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Sgro M, Kodila ZN, Li C, Carmichael I, Warren S, Reichelt AC, Yamakawa GR, Mychasiuk R. Microbiome depletion prior to repeat mild TBI differentially alters social deficits and prefrontal cortex plasticity in adolescent and adult rats. iScience 2024; 27:109395. [PMID: 38510122 PMCID: PMC10952042 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Although aging, repeat mild traumatic brain injury (RmTBI), and microbiome modifications independently change social behavior, there has been no investigation into their cumulative effects on social behavior and neuroplasticity within the prefrontal cortex. Therefore, we examined how microbiome depletion prior to RmTBI affected social behavior and neuroplasticity in adolescent and adult rats. Play, temperament analysis, elevated plus maze, and the hot/cold plate assessed socio-emotional function. Analyses of perineuronal nets (PNNs) and parvalbumin (PV) interneurons was completed. Social-emotional deficits were more pronounced in adults, with microbiome depletion attenuating social behavior deficits associated with RmTBI in both age groups. Microbiome depletion increased branch length and PNN arborization within the PFC but decreased the overall number of PNNs. Adults and males were more vulnerable to RmTBI. Interestingly, microbiome depletion may have attenuated the changes to neuroplasticity and subsequent social deficits, suggesting that the microbiome is a viable, but age-specific, target for RmTBI therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marissa Sgro
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Zoe N. Kodila
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Crystal Li
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Irena Carmichael
- Monash Micro Imaging, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Samantha Warren
- Monash Micro Imaging, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Amy C. Reichelt
- School of Biomedicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Glenn R. Yamakawa
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Richelle Mychasiuk
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
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2
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Sun M, Baker TL, Wilson CT, Brady RD, Yamakawa GR, Wright DK, Mychasiuk R, Vo A, Wilson T, Allen J, McDonald SJ, Shultz SR. Treatment with the vascular endothelial growth factor-A antibody, bevacizumab, has sex-specific effects in a rat model of mild traumatic brain injury. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2024; 44:542-555. [PMID: 37933736 PMCID: PMC10981407 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x231212377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) involves damage to the cerebrovascular system. Vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) is an important modulator of vascular health and VEGF-A promotes the brain's ability to recover after more severe forms of brain injury; however, the role of VEGF-A in mTBI remains poorly understood. Bevacizumab (BEV) is a monoclonal antibody that binds to VEGF-A and neutralises its actions. To better understand the role of VEGF-A in mTBI recovery, this study examined how BEV treatment affected outcomes in rats given a mTBI. Adult Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned to sham-injury + vehicle treatment (VEH), sham-injury + BEV treatment, mTBI + VEH treatment, mTBI + BEV treatment groups. Treatment was administered intracerebroventricularly via a cannula beginning at the time of injury and continuing until the end of the study. Rats underwent behavioral testing after injury and were euthanized on day 11. In both females and males, BEV had a negative impact on cognitive function. mTBI and BEV treatment increased the expression of inflammatory markers in females. In males, BEV treatment altered markers related to hypoxia and vascular health. These novel findings of sex-specific responses to BEV and mTBI provide important insights into the role of VEGF-A in mTBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mujun Sun
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Tamara L Baker
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Campbell T Wilson
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Rhys D Brady
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Glenn R Yamakawa
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - David K Wright
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Richelle Mychasiuk
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Anh Vo
- Monash Health Translation Precinct, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Trevor Wilson
- Monash Health Translation Precinct, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Josh Allen
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Stuart J McDonald
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Sandy R Shultz
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Health Sciences, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, BC, Canada
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Quach M, Ali I, Shultz SR, Casillas-Espinosa PM, Hudson MR, Jones NC, Silva JC, Yamakawa GR, Braine EL, Immonen R, Staba RJ, Tohka J, Harris NG, Gröhn O, O'Brien TJ, Wright DK. ComBating inter-site differences in field strength: harmonizing preclinical traumatic brain injury MRI data. NMR Biomed 2024:e5142. [PMID: 38494895 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.5142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Integrating datasets from multiple sites and scanners can increase statistical power for neuroimaging studies but can also introduce significant inter-site confounds. We evaluated the effectiveness of ComBat, an empirical Bayes approach, to combine longitudinal preclinical MRI data acquired at 4.7 or 9.4 T at two different sites in Australia. Male Sprague Dawley rats underwent MRI on Days 2, 9, 28, and 150 following moderate/severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) or sham injury as part of Project 1 of the NIH/NINDS-funded Centre Without Walls EpiBioS4Rx project. Diffusion-weighted and multiple-gradient-echo images were acquired, and outcomes included QSM, FA, and ADC. Acute injury measures including apnea and self-righting reflex were consistent between sites. Mixed-effect analysis of ipsilateral and contralateral corpus callosum (CC) summary values revealed a significant effect of site on FA and ADC values, which was removed following ComBat harmonization. Bland-Altman plots for each metric showed reduced variability across sites following ComBat harmonization, including for QSM, despite appearing to be largely unaffected by inter-site differences and no effect of site observed. Following harmonization, the combined inter-site data revealed significant differences in the imaging metrics consistent with previously reported outcomes. TBI resulted in significantly reduced FA and increased susceptibility in the ipsilateral CC, and significantly reduced FA in the contralateral CC compared with sham-injured rats. Additionally, TBI rats also exhibited a reversal in ipsilateral CC ADC values over time with significantly reduced ADC at Day 9, followed by increased ADC 150 days after injury. Our findings demonstrate the need for harmonizing multi-site preclinical MRI data and show that this can be successfully achieved using ComBat while preserving phenotypical changes due to TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara Quach
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Translational Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Melbourne Brain Centre Imaging Unit, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Idrish Ali
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Translational Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sandy R Shultz
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Translational Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Health Sciences, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Pablo M Casillas-Espinosa
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Translational Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Neurology, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Matthew R Hudson
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Translational Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nigel C Jones
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Translational Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Juliana C Silva
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Translational Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Glenn R Yamakawa
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Translational Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Emma L Braine
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Translational Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Riikka Immonen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Richard J Staba
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jussi Tohka
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Neil G Harris
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Olli Gröhn
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Terence J O'Brien
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Translational Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Neurology, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - David K Wright
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Translational Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Yamakawa GR, Patel M, Lin R, O'Brien TJ, Mychasiuk R, Casillas‐Espinosa PM. Diurnal circadian clock gene expression is altered in models of genetic and acquired epilepsy. Epilepsia Open 2023; 8:1523-1531. [PMID: 37805809 PMCID: PMC10690682 DOI: 10.1002/epi4.12841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Growing evidence demonstrates a relationship between epilepsy and the circadian system. However, relatively little is known about circadian function in disease states, such as epilepsy. This study aimed to characterize brain and peripheral core circadian clock gene expression in rat models of genetic and acquired epilepsy. METHODS For the Genetic Absence Epilepsy Rats from Strasbourg (GAERS) study, we used 40 GAERS and 40 non-epileptic control (NEC) rats. For the kainic acid status epilepticus (KASE) study, we used 40 KASE and 40 sham rats. Rats were housed in a 7 am:7 pm light-dark cycle. Hypothalamus, hippocampus, liver, and small intestine samples were collected every 3 h throughout the light period. We then assessed core diurnal clock gene expression of per1, cry1, clock, and bmal1. RESULTS In the GAERS rats, all tissues exhibited significant changes in clock gene expression (P < 0.05) when compared to NEC. In the KASE rats, there were fewer effects of the epileptic condition in the hypothalamus, hippocampus, or small intestine (P > 0.05) compared with shams. SIGNIFICANCE These results indicate marked diurnal disruption to core circadian clock gene expression in rats with both generalized and focal chronic epilepsy. This could contribute to epileptic symptomology and implicate the circadian system as a viable target for future treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn R. Yamakawa
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical SchoolMonash UniversityMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Meshwa Patel
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical SchoolMonash UniversityMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Runxuan Lin
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical SchoolMonash UniversityMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Terence J. O'Brien
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical SchoolMonash UniversityMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
- Department of NeurologyThe Alfred HospitalMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Richelle Mychasiuk
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical SchoolMonash UniversityMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Pablo M. Casillas‐Espinosa
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical SchoolMonash UniversityMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
- Department of NeurologyThe Alfred HospitalMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
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5
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Ali I, Silva J, Casillas-Espinosa PM, Braine E, Yamakawa GR, Hudson MR, Brady RD, Major B, Thergarajan P, Haskali MB, Wright DK, Jupp B, Vivash L, Shultz SR, Mychasiuk R, Kwan P, Jones NC, Fukushima K, Sachdev P, Cheng JY, O'Brien TJ. E2730, an uncompetitive γ-aminobutyric acid transporter-1 inhibitor, suppresses epileptic seizures in a rat model of chronic mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsia 2023; 64:2806-2817. [PMID: 37539645 DOI: 10.1111/epi.17735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE More than one third of mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE) patients are resistant to current antiseizure medications (ASMs), and half experience mild-to-moderate adverse effects of ASMs. There is therefore a strong need to develop and test novel ASMs. The objective of this work is to evaluate the pharmacokinetics and neurological toxicity of E2730, a novel uncompetitive inhibitor of γ-aminobutyric acid transporter-1, and to test its seizure suppression effects in a rat model of chronic MTLE. METHODS We first examined plasma levels and adverse neurological effects of E2730 in healthy Wistar rats. Adult male rats were implanted with osmotic pumps delivering either 10, 20, or 100 mg/kg/day of E2730 subcutaneously for 1 week. Blood sampling and behavioral assessments were performed at several timepoints. We next examined whether E2730 suppressed seizures in rats with chronic MTLE. These rats were exposed to kainic acid-induced status epilepticus, and 9 weeks later, when chronic epilepsy was established, were assigned to receive one of the three doses of E2730 or vehicle for 1 week in a randomized crossover design. Continuous video-electroencephalographic monitoring was acquired during the treatment period to evaluate epileptic seizures. RESULTS Plasma levels following continuous infusion of E2730 showed a clear dose-related increase in concentration. The drug was well tolerated at all doses, and any sedation or neuromotor impairment was mild and transient, resolving within 48 h of treatment initiation. Remarkably, E2730 treatment in chronically epileptic rats led to seizure suppression in a dose-dependent manner, with 65% of rats becoming seizure-free at the highest dose tested. Mean seizure class did not differ between the treatment groups. SIGNIFICANCE This study shows that continuous subcutaneous infusion of E2730 over 7 days results in a marked, dose-dependent suppression of spontaneous recurrent seizures, with minimal adverse neurological effects, in a rat model of chronic MTLE. E2730 shows strong promise as an effective new ASM to be translated into clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Idrish Ali
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Juliana Silva
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Pablo M Casillas-Espinosa
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Emma Braine
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Glenn R Yamakawa
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Matthew R Hudson
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rhys D Brady
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Brendan Major
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Mohammad B Haskali
