1
|
Raja S, Milosavljevic N, Allen AE, Cameron MA. Burning the candle at both ends: Intraretinal signaling of intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 16:1095787. [PMID: 36687522 PMCID: PMC9853061 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.1095787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) are photoreceptors located in the ganglion cell layer. They project to brain regions involved in predominately non-image-forming functions including entrainment of circadian rhythms, control of the pupil light reflex, and modulation of mood and behavior. In addition to possessing intrinsic photosensitivity via the photopigment melanopsin, these cells receive inputs originating in rods and cones. While most research in the last two decades has focused on the downstream influence of ipRGC signaling, recent studies have shown that ipRGCs also act retrogradely within the retina itself as intraretinal signaling neurons. In this article, we review studies examining intraretinal and, in addition, intraocular signaling pathways of ipRGCs. Through these pathways, ipRGCs regulate inner and outer retinal circuitry through both chemical and electrical synapses, modulate the outputs of ganglion cells (both ipRGCs and non-ipRGCs), and influence arrangement of the correct retinal circuitry and vasculature during development. These data suggest that ipRGC function plays a significant role in the processing of image-forming vision at its earliest stage, positioning these photoreceptors to exert a vital role in perceptual vision. This research will have important implications for lighting design to optimize the best chromatic lighting environments for humans, both in adults and potentially even during fetal and postnatal development. Further studies into these unique ipRGC signaling pathways could also lead to a better understanding of the development of ocular dysfunctions such as myopia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sushmitha Raja
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Nina Milosavljevic
- Division of Neuroscience, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Annette E. Allen
- Division of Neuroscience, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Morven A. Cameron
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia,*Correspondence: Morven A. Cameron,
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Procyk CA, Rodgers J, Zindy E, Lucas RJ, Milosavljevic N. Quantitative characterisation of ipRGCs in retinal degeneration using a computation platform for extracting and reconstructing single neurons in 3D from a multi-colour labeled population. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:1009321. [PMID: 36385954 PMCID: PMC9664085 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.1009321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Light has a profound impact on mammalian physiology and behavior. Intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) express the photopigment melanopsin, rendering them sensitive to light, and are involved in both image-forming vision and non-image forming responses to light such as circadian photo-entrainment and the pupillary light reflex. Following outer photoreceptor degeneration, the death of rod and cone photoreceptors results in global re-modeling of the remnant neural retina. Although ipRGCs can continue signaling light information to the brain even in advanced stages of degeneration, it is unknown if all six morphologically distinct subtypes survive, or how their dendritic architecture may be affected. To answer these questions, we generated a computational platform-BRIAN (Brainbow Analysis of individual Neurons) to analyze Brainbow labeled tissues by allowing objective identification of voxels clusters in Principal Component Space, and their subsequent extraction to produce 3D images of single neurons suitable for analysis with existing tracing technology. We show that BRIAN can efficiently recreate single neurons or individual axonal projections from densely labeled tissue with sufficient anatomical resolution for subtype quantitative classification. We apply this tool to generate quantitative morphological information about ipRGCs in the degenerate retina including soma size, dendritic field size, dendritic complexity, and stratification. Using this information, we were able to identify cells whose characteristics match those reported for all six defined subtypes of ipRGC in the wildtype mouse retina (M1-M6), including the rare and complex M3 and M6 subtypes. This indicates that ipRGCs survive outer retinal degeneration with broadly normal morphology. We additionally describe one cell in the degenerate retina which matches the description of the Gigantic M1 cell in Humans which has not been previously identified in rodent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A. Procyk
