuits for vestibular-induced fine postural control in larval zebrafish. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1217. [PMID: 36898983 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36682-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Land-walking vertebrates maintain a desirable posture by finely controlling muscles. It is unclear whether fish also finely control posture in the water. Here, we showed that larval zebrafish have fine posture control. When roll-tilted, fish recovered their upright posture using a reflex behavior, which was a slight body bend near the swim bladder. The vestibular-induced body bend produces a misalignment between gravity and buoyancy, generating a moment of force that recovers the upright posture. We identified the neural circuits for the reflex, including the vestibular nucleus (tangential nucleus) through reticulospinal neurons (neurons in the nucleus of the medial longitudinal fasciculus) to the spinal cord, and finally to the posterior hypaxial muscles, a special class of muscles near the swim bladder. These results suggest that fish maintain a dorsal-up posture by frequently performing the body bend reflex and demonstrate that the reticulospinal pathway plays a critical role in fine postural control.
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13
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Cao R, Chen P, Wang H, Jing H, Zhang H, Xing G, Luo B, Pan J, Yu Z, Xiong WC, Mei L. Intrafusal-fiber LRP4 for muscle spindle formation and maintenance in adult and aged animals. Nat Commun 2023; 14:744. [PMID: 36765071 PMCID: PMC9918736 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36454-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Proprioception is sensed by muscle spindles for precise locomotion and body posture. Unlike the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) for muscle contraction which has been well studied, mechanisms of spindle formation are not well understood. Here we show that sensory nerve terminals are disrupted by the mutation of Lrp4, a gene required for NMJ formation; inducible knockout of Lrp4 in adult mice impairs sensory synapses and movement coordination, suggesting that LRP4 is required for spindle formation and maintenance. LRP4 is critical to the expression of Egr3 during development; in adult mice, it interacts in trans with APP and APLP2 on sensory terminals. Finally, spindle sensory endings and function are impaired in aged mice, deficits that could be diminished by LRP4 expression. These observations uncovered LRP4 as an unexpected regulator of muscle spindle formation and maintenance in adult and aged animals and shed light on potential pathological mechanisms of abnormal muscle proprioception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rangjuan Cao
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.,Department of Hand and Foot Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Peng Chen
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Hongsheng Wang
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Hongyang Jing
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Hongsheng Zhang
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Guanglin Xing
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Bin Luo
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Jinxiu Pan
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Zheng Yu
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Wen-Cheng Xiong
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA. .,Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.
| | - Lin Mei
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA. .,Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.
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14
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Dalrymple AN, Hooper CA, Kuriakose MG, Capogrosso M, Weber DJ. Using a high-frequency carrier does not improve comfort of transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation. J Neural Eng 2023; 20. [PMID: 36595241 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/acabe8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Objective.Spinal cord neuromodulation has gained much attention for demonstrating improved motor recovery in people with spinal cord injury, motivating the development of clinically applicable technologies. Among them, transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation (tSCS) is attractive because of its non-invasive profile. Many tSCS studies employ a high-frequency (10 kHz) carrier, which has been reported to reduce stimulation discomfort. However, these claims have come under scrutiny in recent years. The purpose of this study was to determine whether using a high-frequency carrier for tSCS is more comfortable at therapeutic amplitudes, which evoke posterior root-muscle (PRM) reflexes.Approach.In 16 neurologically intact participants, tSCS was delivered using a 1 ms long monophasic pulse with and without a high-frequency carrier. Stimulation amplitude and pulse duration were varied and PRM reflexes were recorded from the soleus, gastrocnemius, and tibialis anterior muscles. Participants rated their discomfort during stimulation from 0 to 10 at PRM reflex threshold.Main Results.At PRM reflex threshold, the addition of a high-frequency carrier (0.87 ± 0.2) was equally comfortable as conventional stimulation (1.03 ± 0.18) but required approximately double the charge to evoke the PRM reflex (conventional: 32.4 ± 9.2µC; high-frequency carrier: 62.5 ± 11.1µC). Strength-duration curves for tSCS with a high-frequency carrier had a rheobase that was 4.8× greater and a chronaxie that was 5.7× narrower than the conventional monophasic pulse, indicating that the addition of a high-frequency carrier makes stimulation less efficient in recruiting neural activity in spinal roots.Significance.Using a high-frequency carrier for tSCS is equally as comfortable and less efficient as conventional stimulation at amplitudes required to stimulate spinal dorsal roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley N Dalrymple
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America.,NeuroMechatronics Lab, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Charli Ann Hooper
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America.,NeuroMechatronics Lab, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Minna G Kuriakose
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America.,Rehab Neural Engineering Labs, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Marco Capogrosso
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America.,Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America.,Rehab Neural Engineering Labs, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America.,Center for Neural Basis of Cognition, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Douglas J Weber
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America.,NeuroMechatronics Lab, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America.,Neuroscience Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
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15
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Herrera MI, Udovin LD, Kobiec T, Toro-Urrego N, Kusnier CF, Kölliker-Frers RA, Luaces JP, Otero-Losada M, Capani F. Corrigendum: Palmitoylethanolamide attenuates neurodevelopmental delay and early hippocampal damage following perinatal asphyxia in rats. Front Behav Neurosci 2022; 16:1115398. [PMID: 36600990 PMCID: PMC9806415 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2022.1115398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2022.953157.].
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria I. Herrera
- Centro de Investigaciones en Psicología y Psicopedagogía, Facultad de Psicología, Pontificia Universidad Católica Argentina, Buenos Aires, Argentina,Centro de Altos Estudios en Ciencias Humanas y de la Salud, Universidad Abierta Interamericana, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lucas D. Udovin
- Centro de Altos Estudios en Ciencias Humanas y de la Salud, Universidad Abierta Interamericana, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Tamara Kobiec
- Centro de Investigaciones en Psicología y Psicopedagogía, Facultad de Psicología, Pontificia Universidad Católica Argentina, Buenos Aires, Argentina,Centro de Altos Estudios en Ciencias Humanas y de la Salud, Universidad Abierta Interamericana, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Nicolas Toro-Urrego
- Centro de Altos Estudios en Ciencias Humanas y de la Salud, Universidad Abierta Interamericana, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carlos F. Kusnier
- Centro de Altos Estudios en Ciencias Humanas y de la Salud, Universidad Abierta Interamericana, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Rodolfo A. Kölliker-Frers
- Centro de Altos Estudios en Ciencias Humanas y de la Salud, Universidad Abierta Interamericana, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Juan P. Luaces
- Centro de Altos Estudios en Ciencias Humanas y de la Salud, Universidad Abierta Interamericana, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Matilde Otero-Losada
- Centro de Altos Estudios en Ciencias Humanas y de la Salud, Universidad Abierta Interamericana, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Francisco Capani
- Centro de Altos Estudios en Ciencias Humanas y de la Salud, Universidad Abierta Interamericana, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina,Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile,*Correspondence: Francisco Capani ✉
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16
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Ramadan R, Meischein F, Reimann H. High-level motor planning allows flexible walking at different gait patterns in a neuromechanical model. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:959357. [PMID: 36568295 PMCID: PMC9772469 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.959357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans can freely adopt gait parameters like walking speed, step length, or cadence on the fly when walking. Planned movement that can be updated online to account for changes in the environment rather than having to rely on habitual, reflexive control that is adapted over long timescales. Here we present a neuromechanical model that accounts for this flexibility by combining movement goals and motor plans on a kinematic task level with low-level spinal feedback loops. We show that the model can walk at a wide range of different gait patterns by choosing a small number of high-level control parameters representing a movement goal. A larger number of parameters governing the low-level reflex loops in the spinal cord, on the other hand, remain fixed. We also show that the model can generalize the learned behavior by recombining the high-level control parameters and walk with gait patterns that it had not encountered before. Furthermore, the model can transition between different gaits without the loss of balance by switching to a new set of control parameters in real time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachid Ramadan
- Institute for Neural Computation, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany,*Correspondence: Rachid Ramadan,
| | - Fabian Meischein
- Institute for Neural Computation, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Hendrik Reimann
- Department of Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States
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17
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Herrera MI, Udovin LD, Kobiec T, Toro-Urrego N, Kusnier CF, Kölliker-Frers RA, Luaces JP, Otero-Losada M, Capani F. Palmitoylethanolamide attenuates neurodevelopmental delay and early hippocampal damage following perinatal asphyxia in rats. Front Behav Neurosci 2022; 16:953157. [PMID: 36090655 PMCID: PMC9452789 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2022.953157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Impaired gas exchange close to labor causes perinatal asphyxia (PA), a neurodevelopmental impairment factor. Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) proved neuroprotective in experimental brain injury and neurodegeneration models. This study aimed to evaluate PEA effects on the immature-brain, i.e., early neuroprotection by PEA in an experimental PA paradigm. Newborn rats were placed in a 37°C water bath for 19 min to induce PA. PEA 10 mg/kg, s.c., was administered within the first hour of life. Neurobehavioral responses were assessed from postnatal day 1 (P1) to postnatal day 21 (P21), recording the day of appearance of several reflexes and neurological signs. Hippocampal CA1 area ultrastructure was examined using electron microscopy. Microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP-2), phosphorylated high and medium molecular weight neurofilaments (pNF H/M), and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) were assessed using immunohistochemistry and Western blot at P21. Over the first 3 weeks of life, PA rats showed late gait, negative geotaxis and eye-opening onset, and delayed appearance of air-righting, auditory startle, sensory eyelid, forelimb placing, and grasp reflexes. On P21, the hippocampal CA1 area showed signs of neuronal degeneration and MAP-2 deficit. PEA treatment reduced PA-induced hippocampal damage and normalized the time of appearance of gait, air-righting, placing, and grasp reflexes. The outcome of this study might prove useful in designing intervention strategies to reduce early neurodevelopmental delay following PA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria I. Herrera