- Radiopharmaceutical Research Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - David K Wright
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Bianca Jupp
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lucy Vivash
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sandy R Shultz
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Richelle Mychasiuk
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Patrick Kwan
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nigel C Jones
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | | | | | | | - Terence J O'Brien
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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Bhagavatula S, Cabeen R, Harris NG, Gröhn O, Wright DK, Garner R, Bennett A, Alba C, Martinez A, Ndode-Ekane XE, Andrade P, Paananen T, Ciszek R, Immonen R, Manninen E, Puhakka N, Tohka J, Heiskanen M, Ali I, Shultz SR, Casillas-Espinosa PM, Yamakawa GR, Jones NC, Hudson MR, Silva JC, Braine EL, Brady RD, Santana-Gomez CE, Smith GD, Staba R, O'Brien TJ, Pitkänen A, Duncan D. Image data harmonization tools for the analysis of post-traumatic epilepsy development in preclinical multisite MRI studies. Epilepsy Res 2023; 195:107201. [PMID: 37562146 PMCID: PMC10528111 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2023.107201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Preclinical MRI studies have been utilized for the discovery of biomarkers that predict post-traumatic epilepsy (PTE). However, these single site studies often lack statistical power due to limited and homogeneous datasets. Therefore, multisite studies, such as the Epilepsy Bioinformatics Study for Antiepileptogenic Therapy (EpiBioS4Rx), are developed to create large, heterogeneous datasets that can lead to more statistically significant results. EpiBioS4Rx collects preclinical data internationally across sites, including the United States, Finland, and Australia. However, in doing so, there are robust normalization and harmonization processes that are required to obtain statistically significant and generalizable results. This work describes the tools and procedures used to harmonize multisite, multimodal preclinical imaging data acquired by EpiBioS4Rx. There were four main harmonization processes that were utilized, including file format harmonization, naming convention harmonization, image coordinate system harmonization, and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) metrics harmonization. By using Python tools and bash scripts, the file formats, file names, and image coordinate systems are harmonized across all the sites. To harmonize DTI metrics, values are estimated for each voxel in an image to generate a histogram representing the whole image. Then, the Quantitative Imaging Toolkit (QIT) modules are utilized to scale the mode to a value of one and depict the subsequent harmonized histogram. The standardization of file formats, naming conventions, coordinate systems, and DTI metrics are qualitatively assessed. The histograms of the DTI metrics were generated for all the individual rodents per site. For inter-site analysis, an average of the individual scans was calculated to create a histogram that represents each site. In order to ensure the analysis can be run at the level of individual animals, the sham and TBI cohort were analyzed separately, which depicted the same harmonization factor. The results demonstrate that these processes qualitatively standardize the file formats, naming conventions, coordinate systems, and DTI metrics of the data. This assists in the ability to share data across the study, as well as disseminate tools that can help other researchers to strengthen the statistical power of their studies and analyze data more cohesively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sweta Bhagavatula
- USC Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Ryan Cabeen
- USC Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Neil G Harris
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Olli Gröhn
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - David K Wright
- Departments of Neuroscience and Neurology, Central Clinical School, Alfred Health, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rachael Garner
- USC Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Alexis Bennett
- USC Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Celina Alba
- USC Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Aubrey Martinez
- USC Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Pedro Andrade
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Tomi Paananen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Robert Ciszek
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Riikka Immonen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Eppu Manninen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Noora Puhakka
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jussi Tohka
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mette Heiskanen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Idrish Ali
- Departments of Neuroscience and Neurology, Central Clinical School, Alfred Health, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sandy R Shultz
- Departments of Neuroscience and Neurology, Central Clinical School, Alfred Health, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Pablo M Casillas-Espinosa
- Departments of Neuroscience and Neurology, Central Clinical School, Alfred Health, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Glenn R Yamakawa
- Departments of Neuroscience and Neurology, Central Clinical School, Alfred Health, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nigel C Jones
- Departments of Neuroscience and Neurology, Central Clinical School, Alfred Health, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Matthew R Hudson
- Departments of Neuroscience and Neurology, Central Clinical School, Alfred Health, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Juliana C Silva
- Departments of Neuroscience and Neurology, Central Clinical School, Alfred Health, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Emma L Braine
- Departments of Neuroscience and Neurology, Central Clinical School, Alfred Health, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rhys D Brady
- Departments of Neuroscience and Neurology, Central Clinical School, Alfred Health, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Cesar E Santana-Gomez
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Gregory D Smith
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Richard Staba
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Terence J O'Brien
- Departments of Neuroscience and Neurology, Central Clinical School, Alfred Health, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Asla Pitkänen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Dominique Duncan
- USC Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Salberg S, Li CN, Beveridge JK, Noel M, Yamakawa GR, Mychasiuk R. Gene expression changes in the cerebellum are associated with persistent post-injury pain in adolescent rats exposed to early life stress. Neurobiol Pain 2023; 14:100145. [PMID: 38099278 PMCID: PMC10719517 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynpai.2023.100145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Chronic pain develops following injury in approximately 20% of adolescents, at twice the rate in females than males. Adverse childhood experiences also increase the risk for poor health outcomes, such as chronic pain. Emerging literature suggests the cerebellum to be involved in pain processing, however detailed explorations into how the cerebellum contributes to pain are lacking. Therefore, this study aimed to characterise chronic pain outcomes and cerebellar gene expression changes following early life stress and injury in both sexes. The adverse childhood experience of neglect was modelled using a maternal separation (MS) paradigm, which was combined with a subsequent injury (mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) or plantar incision surgery) in adolescent male and female Sprague-Dawley rats. We measured behavioural nociceptive sensitivity, systemic modulators of pain such as calcitonin gene-related protein (CGRP) and Substance P, as well as gene expression of IL1β, GFAP, GR, MR, GABRA1, CNR1, MAOA, and DAT1 in the cerebellum to examine associations between pain and neuroinflammation, the stress response, inhibitory neurotransmission, and monoaminergic function. We found increases in mechanical nociceptive sensitivity following plantar incision surgery. Sex differences were observed in anxiety-like behaviour and neuroinflammation, whereas systemic pain modulators showed cumulative effects with the addition of stressors. Most interestingly however, the increases in nociceptive sensitivity were associated with the suppressed expression of cerebellar genes that regulate stress, inhibition, cannabinoid function, and dopaminergic function, alongside sex-dependent distinctions for genes involved in inflammation and injury. This study highlights a novel link between nociception and molecular function in the cerebellum. Further investigation into how the cerebellum contributes to pain in males and females will facilitate novel therapeutic insights and opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Salberg
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Crystal N. Li
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jaimie K. Beveridge
- Department of Psychology, Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, The University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Melanie Noel
- Department of Psychology, Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, The University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Glenn R. Yamakawa
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Richelle Mychasiuk
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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8
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Salberg S, Macowan M, Yamakawa GR, Beveridge JK, Noel M, Marsland BJ, Mychasiuk R. Gut instinct: Sex differences in the gut microbiome are associated with changes in adolescent nociception following maternal separation in rats. Dev Neurobiol 2023; 83:219-233. [PMID: 37488954 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
Adolescent chronic pain is a growing public health epidemic. Our understanding of its etiology is limited; however, several factors can increase susceptibility, often developing in response to an acute pain trigger such as a surgical procedure or mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), or an adverse childhood experience (ACE). Additionally, the prevalence and manifestation of chronic pain is sexually dimorphic, with double the rates in females than males. Despite this, the majority of pre-clinical pain research focuses on males, leaving a gap in mechanistic understanding for females. Given that emerging evidence has linked the gut microbiome and the brain-gut-immune axis to various pain disorders, we aimed to investigate sex-dependent changes in taxonomic and functional gut microbiome features following an ACE and acute injury as chronic pain triggers. Male and female Sprague Dawley rat pups were randomly assigned to either a maternal separation (MS) or no stress paradigm, then further into a sham, mTBI, or surgery condition. Chronically, the von Frey test was used to measure mechanical nociception, and fecal samples were collected for 16S rRNA sequencing. Animals in the surgery group had an increase in pain sensitivity when compared to mTBI and sham groups, and this was complemented by changes to the gut microbiome. In addition, significant sex differences were identified in gut microbiome composition, which were exacerbated in response to MS. Overall, we provide preliminary evidence for sex differences and ACE-induced changes in bacterial composition that, when combined, may be contributing to heterogeneity in pain outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Salberg
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Matthew Macowan
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Glenn R Yamakawa
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jaimie K Beveridge
- Department of Psychology, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, The University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Melanie Noel
- Department of Psychology, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, The University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Benjamin J Marsland
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Richelle Mychasiuk
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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9
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Christensen J, MacPherson N, Li C, Yamakawa GR, Mychasiuk R. Repeat mild traumatic brain injuries (RmTBI) modify nociception and disrupt orexinergic connectivity within the descending pain pathway. J Headache Pain 2023; 24:72. [PMID: 37316796 DOI: 10.1186/s10194-023-01608-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Repeat mild traumatic brain injuries (RmTBI) result in substantial burden to the public health system given their association with chronic post-injury pathologies, such as chronic pain and post-traumatic headache. Although this may relate to dysfunctional descending pain modulation (DPM), it is uncertain what mechanisms drive changes within this pathway. One possibility is altered orexinergic system functioning, as orexin is a potent anti-nociceptive neuromodulator. Orexin is exclusively produced by the lateral hypothalamus (LH) and receives excitatory innervation from the lateral parabrachial nucleus (lPBN). Therefore, we used neuronal tract-tracing to investigate the relationship between RmTBI and connectivity between lPBN and the LH, as well as orexinergic projections to a key site within the DPM, the periaqueductal gray (PAG). Prior to injury induction, retrograde and anterograde tract-tracing surgery was performed on 70 young-adult male Sprague Dawley rats, targeting the lPBN and PAG. Rodents were then randomly assigned to receive RmTBIs or sham injuries before undergoing testing for anxiety-like behaviour and nociceptive sensitivity. Immunohistochemical analysis identified distinct and co-localized orexin and tract-tracing cell bodies and projections within the LH. The RmTBI group exhibited altered nociception and reduced anxiety as well as a loss of orexin cell bodies and a reduction of hypothalamic projections to the ventrolateral nucleus of the PAG. However, there was no significant effect of injury on neuronal connectivity between the lPBN and orexinergic cell bodies within the LH. Our identification of structural losses and the resulting physiological changes in the orexinergic system following RmTBI begins to clarify acute post-injury mechanistic changes that drive may drive the development of post-traumatic headache and the chronification of pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennaya Christensen
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, 99 Commercial Road, VIC, 3004, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Naomi MacPherson
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, 99 Commercial Road, VIC, 3004, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Crystal Li
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, 99 Commercial Road, VIC, 3004, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Glenn R Yamakawa
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, 99 Commercial Road, VIC, 3004, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Richelle Mychasiuk
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, 99 Commercial Road, VIC, 3004, Melbourne, Australia.