- Ocular Cell and Gene Therapy Group, Centre for Gene Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, King’s College London, Guy’s Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jessica Rodgers
- Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, Centre for Biological Timing and Division of Neuroscience, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Egor Zindy
- Centre for Microscopy and Molecular Imaging, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Robert J. Lucas
- Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, Centre for Biological Timing and Division of Neuroscience, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Nina Milosavljevic
- Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, Centre for Biological Timing and Division of Neuroscience, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
McDowell RJ, Rodgers J, Milosavljevic N, Lucas RJ. Divergent G-protein selectivity across melanopsins from mice and humans. J Cell Sci 2022; 135:274359. [PMID: 35274137 PMCID: PMC8977054 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.258474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanopsin is an opsin photopigment and light-activated G-protein-coupled receptor; it is expressed in photoreceptive retinal ganglion cells (mRGCs) and can be employed as an optogenetic tool. Mammalian melanopsins can signal via Gq/11 and Gi/o/t heterotrimeric G proteins, but aspects of the mRGC light response appear incompatible with either mode of signalling. We use live-cell reporter assays in HEK293T cells to show that melanopsins from mice and humans can also signal via Gs. We subsequently show that this mode of signalling is substantially divergent between species. The two established structural isoforms of mouse melanopsin (which differ in the length of their C-terminal tail) both signalled strongly through all three G-protein classes (Gq/11, Gi/o and Gs), whereas human melanopsin showed weaker signalling through Gs. Our data identify Gs as a new mode of signalling for mammalian melanopsins and reveal diversity in G-protein selectivity across mammalian melanopsins. Summary: The photopigment melanopsin (OPN4), which provides inner retinal photoreception in mammals, shows light-dependent activation of Gs G protein that is more pronounced for mouse than human photopigment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard J McDowell
- Centre for Biological Timing, Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Jessica Rodgers
- Centre for Biological Timing, Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Nina Milosavljevic
- Centre for Biological Timing, Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Robert J Lucas
- Centre for Biological Timing, Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wright P, Rodgers J, Wynne J, Bishop PN, Lucas RJ, Milosavljevic N. Viral Transduction of Human Rod Opsin or Channelrhodopsin Variants to Mouse ON Bipolar Cells Does Not Impact Retinal Anatomy or Cause Measurable Death in the Targeted Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222313111. [PMID: 34884916 PMCID: PMC8658283 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222313111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The viral gene delivery of optogenetic actuators to the surviving inner retina has been proposed as a strategy for restoring vision in advanced retinal degeneration. We investigated the safety of ectopic expression of human rod opsin (hRHO), and two channelrhodopsins (enhanced sensitivity CoChR-3M and red-shifted ReaChR) by viral gene delivery in ON bipolar cells of the mouse retina. Adult Grm6Cre mice were bred to be retinally degenerate or non-retinally degenerate (homozygous and heterozygous for the rd1Pde6b mutation, respectively) and intravitreally injected with recombinant adeno-associated virus AAV2/2(quad Y-F) serotype containing a double-floxed inverted transgene comprising one of the opsins of interest under a CMV promoter. None of the opsins investigated caused changes in retinal thickness; induced apoptosis in the retina or in transgene expressing cells; or reduced expression of PKCα (a specific bipolar cell marker). No increase in retinal inflammation at the level of gene expression (IBA1/AIF1) was found within the treated mice compared to controls. The expression of hRHO, CoChR or ReaChR under a strong constitutive promoter in retinal ON bipolar cells following intravitreal delivery via AAV2 does not cause either gross changes in retinal health, or have a measurable impact on the survival of targeted cells.