- Centro de Investigaciones en Psicología y Psicopedagogía, Facultad de Psicología, Pontificia Universidad Católica Argentina, Buenos Aires, Argentina,Centro de Altos Estudios en Ciencias Humanas y de la Salud, Universidad Abierta Interamericana, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lucas D. Udovin
- Centro de Altos Estudios en Ciencias Humanas y de la Salud, Universidad Abierta Interamericana, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Tamara Kobiec
- Centro de Investigaciones en Psicología y Psicopedagogía, Facultad de Psicología, Pontificia Universidad Católica Argentina, Buenos Aires, Argentina,Centro de Altos Estudios en Ciencias Humanas y de la Salud, Universidad Abierta Interamericana, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Nicolas Toro-Urrego
- Centro de Altos Estudios en Ciencias Humanas y de la Salud, Universidad Abierta Interamericana, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carlos F. Kusnier
- Centro de Altos Estudios en Ciencias Humanas y de la Salud, Universidad Abierta Interamericana, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Rodolfo A. Kölliker-Frers
- Centro de Altos Estudios en Ciencias Humanas y de la Salud, Universidad Abierta Interamericana, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Juan P. Luaces
- Centro de Altos Estudios en Ciencias Humanas y de la Salud, Universidad Abierta Interamericana, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Matilde Otero-Losada
- Centro de Altos Estudios en Ciencias Humanas y de la Salud, Universidad Abierta Interamericana, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Francisco Capani
- Centro de Altos Estudios en Ciencias Humanas y de la Salud, Universidad Abierta Interamericana, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina,Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile,*Correspondence: Francisco Capani,
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18
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Bacqué-Cazenave J, Courtand G, Beraneck M, Straka H, Combes D, Lambert FM. Locomotion-induced ocular motor behavior in larval Xenopus is developmentally tuned by visuo-vestibular reflexes. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2957. [PMID: 35618719 PMCID: PMC9135768 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30636-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Locomotion in vertebrates is accompanied by retinal image-stabilizing eye movements that derive from sensory-motor transformations and predictive locomotor efference copies. During development, concurrent maturation of locomotor and ocular motor proficiency depends on the structural and neuronal capacity of the motion detection systems, the propulsive elements and the computational capability for signal integration. In developing Xenopus larvae, we demonstrate an interactive plasticity of predictive locomotor efference copies and multi-sensory motion signals to constantly elicit dynamically adequate eye movements during swimming. During ontogeny, the neuronal integration of vestibulo- and spino-ocular reflex components progressively alters as locomotion parameters change. In young larvae, spino-ocular motor coupling attenuates concurrent angular vestibulo-ocular reflexes, while older larvae express eye movements that derive from a combination of the two components. This integrative switch depends on the locomotor pattern generator frequency, represents a stage-independent gating mechanism, and appears during ontogeny when the swim frequency naturally declines with larval age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Bacqué-Cazenave
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS UMR 5287, Institut de Neurosciences Cognitives et Intégratives d'Aquitaine, F-33076, Bordeaux, France
- Normandie Univ, Unicaen, CNRS, EthoS, 14000, Caen, France
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, EthoS (Éthologie animale et humaine)-UMR 6552, F-35000, Rennes, France
| | - Gilles Courtand
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS UMR 5287, Institut de Neurosciences Cognitives et Intégratives d'Aquitaine, F-33076, Bordeaux, France
| | - Mathieu Beraneck
- Université de Paris, CNRS UMR 8002, Integrative Neuroscience and Cognition Center, F-75006, Paris, France
| | - Hans Straka
- Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Grosshadernerstr. 2, 82152, Planegg, Germany
| | - Denis Combes
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS UMR 5287, Institut de Neurosciences Cognitives et Intégratives d'Aquitaine, F-33076, Bordeaux, France
| | - François M Lambert
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS UMR 5287, Institut de Neurosciences Cognitives et Intégratives d'Aquitaine, F-33076, Bordeaux, France.
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19
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Yang CC, Hokanson JA, Keast JR. Advancing our understanding of the neural control of the female human urethra. Neurourol Urodyn 2022; 41:35-41. [PMID: 34605569 PMCID: PMC8738110 DOI: 10.1002/nau.24807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Claire C. Yang
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - James A. Hokanson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Janet R. Keast
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic 3010, Australia
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20
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Markov DA, Petrucco L, Kist AM, Portugues R. A cerebellar internal model calibrates a feedback controller involved in sensorimotor control. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6694. [PMID: 34795244 PMCID: PMC8602262 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26988-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Animals must adapt their behavior to survive in a changing environment. Behavioral adaptations can be evoked by two mechanisms: feedback control and internal-model-based control. Feedback controllers can maintain the sensory state of the animal at a desired level under different environmental conditions. In contrast, internal models learn the relationship between the motor output and its sensory consequences and can be used to recalibrate behaviors. Here, we present multiple unpredictable perturbations in visual feedback to larval zebrafish performing the optomotor response and show that they react to these perturbations through a feedback control mechanism. In contrast, if a perturbation is long-lasting, fish adapt their behavior by updating a cerebellum-dependent internal model. We use modelling and functional imaging to show that the neuronal requirements for these mechanisms are met in the larval zebrafish brain. Our results illustrate the role of the cerebellum in encoding internal models and how these can calibrate neuronal circuits involved in reactive behaviors depending on the interactions between animal and environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniil A Markov
- Sensorimotor Control Research Group, Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, 82152, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Luigi Petrucco
- Sensorimotor Control Research Group, Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, 82152, Martinsried, Germany
- Institute of Neuroscience, Technical University of Munich, 80802, Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas M Kist
- Sensorimotor Control Research Group, Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, 82152, Martinsried, Germany
- Division of Phoniatrics and Pediatric Audiology, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ruben Portugues
- Sensorimotor Control Research Group, Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, 82152, Martinsried, Germany.
- Institute of Neuroscience, Technical University of Munich, 80802, Munich, Germany.
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany.
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21
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von Krogh K, Higgins J, Saavedra Torres Y, Mocho JP. Screening of Anaesthetics in Adult Zebrafish ( Danio rerio) for the Induction of Euthanasia by Overdose. Biology (Basel) 2021; 10:1133. [PMID: 34827125 DOI: 10.3390/biology10111133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Although zebrafish are used in vast numbers in laboratories all over the world, no consensus has been reached in the scientific community on a humane, consistent, and effective method for euthanasia of this species. Here, we screened commonly used anaesthetic drugs to see if an overdose could induce loss of reflexes of adult zebrafish in a rapid and reliable manner, and without causing distress. The tested anaesthetics were isoeugenol, clove oil, 2-phenoxyethanol, tricaine, benzocaine, lidocaine hydrochloride, and etomidate. We found that lidocaine hydrochloride, buffered with sodium bicarbonate and ethanol to increase its efficacy, induces loss of reflexes in a fast, predictable, and relatively peaceful manner. We recommend its use for adult zebrafish euthanasia. Abstract Zebrafish are often euthanized by overdose of anaesthesia. However, fish may have aversion towards some anaesthetics, and protocol efficacy varies between species. Using wild type adult Danio rerio, we assessed time to loss of opercular beat, righting, and startle reflexes during induction of anaesthetic overdose by either tricaine (0.5 g/L or 1 g/L), benzocaine (1 g/L), 2-phenoxyethanol (3 mL/L), clove oil (0.1%), isoeugenol (540 mg/L), lidocaine hydrochloride (1 g/L), or etomidate (50 mg/L). Initial screening demonstrated that benzocaine and buffered lidocaine hydrochloride achieved the fastest loss of reflexes. The rapid induction times were confirmed when retesting using larger batches of fish. The fastest induction was obtained with 1 g/L lidocaine hydrochloride buffered with 2 g/L NaHCO3, in which all adult zebrafish lost reflexes in less than 2 min. Next, we monitored signs of distress during benzocaine or buffered lidocaine hydrochloride overdose induction. The results indicated that buffered lidocaine hydrochloride caused significantly less aversive behaviors than benzocaine. Finally, we tested several buffers to refine the lidocaine hydrochloride immersion. The most efficient buffer for euthanasia induction using 1g/L lidocaine hydrochloride was 2 g/L NaHCO3 with 50 mL/L 96% ethanol, inducing immobility in less than 10 s and with only 2% of adult zebrafish displaying aversive behaviors during treatment.
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22
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Guo W, Fan S, Xiao D, Dong H, Xu G, Wan Z, Ma Y, Wang Z, Xue T, Zhou Y, Li Y, Xiong W. A Brainstem reticulotegmental neural ensemble drives acoustic startle reflexes. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6403. [PMID: 34737329 PMCID: PMC8568936 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26723-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The reticulotegmental nucleus (RtTg) has long been recognized as a crucial component of brainstem reticular formation (RF). However, the function of RtTg and its related circuits remain elusive. Here, we report a role of the RtTg in startle reflex, a highly conserved innate defensive behaviour. Optogenetic activation of RtTg neurons evokes robust startle responses in mice. The glutamatergic neurons in the RtTg are significantly activated during acoustic startle reflexes (ASR). Chemogenetic inhibition of the RtTg glutamatergic neurons decreases the ASR amplitudes. Viral tracing reveals an ASR neural circuit that the cochlear nucleus carrying auditory information sends direct excitatory innervations to the RtTg glutamatergic neurons, which in turn project to spinal motor neurons. Together, our findings describe a functional role of RtTg and its related neural circuit in startle reflexes, and demonstrate how the RF connects auditory system with motor functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Guo
- grid.59053.3a0000000121679639Institute on Aging and Brain Disorders, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026 China
| | - Sijia Fan
- grid.59053.3a0000000121679639Institute on Aging and Brain Disorders, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026 China
| | - Dan Xiao
- grid.59053.3a0000000121679639Institute on Aging and Brain Disorders, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026 China
| | - Hui Dong
- grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Peking University School of Life Sciences, Beijing, 100871 China
| | - Guangwei Xu
- grid.59053.3a0000000121679639Institute on Aging and Brain Disorders, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026 China
| | - Zhikun Wan
- grid.59053.3a0000000121679639Institute on Aging and Brain Disorders, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026 China
| | - Yuqian Ma
- grid.59053.3a0000000121679639Institute on Aging and Brain Disorders, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026 China
| | - Zhen Wang
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Tian Xue
- grid.59053.3a0000000121679639Institute on Aging and Brain Disorders, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026 China ,grid.9227.e0000000119573309Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031 China
| | - Yifeng Zhou
- grid.59053.3a0000000121679639Institute on Aging and Brain Disorders, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026 China
| | - Yulong Li
- grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Peking University School of Life Sciences, Beijing, 100871 China ,grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319PKU-IDG–McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, 100871 China
| | - Wei Xiong
- Institute on Aging and Brain Disorders, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China. .,Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China.