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10
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Kodila ZN, Shultz SR, Yamakawa GR, Mychasiuk R. Critical Windows: Exploring the Association Between Perinatal Trauma, Epigenetics, and Chronic Pain. Neuroscientist 2023:10738584231176233. [PMID: 37212380 DOI: 10.1177/10738584231176233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Chronic pain is highly prevalent and burdensome, affecting millions of people worldwide. Although it emerges at any point in life, it often manifests in adolescence. Given that adolescence is a unique developmental period, additional strains associated with persistent and often idiopathic pain lead to significant long-term consequences. While there is no singular cause for the chronification of pain, epigenetic modifications that lead to neural reorganization may underpin central sensitization and subsequent manifestation of pain hypersensitivity. Epigenetic processes are particularly active during the prenatal and early postnatal years. We demonstrate how exposure to various traumas, such as intimate partner violence while in utero or adverse childhood experiences, can significantly influence epigenetic regulation within the brain and in turn modify pain-related processes. We provide compelling evidence that the burden of chronic pain is likely initiated early in life, often being transmitted from mother to offspring. We also highlight two promising prophylactic strategies, oxytocin administration and probiotic use, that have the potential to attenuate the epigenetic consequences of early adversity. Overall, we advance understanding of the causal relationship between trauma and adolescent chronic pain by highlighting epigenetic mechanisms that underlie this transmission of risk, ultimately informing how to prevent this rising epidemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe N Kodila
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sandy R Shultz
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- Health Sciences, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, Canada
| | - Glenn R Yamakawa
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Richelle Mychasiuk
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
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11
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Sgro M, Ellens S, Kodila ZN, Christensen J, Li C, Mychasiuk R, Yamakawa GR. Repetitive mild traumatic brain injury alters central and peripheral clock gene expression in the adolescent rat. Neurobiol Sleep Circadian Rhythms 2023; 14:100090. [PMID: 36942266 PMCID: PMC10024151 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbscr.2023.100090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) or concussion is a common injury worldwide leading to substantial medical costs and a high burden on society. In adolescents, falls and sports related trauma are often the causes of mTBI. Importantly, critical brain growth and development occurs during this sensitive period making the prospect of a brain injury a worrying phenomenon. Upwards of 70% of patients report circadian disruption following these injuries and this has been shown to impede recovery. Therefore, we sought to determine if core circadian clock gene expression was disrupted in rat model of repetitive mTBI (RmTBI). Male and female adolescent rats (n = 129) received sham or RmTBI. The animals were then euthanized at different times throughout the day and night. Tissue from the hypothalamus, cerebellum, hippocampus, liver, and small intestine were evaluated for the expression of per1, per2, cry1, clock, bmal1 and rev-erb-α. We found most clock genes varied across the day/night indicating circadian expression patterns. In the hypothalamus we found RmTBI altered the expression of cry1 and bmal1 in addition to sex differences in per2, cry1, clock, bmal1 and rev-erb- α. In the cerebellum, per1, per2, cry1, clock, bmal1 and rev-erb-α rhythms were all knocked out by RmTBI in addition to sex differences in cry1, clock and bmal1 expression. We also detected a significant decrease in overall expression of all clock genes in males in the middle of the night. In the hippocampus we found that RmTBI changed the rhythm of rev-erb-α expression in addition to sex differences in bmal1 expression. In the liver we detected strong rhythms in all genes examined, however only per2 expression was knocked out by RmTBI, in addition we also detected sex differences in per2 and cry1. We also detected an overall decrease in female clock gene expression in the early night. In the small intestine, RmTBI altered cry1 expression and there were sex differences in rev-erb-α. These results indicate that RmTBI alters core circadian clock gene expression in the central and peripheral nervous system in a time, tissue and sex dependent manner. This may be disrupting important phase relationships between the brain and peripheral nervous system and contributing to post-injury symptomology and also highlights the importance for time and sex dependent assessment of injury outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marissa Sgro
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Susanne Ellens
- Sport and Exercise Science, School of Allied Health, Human Services & Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Zoe N. Kodila
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jennaya Christensen
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Crystal Li
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Richelle Mychasiuk
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Glenn R. Yamakawa
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Corresponding author. Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, 6th Floor, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia.
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12
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Salberg S, Yamakawa GR, Beveridge JK, Noel M, Mychasiuk R. A high-fat high-sugar diet and adversity early in life modulate pain outcomes at the behavioural and molecular level in adolescent rats: The role of sex. Brain Behav Immun 2023; 108:57-79. [PMID: 36403882 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2022.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Given that adolescence is a significant period of brain plasticity and development, early life factors have the potential to alter long term outcomes. For instance, adversities such as consumption of a high-fat high-sugar (HFHS) diet and adverse childhood experiences (ACEs; e.g., neglect), and their resulting inflammation and microglial activation can influence pain outcomes by priming the neuroimmune system to overrespond to stressors. Chronic pain is highly prevalent amongst the adolescent population, with the prevalence and manifestation being sexually dimorphic. Although clinical studies show that females are twice as likely to report pain problems compared to males, the majority of pre-clinical work uses male rodents. Therefore, our aim was to examine the effects of sex, a HFHS diet, and an ACE on chronic pain outcomes following a stressor in adolescence. Rat dams were randomly assigned to a Standard or HFHS diet, with pups maintained on their respective diets then randomly allocated to a No Stress or ACE paradigm, and a Sham or Injury condition as a stressor. Results showed that early life adversities increased nociceptive sensitivity, inflammation, and microglial activation systemically and within the brain. Behaviourally, pain outcomes were more prominent in females, however the neuroimmune response was exacerbated in males. These results demonstrate the sexual dimorphism of chronic pain outcomes following early life adversities and provide insight into the mechanisms driving these changes, which will inform more targeted and effective treatment strategies for youth living with chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Salberg
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Glenn R Yamakawa
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jaimie K Beveridge
- Department of Psychology, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, The University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Melanie Noel
- Department of Psychology, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, The University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Richelle Mychasiuk
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Psychology, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, The University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
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13
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Salberg S, Doshen A, Yamakawa GR, Miller JV, Noel M, Henderson L, Mychasiuk R. The waiting game: investigating the neurobiological transition from acute to persistent pain in adolescent rats. Cereb Cortex 2023; 33:6382-6393. [PMID: 36610738 PMCID: PMC10183733 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhac511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Persistent postsurgical pain affects 20% of youth undergoing a surgical procedure, with females exhibiting increased prevalence of chronic pain compared with males. This study sought to examine the sexually-dimorphic neurobiological changes underlying the transition from acute to persistent pain following surgery in adolescence. Male and female Sprague Dawley rats were randomly allocated to a sham or injury (plantar-incision surgery) condition and assessed for pain sensitivity while also undergoing magnetic resonance imaging at both an acute and chronic timepoint within adolescence. We found that injury resulted in persistent pain in both sexes, with females displaying most significant sensitivity. Injury resulted in significant gray matter density increases in brain areas including the cerebellum, caudate putamen/insula, and amygdala and decreases in the hippocampus, hypothalamus, nucleus accumbens, and lateral septal nucleus. Gray matter density changes in the hippocampus and lateral septal nucleus were driven by male rats whereas changes in the amygdala and caudate putamen/insula were driven by female rats. Overall, our results indicate persistent behavioral and neurobiological changes following surgery in adolescence, with sexually-dimorphic and age-specific outcomes, highlighting the importance of studying both sexes and adolescents, rather than extrapolating from male adult literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Salberg
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | - Angela Doshen
- School of Medical Sciences (Neuroscience), Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, 94 Mallett St, Camperdown, NSW, 2050, Australia
| | - Glenn R Yamakawa
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | - Jillian Vinall Miller
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative & Pain Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 29 Street NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 2T9, Canada
| | - Melanie Noel
- Department of Psychology, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, The University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Dr NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Luke Henderson
- School of Medical Sciences (Neuroscience), Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, 94 Mallett St, Camperdown, NSW, 2050, Australia
| | - Richelle Mychasiuk
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
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14
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Sgro M, Iacono G, Yamakawa GR, Kodila ZN, Marsland BJ, Mychasiuk R. Age matters: Microbiome depletion prior to repeat mild traumatic brain injury differentially alters microbial composition and function in adolescent and adult rats. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0278259. [PMID: 36449469 PMCID: PMC9710846 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0278259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of the gut microbiome has been shown to perpetuate neuroinflammation, alter intestinal permeability, and modify repetitive mild traumatic brain injury (RmTBI)-induced deficits. However, there have been no investigations regarding the comparative effects that the microbiome may have on RmTBI in adolescents and adults. Therefore, we examined the influence of microbiome depletion prior to RmTBI on microbial composition and metabolome, in adolescent and adult Sprague Dawley rats. Rats were randomly assigned to standard or antibiotic drinking water for 14 days, and to subsequent sham or RmTBIs. The gut microbiome composition and metabolome were analysed at baseline, 1 day after the first mTBI, and at euthanasia (11 days following the third mTBI). At euthanasia, intestinal samples were also collected to quantify tight junction protein (TJP1 and occludin) expression. Adolescents were significantly more susceptible to microbiome depletion via antibiotic administration which increased pro-inflammatory composition and metabolites. Furthermore, RmTBI induced a transient increase in 'beneficial bacteria' (Lachnospiraceae and Faecalibaculum) in only adolescents that may indicate compensatory action in response to the injury. Finally, microbiome depletion prior to RmTBI generated a microbiome composition and metabolome that exemplified a potentially chronic pathogenic and inflammatory state as demonstrated by increased Clostridium innocuum and Erysipelatoclostridium and reductions in Bacteroides and Clostridium Sensu Stricto. Results highlight that adolescents are more vulnerable to RmTBI compared to adults and dysbiosis prior to injury may exacerbate secondary inflammatory cascades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marissa Sgro