Collapse
|
5
|
Rodgers J, Bano-Otalora B, Belle MDC, Paul S, Hughes R, Wright P, McDowell R, Milosavljevic N, Orlowska-Feuer P, Martial FP, Wynne J, Ballister ER, Storchi R, Allen AE, Brown T, Lucas RJ. Using a bistable animal opsin for switchable and scalable optogenetic inhibition of neurons. EMBO Rep 2021; 22:e51866. [PMID: 33655694 PMCID: PMC8097317 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202051866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
There is no consensus on the best inhibitory optogenetic tool. Since Gi/o signalling is a native mechanism of neuronal inhibition, we asked whether Lamprey Parapinopsin ("Lamplight"), a Gi/o-coupled bistable animal opsin, could be used for optogenetic silencing. We show that short (405 nm) and long (525 nm) wavelength pulses repeatedly switch Lamplight between stable signalling active and inactive states, respectively, and that combining these wavelengths can be used to achieve intermediate levels of activity. These properties can be applied to produce switchable neuronal hyperpolarisation and suppression of spontaneous spike firing in the mouse hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus. Expressing Lamplight in (predominantly) ON bipolar cells can photosensitise retinas following advanced photoreceptor degeneration, with 405 and 525 nm stimuli producing responses of opposite sign in the output neurons of the retina. We conclude that bistable animal opsins can co-opt endogenous signalling mechanisms to allow optogenetic inhibition that is scalable, sustained and reversible.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Rodgers
- Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Beatriz Bano-Otalora
- Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Mino D C Belle
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Sarika Paul
- Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Rebecca Hughes
- Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Phillip Wright
- Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Richard McDowell
- Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Nina Milosavljevic
- Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Patrycja Orlowska-Feuer
- Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Department of Neurophysiology and Chronobiology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Franck P Martial
- Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Jonathan Wynne
- Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Edward R Ballister
- Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Riccardo Storchi
- Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Annette E Allen
- Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Timothy Brown
- Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Robert J Lucas
- Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Milosavljevic N, Brown TM, Lucas RJ. A Bright Idea for Improving Spatial Memory. Neuron 2021; 109:197-199. [PMID: 33476561 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2020.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In this issue of Neuron, Huang et al. (2021) reveal a new influence of light on memory. They show that in mice, daily exposure to bright light over several weeks produces lasting increases in spatial memory and assign this effect to a circuit originating in the retina and encompassing the ventral lateral geniculate and reuniens nuclei.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nina Milosavljevic
- Centre for Biological Timing and Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Timothy M Brown
- Centre for Biological Timing and Division of Diabetes Endocrinology and Gastroenterology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Robert J Lucas
- Centre for Biological Timing and Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Storchi R, Milosavljevic N, Allen AE, Zippo AG, Agnihotri A, Cootes TF, Lucas RJ. A High-Dimensional Quantification of Mouse Defensive Behaviors Reveals Enhanced Diversity and Stimulus Specificity. Curr Biol 2020; 30:4619-4630.e5. [PMID: 33007242 PMCID: PMC7728163 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Instinctive defensive behaviors, consisting of stereotyped sequences of movements and postures, are an essential component of the mouse behavioral repertoire. Since defensive behaviors can be reliably triggered by threatening sensory stimuli, the selection of the most appropriate action depends on the stimulus property. However, since the mouse has a wide repertoire of motor actions, it is not clear which set of movements and postures represent the relevant action. So far, this has been empirically identified as a change in locomotion state. However, the extent to which locomotion alone captures the diversity of defensive behaviors and their sensory specificity is unknown. To tackle this problem, we developed a method to obtain a faithful 3D reconstruction of the mouse body that enabled to quantify a wide variety of motor actions. This higher dimensional description revealed that defensive behaviors are more stimulus specific than indicated by locomotion data. Thus, responses to distinct stimuli that were equivalent in terms of locomotion (e.g., freezing induced by looming and sound) could be discriminated along other dimensions. The enhanced stimulus specificity was explained by a surprising diversity. A clustering analysis revealed that distinct combinations of movements and postures, giving rise to at least 7 different behaviors, were required to account for stimulus specificity. Moreover, each stimulus evoked more than one behavior, revealing a robust one-to-many mapping between sensations and behaviors that was not apparent from locomotion data. Our results indicate that diversity and sensory specificity of mouse defensive behaviors unfold in a higher dimensional space, spanning multiple motor actions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Storchi