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23
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Zangrandi A, D'Alonzo M, Cipriani C, Di Pino G. Neurophysiology of slip sensation and grip reaction: insights for hand prosthesis control of slippage. J Neurophysiol 2021; 126:477-492. [PMID: 34232750 PMCID: PMC7613203 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00087.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensory feedback is pivotal for a proficient dexterity of the hand. By modulating the grip force in function of the quick and not completely predictable change of the load force, grabbed objects are prevented to slip from the hand. Slippage control is an enabling achievement to all manipulation abilities. However, in hand prosthetics, the performance of even the most innovative research solutions proposed so far to control slippage remain distant from the human physiology. Indeed, slippage control involves parallel and compensatory activation of multiple mechanoceptors, spinal and supraspinal reflexes, and higher-order voluntary behavioral adjustments. In this work, we reviewed the literature on physiological correlates of slippage to propose a three-phases model for the slip sensation and reaction. Furthermore, we discuss the main strategies employed so far in the research studies that tried to restore slippage control in amputees. In the light of the proposed three-phase slippage model and from the weaknesses of already implemented solutions, we proposed several physiology-inspired solutions for slippage control to be implemented in the future hand prostheses. Understanding the physiological basis of slip detection and perception and implementing them in novel hand feedback system would make prosthesis manipulation more efficient and would boost its perceived naturalness, fostering the sense of agency for the hand movements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Zangrandi
- Research Unit of Neurophysiology and Neuroengineering of Human-Technology Interaction (NeXTlab), Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco D'Alonzo
- Research Unit of Neurophysiology and Neuroengineering of Human-Technology Interaction (NeXTlab), Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Christian Cipriani
- The BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy.,Department of Excellence in Robotics & A.I., Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy
| | - Giovanni Di Pino
- Research Unit of Neurophysiology and Neuroengineering of Human-Technology Interaction (NeXTlab), Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome, Italy
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24
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Martins Â, Silva CM, Gouveia D, Cardoso A, Coelho T, Gamboa Ó, Marcelino E, Ferreira A. Spinal Locomotion in Cats Following Spinal Cord Injury: A Prospective Study. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:1994. [PMID: 34359122 DOI: 10.3390/ani11071994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Functional neurorehabilitation promotes neural reorganization by stimulating subjects without deep pain perception, leading to a faster recovery when compared to spontaneous recovery, and achieving fewer compensatory errors, or even deviations to neuropathic or adaptive pain pathways, such as spasticity. The present study demonstrates the importance of intensive and repetition-based functional neurorehabilitation, which is essential for subjects classified as grade 0 according to the modified Frankel scale. Abstract This article aimed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of intensive neurorehabilitation in paraplegic cats, with no deep pain perception (grade 0 on the modified Frankel scale), with more than three months of injury. Nine cats, admitted to the Arrábida Veterinary Hospital/Arrábida Animal Rehabilitation Center (CRAA), were subjected to a 12-week intensive functional neurorehabilitation protocol, based on ground and underwater treadmill locomotor training, electrostimulation, and kinesiotherapy exercises, aiming to obtain a faster recovery to ambulation and a modulated locomotor pattern of flexion/extension. Of the nine cats that were admitted in this study, 56% (n = 5) recovered from ambulation, 44% of which (4/9) did so through functional spinal locomotion by reflexes, while one achieved this through the recovery of deep pain perception. These results suggest that intensive neurorehabilitation can play an important role in ambulation recovery, allowing for a better quality of life and well-being, which may lead to a reduction in the number of euthanasia procedures performed on paraplegic animals.
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25
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Szadkowski R, Prágr M, Faigl J. Self-Learning Event Mistiming Detector Based on Central Pattern Generator. Front Neurorobot 2021; 15:629652. [PMID: 33613224 PMCID: PMC7890245 DOI: 10.3389/fnbot.2021.629652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A repetitive movement pattern of many animals, a gait, is controlled by the Central Pattern Generator (CPG), providing rhythmic control synchronous to the sensed environment. As a rhythmic signal generator, the CPG can control the motion phase of biomimetic legged robots without feedback. The CPG can also act in sensory synchronization, where it can be utilized as a sensory phase estimator. Direct use of the CPG as the estimator is not common, and there is little research done on its utilization in the phase estimation. Generally, the sensory estimation augments the sensory feedback information, and motion irregularities can reveal from comparing measurements with the estimation. In this work, we study the CPG in the context of phase irregularity detection, where the timing of sensory events is disturbed. We propose a novel self-supervised method for learning mistiming detection, where the neural detector is trained by dynamic Hebbian-like rules during the robot walking. The proposed detector is composed of three neural components: (i) the CPG providing phase estimation, (ii) Radial Basis Function neuron anticipating the sensory event, and (iii) Leaky Integrate-and-Fire neuron detecting the sensory mistiming. The detector is integrated with the CPG-based gait controller. The mistiming detection triggers two reflexes: the elevator reflex, which avoids an obstacle, and the search reflex, which grasps a missing foothold. The proposed controller is deployed and trained on a hexapod walking robot to demonstrate the mistiming detection in real locomotion. The trained system has been examined in the controlled laboratory experiment and real field deployment in the Bull Rock cave system, where the robot utilized mistiming detection to negotiate the unstructured and slippery subterranean environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudolf Szadkowski
- Computational Robotics Laboratory, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czechia
| | - Miloš Prágr
- Computational Robotics Laboratory, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czechia
| | - Jan Faigl
- Computational Robotics Laboratory, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czechia
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26
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Felicetti G, Thoumie P, Do MC, Schieppati M. Cutaneous and muscular afferents from the foot and sensory fusion processing: Physiology and pathology in neuropathies. J Peripher Nerv Syst 2021; 26:17-34. [PMID: 33426723 DOI: 10.1111/jns.12429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The foot-sole cutaneous receptors (section 2), their function in stance control (sway minimisation, exploratory role) (2.1), and the modulation of their effects by gait pattern and intended behaviour (2.2) are reviewed. Experimental manipulations (anaesthesia, temperature) (2.3 and 2.4) have shown that information from foot sole has widespread influence on balance. Foot-sole stimulation (2.5) appears to be a promising approach for rehabilitation. Proprioceptive information (3) has a pre-eminent role in balance and gait. Reflex responses to balance perturbations are produced by both leg and foot muscle stretch (3.1) and show complex interactions with skin input at both spinal and supra-spinal levels (3.2), where sensory feedback is modulated by posture, locomotion and vision. Other muscles, notably of neck and trunk, contribute to kinaesthesia and sense of orientation in space (3.3). The effects of age-related decline of afferent input are variable under different foot-contact and visual conditions (3.4). Muscle force diminishes with age and sarcopenia, affecting intrinsic foot muscles relaying relevant feedback (3.5). In neuropathy (4), reduction in cutaneous sensation accompanies the diminished density of viable receptors (4.1). Loss of foot-sole input goes along with large-fibre dysfunction in intrinsic foot muscles. Diabetic patients have an elevated risk of falling, and vision and vestibular compensation strategies may be inadequate (4.2). From Charcot-Marie-Tooth 1A disease (4.3) we have become aware of the role of spindle group II fibres and of the anatomical feet conditions in balance control. Lastly (5) we touch on the effects of nerve stimulation onto cortical and spinal excitability, which may participate in plasticity processes, and on exercise interventions to reduce the impact of neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Felicetti
- Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Unit of Neuromotor Rehabilitation, Institute of Montescano, Pavia, Italy
| | - Philippe Thoumie
- Service de rééducation neuro-orthopédique, Hôpital Rothschild APHP, Université Sorbonne, Paris, France.,Agathe Lab ERL Inserm U-1150, Paris, France
| | - Manh-Cuong Do
- Université Paris-Saclay, CIAMS, Orsay, France.,Université d'Orléans, CIAMS, Orléans, France
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27
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Zobeiri OA, Mischler GM, King SA, Lewis RF, Cullen KE. Effects of vestibular neurectomy and neural compensation on head movements in patients undergoing vestibular schwannoma resection. Sci Rep 2021; 11:517. [PMID: 33436776 PMCID: PMC7804855 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79756-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The vestibular system is vital for maintaining balance and stabilizing gaze and vestibular damage causes impaired postural and gaze control. Here we examined the effects of vestibular loss and subsequent compensation on head motion kinematics during voluntary behavior. Head movements were measured in vestibular schwannoma patients before, and then 6 weeks and 6 months after surgical tumor removal, requiring sectioning of the involved vestibular nerve (vestibular neurectomy). Head movements were recorded in six dimensions using a small head-mounted sensor while patients performed the Functional Gait Assessment (FGA). Kinematic measures differed between patients (at all three time points) and normal subjects on several challenging FGA tasks, indicating that vestibular damage (caused by the tumor or neurectomy) alters head movements in a manner that is not normalized by central compensation. Kinematics measured at different time points relative to vestibular neurectomy differed substantially between pre-operative and 6-week post-operative states but changed little between 6-week and > 6-month post-operative states, demonstrating that compensation affecting head kinematics is relatively rapid. Our results indicate that quantifying head kinematics during self-generated gait tasks provides valuable information about vestibular damage and compensation, suggesting that early changes in patient head motion strategy may be maladaptive for long-term vestibular compensation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omid A Zobeiri
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Gavin M Mischler
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA
| | - Susan A King
- Jenks Vestibular Physiology Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, MA, USA
- Departments of Otolaryngology and Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Richard F Lewis
- Jenks Vestibular Physiology Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, MA, USA
- Departments of Otolaryngology and Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kathleen E Cullen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA.