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Giulia Iacono
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Glenn R. Yamakawa
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Zoe N. Kodila
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Benjamin J. Marsland
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Richelle Mychasiuk
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail:
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15
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O'Brien WT, Wright DK, van Emmerik ALJJ, Bain J, Brkljaca R, Christensen J, Yamakawa GR, Chen Z, Giesler LP, Sun M, O'Brien TJ, Monif M, Shultz SR, McDonald SJ. Serum neurofilament light as a biomarker of vulnerability to a second mild traumatic brain injury. Transl Res 2022; 255:77-84. [PMID: 36402367 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2022.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A second mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) sustained prior to neuropathological recovery can lead to exacerbated effects. Without objective indicators of this neuropathology, individuals may return to activities at risk of mTBI when their brain is still vulnerable. With axonal injury recognized as a neuropathological hallmark of mTBI, we hypothesized that serum levels of neurofilament light (NfL), a highly sensitive biomarker of axonal injury, may be predictive of vulnerability to worse outcomes in the event of a second mTBI. Given this hypothesis is difficult to test clinically, we used a two-hit model of mTBI in rats and staggered inter-injury intervals by 1-, 3-, 7-, or 14-days. Repeat-mTBI rats were dichotomized into NfLhigh (NfL>median at the time of re-injury) and NfLlow (NfL<median) groups, with behavior and NfL levels analyzed throughout the 28-days, followed by ex vivo diffusion tensor imaging. NfL levels at the time of the second mTBI were found to be predictive of vulnerability to re-injury, with NfLhigh rats displaying more neurological signs and a greater potentiation of NfL levels after the second mTBI. Importantly, this potentiation phenomenon remained even when limiting analyses to rats with longer inter-injury intervals, providing evidence that vulnerability to re-injury may not be exclusively dependent on inter-injury interval. Finally, NfL levels correlated with, and were predictive of, the severity of neurological signs following the second mTBI. These findings provide evidence that measurement of NfL during mTBI recovery may be reflective of the vulnerability to a second mTBI, and as such may have utility to assist return to sport, duty and work decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- William T O'Brien
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, 3004, Melbourne, Australia
| | - David K Wright
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, 3004, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Jesse Bain
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, 3004, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | | | - Glenn R Yamakawa
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, 3004, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Zhibin Chen
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, 3004, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Lauren P Giesler
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, 3004, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Mujun Sun
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, 3004, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Terence J O'Brien
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, 3004, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology, Alfred Health, Melbourne, 3004, Australia
| | - Mastura Monif
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, 3004, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology, Alfred Health, Melbourne, 3004, Australia
| | - Sandy R Shultz
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, 3004, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology, Alfred Health, Melbourne, 3004, Australia; Health and Human Services, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, V9R 5S5, Canada
| | - Stuart J McDonald
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, 3004, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology, Alfred Health, Melbourne, 3004, Australia.
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16
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Sun M, Baker TL, Wilson CT, Brady RD, Mychasiuk R, Yamakawa GR, Vo A, Wilson T, McDonald SJ, Shultz SR. Treatment with vascular endothelial growth factor-A worsens cognitive recovery in a rat model of mild traumatic brain injury. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:937350. [PMID: 36385769 PMCID: PMC9643175 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.937350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) is a common and unmet clinical issue, with limited treatments available to improve recovery. The cerebrovascular system is vital to provide oxygen and nutrition to the brain, and a growing body of research indicates that cerebrovascular injury contributes to mTBI symptomatology. Vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) is a potent promoter of angiogenesis and an important modulator of vascular health. While indirect evidence suggests that increased bioavailability of VEGF-A may be beneficial after mTBI, the direct therapeutic effects of VEGF-A in this context remains unknown. This study therefore aimed to determine whether intracerebroventricular administration of recombinant VEGF-A could improve recovery from mTBI in a rat model. Male and female Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned to four groups: sham + vehicle (VEH), sham + VEGF-A, mTBI + VEH, mTBI + VEGF-A. The mTBI was induced using the lateral impact model, and treatment began at the time of the injury and continued until the end of the study. Rats underwent behavioral testing between days 1 and 10 post-injury, and were euthanized on day 11 for post-mortem analysis. In males, the mTBI + VEGF-A group had significantly worse cognitive recovery in the water maze than all other groups. In females, the VEGF treatment worsened cognitive performance in the water maze regardless of mTBI or sham injury. Analysis of hippocampal tissue found that these cognitive deficits occurred in the presence of gene expression changes related to neuroinflammation and hypoxia in both male and female rats. These findings indicate that the VEGF-A treatment paradigm tested in this study failed to improve mTBI outcomes in either male or female rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mujun Sun
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Tamara L. Baker
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Campbell T. Wilson
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Rhys D. Brady
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Richelle Mychasiuk
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Glenn R. Yamakawa
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Anh Vo
- Monash Health Translation Precinct, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Trevor Wilson
- Monash Health Translation Precinct, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Stuart J. McDonald
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Sandy R. Shultz
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Health and Human Services, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, BC, Canada
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17
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Sgro M, Kodila ZN, Brady RD, Reichelt AC, Mychaisuk R, Yamakawa GR. Synchronizing Our Clocks as We Age: The Influence of the Brain-Gut-Immune Axis on the Sleep-Wake Cycle Across the Lifespan. Sleep 2021; 45:6425072. [PMID: 34757429 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsab268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The microbes that colonize the small and large intestines, known as the gut microbiome, play an integral role in optimal brain development and function. The gut microbiome is a vital component of the bi-directional communication pathway between the brain, immune system, and gut, also known as the brain-gut-immune axis. To date there has been minimal investigation into the implications of improper development of the gut microbiome and the brain-gut-immune axis on the sleep-wake cycle, particularly during sensitive periods of physical and neurological development, such as childhood, adolescence, and senescence. Therefore, this review will explore the current literature surrounding the overlapping developmental periods of the gut microbiome, brain, and immune system from birth through to senescence, while highlighting how the brain-gut-immune axis affects maturation and organisation of the sleep-wake cycle. We also examine how dysfunction to either the microbiome or the sleep-wake cycle negatively affects the bidirectional relationship between the brain and gut, and subsequently the overall health and functionality of this complex system. Additionally, this review integrates therapeutic studies to demonstrate when dietary manipulations, such as supplementation with probiotics and prebiotics, can modulate the gut microbiome to enhance health of the brain-gut-immune axis and optimize our sleep-wake cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marissa Sgro
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Zoe N Kodila
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Rhys D Brady
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Amy C Reichelt
- Department of Medical Sciences, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Richelle Mychaisuk
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Glenn R Yamakawa
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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18
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Brady RD, Bird S, Sun M, Yamakawa GR, Major BP, Mychasiuk R, O'Brien TJ, McDonald SJ, Shultz SR. Activation of the Protein Kinase R-Like Endoplasmic Reticulum Kinase (PERK) Pathway of the Unfolded Protein Response after Experimental Traumatic Brain Injury and Treatment with a PERK Inhibitor. Neurotrauma Rep 2021; 2:330-342. [PMID: 34318301 PMCID: PMC8310749 DOI: 10.1089/neur.2021.0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegeneration after traumatic brain injury (TBI) is increasingly recognized as a key factor contributing to poor chronic outcomes. Activation (i.e., phosphorylation) of the protein kinase R-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK) pathway has been implicated in neurodegenerative conditions with pathological similarities to TBI and may be a potential target to improve TBI outcomes. Here, we aimed to determine whether a moderate TBI would induce activation of the PERK pathway and whether treatment with the PERK inhibitor, GSK2606414, would improve TBI recovery. Male mice were administered a lateral fluid percussion injury (FPI) or sham injury and were euthanized at either 2 h, 24 h, or 1 week post-injury (n = 5 per injury group and time point) to assess changes in the PERK pathway. In the injured cortex, there was increased phosphorylated-PERK at 2 h post-FPI and increased phosphorylation of eukaryotic translation initiation factor α at 24 h post-FPI. We next examined the effect of acute treatment with GSK2606414 on pathological and behavioral outcomes at 4 weeks post-injury. Thus, there were a total of four groups: sham + VEH (n = 9); sham + GSK4606414 (n = 10); FPI + VEH (n = 9); and FPI + GSK2606414 (n = 9). GSK2606414 (50 mg/kg) or vehicle treatment was delivered by oral gavage beginning at 30 min post-injury, followed by two further treatments at 12-h increments. There were no significant effects of GSK2606414 on any of the outcomes assessed, which could be attributable to several reasons. For example, activation of PERK may not be a significant contributor to the neurological consequences 4 weeks post-FPI in mice. Further research is required to elucidate the role of the PERK pathway in TBI and whether interventions that target this pathway are beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhys D Brady