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Science, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
| | - Nina Milosavljevic
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Science, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Annette E Allen
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Science, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Antonio G Zippo
- Institute of Neuroscience, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Milan, Italy
| | - Aayushi Agnihotri
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Science, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Timothy F Cootes
- Division of Informatics, Imaging & Data Science, School of Health Science, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Robert J Lucas
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Science, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Abstract
A small fraction of mammalian retinal ganglion cells are directly photoreceptive thanks to their expression of the photopigment melanopsin. These intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) have well-established roles in a variety of reflex responses to changes in ambient light intensity, including circadian photoentrainment. In this article, we review the growing evidence, obtained primarily from laboratory mice and humans, that the ability to sense light via melanopsin is also an important component of perceptual and form vision. Melanopsin photoreception has low temporal resolution, making it fundamentally biased toward detecting changes in ambient light and coarse patterns rather than fine details. Nevertheless, melanopsin can indirectly impact high-acuity vision by driving aspects of light adaptation ranging from pupil constriction to changes in visual circuit performance. Melanopsin also contributes directly to perceptions of brightness, and recent data suggest that this influences the appearance not only of overall scene brightness, but also of low-frequency patterns.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Lucas
- Centre for Biological Timing and Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom;
| | - Annette E Allen
- Centre for Biological Timing and Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom;
| | - Nina Milosavljevic
- Centre for Biological Timing and Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom;
| | - Riccardo Storchi
- Centre for Biological Timing and Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom;
| | - Tom Woelders
- Centre for Biological Timing and Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom;
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Abstract
The idea that light affects mood and behavioral state is not new. However, not much is known about the particular mechanisms and circuits involved. To fully understand these, we need to know what properties of light are important for mediating changes in mood as well as what photoreceptors and pathways are responsible. Increasing evidence from both human and animal studies imply that a specialized class of retinal ganglion cells, intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs), plays an important role in the light-regulated effects on mood and behavioral state, which is in line with their well-established roles in other non-visual responses (pupillary light reflex and circadian photoentrainment). This paper reviews our current understanding on the mechanisms and paths by which the light information modulates behavioral state and mood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nina Milosavljevic
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK;
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Wang G, Higgins S, Wang K, Bennett D, Milosavljevic N, Magan JJ, Zhang S, Zhang X, Wang J, Blau WJ. Intensity-dependent nonlinear refraction of antimonene dispersions in the visible and near-infrared region. Appl Opt 2018; 57:E147-E153. [PMID: 30117914 DOI: 10.1364/ao.57.00e147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Antimonene is a stable 2D allotrope of antimony that is predicted to have a direct bandgap, high third-order optical nonlinear susceptibility, and high electron mobility. These properties give it huge potential applications in photonics and optoelectronics. However, the nonlinear refractive response of antimonene dispersions, which is the key to nonlinear refraction-based devices, has not been fully investigated. In this work, we investigated the optical nonlinearities of the antimonene dispersions by spatial self-phase modulation (SSPM) at 405, 785, and 1064 nm wavelengths. The SSPM rings were observed at 405, 785, and 1064 nm, implying the broadband nonlinear optical response of antimonene dispersions from visible to near-infrared. The effective nonlinear refractive index, n2, and the third-order susceptibility, χ(3), of the antimonene dispersion were measured to be ∼10-5 cm2 W-1 and ∼10-8 esu, respectively. Furthermore, the nonlinearity of antimonene was demonstrated to be tuneable by the laser intensities. The relative change of the nonlinear refractive index, Δn2e/n2e, was observed to range from 14% to 63% for different intensities. Our results will be helpful for the photonic applications of antimonene in a broadband wavelength range, such as optical modulators and switchers.