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA.
- Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA.
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28
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Koelewijn AD, Ijspeert AJ. Exploring the Contribution of Proprioceptive Reflexes to Balance Control in Perturbed Standing. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:866. [PMID: 32984265 PMCID: PMC7485384 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans control balance using different feedback loops involving the vestibular system, the visual system, and proprioception. In this article, we focus on proprioception and explore the contribution of reflexes based on force and length feedback to standing balance. In particular, we address the questions of how much proprioception alone could explain balance control, and whether one modality, force or length feedback, is more important than the other. A sagittal plane neuro-musculoskeletal model was developed with six degrees of freedom and nine muscles in each leg. A controller was designed using proprioceptive reflexes and a dead zone. No feedback control was applied inside the dead zone. Reflexes were active once the center of mass moved outside the dead zone. Controller parameters were found by solving an optimization problem, where effort was minimized while the neuro-musculoskeletal model should remain standing upright on a perturbed platform. The ground was perturbed with random square pulses in the sagittal plane with different amplitudes and durations. The optimization was solved for three controllers: using force and length feedback (base model), using only force feedback, and using only length feedback. Simulations were compared to human data from previous work, where an experiment with the same perturbation signal was performed. The optimized controller yielded a similar posture, since average joint angles were within 5 degrees of the experimental average joint angles. The joint angles of the base model, the length only model, and the force only model correlated weakly (ankle) to moderately with the experimental joint angles. The ankle moment correlated weakly to moderately with the experimental ankle moment, while the hip and knee moment were only weakly correlated, or not at all. The time series of the joint angles showed that the length feedback model was better able to explain the experimental joint angles than the force feedback model. Changes in time delay affected the correlation of the joint angles and joint moments. The objective of effort minimization yielded lower joint moments than in the experiment, suggesting that other objectives are also important in balance control, which cause an increase in effort and thus larger joint moments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne D Koelewijn
- Biorobotics Laboratory, Institute of Bioengineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Machine Learning and Data Analytics Lab, Faculty of Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Auke J Ijspeert
- Biorobotics Laboratory, Institute of Bioengineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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29
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Korte S, Runge F, Wozniak MM, Ludwig FT, Smieja D, Korytko P, Mecklenburg L. Range of Neurological Signs in Cynomolgus Monkeys After Intrathecal Bolus Administration of Antisense Oligonucleotides. Int J Toxicol 2020; 39:505-509. [PMID: 32794413 DOI: 10.1177/1091581820948454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Intrathecal (IT) dosing (ie, injection into the subarachnoidal space at the lumbar region) is a common route of administration in cynomolgus monkey preclinical safety studies conducted for antisense oligonucleotides (ASO) that target central nervous system diseases. Herein we report on neurological signs that have been observed in 28 IT studies conducted in 1,016 cynomolgus monkeys. Neurological signs were classified into 5 groups: (1) A nonadverse transient absence of lower spinal reflexes. This observation occurred at low incidence in nontreated animals and in those that were injected artificial cerebrospinal fluid. The incidence increased in animals that were injected an ASO. Reflexes were present again at 24 hours or 48 hours after dosing. The incidence appeared to increase with dose. (2) Test-article-related adverse muscle tremor or muscle spasticity occurring during the injection procedure or immediately thereafter. In one-third of animals this finding responded to treatment with diazepam, in two-third it required euthanasia. (3) Neurological findings occurring between 30 minutes and 4 hours after dosing were characterized by any combination of ataxia, paresis, nystagmus, urinary incontinence, or muscle tremor. Those conditions either spontaneously resolved or they slowly worsened, eventually resulting in a poor general condition. (4) Neurological findings due to spinal cord injury were characterized by rapidly progressing paralysis of hind limbs. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed a focal hyperintense lesion, indicative of spinal cord necrosis. (5) Test-article-related adverse hind limb paresis or paralysis that occurred between 2 and 18 days after dosing. Those findings were rare and resulted in a poor general condition requiring euthanasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Korte
- 6728Covance Preclinical Services GmbH, Münster, Germany
| | - Frank Runge
- 6728Covance Preclinical Services GmbH, Münster, Germany
| | - Magdalena M Wozniak
- Department of Pediatric Radiology, 49554Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
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30
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Hardesty RL, Boots MT, Yakovenko S, Gritsenko V. Computational evidence for nonlinear feedforward modulation of fusimotor drive to antagonistic co-contracting muscles. Sci Rep 2020; 10:10625. [PMID: 32606297 PMCID: PMC7326973 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-67403-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The sensorimotor integration during unconstrained reaching movements in the presence of variable environmental forces remains poorly understood. The objective of this study was to quantify how much the primary afferent activity of muscle spindles can contribute to shaping muscle coactivation patterns during reaching movements with complex dynamics. To achieve this objective, we designed a virtual reality task that guided healthy human participants through a set of planar reaching movements with controlled kinematic and dynamic conditions that were accompanied by variable muscle co-contraction. Next, we approximated the Ia afferent activity using a phenomenological model of the muscle spindle and muscle lengths derived from a musculoskeletal model. The parameters of the spindle model were altered systematically to evaluate the effect of fusimotor drive on the shape of the temporal profile of afferent activity during movement. The experimental and simulated data were analyzed with hierarchical clustering. We found that the pattern of co-activation of agonistic and antagonistic muscles changed based on whether passive forces in each movement played assistive or resistive roles in limb dynamics. The reaching task with assistive limb dynamics was associated with the most muscle co-contraction. In contrast, the simulated Ia afferent profiles were not changing between tasks and they were largely reciprocal with homonymous muscle activity. Simulated physiological changes to the fusimotor drive were not sufficient to reproduce muscle co-contraction. These results largely rule out the static set and α-γ coactivation as the main types of fusimotor drive that transform the monosynaptic Ia afferent feedback into task-dependent co-contraction of antagonistic muscles. We speculate that another type of nonlinear transformation of Ia afferent signals that is independent of signals modulating the activity of α motoneurons is required for Ia afferent-based co-contraction. This transformation could either be applied through a complex nonlinear profile of fusimotor drive that is not yet experimentally observed or through presynaptic inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell L Hardesty
- Neural Engineering and Rehabilitation Laboratory, Division of Physical Therapy, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Matthew T Boots
- Neural Engineering Laboratory, Division of Exercise Physiology, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Benjamin M. Statler College of Engineering and Mineral Resources, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Sergiy Yakovenko
- Neural Engineering Laboratory, Division of Exercise Physiology, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Benjamin M. Statler College of Engineering and Mineral Resources, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
- Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Valeriya Gritsenko
- Neural Engineering and Rehabilitation Laboratory, Division of Physical Therapy, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA.
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Benjamin M. Statler College of Engineering and Mineral Resources, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA.
- Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA.