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stefanie Bird
- Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mujun Sun
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Glenn R Yamakawa
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Brendan P Major
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Richelle Mychasiuk
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Terence J O'Brien
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stuart J McDonald
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sandy R Shultz
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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19
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Major B, Symons GF, Sinclair B, O'Brien WT, Costello D, Wright DK, Clough M, Mutimer S, Sun M, Yamakawa GR, Brady RD, O'Sullivan MJ, Mychasiuk R, McDonald SJ, O'Brien TJ, Law M, Kolbe S, Shultz SR. White and Gray Matter Abnormalities in Australian Footballers With a History of Sports-Related Concussion: An MRI Study. Cereb Cortex 2021; 31:5331-5338. [PMID: 34148076 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhab161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sports-related concussion (SRC) is a form of mild traumatic brain injury that has been linked to long-term neurological abnormalities. Australian rules football is a collision sport with wide national participation and is growing in popularity worldwide. However, the chronic neurological consequences of SRC in Australian footballers remain poorly understood. This study investigated the presence of brain abnormalities in Australian footballers with a history of sports-related concussion (HoC) using multimodal MRI. Male Australian footballers with HoC (n = 26), as well as noncollision sport athletes with no HoC (n = 27), were recruited to the study. None of the footballers had sustained a concussion in the preceding 6 months, and all players were asymptomatic. Data were acquired using a 3T MRI scanner. White matter integrity was assessed using diffusion tensor imaging. Cortical thickness, subcortical volumes, and cavum septum pellucidum (CSP) were analyzed using structural MRI. Australian footballers had evidence of widespread microstructural white matter damage and cortical thinning. No significant differences were found regarding subcortical volumes or CSP. These novel findings provide evidence of persisting white and gray matter abnormalities in Australian footballers with HoC, and raise concerns related to the long-term neurological health of these athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan Major
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Georgia F Symons
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Ben Sinclair
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia.,Department of Neurology, Alfred Health, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - William T O'Brien
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Daniel Costello
- Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia
| | - David K Wright
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Meaghan Clough
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Steven Mutimer
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Mujun Sun
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Glenn R Yamakawa
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Rhys D Brady
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia.,Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia
| | - Michael J O'Sullivan
- Department of Faculty of Medicine, UQ Centre for Clinical Research and Institute of Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Richelle Mychasiuk
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Stuart J McDonald
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia.,Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Terence J O'Brien
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia.,Department of Neurology, Alfred Health, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia.,Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia
| | - Meng Law
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia.,Department of Radiology, Alfred Health, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia.,Department of Electrical and Computer Systems Engineering, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Scott Kolbe
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Sandy R Shultz
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia.,Department of Neurology, Alfred Health, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia.,Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia
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20
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Baker TL, Agoston DV, Brady RD, Major B, McDonald SJ, Mychasiuk R, Wright DK, Yamakawa GR, Sun M, Shultz SR. Targeting the Cerebrovascular System: Next-Generation Biomarkers and Treatment for Mild Traumatic Brain Injury. Neuroscientist 2021; 28:594-612. [PMID: 33966527 DOI: 10.1177/10738584211012264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of mild traumatic brain injuries (mTBIs), such as concussions, are significant unmet medical issues. The kinetic forces that occur in mTBI adversely affect the cerebral vasculature, making cerebrovascular injury (CVI) a pathophysiological hallmark of mTBI. Given the importance of a healthy cerebrovascular system in overall brain function, CVI is likely to contribute to neurological dysfunction after mTBI. As such, CVI and related pathomechanisms may provide objective biomarkers and therapeutic targets to improve the clinical management and outcomes of mTBI. Despite this potential, until recently, few studies have focused on the cerebral vasculature in this context. This article will begin by providing a brief overview of the cerebrovascular system followed by a review of the literature regarding how mTBI can affect the integrity and function of the cerebrovascular system, and how this may ultimately contribute to neurological dysfunction and neurodegenerative conditions. We then discuss promising avenues of research related to mTBI biomarkers and interventions that target CVI, and conclude that a clinical approach that takes CVI into account could result in substantial improvements in the care and outcomes of patients with mTBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara L Baker
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Denes V Agoston
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Genetics, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Rhys D Brady
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Brendan Major
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stuart J McDonald
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Richelle Mychasiuk
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - David K Wright
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Glenn R Yamakawa
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mujun Sun
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sandy R Shultz
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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21
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O'Brien WT, Pham L, Brady RD, Bain J, Yamakawa GR, Sun M, Mychasiuk R, O'Brien TJ, Monif M, Shultz SR, McDonald SJ. Temporal profile and utility of serum neurofilament light in a rat model of mild traumatic brain injury. Exp Neurol 2021; 341:113698. [PMID: 33727100 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2021.113698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
There is a widely recognized need for blood biomarkers to assist clinical decisions surrounding mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). Serum neurofilament light (NfL), an indicator of neuroaxonal damage, is one such candidate, with early mTBI clinical investigations demonstrating significant promise. To facilitate the translation of pre-clinical mTBI findings, clinically relevant outcomes should be integrated into animal studies wherever possible. Despite this, the temporal profile and potential utility of NfL as a blood biomarker in pre-clinical mTBI is poorly understood. Here, we quantified serum NfL at 2-h, 1-, 3-, 7- and 14-days following mTBI in rats and compared these to pre-injury levels. We also investigated cumulative effects of repeat-mTBI by delivering 0, 1 or 5 mTBIs separated by 24 h. Sensorimotor performance was evaluated with the beam task at 1- and 4-h after mTBI, and serum was collected 1-day after the final procedure. We found that serum NfL levels were substantially elevated at all acute and sub-acute time-points after a single-mTBI, peaked at 1-day, and remained elevated 14-days post-injury. An mTBI dose-dependent effect on serum NfL levels was also observed, with substantially higher NfL levels found at 1-day post repeat-mTBI when compared to single-mTBI and sham-injured rats. Furthermore, NfL levels were found to be greatest in rats with the highest degree of sensorimotor impairment. In conclusion, these findings have described the temporal profile of serum NfL elevations following a single-mTBI in rats, and indicate a profile with some similarities and differences to that seen in the clinical condition. Moreover, we found that serum NfL levels were potentiated by repeat-mTBI, and that this biomarker may have utility as an indicator of injury severity. As such, future pre-clinical TBI studies may benefit from incorporating measures of serum NfL as an objective injury outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- William T O'Brien
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Level 6 Alfred Centre, 99 Commercial Rd, 3004 Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Louise Pham
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Science Drive, Bundoora 3086, Australia.
| | - Rhys D Brady
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Level 6 Alfred Centre, 99 Commercial Rd, 3004 Melbourne, Australia; Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, 4(th) Floor Clinical Sciences Building, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Royal Parade, Parkville 3050, Australia.
| | - Jesse Bain
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Level 6 Alfred Centre, 99 Commercial Rd, 3004 Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Glenn R Yamakawa
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Level 6 Alfred Centre, 99 Commercial Rd, 3004 Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Mujun Sun
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Level 6 Alfred Centre, 99 Commercial Rd, 3004 Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Richelle Mychasiuk
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Level 6 Alfred Centre, 99 Commercial Rd, 3004 Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Terence J O'Brien
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Level 6 Alfred Centre, 99 Commercial Rd, 3004 Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology, Melbourne Health, 300 Grattan Street, Parkville 3050, Australia; Department of Neurology, Alfred Health, 55 Commercial Rd, Melbourne 3004, Australia.
| | - Mastura Monif
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Level 6 Alfred Centre, 99 Commercial Rd, 3004 Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology, Melbourne Health, 300 Grattan Street, Parkville 3050, Australia; Department of Neurology, Alfred Health, 55 Commercial Rd, Melbourne 3004, Australia; Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Level 8 North Wing, Medical Building, Parkville 3050, Australia.
| | - Sandy R Shultz
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Level 6 Alfred Centre, 99 Commercial Rd, 3004 Melbourne, Australia; Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, 4(th) Floor Clinical Sciences Building, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Royal Parade, Parkville 3050, Australia.
| | - Stuart J McDonald
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Level 6 Alfred Centre, 99 Commercial Rd, 3004 Melbourne, Australia; Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Science Drive, Bundoora 3086, Australia.