Collapse
|
11
|
Susnjar S, Popovic L, Cvetanovic A, Stanic N, Citic J, Kolarov-Bjelobrk I, Popovic M, Nedovic N, Stojanovic A, Matovina-Brko G, Serovic K, Milosavljevic N, Murtezani Z, Kezic I, Gavrilovic D, Radulovic S. Real world data: Trastuzumab w/o concurrent endocrine therapy in luminal HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer resulted in decreased overall survival. Eur J Cancer 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/s0959-8049(18)30561-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
|
12
|
Milosavljevic N, Allen AE, Cehajic-Kapetanovic J, Lucas RJ. Chemogenetic Activation of ipRGCs Drives Changes in Dark-Adapted (Scotopic) Electroretinogram. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2017; 57:6305-6312. [PMID: 27893096 PMCID: PMC5119489 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.16-20448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of activating melanopsin-expressing intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) on dark-adapted (scotopic) electroretinograms (ERG). Methods We used mice (Opn4Cre/+) expressing cre recombinase in melanopsin-expressing cells for a targeted gene delivery of a chemogenetic Gq-coupled receptor, hM3Dq, to ipRGCs. Intraperitoneal injection of clozapine N-oxide (CNO) at 5 mg/kg was used for acute activation of hM3Dq and thus excitation of ipRGCs in darkness. Dark-adapted flash ERGs were recorded across a 9-fold range of irradiances from hM3Dq Opn4Cre/+ and control Opn4Cre/+ mice before and after intraperitoneal injection of CNO. A- and b-wave amplitudes and implicit times and oscillatory potentials (OPs) were analyzed. Paired-flash stimuli were used to isolate cone-driven responses. Results Clozapine N-oxide application suppressed a- and b-wave amplitudes of the dark-adapted ERG across the flash intensity range in hM3Dq Opn4Cre/+ mice compared to control mice. Examination of the normalized irradiance-response functions revealed a shift in b-wave but not a-wave sensitivity. No changes in a- and b-wave implicit times were detected. Total OP amplitudes were also reduced in hM3Dq Opn4Cre/+ mice compared to controls following CNO administration. The paired-flash method revealed reduction in both the first (rods and cones) and second (cones only) flash response. Conclusions Acute and selective activation of ipRGCs modulates the amplitude of both a- and b-waves of the scotopic ERG, indicating that the influence of this ganglion cell class on the retinal physiology extends to the photoreceptors as well as their downstream pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nina Milosavljevic
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, the University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Annette E Allen
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, the University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Jasmina Cehajic-Kapetanovic
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, Institute of Human Development, the University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Robert J Lucas
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, the University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Eleftheriou CG, Cehajic-Kapetanovic J, Martial FP, Milosavljevic N, Bedford RA, Lucas RJ. Meclofenamic acid improves the signal to noise ratio for visual responses produced by ectopic expression of human rod opsin. Mol Vis 2017; 23:334-345. [PMID: 28659709 PMCID: PMC5479694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Retinal dystrophy through outer photoreceptor cell death affects 1 in 2,500 people worldwide with severe impairment of vision in advanced stages of the disease. Optogenetic strategies to restore visual function to animal models of retinal degeneration by introducing photopigments to neurons spared degeneration in the inner retina have been explored, with variable degrees of success. It has recently been shown that the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory and non-selective gap-junction blocker meclofenamic acid (MFA) can enhance the visual responses produced by an optogenetic actuator (channelrhodopsin) expressed in retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in the degenerate retina. Here, we set out to determine whether MFA could also enhance photoreception by another optogenetic strategy in which ectopic human rod opsin is expressed in ON bipolar cells. METHODS We used in vitro multielectrode array (MEA) recordings to characterize the light responses of RGCs in the rd1 mouse model of advanced retinal degeneration following intravitreal injection of an adenoassociated virus (AAV2) driving the expression of human rod opsin under a minimal grm6 promoter active in ON bipolar cells. RESULTS We found treated retinas were light responsive over five decades of irradiance (from 1011 to 1015 photons/cm2/s) with individual RGCs covering up to four decades. Application of MFA reduced the spontaneous firing rate of the visually responsive neurons under light- and dark-adapted conditions. The change in the firing rate produced by the 2 s light pulses was increased across all intensities following MFA treatment, and there was a concomitant increase in the signal to noise ratio for the visual response. Restored light responses were abolished by agents inhibiting glutamatergic or gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic signaling in the MFA-treated preparation. CONCLUSIONS These results confirm the potential of MFA to inhibit spontaneous activity and enhance the signal to noise ratio of visual responses in optogenetic therapies to restore sight.