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31
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Barss TS, Klarner T, Sun Y, Inouye K, Zehr EP. Effects of enhanced cutaneous sensory input on interlimb strength transfer of the wrist extensors. Physiol Rep 2020; 8:e14406. [PMID: 32222042 PMCID: PMC7101283 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The relative contribution of cutaneous sensory feedback to interlimb strength transfer remains unexplored. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the relative contribution of cutaneous afferent pathways as a substrate for cross-education by directly assessing how "enhanced" cutaneous stimulation alters ipsilateral and contralateral strength gains in the forearm. Twenty-seven right-handed participants were randomly assigned to 1-of-3 training groups and completed 6 sets of 8 repetitions 3x/week for 5 weeks. Voluntary training (TRAIN) included unilateral maximal voluntary contractions (MVCs) of the wrist extensors. Cutaneous stimulation (STIM), a sham training condition, included cutaneous stimulation (2x radiating threshold; 3sec; 50Hz) of the superficial radial (SR) nerve at the wrist. TRAIN + STIM training included MVCs of the wrist extensors with simultaneous SR stimulation. Two pre- and one posttraining session assessed the relative increase in force output during MVCs of isometric wrist extension, wrist flexion, and handgrip. Maximal voluntary muscle activation was simultaneously recorded from the flexor and extensor carpi radialis. Cutaneous reflex pathways were evaluated through stimulation of the SR nerve during graded ipsilateral contractions. Results indicate TRAIN increased force output compared with STIM in both trained (85.0 ± 6.2 Nm vs. 59.8 ± 6.1 Nm) and untrained wrist extensors (73.9 ± 3.5 Nm vs. 58.8 Nm). Providing 'enhanced' sensory input during training (TRAIN + STIM) also led to increases in strength in the trained limb compared with STIM (79.3 ± 6.3 Nm vs. 59.8 ± 6.1 Nm). However, in the untrained limb no difference occurred between TRAIN + STIM and STIM (63.0 ± 3.7 Nm vs. 58.8 Nm). This suggests when 'enhanced' input was provided independent of timing with active muscle contraction, interlimb strength transfer to the untrained wrist extensors was blocked. This indicates that the sensory volley may have interfered with the integration of appropriate sensorimotor cues required to facilitate an interlimb transfer, highlighting the importance of appropriately timed cutaneous feedback.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor S. Barss
- Rehabilitation Neuroscience LaboratoryUniversity of VictoriaVictoriaBCCanada
- Human Discovery ScienceInternational Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD)VancouverBCCanada
- Centre for Biomedical ResearchUniversity of VictoriaVictoriaBCCanada
| | - Taryn Klarner
- Rehabilitation Neuroscience LaboratoryUniversity of VictoriaVictoriaBCCanada
- Human Discovery ScienceInternational Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD)VancouverBCCanada
- Centre for Biomedical ResearchUniversity of VictoriaVictoriaBCCanada
- School of KinesiologyLakehead UniversityThunder BayONUSA
| | - Yao Sun
- Rehabilitation Neuroscience LaboratoryUniversity of VictoriaVictoriaBCCanada
- Human Discovery ScienceInternational Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD)VancouverBCCanada
- Centre for Biomedical ResearchUniversity of VictoriaVictoriaBCCanada
| | - Kristy Inouye
- Rehabilitation Neuroscience LaboratoryUniversity of VictoriaVictoriaBCCanada
| | - E. Paul Zehr
- Rehabilitation Neuroscience LaboratoryUniversity of VictoriaVictoriaBCCanada
- Human Discovery ScienceInternational Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD)VancouverBCCanada
- Centre for Biomedical ResearchUniversity of VictoriaVictoriaBCCanada
- Division of Medical SciencesUniversity of VictoriaBCCanada
- Zanshin Consulting Inc.VictoriaBCCanada
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32
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Dietrich H, Heidger F, Schniepp R, MacNeilage PR, Glasauer S, Wuehr M. Head motion predictability explains activity-dependent suppression of vestibular balance control. Sci Rep 2020; 10:668. [PMID: 31959778 PMCID: PMC6971007 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-57400-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Vestibular balance control is dynamically weighted during locomotion. This might result from a selective suppression of vestibular inputs in favor of a feed-forward balance regulation based on locomotor efference copies. The feasibility of such a feed-forward mechanism should however critically depend on the predictability of head movements (HMP) during locomotion. To test this, we studied in 10 healthy subjects the differential impact of a stochastic vestibular stimulation (SVS) on body sway (center-of-pressure, COP) during standing and walking at different speeds and compared it to activity-dependent changes in HMP. SVS-COP coupling was determined by correlation analysis in frequency and time domains. HMP was quantified as the proportion of head motion variance that can be explained by the average head trajectory across the locomotor cycle. SVS-COP coupling decreased from standing to walking and further dropped with faster locomotion. Correspondingly, HMP increased with faster locomotion. Furthermore, SVS-COP coupling depended on the gait-cycle-phase with peaks corresponding to periods of least HMP. These findings support the assumption that during stereotyped human self-motion, locomotor efference copies selectively replace vestibular cues, similar to what was previously observed in animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Dietrich
- German Center for Vertigo and Balance Disorders, University Hospital, LMU, Munich, Germany
| | - F Heidger
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital, LMU, Munich, Germany
| | - R Schniepp
- German Center for Vertigo and Balance Disorders, University Hospital, LMU, Munich, Germany
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital, LMU, Munich, Germany
| | - P R MacNeilage
- German Center for Vertigo and Balance Disorders, University Hospital, LMU, Munich, Germany
- Department of Psychology, Cognitive and Brain Sciences, University of Nevada, Nevada, USA
| | - S Glasauer
- German Center for Vertigo and Balance Disorders, University Hospital, LMU, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Medical Technology, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, Senftenberg, Germany
| | - M Wuehr
- German Center for Vertigo and Balance Disorders, University Hospital, LMU, Munich, Germany.
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33
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Jacobs L, Bourassa DV, Harris CE, Buhr RJ. Euthanasia: Manual versus Mechanical Cervical Dislocation for Broilers. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:ani9020047. [PMID: 30717297 PMCID: PMC6406331 DOI: 10.3390/ani9020047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Poultry are euthanized for several reasons, most commonly because a bird is sick or injured and unable to eat or drink. Euthanasia can be a challenge to perform, especially when birds are heavy, like broiler chickens (produced for meat). Manual cervical dislocation (CD), or “breaking the neck”, is the most commonly applied method, but can be challenging. Therefore, using a tool (the mechanical method) such as the Koechner Euthanizing Device (KED) could be an alternative. Here, we aimed to compare CD with KED application for their impact on duration of induced reflexes and time to brain death. We assessed loss of brain stem reflexes, which indicate deep unconsciousness and/or brain stem death, and cessation of musculoskeletal movements. We applied both methods (CD and KED) to 200 broilers of 36, 42, or 43 days old on 3 experimental days. On days 2 and 3 an additional method was added, in which the bird’s head was extended at a ~90° angle after the application of the KED (KED+). Our study indicated brain stem death occurred sooner when birds were euthanized with CD compared to KED or KED+; all reflex durations were sustained for longer in the KED and KED+ birds. Abstract The aim was to assess the onset of brain stem death for two euthanasia methods—manual cervical dislocation (CD) versus the Koechner Euthanizing Device (KED). Over three days broilers of 36 (n = 60), 42 (n = 80), or 43 days old (n = 60) were euthanized. On days 2 and 3, a treatment was added in which the bird’s head was extended at a ~90° angle after application of the KED (KED+). On those days, gap size was recorded between the skull and atlas vertebra by 1-cm increments. The onset of brain death was assessed by recording the nictitating membrane reflex, gasping reflex and musculoskeletal movements (sec). Additionally, skin damage and blood loss were recorded (y/n). On all days, CD resulted in quicker loss of reflexes and movements compared to KED or KED+. Reflexes returned in 0–15% of CD birds, 50–55% of KED birds, and 40–60% of KED+ birds, possibly regaining consciousness. Skin damage occurred in 0% of CD birds, 68–95% of KED birds, and 85–95% of KED+ birds. On day 2 (p = 0.065) and 3 (p = 0.008), KED birds had or tended to have a narrower skull-to-atlas gap compared to CD and KED+ birds. Based on our results, CD would be the recommended method for broilers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonie Jacobs
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
| | - Dianna V Bourassa
- Department of Poultry Science, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA.
| | - Caitlin E Harris
- Department of Poultry Science, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
- USDA-ARS, US National Poultry Research Center, Athens, GA 30605, USA.
| | - R Jeff Buhr
- USDA-ARS, US National Poultry Research Center, Athens, GA 30605, USA.
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Abstract
Locomotion, that is active propulsive movement of the body in space, is a vital motor function. Intensive studies of the main, for the majority of living beings, form of locomotion, forward locomotion, have revealed essential features of the organization and operation of underlying neural mechanisms. However, animals and humans are capable to locomote not only forward but also in other directions in relation to the body axis, e.g. backward, sideways, etc. Single steps in different directions are also used for postural corrections during locomotion and during standing. Recent studies of mechanisms underlying control of locomotion in different directions have greatly expanded our knowledge about locomotor system and can contribute to improvement of rehabilitation strategies aimed at restoration of locomotion and balance control in patients. This review outlines recent advances in the studies of locomotion in different directions in lower and higher vertebrates, with special attention given to the neuronal locomotor mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana G Deliagina
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, SE-17177, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Pavel E Musienko
- Institute of Translational Biomedicine, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
- Pavlov Institute of Physiology, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
- Russian Research Center of Radiology and Surgical Technologies, Ministry of Healthcare of the RF, 197758 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Pavel V Zelenin
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, SE-17177, Stockholm, Sweden
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Brazaitis M, Paulauskas H, Eimantas N, Daniuseviciute L, Volungevicius G, Skurvydas A. Motor performance is preserved in healthy aged adults following severe whole-body hyperthermia. Int J Hyperthermia 2018; 36:65-74. [PMID: 30484343 DOI: 10.1080/02656736.2018.1533650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Healthy aging is associated with a progressive decline in motor performance and thermoregulatory efficiency. Functional consequences of severe whole-body hyperthermia on neurophysiological functions in healthy aged men have not been investigated. To determine whether severe whole-body hyperthermia (increase in rectal temperature of about 2.5 °C) induced by lower-body heating in older men (64-80 years, n = 9) would suppress excitability of reflexes, voluntarily and electrically induced ankle plantar flexor contractile properties were compared with those in young men (19-21 years, n = 11). Though no aging effect on hyperthermia-induced reflex amplitudes was observed, a decrease in maximal H-reflex and V-wave latencies was found to be greater in older than in young men. In older men, lower-body heating was accompanied by a significant increase in twitch and tetani test torque in parallel with a greater decrease in muscle contraction time. There was no temperature-depended aging effect on the voluntary activation and maximal voluntary torque production. Despite delayed and weakened thermoregulation and age-related decline in neuromuscular function, motor performance in whole-body severe hyperthermia is apparently preserved in healthy aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marius Brazaitis