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22
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Salberg S, Yamakawa GR, Griep Y, Bain J, Beveridge JK, Sun M, McDonald SJ, Shultz SR, Brady RD, Wright DK, Noel M, Mychasiuk R. Pain in the Developing Brain: Early Life Factors Alter Nociception and Neurobiological Function in Adolescent Rats. Cereb Cortex Commun 2021; 2:tgab014. [PMID: 34296160 PMCID: PMC8152853 DOI: 10.1093/texcom/tgab014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Although adverse early experiences prime individuals to be at increased risk for chronic pain, little research has examined the trauma–pain relationship in early life or the underlying mechanisms that drive pathology over time. Given that early experiences can potentiate the nociceptive response, this study aimed to examine the effects of a high-fat, high-sugar (HFHS) diet and early life stress (maternal separation [MS]) on pain outcomes in male and female adolescent rats. Half of the rats also underwent a plantar-incision surgery to investigate how the pain system responded to a mildly painful stimuli in adolescence. Compared with controls, animals that were on the HFHS diet, experienced MS, or had exposure to both, exhibited increased anxiety-like behavior and altered thermal and mechanical nociception at baseline and following the surgery. Advanced magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated that the HFHS diet and MS altered the maturation of the brain, leading to changes in brain volume and diffusivity within the anterior cingulate, amygdala, corpus callosum, nucleus accumbens, and thalamus, while also modifying the integrity of the corticospinal tracts. The effects of MS and HFHS diet were often cumulative, producing exacerbated pain sensitivity and increased neurobiological change. As early experiences are modifiable, understanding their role in pain may provide targets for early intervention/prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Salberg
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne 3004, Australia
| | - Glenn R Yamakawa
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne 3004, Australia
| | - Yannick Griep
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen 6525 GD, the Netherlands.,Division of Epidemiology, Stress Research Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm 114 19, Sweden
| | - Jesse Bain
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne 3004, Australia
| | - Jaimie K Beveridge
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Calgary T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Mujun Sun
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne 3004, Australia
| | - Stuart J McDonald
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne 3004, Australia.,Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Melbourne 3086, Australia
| | - Sandy R Shultz
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne 3004, Australia
| | - Rhys D Brady
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne 3004, Australia
| | - David K Wright
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne 3004, Australia
| | - Melanie Noel
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Calgary T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Richelle Mychasiuk
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne 3004, Australia.,Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Calgary T2N 1N4, Canada
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23
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Hazari A, Salberg S, Griep Y, Yamakawa GR, Mychasiuk R. Examining changes in rodent temperament following repetitive mild traumatic brain injury in adolescence. Behav Neurosci 2020; 134:384-393. [PMID: 33001680 DOI: 10.1037/bne0000413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Mild traumatic brain injuries are known to cause a host of symptoms, including headaches, nausea, and depression, that when persistent, are known as postconcussive syndrome. In addition to these overt symptomologies, individuals may experience changes in day-to-day behavior or temperament, which although not meeting criteria for postconcussive diagnosis, does cause distress to the individual. The aim of this study was to determine whether we could measure temperament in a rat and, if so, determine whether temperament is altered in response to repetitive mild traumatic brain injuries (RmTBI). Forty male and female adolescent Sprague-Dawley rats were same-sex pair housed and subjected to RmTBIs or sham injuries. The rats were recorded at 6 different time points throughout the study for the temperament assessment protocol, a measure of the complex behavioral profile of each rat within its dyadic home cage environment. The temperaments were quantified via a novel behavioral scoring algorithm. The rats were also tested on a battery of tests that were designed to measure symptoms of postconcussion syndrome. We determined that rodent temperament is quantifiable, is sex dependent, changes with age, and is modifiable in response to experiential factors such as RmTBI. Rats that received the RmTBIs were significantly less active and showed decreased levels of social interaction compared with their sham-injury counterparts. Moreover, both task switching and recovery patterns for RmTBI rats were dependent on the injury status of their cage mates. Future studies are now required to determine the mechanisms underlying these important changes in temperament. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
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24
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Christensen J, Yamakawa GR, Shultz SR, Mychasiuk R. Is the glymphatic system the missing link between sleep impairments and neurological disorders? Examining the implications and uncertainties. Prog Neurobiol 2020; 198:101917. [PMID: 32991958 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2020.101917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Until recently, both the purpose of the biological need for sleep and the mechanism by which the central nervous system eliminated metabolic waste products were unknown. The glymphatic system is the recently discovered macroscopic waste clearance system for the CNS, which predominantly functions during sleep states. Important implications for the glymphatic system exist for a significant proportion of neurological disorders, including traumatic brain injury, epilepsy, stroke, migraine, and Alzheimer's disease. Within the limited amount of research pertaining to this novel system there exists controversy regarding several of the key structural and functional aspects of the glymphatic system. In this review we address evidence from both standpoints regarding the prominent debates surrounding the glymphatic system, including the functional differences in wakefulness vs. sleep, the role of glial aquaporin-4 water channels, and whether it reflects a convective flow or a passive diffusion process. The answers that underlie these questions will have crucial and distinct outcomes for the future of the glymphatic system and the disorders it has been implicated in. However, this review also summarizes the potential role of the glymphatic system in the development and progression of the aforementioned neurological disorders. Furthermore, the possible contribution of the orexinergic system to this relationship between the glymphatic system, sleep, and these neurological disorders is also explored. Overall, in order to develop and utilize therapeutic interventions centred around the glymphatic system we must first dedicate further investigation to elucidating these discrepancies and unanswered questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennaya Christensen
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Glenn R Yamakawa
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sandy R Shultz
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Richelle Mychasiuk
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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25
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Bhatt D, Hazari A, Yamakawa GR, Salberg S, Sgro M, Shultz SR, Mychasiuk R. Investigating the cumulative effects of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol and repetitive mild traumatic brain injury on adolescent rats. Brain Commun 2020; 2:fcaa042. [PMID: 32954298 PMCID: PMC7425386 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcaa042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of mild traumatic brain injury is highest amongst the adolescent population and can lead to complications including neuroinflammation and excitotoxicity. Also pervasive in adolescents is recreational cannabis use. Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol, the main psychoactive component of cannabis, is known to have anti-inflammatory properties and serves as a neuroprotective agent against excitotoxicity. Thus, we investigated the effects of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol on recovery when administered either prior to or following repeated mild brain injuries. Male and female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to receive Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol or vehicle either prior to or following the repeated injuries. Rats were then tested on a behavioural test battery designed to measure post-concussive symptomology. The hippocampus, nucleus accumbens and prefrontal cortex were extracted from all animals to examine mRNA expression changes (Bdnf, Cnr1, Comt, GR, Iba-1 and Vegf-2R). We hypothesized that, in both experiments, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol administration would provide neuroprotection against mild injury outcomes and confer therapeutic benefit. Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol administration following repeated mild traumatic brain injury was beneficial to three of the six behavioural outcomes affected by injury (reducing anxiety and depressive-like behaviours while also mitigating injury-induced deficits in short-term working memory). Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol administration following injury also showed beneficial effects on the expression of Cnr1, Comt and Vegf-2R in the hippocampus, nucleus accumbens and prefrontal cortex. There were no notable benefits of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol when administered prior to injury, suggesting that Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol may have potential therapeutic benefit on post-concussive symptomology when administered post-injury, but not pre-injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhyey Bhatt
- Department of Psychology, Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, The University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Ali Hazari
- Department of Psychology, Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, The University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Glenn R Yamakawa
- Department of Psychology, Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, The University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Sabrina Salberg
- Department of Psychology, Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, The University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Marissa Sgro
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Sandy R Shultz
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
- Department of Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3050, Australia
| | - Richelle Mychasiuk
- Department of Psychology, Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, The University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
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26
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Christensen J, Wright DK, Yamakawa GR, Shultz SR, Mychasiuk R. Repetitive Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Alters Glymphatic Clearance Rates in Limbic Structures of Adolescent Female Rats. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6254. [PMID: 32277097 PMCID: PMC7148360 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63022-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The glymphatic system is the macroscopic waste clearance system for the central nervous system. Glymphatic dysfunction has been linked to several neurological conditions, including traumatic brain injury (TBI). Adolescents are at particularly high risk for experiencing a TBI, particularly mild TBI (mTBI) and repetitive mTBI (RmTBI); however, glymphatic clearance, and how it relates to behavioral outcomes, has not been investigated in this context. Therefore, this study examined glymphatic function in the adolescent brain following RmTBI. Female adolescent Sprague Dawley rats were subjected to either three mTBIs or sham injuries spaced three days apart. One-day after their final injury, the animals underwent a beam walking task to assess sensorimotor function, and contrast-enhanced MRI to visualize glymphatic clearance rate. Behavioural measures indicated that the RmTBI group displayed an increase in loss of consciousness as well as motor coordination and balance deficits consistent with our previous studies. The contrast-enhanced MRI results indicated that the female adolescent glymphatic system responds to RmTBI in a region-specific manner, wherein an increased influx but reduced efflux was observed throughout limbic structures (hypothalamus, hippocampus, and amygdala) and the olfactory bulb but neither the influx or efflux were altered in the cortical structures (primary motor cortex, insular cortex, and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex) examined. This may indicate a role for an impaired and/or inefficient glymphatic system in the limbic structures and cortical structures, respectively, in the development of post-concussive symptomology during adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennaya Christensen
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - David K Wright
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Glenn R Yamakawa
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sandy R Shultz
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Richelle Mychasiuk
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
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Sun M, Brady RD, Wanrooy B, Mychasiuk R, Yamakawa GR, Casillas-Espinosa PM, Wong CHY, Shultz SR, McDonald SJ. Experimental traumatic brain injury does not lead to lung infection. J Neuroimmunol 2020; 343:577239. [PMID: 32302792 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2020.577239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients often experience post-traumatic infections, especially in the lung. Pulmonary infection is associated with unfavorable outcomes and increased mortality rates in TBI patients; however, our understanding of the underlying mechanisms is poor. Here we used a lateral fluid percussion injury (LFPI) model in rats to investigate whether TBI could lead to spontaneous lung infection. Analysis of bacterial load in lung tissue indicated no occurrence of spontaneous lung infection at 24 h, 48 h, and 7 d following LFPI. This may suggest that exogenous infectious agents play a crucial role in post-TBI infection in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mujun Sun
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia.
| | - Rhys D Brady
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia; Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia.
| | - Brooke Wanrooy
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3168, Australia.
| | - Richelle Mychasiuk
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia.
| | - Glenn R Yamakawa
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia.
| | - Pablo M Casillas-Espinosa
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia; Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia.
| | - Connie H Y Wong
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3168, Australia.
| | - Sandy R Shultz
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia; Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia.
| | - Stuart J McDonald
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia; Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia.