Collapse
|
14
|
Bailes HJ, Milosavljevic N, Zhuang LY, Gerrard EJ, Nishiguchi T, Ozawa T, Lucas RJ. Optogenetic interrogation reveals separable G-protein-dependent and -independent signalling linking G-protein-coupled receptors to the circadian oscillator. BMC Biol 2017; 15:40. [PMID: 28506231 PMCID: PMC5430609 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-017-0380-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endogenous circadian oscillators distributed across the mammalian body are synchronised among themselves and with external time via a variety of signalling molecules, some of which interact with G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). GPCRs can regulate cell physiology via pathways originating with heterotrimeric G-proteins or β-arrestins. We applied an optogenetic approach to determine the contribution of these two signalling modes on circadian phase. RESULTS We employed a photopigment (JellyOp) that activates Gαs signalling with better selectivity and higher sensitivity than available alternatives, and a point mutant of this pigment (F112A) biased towards β-arrestin signalling. When expressed in fibroblasts, both native JellyOp and the F112A arrestin-biased mutant drove light-dependent phase resetting in the circadian clock. Shifts induced by the two opsins differed in their circadian phase dependence and the degree to which they were associated with clock gene induction. CONCLUSIONS Our data imply separable G-protein and arrestin inputs to the mammalian circadian clock and establish a pair of optogenetic tools suitable for manipulating Gαs- and β-arrestin-biased signalling in live cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helena J Bailes
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Nina Milosavljevic
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
| | - Ling-Yu Zhuang
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Elliot J Gerrard
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | | | - Takeaki Ozawa
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Robert J Lucas
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Milosavljevic N, Cehajic-Kapetanovic J, Procyk CA, Lucas RJ. Chemogenetic Activation of Melanopsin Retinal Ganglion Cells Induces Signatures of Arousal and/or Anxiety in Mice. Curr Biol 2016; 26:2358-63. [PMID: 27426512 PMCID: PMC5026697 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2016.06.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Revised: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Functional imaging and psychometric assessments indicate that bright light can enhance mood, attention, and cognitive performance in humans. Indirect evidence links these events to light detection by intrinsically photosensitive melanopsin-expressing retinal ganglion cells (mRGCs) [1-9]. However, there is currently no direct demonstration that mRGCs can have such an immediate effect on mood or behavioral state in any species. We addressed this deficit by using chemogenetics to selectively activate mRGCs, simulating the excitatory effects of bright light on this cell type in dark-housed mice. This specific manipulation evoked circadian phase resetting and pupil constriction (known consequences of mRGC activation). It also induced c-Fos (a marker of neuronal activation) in multiple nuclei in the hypothalamus (paraventricular, dorsomedial, and lateral hypothalamus), thalamus (paraventricular and centromedian thalamus), and limbic system (amygdala and nucleus accumbens). These regions influence numerous aspects of autonomic and neuroendocrine activity and are typically active during periods of wakefulness or arousal. By contrast, c-Fos was absent from the ventrolateral preoptic area (active during sleep). In standard behavioral tests (open field and elevated plus maze), mRGC activation induced behaviors commonly interpreted as anxiety like or as signs of increased alertness. Similar changes in behavior could be induced by bright light in wild-type and rodless and coneless mice, but not melanopsin knockout mice. These data demonstrate that mRGCs drive a light-dependent switch in behavioral motivation toward a more alert, risk-averse state. They also highlight the ability of this small fraction of retinal ganglion cells to realign activity in brain regions defining widespread aspects of physiology and behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nina Milosavljevic
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK.