- a Institute of Sport Science and Innovations , Lithuanian Sports University , Kaunas , LT , Lithuania
| | - Henrikas Paulauskas
- a Institute of Sport Science and Innovations , Lithuanian Sports University , Kaunas , LT , Lithuania
| | - Nerijus Eimantas
- a Institute of Sport Science and Innovations , Lithuanian Sports University , Kaunas , LT , Lithuania
| | - Laura Daniuseviciute
- b Department of Educational Studies , Kaunas University of Technology , Kaunas , LT , Lithuania
| | - Gintautas Volungevicius
- a Institute of Sport Science and Innovations , Lithuanian Sports University , Kaunas , LT , Lithuania
| | - Albertas Skurvydas
- a Institute of Sport Science and Innovations , Lithuanian Sports University , Kaunas , LT , Lithuania
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Woolcott CR, Torrey S, Turner PV, Chalmers H, Levison LJ, Schwean-Lardner K, Widowski TM. Assessing a Method of Mechanical Cervical Dislocation as a Humane Option for On-Farm Killing Using Anesthetized Poults and Young Turkeys. Front Vet Sci 2018; 5:275. [PMID: 30464939 PMCID: PMC6234762 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2018.00275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Our objective was to determine the efficacy of manual cervical dislocation vs. a mechanical cervical dislocation device for on-farm killing of poults and young turkeys. Forty-two 1- and 3-week old turkeys were randomly assigned to one of three experimental groups: awake manual cervical dislocation (CD), anesthetized manual cervical dislocation (aCD), or anesthetized mechanical cervical dislocation (MCD). Anesthetized birds received an intramuscular dose of 0.3 mg/kg medetomidine and 30 mg/kg of ketamine to achieve a light plane of anesthesia. A comparison of CD vs. aCD responses indicated that the anesthetic plane did not affect jaw tone or pupillary light reflex, indicators of loss of sensibility and brain death, respectively. MCD was unsuccessful for killing 1-week old poults as indicated by the ongoing presence of the pupillary eye reflex as well as failure to achieve cardiac arrest within 5 min in 5 of 5 birds. Radiographs also indicated no vertebral dislocation or fracture. Pupillary light reflex was present in 98% and jaw tone was present in 73% of turkeys, respectively, for all groups combined, but retention of the pupillary light reflex (P < 0.001) and jaw tone (P = 0.001) was longer for birds killed by MCD. Time to last movement (P = 0.797) and cardiac arrest (P = 0.057) did not differ between method. Survey radiographs demonstrated an effect of method for the average displacement distance at the site of vertebral dislocation, with a greater distance observed in birds killed by CD compared to MCD (P = 0.003). A method by age interaction was observed between CD and MCD for the number of birds with fractures; more vertebral fractures were observed in 3-week old turkeys killed with MCD compared to CD (P = 0.047). Upon gross examination, the majority of birds killed by either method had minimal to no hemorrhage within the brain and spinal cord. However, turkeys killed using CD had more microscopic subdural brain hemorrhage (P = 0.020). Ante-mortem and post-mortem measures suggest that neither manual CD nor the MCD tool used in this study caused immediate insensibility, but CD resulted in a shorter latency to brain death and fewer fractures compared to MCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin R Woolcott
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Stephanie Torrey
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Patricia V Turner
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Heather Chalmers
- Ontario Veterinary College Health Science Centre, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Lena J Levison
- Animal Care Services, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Karen Schwean-Lardner
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Tina M Widowski
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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Browne LE, Latremoliere A, Lehnert BP, Grantham A, Ward C, Alexandre C, Costigan M, Michoud F, Roberson DP, Ginty DD, Woolf CJ. Time-Resolved Fast Mammalian Behavior Reveals the Complexity of Protective Pain Responses. Cell Rep 2017; 20:89-98. [PMID: 28683326 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Revised: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Potentially harmful stimuli are detected at the skin by nociceptor sensory neurons that drive rapid protective withdrawal reflexes and pain. We set out to define, at a millisecond timescale, the relationship between the activity of these sensory neurons and the resultant behavioral output. Brief optogenetic activation of cutaneous nociceptors was found to activate only a single action potential in each fiber. This minimal input was used to determine high-speed behavioral responses in freely behaving mice. The localized stimulus generated widespread dynamic repositioning and alerting sub-second behaviors whose nature and timing depended on the context of the animal and its position, activity, and alertness. Our findings show that the primary response to injurious stimuli is not limited, fixed, or localized, but is dynamic, and that it involves recruitment and gating of multiple circuits distributed throughout the central nervous system at a sub-second timescale to effectively both alert to the presence of danger and minimize risk of harm.
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Hurteau MF, Thibaudier Y, Dambreville C, Danner SM, Rybak IA, Frigon A. Intralimb and Interlimb Cutaneous Reflexes during Locomotion in the Intact Cat. J Neurosci 2018; 38:4104-22. [PMID: 29563181 DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3288-17.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 03/03/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
When the foot contacts an obstacle during locomotion, cutaneous inputs activate spinal circuits to ensure dynamic balance and forward progression. In quadrupeds, this requires coordinated reflex responses between the four limbs. Here, we investigated the patterns and phasic modulation of cutaneous reflexes in forelimb and hindlimb muscles evoked by inputs from all four limbs. Five female cats were implanted to record muscle activity and to stimulate the superficial peroneal and superficial radial nerves during locomotion. Stimulating these nerves evoked short-, mid-, and longer-latency excitatory and/or inhibitory responses in all four limbs that were phase-dependent. The largest responses were generally observed during the peak activity of the muscle. Cutaneous reflexes during mid-swing were consistent with flexion of the homonymous limb and accompanied by modification of the stance phases of the other three limbs, by coactivating flexors and extensors and/or by delaying push-off. Cutaneous reflexes during mid-stance were consistent with stabilizing the homonymous limb by delaying and then facilitating its push-off and modifying the support phases of the homolateral and diagonal limbs, characterized by coactivating flexors and extensors, reinforcing extensor activity and/or delaying push-off. The shortest latencies of homolateral and diagonal responses were consistent with fast-conducting disynaptic or trisynaptic pathways. Descending homolateral and diagonal pathways from the forelimbs to the hindlimbs had a higher probability of eliciting responses compared with ascending pathways from the hindlimbs to the forelimbs. Thus, in quadrupeds, intralimb and interlimb reflexes activated by cutaneous inputs ensure dynamic coordination of the four limbs, producing a whole-body response.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The skin contains receptors that, when activated, send inputs to spinal circuits, signaling a perturbation. Rapid responses, or reflexes, in muscles of the contacted limb and opposite homologous limb help maintain balance and forward progression. Here, we investigated reflexes during quadrupedal locomotion in the cat by electrically stimulating cutaneous nerves in each of the four limbs. Functionally, responses appear to modify the trajectory or stabilize the movement of the stimulated limb while modifying the support phase of the other limbs. Reflexes between limbs are mediated by fast-conducting pathways that involve excitatory and inhibitory circuits controlling each limb. The comparatively stronger descending pathways from cervical to lumbar circuits controlling the forelimbs and hindlimbs, respectively, could serve a protective function.
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Martin JE, Sandercock DA, Sandilands V, Sparrey J, Baker L, Sparks NHC, McKeegan DEF. Welfare Risks of Repeated Application of On-Farm Killing Methods for Poultry. Animals (Basel) 2018; 8:ani8030039. [PMID: 29543779 PMCID: PMC5867527 DOI: 10.3390/ani8030039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary During poultry production, some birds are killed humanely on farm, usually
because they are ill or injured. Recent European Union (EU) legislation has restricted the number
of birds that can be killed by manual neck dislocation to 70 birds per person per day. We examined
whether this limit is meaningful by investigating the effects of repeated application of two methods
of killing (neck dislocation and a percussive method, the CashPoultry Killer). Twelve male
stockworkers each killed 100 birds (broilers, laying hens, or turkeys) at a fixed rate with each
method. Both methods were highly successful, and reflex and behaviour measures confirmed they
caused rapid loss of brain function. Importantly, there was no evidence of reduced performance
with time/bird number up to 100 birds with either method. The Cash Poultry Killer caused a more
rapid death, but it was prone to technical difficulties with repeated use. Neck dislocation has the
important advantage that it can be performed immediately with no equipment, which may make it
preferable in some situations. We present the first evidence that, at the killing rates tested, there
was no evidence to justify the current EU number limit for performance of neck dislocation to kill
poultry on farm. Abstract Council Regulation (EC) no. 1099/2009 on the protection of animals at the time of killing restricts the use of manual cervical dislocation in poultry on farms in the European Union (EU) to birds weighing up to 3 kg and 70 birds per person per day. However, few studies have examined whether repeated application of manual cervical dislocation has welfare implications and whether these are dependent on individual operator skill or susceptibility to fatigue. We investigated the effects of repeated application (100 birds at a fixed killing rate of 1 bird per 2 min) and multiple operators on two methods of killing of broilers, laying hens, and turkeys in commercial settings. We compared the efficacy and welfare impact of repeated application of cervical dislocation and a percussive killer (Cash Poultry Killer, CPK), using 12 male stockworkers on three farms (one farm per bird type). Both methods achieved over 96% kill success at the first attempt. The killing methods were equally effective for each bird type and there was no evidence of reduced performance with time and/or bird number. Both methods of killing caused a rapid loss of reflexes, indicating loss of brain function. There was more variation in reflex durations and post-mortem damage in birds killed by cervical dislocation than that found using CPK. High neck dislocation was associated with improved kill success and more rapid loss of reflexes. The CPK caused damage to multiple brain areas with little variation. Overall, the CPK was associated with faster abolition of reflexes, with fewer birds exhibiting them at all, suggestive of better welfare outcomes. However, technical difficulties with the CPK highlighted the advantages of cervical dislocation, which can be performed immediately with no equipment. At the killing rates tested, we did not find evidence to justify the current EU limit on the number of birds that one operator can kill on–farm by manual cervical dislocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica E Martin
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, Easter Bush Campus, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK.
| | - Dale A Sandercock
- Animal and Veterinary Science Research Group, Scotland's Rural College (SRUC), West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH16 4SA, UK.
| | - Victoria Sandilands
- Animal and Veterinary Science Research Group, Scotland's Rural College (SRUC), West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH16 4SA, UK.
| | - Julian Sparrey
- Livetec Systems Ltd, Building 52, Wrest Park, Silsoe, Bedford MK45 4HS, UK.
| | - Laurence Baker
- Animal and Veterinary Science Research Group, Scotland's Rural College (SRUC), West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH16 4SA, UK.
| | - Nick H C Sparks
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, Easter Bush Campus, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK.
- Animal and Veterinary Science Research Group, Scotland's Rural College (SRUC), West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH16 4SA, UK.
| | - Dorothy E F McKeegan
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK.