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Brady RD, Zhao MZ, Wong KR, Casilla-Espinosa PM, Yamakawa GR, Wortman RC, Sun M, Grills BL, Mychasiuk R, O'Brien TJ, Agoston DV, Lee PVS, McDonald SJ, Robinson DL, Shultz SR. A novel rat model of heterotopic ossification after polytrauma with traumatic brain injury. Bone 2020; 133:115263. [PMID: 32032779 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2020.115263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Neurological heterotopic ossification (NHO) is characterized by abnormal bone growth in soft tissue and joints in response to injury to the central nervous system. The ectopic bone frequently causes pain, restricts mobility, and decreases the quality of life for those affected. NHO commonly develops in severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients, particularly in the presence of concomitant musculoskeletal injuries (i.e. polytrauma). There are currently no animal models that accurately mimic these combinations of injuries, which has limited our understanding of NHO pathobiology, as well as the development of biomarkers and treatments, in TBI patients. In order to address this shortcoming, here we present a novel rat model that combines TBI, femoral fracture, and muscle crush injury. Young adult male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly assigned into three different injury groups: triple sham-injury, peripheral injury only (i.e., sham-TBI + fracture + muscle injury) or triple injury (i.e., TBI + fracture + muscle injury). Evidence of ectopic bone in the injured hind-limb, as confirmed by micro-computed tomography (μCT), was found at 6-weeks post-injury in 70% of triple injury rats, 20% of peripheral injury rats, and 0% of the sham-injured controls. Furthermore, the triple injury rats had higher ectopic bone severity scores than the sham-injured group. This novel model will provide a platform for future studies to identify underlying mechanisms, biomarkers, and develop evidence based pharmacological treatments to combat this debilitating long-term complication of TBI and polytrauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhys D Brady
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
| | - Michael Z Zhao
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ker R Wong
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Pablo M Casilla-Espinosa
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Glenn R Yamakawa
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ryan C Wortman
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Mujun Sun
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Brian L Grills
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Richelle Mychasiuk
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Terence J O'Brien
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Denes V Agoston
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Genetics, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Peter V S Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Stuart J McDonald
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Dale L Robinson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Sandy R Shultz
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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29
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Yamakawa GR, Eyolfson E, Weerawardhena H, Mychasiuk R. Administration of diphenyl diselenide (PhSe)2 following repetitive mild traumatic brain injury exacerbates anxiety-like symptomology in a rat model. Behav Brain Res 2020; 382:112472. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2020.112472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 01/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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30
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Eyolfson E, Yamakawa GR, Griep Y, Collins R, Carr T, Wang M, Lohman AW, Mychasiuk R. Examining the Progressive Behavior and Neuropathological Outcomes Associated with Chronic Repetitive Mild Traumatic Brain Injury in Rats. Cereb Cortex Commun 2020; 1:tgaa002. [PMID: 34296084 PMCID: PMC8152839 DOI: 10.1093/texcom/tgaa002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
While the physical and behavioral symptomologies associated with a single mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) are typically transient, repetitive mTBIs (RmTBI) have been associated with persisting neurological deficits. Therefore, this study examined the progressive changes in behavior and the neuropathological outcomes associated with chronic RmTBI through adolescence and adulthood in male and female Sprague Dawley rats. Rats experienced 2 mTBIs/week for 15 weeks and were periodically tested for changes in motor behavior, cognitive function, emotional disturbances, and aggression. Brain tissue was examined for neuropathological changes in ventricle size and presentation of Iba1 and GFAP. We did not see progressively worse behavioral impairments with the accumulation of injuries or time, but did find evidence for neurological and functional change (motor disturbance, reduced exploration, reduced aggression, alteration in depressive-like behavior, deficits in short-term working memory). Neuropathological assessment of RmTBI animals identified an increase in ventricle size, prolonged changes in GFAP, and sex differences in Iba1, in the corpus callosum, thalamus, and medial prefrontal cortex. Telomere length reduced exponentially as the injury load increased. Overall, chronic RmTBI did not result in accumulating behavioral impairment, and there is a need to further investigate progressive behavioral changes associated with repeated injuries in adolescence and young adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Eyolfson
- Department of Psychology, Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, The University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
- Department of Psychology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, The University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Glenn R Yamakawa
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | - Yannick Griep
- Department of Psychology, Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, The University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
- Department of Psychology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, The University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
- Division of Epidemiology, Stress Research Institute, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- Behavioral Science Institute, Radbound University, 9104, 6500 HE, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Reid Collins
- Department of Psychology, Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, The University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
- Department of Psychology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, The University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Thomas Carr
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, The University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, The University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Melinda Wang
- Department of Psychology, Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, The University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
- Department of Psychology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, The University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Alexander W Lohman
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, The University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, The University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Richelle Mychasiuk
- Department of Psychology, Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, The University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
- Department of Psychology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, The University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
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Sun M, McDonald SJ, Brady RD, Collins-Praino L, Yamakawa GR, Monif M, O'Brien TJ, Cloud GC, Sobey CG, Mychasiuk R, Loane DJ, Shultz SR. The need to incorporate aged animals into the preclinical modeling of neurological conditions. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2019; 109:114-128. [PMID: 31877345 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Neurological conditions such as traumatic brain injury, stroke, Parkinson's disease, epilepsy, multiple sclerosis, and Alzheimer's disease are serious clinical problems that affect millions of people worldwide. The majority of clinical trials for these common conditions have failed, and there is a critical need to understand why treatments in preclinical animal models do not translate to patients. Many patients with these conditions are middle-aged or older, however, the majority of preclinical studies have used only young-adult animals. Considering that aging involves biological changes that are relevant to the pathobiology of neurological diseases, the lack of aged subjects in preclinical research could contribute to translational failures. This paper details how aging affects biological processes involved in neurological conditions, and reviews aging research in the context of traumatic brain injury, stroke, Parkinson's disease, epilepsy, multiple sclerosis, and Alzheimer's disease. We conclude that aging is an important, but often overlooked, factor that influences biology and outcomes in neurological conditions, and provide suggestions to improve our understanding and treatment of these diseases in aged patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mujun Sun
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Stuart J McDonald
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia; Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Rhys D Brady
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia; Department of Medicine, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Lyndsey Collins-Praino
- Department of Medical Sciences, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Glenn R Yamakawa
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Mastura Monif
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Terence J O'Brien
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia; Department of Medicine, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Neurology, Alfred Health, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Geoffrey C Cloud
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia; Department of Stroke Services, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Christopher G Sobey
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Richelle Mychasiuk
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - David J Loane
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Sandy R Shultz
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia; Department of Medicine, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Neurology, Alfred Health, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia.
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Christensen J, Yamakawa GR, Salberg S, Wang M, Kolb B, Mychasiuk R. Caffeine consumption during development alters spine density and recovery from repetitive mild traumatic brain injury in young adult rats. Synapse 2019; 74:e22142. [PMID: 31705690 DOI: 10.1002/syn.22142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Caffeine is the most commonly used psychostimulant throughout the world, with its consumption being especially prevalent among adolescents and young adults, as over 75% of this group consumes caffeine daily. Similarly, the adolescent and young adult age group exhibit the highest incidence of traumatic brain injury (TBI). Given that both caffeine consumption and mild TBI (mTBI) are more prevalent among the late adolescent/young adult age group and that changes in dendritic spine morphology during this developmental period are poorly understood, this study sought to examine the effects of caffeine consumption during late adolescence/early adulthood on recovery from repetitive mTBI (RmTBI). The study specifically focused on changes to neuronal dendritic morphology as synaptic changes likely underlie long-term behavioral outcomes. The results demonstrate that during young adulthood caffeine consumption differentially affects the RmTBI outcomes of males and females, where the effects of caffeine and RmTBI were often additive in males while being equally detrimental, but rarely additive, in females. In general, caffeine and RmTBI induced the greatest impairments in males on cognitive and motor tasks whereas in females the most significant detriments were on pain-related tasks. Both caffeine and RmTBI increased spine density in the Cg3 (medial prefrontal cortex [mPFC]), AID (orbitofrontal cortex [OFC]), and nucleus accumbens (NAc), which is proposed to reflect an impairment in the normal pruning processes. Overall, despite caffeine's neuroprotective abilities among other age groups, this study offers concerning results regarding the detrimental effects of caffeine and RmTBI, in isolation, and especially in combination, in this susceptible population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennaya Christensen
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Glenn R Yamakawa
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Sabrina Salberg
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Melinda Wang
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Bryan Kolb
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Richelle Mychasiuk
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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Brady RD, Wong KR, Robinson DL, Mychasiuk R, McDonald SJ, D'Cunha RA, Yamakawa GR, Sun M, Wark JD, Lee PVS, O'Brien TJ, Casillas-Espinosa PM, Shultz SR. Bone Health in Rats With Temporal Lobe Epilepsy in the Absence of Anti-Epileptic Drugs. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:1278. [PMID: 31749702 PMCID: PMC6842946 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Epilepsy patients often exhibit reduced bone mineral density and are at an increased risk of bone fracture. Whether these bone abnormalities are due to the use of anti-epileptic drugs (AED’s) or the disease itself is unknown. For example, although decreased bone health in epilepsy patients is generally attributed to the use of AED’s, seizures can also trigger a number of physiological processes that have the potential to affect bone. Therefore, to assess whether bone abnormalities occur in epilepsy in the absence of AED’s, the current study investigated mechanical characteristics and trabecular bone morphology in rats with chronic temporal lobe epilepsy. Methods: Ten-week old male Wistar rats underwent kainic acid-induced status epilepticus (SE; n = 7) or a sham procedure (n = 9). Rats were implanted with EEG recording electrodes at nine weeks post-SE, and video-EEG was continuously recorded for one week at 10- and 22-weeks post-SE to confirm that SE rats had spontaneous seizures. Open-field testing to assess locomotion was conducted at 23-weeks post-SE. At 24-weeks post-SE, rats were euthanized and tibia were extracted to determine trabecular morphology by micro-computed tomography (µCT), while femurs were used to investigate mechanical properties via 3-point bending. Results: All post-SE rats had spontaneous seizures at 10- and 22-weeks post-SE, while none of the sham rats had seizures. µCT trabecular analysis of tibia revealed no differences in total volume, bone volume, bone volume fraction, trabecular number, or trabecular separation between post-SE or sham rats, although post-SE rats did have increased trabecular thickness. There were also no group differences in total distance travelled in the open field suggesting that activity levels did not account for the increased trabecular thickness. In addition, no differences in mechanical properties of femurs were observed between the two groups. Conclusion: There was a lack of overt bone abnormalities in rats with chronic temporal lobe epilepsy in the absence of AED treatment. Although further studies are still needed, these findings may have important implications towards understanding the source (e.g., AED treatments) of bone abnormalities in epilepsy patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhys D Brady