| | - Jasmina Cehajic-Kapetanovic
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, Institute of Human Development, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Christopher A Procyk
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Robert J Lucas
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Cehajic-Kapetanovic J, Eleftheriou C, Allen AE, Milosavljevic N, Pienaar A, Bedford R, Davis KE, Bishop PN, Lucas RJ. Restoration of Vision with Ectopic Expression of Human Rod Opsin. Curr Biol 2015; 25:2111-22. [PMID: 26234216 PMCID: PMC4540256 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2015.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Revised: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Many retinal dystrophies result in photoreceptor loss, but the inner retinal neurons can survive, making them potentially amenable to emerging optogenetic therapies. Here, we show that ectopically expressed human rod opsin, driven by either a non-selective or ON-bipolar cell-specific promoter, can function outside native photoreceptors and restore visual function in a mouse model of advanced retinal degeneration. Electrophysiological recordings from retinal explants and the visual thalamus revealed changes in firing (increases and decreases) induced by simple light pulses, luminance increases, and naturalistic movies in treated mice. These responses could be elicited at light intensities within the physiological range and substantially below those required by other optogenetic strategies. Mice with rod opsin expression driven by the ON-bipolar specific promoter displayed behavioral responses to increases in luminance, flicker, coarse spatial patterns, and elements of a natural movie at levels of contrast and illuminance (≈50–100 lux) typical of natural indoor environments. These data reveal that virally mediated ectopic expression of human rod opsin can restore vision under natural viewing conditions and at moderate light intensities. Given the inherent advantages in employing a human protein, the simplicity of this intervention, and the quality of vision restored, we suggest that rod opsin merits consideration as an optogenetic actuator for treating patients with advanced retinal degeneration. Ectopic human rod opsin restores visual functions in advanced retinal degeneration Rod opsin has greater sensitivity than current optogenetic strategies Rod opsin-treated animals respond to spatial stimuli, flicker, and natural scenes As a human protein ordinarily found in retinal tissue, barriers to clinic are minimized
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jasmina Cehajic-Kapetanovic
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, Institute of Human Development, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK; Manchester Royal Eye Hospital, CMFT, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester M13 9NT, UK
| | - Cyril Eleftheriou
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Annette E Allen
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Nina Milosavljevic
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Abigail Pienaar
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Robert Bedford
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Katherine E Davis
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Paul N Bishop
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, Institute of Human Development, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK; Manchester Royal Eye Hospital, CMFT, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester M13 9NT, UK.
| | - Robert J Lucas
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Procyk CA, Eleftheriou CG, Storchi R, Allen AE, Milosavljevic N, Brown TM, Lucas RJ. Spatial receptive fields in the retina and dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus of mice lacking rods and cones. J Neurophysiol 2015; 114:1321-30. [PMID: 26084909 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00368.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In advanced retinal degeneration loss of rods and cones leaves melanopsin-expressing intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) as the only source of visual information. ipRGCs drive non-image-forming responses (e.g., circadian photoentrainment) under such conditions but, despite projecting to the primary visual thalamus [dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN)], do not support form vision. We wished to determine what precludes ipRGCs supporting spatial discrimination after photoreceptor loss, using a mouse model (rd/rd cl) lacking rods and cones. Using multielectrode arrays, we found that both RGCs and neurons in the dLGN of this animal have clearly delineated spatial receptive fields. In the retina, they are typically symmetrical, lack inhibitory surrounds, and have diameters in the range of 10-30° of visual space. Receptive fields in the dLGN were larger (diameters typically 30-70°) but matched the retinotopic map of the mouse dLGN. Injections of a neuroanatomical tracer (cholera toxin β-subunit) into the dLGN confirmed that retinotopic order of ganglion cell projections to the dLGN and thalamic projections to the cortex is at least superficially intact in rd/rd cl mice. However, as previously reported for deafferented ipRGCs, onset and offset of light responses have long latencies in the rd/rd cl retina and dLGN. Accordingly, dLGN neurons failed to track dynamic changes in light intensity in this animal. Our data reveal that ipRGCs can convey spatial information in advanced retinal degeneration and identify their poor temporal fidelity as the major limitation in their ability to provide information about spatial patterns under natural viewing conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Cyril G Eleftheriou
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Riccardo Storchi
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Annette E Allen
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Nina Milosavljevic