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Martin JE, Sandilands V, Sparrey J, Baker L, McKeegan DEF. On Farm Evaluation of a Novel Mechanical Cervical Dislocation Device for Poultry. Animals (Basel) 2018; 8:E10. [PMID: 29320399 PMCID: PMC5789305 DOI: 10.3390/ani8010010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Revised: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Urgent development of alternative on-farm killing methods for poultry is required following the number restrictions placed on the use of traditional manual cervical dislocation by European Legislation (EU 1099/2009). Alternatives must be proven to be humane and, crucially, practical in commercial settings with multiple users. We assessed the performance and reliability of a novel mechanical cervical dislocation device (NMCD) compared to the traditional manual cervical dislocation (MCD) method. NMCD was based on a novel device consisting of a thin supportive glove and two moveable metal finger inserts designed to aid the twisting motion of cervical dislocation. We employed a 2 × 2 factorial design, with a total of eight stockworkers from broiler and layer units (four per farm) each killing 70 birds per method. A successful kill performance was defined as immediate absence of rhythmic breathing and nictitating membrane reflex; a detectable gap in the vertebrae and only one kill attempt (i.e., one stretch and twist motion). The mean stockworker kill performance was significantly higher for MCD (98.4 ± 0.5%) compared to NMCD (81.6 ± 1.8%). However, the MCD technique normally used by the stockworkers (based previous in-house training received) affected the performance of NMCD and was confounded by unit type (broilers), with the majority of broiler stockworkers trained in a non-standard technique, making adaption to the NMCD more difficult. The consistency of trauma induced by the killing methods (based on several post-mortem parameters) was higher with NMCD demonstrated by "gold standard" trauma achieved in 30.2% of birds, compared to 11.4% for MCD (e.g., dislocation higher up the cervical region of the spine i.e., between vertebrae C0-C1, ≥1 carotid arteries severed), suggesting it has the potential to improve welfare at killing. However, the results also suggest that the NMCD method requires further refinement and training optimization in order for it to be acceptable as an alternative across poultry industry, irrespective of previous MCD technique and training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica E Martin
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, Easter Bush Campus, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK.
| | - Victoria Sandilands
- Monogastric Science Research Centre, Animal and Veterinary Sciences Research Group, SRUC, Auchincruive Campus, Ayr KA6 5HW, UK.
| | - Julian Sparrey
- Livetec Systems Ltd., Building 52, Wrest Park, Silsoe, Bedford MK45 4HS, UK.
| | - Laurence Baker
- Monogastric Science Research Centre, Animal and Veterinary Sciences Research Group, SRUC, Auchincruive Campus, Ayr KA6 5HW, UK.
| | - Dorothy E F McKeegan
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK.
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Wilson SJ, Williams CC, Gdovin JR, Eason JD, Luginsland LA, Hill CM, Chander H, Wade C, Garner JC. The Influence of an Acute Bout of Whole Body Vibration on Human Postural Control Responses. J Mot Behav 2017; 50:590-597. [PMID: 29058537 DOI: 10.1080/00222895.2017.1383225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The use of vibrating platforms has become increasingly available, and popular at sports and rehabilitation institutes. Given the discrepancies in the literature regarding whole body vibration (WBV) and human reflexive responses, the purpose of this study was to examine the acute effects of WBV on postural response latencies, as well as associated electromyography measures of the lower extremities during balance perturbations. Reflexive responses during backward and forward balance perturbations were examined before, after, and 10 min after a bout of WBV. The findings suggest that following an acute bout of whole body vibration, muscle activity of the lower extremities is decreased during a reflexive response to an unexpected perturbation, and may be associated with faster reaction time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel J Wilson
- a Department of Health , Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, University , MS , USA
| | - Charles C Williams
- a Department of Health , Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, University , MS , USA
| | - Jacob R Gdovin
- b Department of Kinesiology , Missouri State University , Springfield , MO , USA
| | - John D Eason
- a Department of Health , Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, University , MS , USA
| | - Lauren A Luginsland
- a Department of Health , Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, University , MS , USA
| | - Christopher M Hill
- a Department of Health , Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, University , MS , USA
| | - Harish Chander
- c Neuromechanics Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology , Mississippi State University , Mississippi State, MS , USA
| | - Chip Wade
- d Industrial & Systems Engineering, Auburn University , Auburn , AL , USA
| | - John C Garner
- e Department of Kinesiology and Health Promotion , Troy University , Troy , AL , USA
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Lam CK, Staines WR, Tokuno CD, Bent LR. The medium latency muscle response to a vestibular perturbation is increased after depression of the cerebellar vermis. Brain Behav 2017; 7:e00782. [PMID: 29075558 PMCID: PMC5651382 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Revised: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Galvanic vestibular stimulation (GVS) is able to evoke distinct responses in the muscles used for balance. These reflexes, termed the short (SL) and medium latency (ML) responses, can be altered by sensory input; decreasing in size when additional sensory cues are available. Although much is known about these responses, the origin and role of the responses are still not fully understood. It has been suggested that the cerebellum, a structure that is involved in postural control and sensory integration, may play a role in the modulation of these reflexes. METHODS The cerebellar vermis was temporarily depressed using continuous theta burst stimulation and SL, ML and overall vestibular electromyographic and force plate shear response amplitudes were compared before and after cerebellar depression. RESULTS There were no changes in force plate shear amplitude and a non-significant increase for the SL muscle response (p = .071), however, we did find significant increases in the ML and overall vestibular muscle response amplitudes after cerebellar depression (p = .026 and p = .016, respectively). No changes were evoked when a SHAM stimulus was used. DISCUSSION These results suggest that the cerebellar vermis plays a role in the modulation of vestibular muscle reflex responses to GVS.
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Ausderau KK, Dammann C, McManus K, Schneider M, Emborg ME, Schultz-Darken N. Cross-species comparison of behavioral neurodevelopmental milestones in the common marmoset monkey and human child. Dev Psychobiol 2017; 59:807-821. [PMID: 28763098 DOI: 10.1002/dev.21545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) is an increasingly popular non-human primate species for developing transgenic and genomic edited models of neurological disorders. These models present an opportunity to assess from birth the impact of genetic mutations and to identify candidate predictive biomarkers of early disease onset. In order to apply findings from marmosets to humans, a cross-species comparison of typical development is essential. Aiming to identify similarities, differences, and gaps in knowledge of neurodevelopment, we evaluated peer-reviewed literature focused on the first 6 months of life of marmosets and compared to humans. Five major developmental constructs, including reflexes and reactions, motor, feeding, self-help, and social, were compared. Numerous similarities were identified in the developmental sequences with differences often influenced by the purpose of the behavior, specifically for marmoset survival. The lack of detailed knowledge of marmoset development was exposed as related to the vast resources for humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karla K Ausderau
- Occupational Therapy Program, Department of Kinesiology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin.,Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Caitlin Dammann
- Occupational Therapy Program, Department of Kinesiology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Kathy McManus
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Mary Schneider
- Occupational Therapy Program, Department of Kinesiology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin.,Harlow Center for Biological Psychology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Marina E Emborg
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin.,Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Nancy Schultz-Darken
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
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Geertsen SS, Willerslev-Olsen M, Lorentzen J, Nielsen JB. Development and aging of human spinal cord circuitries. J Neurophysiol 2017; 118:1133-1140. [PMID: 28566459 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00103.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The neural motor circuitries in the spinal cord receive information from our senses and the rest of the nervous system and translate it into purposeful movements, which allow us to interact with the rest of the world. In this review, we discuss how these circuitries are established during early development and the extent to which they are shaped according to the demands of the body that they control and the environment with which the body has to interact. We also discuss how aging processes and physiological changes in our body are reflected in adaptations of activity in the spinal cord motor circuitries. The complex, multifaceted connectivity of the spinal cord motor circuitries allows them to generate vastly different movements and to adapt their activity to meet new challenges imposed by bodily changes or a changing environment. There are thus plenty of possibilities for adaptive changes in the spinal motor circuitries both early and late in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svend Sparre Geertsen
- Neural Control of Movement Research Group, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark.,Department of Nutrition, Exercise, and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark; and
| | - Maria Willerslev-Olsen
- Neural Control of Movement Research Group, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark.,Elsass Institute, Charlottenlund, Denmark
| | - Jakob Lorentzen
- Neural Control of Movement Research Group, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark.,Elsass Institute, Charlottenlund, Denmark
| | - Jens Bo Nielsen
- Neural Control of Movement Research Group, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark; .,Elsass Institute, Charlottenlund, Denmark
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Lowrey CR, Nashed JY, Scott SH. Rapid and flexible whole body postural responses are evoked from perturbations to the upper limb during goal-directed reaching. J Neurophysiol 2016; 117:1070-1083. [PMID: 28003415 DOI: 10.1152/jn.01004.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
An important aspect of motor control is the ability to perform tasks with the upper limbs while maintaining whole body balance. However, little is known about the coordination of upper limb voluntary and whole body postural control after mechanical disturbances that require both upper limb motor corrections to attain a behavioral goal and lower limb motor responses to maintain whole body balance. The present study identified the temporal organization of muscle responses and center of pressure (COP) changes following mechanical perturbations during reaching. Our results demonstrate that muscle responses in the upper limb are evoked first (∼50 ms), with lower limb muscle activity occurring immediately after, in as little as ∼60 ms after perturbation. Hand motion was immediately altered by the load, while COP changes occurred after ∼100 ms, when lower limb muscle activity was already present. Our secondary findings showed that both muscle activity and COP changes were influenced by behavioral context (by altering target shape, circle vs. rectangle). Voluntary and postural actions initially directed the hand toward the center of both target types, but after the perturbation upper limb and postural responses redirected the hand toward different spatial locations along the rectangle. Muscle activity was increased for both upper and lower limbs when correcting to the circle vs. the rectangle, and these differences emerged as early as the long-latency epoch (∼75-120 ms). Our results demonstrate that postural responses are rapidly and flexibly altered to consider the behavioral goal of the upper limb.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The present work establishes that, when reaching to a target while standing, perturbations applied to the upper limb elicit a rapid response in lower limb muscles. Unlike voluntary movements, postural responses do not occur before corrections of the upper limb. We show the first evidence that corrective postural adjustments are modulated by upper limb behavioral context (target shape). Importantly, this indicates that postural responses take into account upper limb feedback for online control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine R Lowrey
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joseph Y Nashed
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stephen H Scott
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada; .,Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada; and.,Department of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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Klarner T, Barss TS, Sun Y, Kaupp C, Loadman PM, Zehr EP. Long-Term Plasticity in Reflex Excitability Induced by Five Weeks of Arm and Leg Cycling Training after Stroke. Brain Sci 2016; 6:brainsci6040054. [PMID: 27827888 PMCID: PMC5187568 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci6040054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Revised: 10/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural connections remain partially viable after stroke, and access to these residual connections provides a substrate for training-induced plasticity. The objective of this project was to test if reflex excitability could be modified with arm and leg (A & L) cycling training. Nineteen individuals with chronic stroke (more than six months postlesion) performed 30 min of A & L cycling training three times a week for five weeks. Changes in reflex excitability were inferred from modulation of cutaneous and stretch reflexes. A multiple baseline (three pretests) within-subject control design was used. Plasticity in reflex excitability was determined as an increase in the conditioning effect of arm cycling on soleus stretch reflex amplitude on the more affected side, by the index of modulation, and by the modulation ratio between sides for cutaneous reflexes. In general, A & L cycling training induces plasticity and modifies reflex excitability after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taryn Klarner
- Rehabilitation Neuroscience Laboratory, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8W 3P1, Canada.