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medicine, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Ker Rui Wong
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Dale L Robinson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Richelle Mychasiuk
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Stuart J McDonald
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Ryan A D'Cunha
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Glenn R Yamakawa
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Mujun Sun
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - John D Wark
- Department of Medicine, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Peter Vee Sin Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Terence J O'Brien
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medicine, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Pablo M Casillas-Espinosa
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medicine, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Sandy R Shultz
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medicine, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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Salberg S, Christensen J, Yamakawa GR, Lengkeek C, Malik H, Tabor J, Hazari A, Mychasiuk R. A Bump on the Head or Late to Bed: Behavioral and Pathophysiological Effects of Sleep Deprivation after Repetitive Mild Traumatic Brain Injury in Adolescent Rats. J Neurotrauma 2019; 35:1895-1905. [PMID: 30074871 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2018.5744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
An old wives' tale, and strongly held dogma, maintains that one should be kept awake after a mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) to prevent a coma. This, however, conflicts with the known benefits of sleep: repair and restoration. We therefore sought to examine the effects of sleep deprivation (SD) in the post-traumatic sleep period on post-concussion symptomology (PCS). Adolescent male and female rats were administered repetitive mTBIs (RmTBI) or sham injuries and were then assigned to 5 h of SD or left undisturbed. All animals were then tested using seven behavioral tasks validated to examine PCS, followed by analysis of serum cytokines, and quantitative real-time PCR for messenger RNA (mRNA) expression. Exposure to 3 SD epochs significantly impaired behavior in 4 of 7 of the measures, while RmTBI also produced dysfunction in 5 of 7 tests, but the effects of SD and RmTBI were not cumulative. SD induced long-lasting changes in serum levels of Tnf-α, IL6, and IL-1ß. mRNA expression in the pre-frontal cortex, hippocampus, hypothalamus, and anterior cingulate cortex was modified in response to SD and RmTBI; but similar to the behavioral measures, the mRNA changes were not cumulative. Consequently, we report that SD often produced impairments similar or worse than RmTBI, and sleep hygiene should become a priority for adolescent health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Salberg
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary , Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - Glenn R Yamakawa
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary , Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Connor Lengkeek
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary , Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Haris Malik
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary , Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jason Tabor
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary , Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Ali Hazari
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary , Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Richelle Mychasiuk
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary , Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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35
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Yamakawa GR, Weerawardhena H, Eyolfson E, Griep Y, Antle MC, Mychasiuk R. Investigating the Role of the Hypothalamus in Outcomes to Repetitive Mild Traumatic Brain Injury: Neonatal Monosodium Glutamate Does Not Exacerbate Deficits. Neuroscience 2019; 413:264-278. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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36
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Yamakawa GR, Lengkeek C, Salberg S, Spanswick SC, Mychasiuk R. Behavioral and pathophysiological outcomes associated with caffeine consumption and repetitive mild traumatic brain injury (RmTBI) in adolescent rats. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0187218. [PMID: 29108016 PMCID: PMC5673214 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0187218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Given that caffeine consumption is exponentially rising in adolescents and they are at increased risk for repetitive mild traumatic brain injury (RmTBI), we sought to examine the pathophysiological outcomes associated with early life caffeine consumption and RmTBI. Adolescent male and female Sprague Dawley rats received either caffeine in the drinking water or normal water and were then randomly assigned to 3 mild injuries using our lateral impact device or 3 sham procedures. Following injury induction, behavioral outcomes were measured with a test battery designed to examine symptoms consistent with clinical manifestation of PCS (balance and motor coordination, anxiety, short-term working memory, and depressive-like behaviours). In addition, pathophysiological outcomes were examined with histological measures of volume and cellular proliferation in the dentate gyrus, as well as microglia activation in the ventromedial hypothalamus. Finally, modifications to expression of 12 genes (Adora2a, App, Aqp4, Bdnf, Bmal1, Clock, Cry, Gfap, Orx1, Orx2, Per, Tau), in the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, and/or the hypothalamus were assessed. We found that chronic caffeine consumption in adolescence altered normal developmental trajectories, as well as recovery from RmTBI. Of particular importance, many of the outcomes exhibited sex-dependent responses whereby the sex of the animal modified response to caffeine, RmTBI, and the combination of the two. These results suggest that caffeine consumption in adolescents at high risk for RmTBI should be monitored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn R. Yamakawa
- University of Calgary, Department of Psychology, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Connor Lengkeek
- University of Calgary, Department of Psychology, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Sabrina Salberg
- University of Calgary, Department of Psychology, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Simon C. Spanswick
- University of Calgary, Department of Psychology, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Richelle Mychasiuk
- University of Calgary, Department of Psychology, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Sterniczuk R, Yamakawa GR, Pomeroy T, Antle MC. Phase delays to light and gastrin-releasing peptide require the protein kinase A pathway. Neurosci Lett 2014; 559:24-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2013.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Revised: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Scullion K, Boychuk JA, Yamakawa GR, Rodych JTG, Nakanishi ST, Seto A, Smith VM, McCarthy RW, Whelan PJ, Antle MC, Pittman QJ, Teskey GC. Serotonin 1A receptors alter expression of movement representations. J Neurosci 2013; 33:4988-99. [PMID: 23486969 PMCID: PMC6619014 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4241-12.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2012] [Revised: 12/14/2012] [Accepted: 02/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Serotonin has a myriad of central functions involving mood, appetite, sleep, and memory and while its release within the spinal cord is particularly important for generating movement, the corresponding role on cortical movement representations (motor maps) is unknown. Using adult rats we determined that pharmacological depletion of serotonin (5-HT) via intracerebroventricular administration of 5,7 dihydroxytryptamine resulted in altered movements of the forelimb in a skilled reaching task as well as higher movement thresholds and smaller maps derived using high-resolution intracortical microstimulation (ICMS). We ruled out the possibility that reduced spinal cord excitability could account for the serotonin depletion-induced changes as we observed an enhanced Hoffman reflex (H-reflex), indicating a hyperexcitable spinal cord. Motor maps derived in 5-HT1A receptor knock-out mice also showed higher movement thresholds and smaller maps compared with wild-type controls. Direct cortical application of the 5-HT1A/7 agonist 8-OH-DPAT lowered movement thresholds in vivo and increased map size in 5-HT-depleted rats. In rats, electrical stimulation of the dorsal raphe lowered movement thresholds and this effect could be blocked by direct cortical application of the 5-HT1A antagonist WAY-100135, indicating that serotonin is primarily acting through the 5-HT1A receptor. Next we developed a novel in vitro ICMS preparation that allowed us to track layer V pyramidal cell excitability. Bath application of WAY-100135 raised the ICMS current intensity to induce action potential firing whereas the agonist 8-OH-DPAT had the opposite effect. Together our results demonstrate that serotonin, acting through 5-HT1A receptors, plays an excitatory role in forelimb motor map expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen Scullion
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Department of Neuroscience, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N1
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Abstract
The circadian clock, located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), receives a major afferent from the median raphe nucleus (MRN). In the Syrian hamster, only about 50% of the cells giving rise to this afferent contain serotonin. There is mixed evidence as to whether the serotonergic portion of this projection is involved in non-photic phase shifting of circadian locomotor rhythms. In order to better characterize the non-serotonergic projections, we conducted retrograde tract tracing using the beta subunit of cholera toxin combined with multi-label immunohistochemistry. Similar to previous findings, almost half of the retrogradely labeled cells contained serotonin. Additionally, approximately 30% of the retrogradely labeled cells contained vesicular glutamate transporter 3 (VGLUT3), but not serotonin. Surprisingly, some dorsal raphe cholera toxin labeling was also noted, particularly in animals with central-SCN injections. To determine if the non-serotonergic projections were important for non-photic phase shifts elicited by MRN stimulation, the MRN was electrically stimulated in animals pretreated with SCN injection of either the serotonin neurotoxin 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine or vehicle control. Intact animals phase advanced to midday electrical stimulation of the raphe while lesioned animals did not. Together, these results show that although some of the non-serotonergic raphe projections to the SCN contain VGLUT3, it is the serotonergic raphe innervation of the SCN that is critical for non-photic phase shifting elicited by MRN stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn R Yamakawa
- Brain and Cognitive Sciences Research Group, Department of Psychology, 2500 University Drive NW, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
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Abstract
Circadian rhythms in physiological, endocrine and metabolic functioning are controlled by a neural clock located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). This structure is endogenously rhythmic and the phase of this rhythm can be reset by light information from the eye. A key feature of the SCN is that while it is a small structure containing on the order of about 20,000 cells, it is amazingly heterogeneous. It is likely that anatomical heterogeneity reflects an underlying functional heterogeneity. In this review, we examine the physiological responses of cells in the SCN to light stimuli that reset the phase of the circadian clock, highlighting where possible the spatial pattern of such responses. Increases in intracellular calcium are an important signal in response to light, and this increase triggers many biochemical cascades that mediate responses to light. Furthermore, only some cells in the SCN are actually endogenously rhythmic, and these cells likely do not receive strong direct input from the retina. Therefore, this review also considers how light information is conveyed from the retinorecipient cells to the endogenously rhythmic cells that track circadian phase. A number of neuropeptides, including vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, gastrin-releasing peptide and substance P, may be particularly important in relaying such signals, but other neurochemicals such as GABA and nitric oxide may participate as well. A thorough understanding of the intracellular and intercellular responses to light, as well as the spatial arrangements of such responses may help identify important pharmacological targets for therapeutic interventions to treat sleep and circadian disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Antle
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada.
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Landry GJ, Yamakawa GR, Webb IC, Mear RJ, Mistlberger RE. The dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus is not necessary for the expression of circadian food-anticipatory activity in rats. J Biol Rhythms 2008; 22:467-78. [PMID: 18057321 DOI: 10.1177/0748730407307804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Restricted daytime feeding generates food-anticipatory activity (FAA) by entrainment of a circadian pacemaker separate from the light-entrainable pacemaker located in the SCN. The dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus (DMH) has been proposed as the site of food-entrainable oscillators critical for the expression of FAA, but another study found no effects of complete DMH ablation on FAA. To account for these different results, the authors examined methodological factors, including (1) cage configuration and feeding method and (2) use of social cues. Intact and DMH-ablated rats were maintained on one 4-h daily meal in the middle of the light period, using caging and feeding methods matching those of Gooley et al. (2006). Rats with partial or complete DMH ablation were less nocturnal during ad lib food access but exhibited normal FAA during restricted feeding, as quantified by FAA magnitude, ratios, latency to appearance, duration, and precision. To evaluate the use of social cues, intact rats naive to restricted-feeding schedules were food deprived for 72 h on 4 tests. Daytime activity increased during food deprivation, but the magnitude and waveform of this activity was not influenced by the presence of food-entrained rats exhibiting robust FAA in adjacent cages. Thus, hungry intact rats do not use social cues to anticipate a daily mealtime, suggesting that DMH-ablated rats do not anticipate meals by reacting to sounds from food-entrained intact rats in adjacent cabinets. These results confirm our previous finding that the DMH is not critical for normal expression of FAA in rats, and this observation is extended to food restriction methodologies used by other labs. The methodological differences that do underlie discrepant results remain unresolved, as does the location of food-entrainable oscillators, input pathways, and output pathways critical for FAA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn J Landry
- Department of Psychology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
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