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy M Brown
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Robert J Lucas
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Milosavljevic N, Poët M, Monet M, Birgy-Barelli E, Léna I, Counillon L. Functional characterization of Na+/H+ exchangers of intracellular compartments using proton-killing selection to express them at the plasma membrane. J Vis Exp 2015. [PMID: 25867523 DOI: 10.3791/52453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Endosomal acidification is critical for a wide range of processes, such as protein recycling and degradation, receptor desensitization, and neurotransmitter loading in synaptic vesicles. This acidification is described to be mediated by proton ATPases, coupled to ClC chloride transporters. Highly-conserved electroneutral protons transporters, the Na+/H+ exchangers (NHE) 6, 7 and 9 are also expressed in these compartments. Mutations in their genes have been linked with human cognitive and neurodegenerative diseases. Paradoxically, their roles remain elusive, as their intracellular localization has prevented detailed functional characterization. This manuscript shows a method to solve this problem. This consists of the selection of mutant cell lines, capable of surviving acute cytosolic acidification by retaining intracellular NHEs at the plasma membrane. It then depicts two complementary protocols to measure the ion selectivity and activity of these exchangers: (i) one based on intracellular pH measurements using fluorescence video microscopy, and (ii) one based on the fast kinetics of lithium uptake. Such protocols can be extrapolated to measure other non-electrogenic transporters. Furthermore, the selection procedure presented here generates cells with an intracellular retention defective phenotype. Therefore these cells will also express other vesicular membrane proteins at the plasma membrane. The experimental strategy depicted here may therefore constitute a potentially powerful tool to study other intracellular proteins that will be then expressed at the plasma membrane together with the vesicular Na+/H+ exchangers used for the selection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nina Milosavljevic
- Université Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Laboratoire de Physiomédecine Moléculaire, CNRS UMR7370, and Laboratories of Excellence Ion Channel Science and Therapeutics
| | - Mallorie Poët
- Université Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Laboratoire de Physiomédecine Moléculaire, CNRS UMR7370, and Laboratories of Excellence Ion Channel Science and Therapeutics
| | - Michael Monet
- Université Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Laboratoire de Physiomédecine Moléculaire, CNRS UMR7370, and Laboratories of Excellence Ion Channel Science and Therapeutics
| | - Eléonore Birgy-Barelli
- Université Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Laboratoire de Physiomédecine Moléculaire, CNRS UMR7370, and Laboratories of Excellence Ion Channel Science and Therapeutics
| | - Isabelle Léna
- Université Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Laboratoire de Physiomédecine Moléculaire, CNRS UMR7370, and Laboratories of Excellence Ion Channel Science and Therapeutics
| | - Laurent Counillon
- Université Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Laboratoire de Physiomédecine Moléculaire, CNRS UMR7370, and Laboratories of Excellence Ion Channel Science and Therapeutics;
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Milosavljevic N, Monet M, Léna I, Brau F, Lacas-Gervais S, Feliciangeli S, Counillon L, Poët M. The Intracellular Na+/H+ Exchanger NHE7 Effects a Na+-Coupled, but Not K+-Coupled Proton-Loading Mechanism in Endocytosis. Cell Rep 2014; 7:689-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.03.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Revised: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
|
20
|
Milosavljevic N, Blanchard A, Wahl ML, Harguindey S, Poet M, Counillon L, Rauch C. Teaching new dogs old tricks: membrane biophysical properties in drug delivery and resistance. Recent Pat Anticancer Drug Discov 2011; 6:334-46. [PMID: 21756245 DOI: 10.2174/157489211796957829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2011] [Accepted: 02/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
"How do drugs cross the plasma membrane?" this may seem like a trivial question. This question is often overlooked to focus primarily on the different complex macro-molecular aspects involved in drug delivery or drug resistance. However, recent studies have highlighted the theme that to be fully understood, more knowledge of the underlying biology of the most complex biological processes involved in the delivery and resistance to drugs is needed. After all, why would a drug interact with a transporter then subsequently be excluded from P-glycoprotein (P-gp) expressing drug resistant cells? What are the determinants of this transition in behavior? Full consideration of the physical biology of drug delivery has allowed a better understanding of the reasons why specific membrane proteins are upregulated or overexpressed in drug resistant cells. This, in turn, allows us to identify new targets for drug chemicals. Better yet, it increases the significance of recents patents and underlines their importance in multi drug resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nina Milosavljevic
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, College Road, Sutton Bonington, LE12 5RD, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Milosavljevic N, Duranton C, Djerbi N, Puech PH, Gounon P, Lagadic-Gossmann D, Dimanche-Boitrel MT, Rauch C, Tauc M, Counillon L, Poët M. Nongenomic Effects of Cisplatin: Acute Inhibition of Mechanosensitive Transporters and Channels without Actin Remodeling. Cancer Res 2010; 70:7514-22. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-10-1253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|