- Human Discovery Science, International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada.
- Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada.
| | - Trevor S Barss
- Rehabilitation Neuroscience Laboratory, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8W 3P1, Canada.
- Human Discovery Science, International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada.
- Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada.
| | - Yao Sun
- Rehabilitation Neuroscience Laboratory, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8W 3P1, Canada.
- Human Discovery Science, International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada.
- Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada.
| | - Chelsea Kaupp
- Rehabilitation Neuroscience Laboratory, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8W 3P1, Canada.
- Human Discovery Science, International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada.
- Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada.
| | - Pamela M Loadman
- Rehabilitation Neuroscience Laboratory, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8W 3P1, Canada.
| | - E Paul Zehr
- Rehabilitation Neuroscience Laboratory, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8W 3P1, Canada.
- Human Discovery Science, International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada.
- Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada.
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada.
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Abstract
Presynaptic inhibition is a very powerful inhibitory mechanism and, despite many detailed studies, its purpose is still only partially understood. One accepted function is that, by reducing afferent inflow to the spinal cord and brainstem, the tonic level of presynaptic inhibition prevents sensory systems from being overloaded. A corollary of this function is that much of the incoming sensory data from peripheral receptors must be redundant, and this conclusion is reinforced by observations on patients with sensory neuropathies or congenital obstetric palsy in whom normal sensation may be preserved despite loss of sensory fibers. The modulation of incoming signals by presynaptic inhibition has a further function in operating a "gate" in the dorsal horn, thereby determining whether peripheral stimuli are likely to be perceived as painful. On the motor side, the finding that even minimal voluntary movement of a single toe is associated with widespread inhibition in the lumbosacral cord points to another function for presynaptic inhibition: to prevent reflex perturbations from interfering with motor commands. This last function, together with the normal suppression of muscle and cutaneous reflex activity at rest, is consistent with Hughlings Jackson's concept of evolving neural hierarchies, with each level inhibiting the one below it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan J McComas
- McMaster University Health Sciences Centre, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Kiely J, Collins DJ. Uniqueness of Human Running Coordination: The Integration of Modern and Ancient Evolutionary Innovations. Front Psychol 2016; 7:262. [PMID: 27148098 PMCID: PMC4826868 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Running is a pervasive activity across human cultures and a cornerstone of contemporary health, fitness, and sporting activities. Yet for the overwhelming predominance of human existence running was an essential prerequisite for survival. A means to hunt, and a means to escape when hunted. In a very real sense humans have evolved to run. Yet curiously, perhaps due to running's cultural ubiquity and the natural ease with which we learn to run, we rarely consider the uniqueness of human bipedal running within the animal kingdom. Our unique upright, single stance, bouncing running gait imposes a unique set of coordinative difficulties. Challenges demanding we precariously balance our fragile brains in the very position where they are most vulnerable to falling injury while simultaneously retaining stability, steering direction of travel, and powering the upcoming stride: all within the abbreviated time-frames afforded by short, violent ground contacts separated by long flight times. These running coordination challenges are solved through the tightly-integrated blending of primitive evolutionary legacies, conserved from reptilian and vertebrate lineages, and comparatively modern, more exclusively human, innovations. The integrated unification of these top-down and bottom-up control processes bestows humans with an agile control system, enabling us to readily modulate speeds, change direction, negotiate varied terrains and to instantaneously adapt to changing surface conditions. The seamless integration of these evolutionary processes is facilitated by pervasive, neural and biological, activity-dependent adaptive plasticity. Over time, and with progressive exposure, this adaptive plasticity shapes neural and biological structures to best cope with regularly imposed movement challenges. This pervasive plasticity enables the gradual construction of a robust system of distributed coordinated control, comprised of processes that are so deeply collectively entwined that describing their functionality in isolation obscures their true irrevocably entangled nature. Although other species rely on a similar set of coordinated processes to run, the bouncing bipedal nature of human running presents a specific set of coordination challenges, solved using a customized blend of evolved solutions. A deeper appreciation of the foundations of the running coordination phenomenon promotes conceptual clarity, potentially informing future advances in running training and running-injury rehabilitation interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Kiely
- School of Health and Wellbeing, Institute of Coaching and Performance, University of Central LancashirePreston, UK; Fitness Department, Irish Rugby Football UnionDublin, Ireland
| | - David J Collins
- School of Health and Wellbeing, Institute of Coaching and Performance, University of Central Lancashire Preston, UK
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Verhoeven MT, Gerritzen MA, Hellebrekers LJ, Kemp B. Validation of indicators used to assess unconsciousness in veal calves at slaughter. Animal 2016; 10:1457-65. [PMID: 26965337 DOI: 10.1017/S1751731116000422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
European legislation states that after stunning regular checks should be performed to guarantee animals are unconscious between the end of the stunning process and death. When animals are killed without prior stunning these checks should be performed before the animal is released from restraint. The validity of certain indicators used to assess unconsciousness under different stunning and slaughter conditions is under debate. The aim of this study was to validate the absence of threat-, withdrawal-, corneal- and eyelid reflex as indicators to assess unconsciousness in calves subjected to different stunning and slaughter methods. Calves (201±22 kg) were randomly assigned to one of the following four treatments: (1) Captive bolt stunning followed by neck cut in an inverted position (n=25); (2) Non-stunned slaughter in an upright position (n=7); (3) Non-stunned slaughter in an inverted position (180° rotation) (n=25); (4) Non-stunned slaughter in an upright position followed by captive bolt stunning 40 s after the neck cut (n=25). Each calf was equipped with non-invasive electroencephalogram (EEG) electrodes before the slaughter procedure. All reflexes were verified once before the slaughter procedure. At the beginning of the procedure (T=0 s) calves were stunned (treatment 1) or neck cut in an upright position (treatment 2, 4) or inverted position (treatment 3). Calves of treatment 4 were captive bolt stunned 34±8 s after the neck cut. Reflexes were assessed every 20 s from T=15 s for all treatments until all reflex tests resulted in a negative response three times in a row and a flat line EEG was observed. In addition, reflexes were assessed 5 s after captive bolt stunning in calves of treatments 1 and 4. Visual assessment of changes in the amplitude and frequency of EEG traces was used to determine loss of consciousness. Timing of loss of consciousness was related to timing of loss of reflexes. After captive bolt stunning, absence of threat-, withdrawal-, corneal- and eyelid reflex indicated unconsciousness as determined by EEG recordings. After non-stunned slaughter, both threat- and withdrawal reflex were on average lost before calves were unconscious based on EEG recordings. The eyelid- and corneal reflex were on average lost after calves had lost consciousness based on EEG recordings and appeared to be distinctly conservative indicators of unconsciousness in non-stunned slaughtered calves since they were observed until 76±50 and 85±45 s (mean±SD), respectively, after EEG-based loss of consciousness.
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Lemaitre F, Chowdhury T, Schaller B. The trigeminocardiac reflex - a comparison with the diving reflex in humans. Arch Med Sci 2015; 11:419-26. [PMID: 25995761 PMCID: PMC4424259 DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2015.50974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Revised: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 06/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The trigeminocardiac reflex (TCR) has previously been described in the literature as a reflexive response of bradycardia, hypotension, and gastric hypermotility seen upon mechanical stimulation in the distribution of the trigeminal nerve. The diving reflex (DR) in humans is characterized by breath-holding, slowing of the heart rate, reduction of limb blood flow and a gradual rise in the mean arterial blood pressure. Although the two reflexes share many similarities, their relationship and especially their functional purpose in humans have yet to be fully elucidated. In the present review, we have tried to integrate and elaborate these two phenomena into a unified physiological concept. Assuming that the TCR and the DR are closely linked functionally and phylogenetically, we have also highlighted the significance of these reflexes in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederic Lemaitre
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Rouen, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Tumul Chowdhury
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Bernhard Schaller
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Paris, Paris, France
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